Applications of tannic acid in membrane technologies: A review

Enhancement of hydrogen bonds between proteins and polyphenols through magnetic field treatment: Structure, interfacial properties, and emulsifying properties

In food systems, proteins and polyphenols typically coexist in a non-covalent manner. However, the inherent rigid structure of proteins may hinder the binding sites of polyphenols, thereby limiting the strength of their interaction. In the study, magnetic field (MF) treatment was used to enhance non-covalent interactions between coconut globulin (CG) and tannic acid (TA) to improve protein flexibility, enhancing their functional properties without causing oxidation of polyphenols. Based on protein structure results, the interaction between CG and TA caused protein structure to unfold, exposing hydrophobic groups. Treatment with a MF, particularly at 3 mT, further promoted protein unfolding, as evidenced by a decrease in α-helix structure and an increase in coil random. These structural transformations led to the exposure of the internal binding site bound to TA and strengthening the CG-TA interaction (polyphenol binding degree increased from 62.3 to 68.2%). The characterization of molecular forces indicated that MF treatment strengthened hydrogen bonding-dominated non-covalent interactions between CG and TA, leading to improved molecular flexibility of the protein. Specifically, at a MF treatment at 3 mT, CG-TA colloidal particles with small size and high surface hydrophobicity exhibited optimal interfacial activity and wettability (as evidenced by a three-phase contact angle of 89.0°). Consequently, CG-TA-stabilized high internal phase Pickering emulsions (HIPPEs) with uniform droplets and dense gel networks at 3 mT. Furthermore, the utilization of HIPPEs in 3D printing resulted in consistent geometric shapes, uniform surface textures, and distinct printed layers, demonstrating superior printing stability. As a result, MF treatment at 3 mT was identified as the most favorable. This research provides novel insights into how proteins and polyphenols interact, thereby enabling natural proteins to be utilized in a variety of food applications.

Ultrathin layer TAFC on BiVO4 with ligand-to-metal charge transfer enhances built-in electric field for boosting photoelectrochemical water oxidation

To reveal the mechanism of charge transfer between interfaces of BiVO4-based heterogeneous materials in photoelectrochemical water splitting system, the cocatalyst was grown in situ using tannic acid (TA) as a ligand and Fe and Co ions as metal centers (TAFC), and then uniformly and ultra-thinly coated on BiVO4 to form photoanodes. The results show that the BiVO4/TAFC achieves a superior photocurrent density (4.97 mA cm-2 at 1.23 VRHE). The charge separation and charge injection efficiencies were also significantly higher, 82.0 % and 78.9 %, respectively. From XPS, UPS, KPFM, and density functional theory calculations, Ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) acts as an electron transport highway in TAFC ultrathin layer to promote the concentration of electrons towards metal center, leading to an increase in the work function, which enhances the built-in electric field and further improves the charge transport. This study demonstrated that the LMCT pathway on TA-metal complexes enhances the built-in electric field in BiVO4/TAFC to promote charge transport and thus enhance water oxidation, providing a new understanding of the performance improvement mechanism for the surface-modified composite photoanodes.

Freezing-Tolerant Supramolecular Adhesives from Tannic Acid-Based Low-Transition-Temperature Mixtures

Natural polyphenols like tannic acid (TA) have recently emerged as multifunctional building blocks for designing advanced materials. Herein, we show the benefits of having TA in a dynamic liquid state using low-transition-temperature mixtures (LTTMs) for developing freezing-tolerant glues. TA was combined with betaine or choline chloride to create LTTMs, which direct the self-assembly of guanosine into supramolecular viscoelastic materials with high adhesion. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that the structural properties of the material are linked to strong hydrogen bonding in TA-betaine and TA-choline chloride mixtures. Notably, long-term and repeatable adhesion was achieved even at -196 °C due to the binding ability of TA's catechol and gallol units and the mixtures' glass transition temperature. Additionally, the adhesives demonstrated injectability and low toxicity against fibroblasts in vitro. These traits reveal the potential of these systems as bioadhesives for tissue repair, opening new avenues for creating multifunctional soft materials with bioactive properties.

Tannic acid crosslinked chitosan/gelatin/SiO2 biopolymer film with superhydrophobic, antioxidant and UV resistance properties for prematuring fruit packaging

The environmental pollution caused by plastic films urgently requires the development of non-toxic, biodegradable, and renewable biopolymer films. However, the poor waterproof and UV resistance properties of biopolymer films have limited their application in fruit packaging. In this work, a novel tannic acid cross-linked chitosan/gelatin film with hydrophobic silica coating (CGTS) was prepared. Relying on the adhesion of tannic acid and gelatin to silica, the coating endows CGTS film with excellent superhydrophobic properties. Especially, the contact angle reaches a maximum value 152.6°. Meanwhile, tannic acid enhanced the mechanical strength (about 36.1 %) through the forming of hydrogen bonding and the network structure. The prepared CGTS films showed almost zero transmittance to ultraviolet light and exhibited excellent radical scavenging ability (∼76.5 %, DPPH). Hence, CGTS film is suitable as a novel multifunctional packaging material for the agriculture to protect premature fruits, or the food industry used in environments exposed to ultraviolet radiation and rainwater.

Design, characterizations, and antimicrobial activity of sustainable home furnishing-based waste fabric treated using biobased nanocomposite

Clothing and textile industries are major contributors to environmental pollution including textile manufacturing through garment production, spinning, weaving, and dyeing. In this context, the sustainability textile industry is a big challenge and contributes to serving a large segment of society. Also, textile wastes could be used as a raw material for added-value products. Herein, in this study, recycling of residues fabric was treated with antimicrobial nanocomposite to reach the best use of exhausts and obtain multifunction products of aesthetic via the technical design of the waste raw materials. Besides, solving the unemployment problem by opening fields for small industry projects capable of producing high-value textile artifacts, especially when treated against microbes, can be applied to home furnishings. The waste fabric was treated via green synthesis nanocomposite based on chitosan and in situ prepared ZnONPs and cross-linked with tannic acid. The prepared nanocomposite was characterized using physicochemical analysis including attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Additionally, the nanocomposite and treated fabric topographical behavior were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) attachment with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and images were processed to evaluate the roughness structure. Additionally, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were performed to ensure the size and stability of the nanocomposite. The obtained results affirmed the green synthesis of nanocomposite with a size around 130 nm, as well as the doped ZnONPs average size of 26 nm and treated waste fabric, performed a promising attraction between nanocomposite and fabric fibers. Moreover, the antimicrobial study observed excellent activity of nanocomposite against bacteria and unicellular fungi as well.

One-Step Phase Separation and Mineralization Fabrication of Membranes for Oily Wastewater Treatment

Oily wastewater threatens the environment and the human health. Membrane technology offers a simple and efficient alternative to separating oil and water. However, complex membrane modifications are usually employed to optimize the separation performance. In this research, we develop an extremely simple one-step method to in situ calcium carbonate (CaCO3) nanoparticles onto a porous polyketone (PK) membrane via a nonsolvent induced phase separation (NIPS)-mineralization strategy. We utilized the unique chemical property of PK, which allows it to dissolve in a resorcinol aqueous solution. PK was mixed with tannic acid (TA) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) in a resorcinol aqueous solution to fabricate a casting solution. The activated membrane was cast and immersed into a sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) aqueous solution for taking the one-step NIPS-mineralization process. This proposed NIPS-mineralization mechanism comes to two conclusions: (i) the resulting membrane with comprehensive oleophobic properties and enhanced permeation flux for applications of oil/water separation with ultralow fouling and (ii) simplified the procedure to optimize the membrane performance using regular NIPS steps. The current work explores a one-step NIPS-mineralization technique that offers a novel approach to preparing membranes with highly efficient oil/water separation performance.

Spray-assisted layer-by-layer deposition of quaternized chitosan/tannic acid for the construction of multifunctional bio-based nonwoven dressings

Gauze wound dressings have received considerable attention due to their cost-effectiveness, excellent mechanical properties, and widespread applications. However, their inability to actively combat microorganisms and effectively scavenge free radicals results in suboptimal wound management. In this study, a novel nonwoven-based gauze dressing coated with quaternized chitosan/tannic acid (QCS/TA), based on electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonding, was successfully prepared using a spray-assisted layer-by-layer assembly method. The bio-based nonwoven dressing, assembled with multiple interlacing bilayers, demonstrated outstanding antimicrobial properties, eliminating 99.99 % of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and 85 % of Escherichia coli (E. coli). Compared to the pristine nonwoven dressing, the QCS/TA-coated nonwoven dressing scavenged >85 % of the surrounding radicals within 2 h. Additionally, the nonwoven dressing exhibits excellent coagulation properties. Notably, the facile spraying procedure preserved most of the softness and breathability of the nonwoven substrate. After the deposition of seven bilayers, the bending stiffness and drape coefficient increased by only 37.63 % and 3.85 %, respectively, while the air permeability and moisture permeability reached 1712 mm/s and 3683.58 g/m2/d, respectively. This bio-based nonwoven dressing, derived from safe and non-toxic ingredients, holds promise as the next generation of multifunctional gauze dressings.

Integrated self-assembly and cross-linking technology engineered photodynamic antimicrobial film for efficient preservation of perishable foods

A new antibacterial film was constructed to combat the severe spoilage of fruits and vegetables caused by microorganisms. Specifically, photoresponsive cinnamaldehyde-tannic‑iron acetate nanospheres (CTF NPs) were prepared using ultrasonic-triggered irreversible equilibrium self-assembly and ionic cross-linking co-driven processes and were integrated into the matrix of κ-carrageenan (KC) (CTF-KC films) as functional fillers. The CTF0.4-KC film (KC film doped with 0.4 mg/mL CTF NPs) showed a 99.99% bactericidal rate against both E. coli and S. aureus, extended the storage period of cherry tomatoes from 20 to 32 days. The introduction of CTF enhanced the barrier, thermal stability, and mechanical strength properties, albeit with a slight compromise on transparency. Furthermore, the biosafety of the CTF0.4-KC film was confirmed through hemolysis and cytotoxicity tests. Together, the aforementioned results demonstrated the outstanding antibacterial and fresh-keeping properties of CTF0.4-KC. These desirable properties highlight the potential use of CTF0.4-KC films in food preservation applications.

A coordinative modular assembly-constructed self-reinforced nano-therapeutic agent for effective antitumor-immune activation

Immunosuppressive microenvironment and poor immunogenicity are two stumbling blocks in anti-tumor immune activation. Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) play crucial roles in immunosuppressive microenvironment, while immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a typical strategy to boost immunogenicity. Herein, we developed a coordinative modular assembly-based self-reinforced nanoparticle, (CaO2/TA)-(Fe3+/BSA) which integrated CaO2, Fe3+-tannic acid coordinated networks and albumin under the instruction of molecular dynamics simulation. (CaO2/TA)-(Fe3+/BSA) could significantly enhance Fenton reaction through Fe3+ self-reduction and H2O2 self-sufficiency, and simultaneously increased intracellular accumulation of Ca2+. The self-augmented Fenton reaction with sufficient reactive oxygen species effectively repolarized TAMs and elicited ICD with Ca2+ overload. Besides, (CaO2/TA)-(Fe3+/BSA) was confirmed to self-reinforce deep tumor drug delivery by "treatment-delivery" positive feedback based on gp60-mediated transcytosis and M2-like macrophages repolarization-mediated perfusion promotion. Resultantly, (CaO2/TA)-(Fe3+/BSA) effectively alleviated immunosuppression, provoked local and systemic immune response and potentiated anti-PD-1 antibody therapy. Our strategy highlights a facile and controllable approach to construct penetrated effective antitumor nano-immunotherapeutic agent.

Effect of tannic acid binding on the thermal degradation behavior and product toxicity of boscalid

The effect of tannic acid (TA) binding on the thermal degradation of boscalid was studied in this work. The results revealed that TA binding has a significant impact on boscalid degradation. The degradation rate constant of bound boscalid was reduced, and its corresponding half-life was significantly prolonged compared to the free state. Four identical degradation products were detected in both states through UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS, indicating that degradation products were not affected by TA binding. Based on DFT and MS analysis, the degradation pathways of boscalid included hydroxyl substitution of chlorine atoms and cleavage of CN and CC bonds. The toxicity of B2 and B3 exceeded that of boscalid. In summary, the binding of TA and boscalid significantly affected the thermal degradation rate of boscalid while preserving the types of degradation products. This study contributed to a fundamental understanding of the degradation process of bound pesticide residues in complex food matrices.

Janus and Amphiphilic MoS2 2D Sheets for Surface-Directed Orientational Assemblies toward Ex Vivo Dual Substrate Release

The two-dimensional (2-D) Janus and amphiphilic molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheet with opposite optical activities on each side (amphichiral) is synthesized by modifying sandwich-like bulk MoS2 with tannic acid and cholesterol through biphasic emulsion method. This new type of amphichiral Janus MoS2 nanosheet consists of a hydrophilic and positive optical activity tannic acid side as well as a hydrophobic and negative optical activity cholesterol side thereby characterized by circular dichroism. Surface-directed orientational differentiation assemblies are performed for the as-synthesized 2D material and are characterized by contact angle, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron, and circular dichroism spectroscopies. The amphiphilic nature of the materials is demonstrated by the pre-organization of the nanosheets on either hydrophobic or hydrophilic surfaces, providing unprecedented properties of circular dichroism signal enhancement and wettability. Selective detachment of the surface organic groups (cholesterol and tannic acid fragments) is realized by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation - time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, and the dual substrate release in tissue is detected by ex vivo mass spectrometry imaging.

An adhesion-switchable hydrogel dressing for painless dressing removal without secondary damage

Hydrogels with strong adhesion to wet tissues are considered promising for wound dressings. However, the clinical application of adhesive hydrogel dressing remains a challenge due to the issues of secondary damage during dressing changes. Herein, we fabricated an adhesion-switchable hydrogel formed with poly(acrylamide)-co-poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide), quaternary ammonium chitosan and tannic acid. This hydrogel forms instant and robust adhesion to the skin at body temperature. However, as the temperature rises above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST), the hydrogel loses its adhesion towards the wound area due to the temperature-dependent volume phase transition of the copolymer, occurring around 45 °C. Consequently, the designed hydrogel can be easily detached from adhered tissues upon demand, providing a facile and effective method for painless dressing changes without secondary damage. This hydrogel holds great promise for long-term application in wound dressings.

Using the Assembly Time as a Tool to Control the Surface Morphology and Separation Performance of Membranes with a Tannic Acid-Fe3+ Selective Layer

Thin-film composite (TFC) membranes containing a metal-polyphenol network (MPN)-based selective layer were fabricated on a porous polyacrylonitrile support. The MPN layer was formed through coordination-based self-assembly between plant-based tannic acid (TA) and an Fe3+ ion. For the first time, we demonstrate that TFC membranes containing TA-Fe3+ selective layers can separate small organic solutes in aqueous media from equimolar mixtures of solutes. The effect of the assembly time on the characteristics and performance of the fabricated selective layer was investigated. An increase in the assembly time led to the formation of selective layers with smaller effective pore sizes. The tannic acid-Fe3+ selective layer exhibited a low rejection towards neutral solutes riboflavin and poly(ethylene glycol) while high rejections were observed for anionic dyes of orange II and naphthol green B. Permeation selectivities in the range of 2-27 were achieved between neutral and charged dyes in both single- and mixed-solute experiments, indicating the significant role of Donnan exclusion and the charge-selective nature of the membranes. The rejection efficiency improved with an increasing assembly time. Overall, this study demonstrates that the assembly time is a vital casting parameter for controlling the permeance, rejection and selectivity of thin-film composite membranes with a tannic acid-Fe3+ selective layer.

Biomimic Design of Solar Steam Generation Devices Enabled by the Tannin-Iron Complex

Solar-powered steam generation equipment has experienced considerable advancement in recent years as it offers a cleaner and greener method for freshwater production. However, the devices always suffer from a complicated process, high cost, and salt accumulation, which hinder their further application. Here, inspired by the water lily, a highly efficient and antisalt accumulation interfacial solar-driven steam generation device was designed by using the tannic acid-Fe3+ complex as photothermal material. The designed evaporator could be quickly unfolded within 24 s after being irradiated with light and then produce fresh water. It folded within 10 s and then sank into water for removing the accumulated salt after removing the irradiation sources. In addition, the tannic acid-Fe3+ complex on the evaporator surface and the angle of the evaporator allowed light to be reflected several times within the evaporator, effectively increasing the solar energy conversion efficient (2.22 kg/(m2·h)), and apparently, the overall evaporation efficiency of 139.18% was achieved under 1 sun illumination. Moreover, it exhibited an extraordinary antisalt accumulation capacity (by working continuously for 7 days in 10 wt % saline water and 80% reduction in salt accumulation) as well as a low price ($ 1.11/m2). This design would provide a strategy to prepare an antisalt accumulation solar steam devices.

Effects of dissolved organic matter on the environmental behavior and toxicity of metal nanomaterials: A review

Metal nanomaterials (MNMs) have been released into the environment during their usage in various products, and their environmental behaviors directly impact their toxicity. Numerous environmental factors potentially affect the behaviors and toxicity of MNMs with dissolved organic matter (DOM) playing the most essential role. Abundant facts showing contradictory results about the effects of DOM on MNMs, herein the occurrence of DOM on the environmental process change of MNMs such as dissolution, dispersion, aggregation, and surface transformation were summarized. We also reviewed the effects of MNMs on organisms and their mechanisms in the environment such as acute toxicity, oxidative stress, oxidative damage, growth inhibition, photosynthesis, reproductive toxicity, and malformation. The presence of DOM had the potential to reduce or enhance the toxicity of MNMs by altering the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, dissolution, stability, and electrostatic repulsion of MNMs. Furthermore, we summarized the factors that affected different toxicity including specific organisms, DOM concentration, DOM types, light conditions, detection time, and production methods of MNMs. However, the more detailed mechanism of interaction between DOM and MNMs needs further investigation.

Engineered Microorganisms for Advancing Tumor Therapy

Engineered microorganisms have attracted significant interest as a unique therapeutic platform in tumor treatment. Compared with conventional cancer treatment strategies, engineering microorganism-based systems provide various distinct advantages, such as the intrinsic capability in targeting tumors, their inherent immunogenicity, in situ production of antitumor agents, and multiple synergistic functions to fight against tumors. Herein, the design, preparation, and application of the engineered microorganisms for advanced tumor therapy are thoroughly reviewed. This review presents a comprehensive survey of innovative tumor therapeutic strategies based on a series of representative engineered microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, microalgae, and fungi. Specifically, it offers extensive analyses of the design principles, engineering strategies, and tumor therapeutic mechanisms, as well as the advantages and limitations of different engineered microorganism-based systems. Finally, the current challenges and future research prospects in this field, which can inspire new ideas for the design of creative tumor therapy paradigms utilizing engineered microorganisms and facilitate their clinical applications, are discussed.

Fabrication of polyamide nanofiltration membrane with tannic acid/poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) network-like interlayer for enhanced desalination performance

The traditional polyamide composite nanofiltration membranes have high selectivity and low water permeance, so it is necessary to find strategies to raise the permeance. Herein, a novel polyamide nanofiltration membranes with high permeance were fabricated by coating a loose hydrophilic network-like interlayer, where tannic acid (TA) with pentapophenol arm structure binds to poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) polymer through hydrogen and ionic interactions. The effects of the network-like TA/PSS interlayer on surface morphology, surface hydrophobicity, and the interfacial polymerization mechanism were investigated. The outcomes demonstrated that the TA/PSS interlayer can offer a favorable environment for interfacial polymerization, enhance the hydrophilicity of the substrate membrane, and delay the release of piperazine (PIP). The optimized TFC-2 presents pure water flux of 22.7 ± 2.8 L m-2 h-1 bar-1, Na2SO4 rejection of 97.1 ± 0.5 %, and PA layer thickness of about 38.9 ± 2.5 nm. This provides new strategies for seeking to prepare simple interlayers to obtain high-performance nanofiltration membranes.

A grape seed protein-tannic acid powder to transform various non-adhesive hydrogels into adhesive gels

Realizing adhesion between wet materials remains challenging because of the interfacial water. Current strategies depend on complicated surface modifications, resulting in limited functions. Herein, a facile strategy based on the powder of grape seed protein and tannic acid (GSP-TA) was reported to endow various non-adhesive hydrogels adhesion without chemical modifications for both hydrogels and adherents. The GSP-TA powder has the capability to absorb interfacial water, form an adhesive layer on the hydrogel surface, diffusion into the underneath hydrogel matrix, and establish the initial adhesion within 5 s. By forming multiple non-covalent interactions between powders and substrates, the GSP-TA powder served as an efficient surface treating agent, enabling robust adhesion to solid substrates (wood, cardboard, glass, iron, and rubber) and wet tissues (pigskin, muscle, liver and heart). The adhesive strength for wood, cardboard, glass, iron, and rubber was 145.92 ± 5.93, 123.93 ± 15.98, 66.24 ± 7.67, 98.22 ± 4.13, and 80.83 ± 7.48 kPa, respectively. Because of reversible interactions, the adhesion was also repeatable. Due to the merits of grape seed protein and plant polyphenol, it could be completely degraded within 11 days. Bearing several merits, this strategy has promising applications in wound patches, tissue repair, and sensors.

Bioinspired, surfactant-free, dual-layer asymmetric structures based on polysaccharides, gelatin, and tannic acid for potential applications in biomedicine

The formation of dual-layer asymmetric porous structures in surfactant-based systems is significantly influenced by emulsions. Surfactants self-assemble to alter the conformational arrangement of polysaccharides, while gravity disrupts the initial uniformity of the established equilibrium droplet concentration gradient in the emulsion, thus achieving delamination. Specifically, high-speed rotation and non-instantaneous freezing allow the gelatin solution to form two different states of foam layers. The integrated dual-layer asymmetric porous structure, composed of polysaccharides and tannic acid, is constructed with gelatin as a skeleton and surfactant. This innovative approach eliminates the need to consider the toxicity of chemically synthesized surfactants and expands the concept of gelatin utilization. This intriguing structure exhibits a variety of desirable characteristics within 30 days (e.g., tailorable performance, ultrarapid antioxidant activity, efficient antibacterial activity, low differential blood clotting index, and good hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility), suggesting its potential as a valuable reference for applying hierarchical porous structures, thereby offering more formulation flexibility for biomaterials with adjustable properties.

Smart Enzyme-Like Polyphenol-Copper Spray for Enhanced Bacteria-Infected Diabetic Wound Healing

Developing functional medical materials is urgent to treat diabetic wounds with a high risk of bacterial infections, high glucose levels and oxidative stress. Here, a smart copper-based nanocomposite acidic spray has been specifically designed to address this challenge. This copper-based nanocomposite is pH-responsive and has multienzyme-like properties. It enables the spray to effectively eliminate bacteria and alleviate tissue oxidative pressure, thereby accelerating the healing of infected diabetic wounds. The spray works by generating hydroxyl radicals through catalysing H2O2, which has a high sterilization efficiency of 97.1%. As alkaline micro-vessel leakage neutralizes the acidic spray, this copper-based nanocomposite modifies its enzyme-like activity to eliminate radicals. This reduces the level of reactive oxygen species in diabetic wounds by 45.3%, leading to a similar wound-healing effect between M1 diabetic mice and non-diabetic ones by day 8. This smart nanocomposite spray provides a responsive and regulated microenvironment for treating infected diabetic wounds. It also offers a convenient and novel approach to address the challenges associated with diabetic wound healing.

Polyhedral Oligomeric Sesquioxane Cross-Linked Chitosan-Based Multi-Effective Aerogel Preparation and Its Water-Driven Recovery Mechanism

The use of environmentally friendly and non-toxic biomass-based interfacial solar water evaporators has been widely reported as a method for water purification in recent years. However, the poor stability of the water transport layer made from biomass materials and its susceptibility to deformation when exposed to harsh environments limit its practical application. To address this issue, water-driven recovery aerogel (PCS) was prepared by cross-linking epoxy-based polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (EP-POSS) epoxy groups with chitosan (CS) amino groups. The results demonstrate that PCS exhibits excellent water-driven recovery performance, regaining its original volume within a very short time (1.9 s) after strong compression (ε > 80%). Moreover, PCS has a water absorption rate of 2.67 mm s-1 and exhibits an excellent water absorption capacity of 22.09 g g-1 even after ten cycles of absorption-removal. Furthermore, a photothermal evaporator (PCH) was prepared by loading the top layer with hydrothermally reacted tannins (HAs) and Zn2+ complexes. The results indicate that PCH achieves an impressive evaporation rate of 1.89 kg m-2 h-1 under one sun illumination. Additionally, due to the antimicrobial properties of Zn2+, PCH shows inhibitory effects against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, thereby extending the application of solar water evaporators to include antimicrobial purification in natural waters.

Efficient Control of Rhizoctonia solani Using Environmentally Friendly pH-Responsive Tannic Acid-Rosin Nano-Microcapsules

A nanomicrocapsule system was constructed through the polymerization of tannic acid (TA) and emulsifier OP-10 (OP-10), followed by the chelation of iron ions, to develop a safe and effective method for controlling Rhizoctonia solani in agriculture. The encapsulated active component is a rosin-based triazole derivative (RTD) previously synthesized by our research group (RTD@OP10-TA-Fe). The encapsulation efficiency of the nanomicrocapsules is 82.39%, with an effective compound loading capacity of 96.49%. Through the encapsulation of the RTD via nanomicrocapsules, we improved its water solubility, optimized its stability, and increased its adhesion to the leaf surface. Under acidic conditions (pH = 5.0), the release rate of nanomicrocapsules at 96 h is 96.31 ± 0.8%, which is 2.04 times higher than the release rate under normal conditions (pH = 7.0). Additionally, the results of in vitro and in vivo antifungal assays indicate that compared with the original compound, the nanomicrocapsules exhibit superior antifungal activity (EC50 values of RTD and RTD@OP10-TA-Fe are 1.237 and 0.860 mg/L, respectively). The results of field efficacy trials indicate that compared with RTD, RTD@OP10-TA-Fe exhibits a more prolonged period of effectiveness. Even after 3 weeks, the antifungal rate of RTD@OP10-TA-Fe remains at 40%, whereas RTD, owing to degradation, shows an antifungal rate of 11.11% during the same period. Furthermore, safety assessment results indicate that compared with the control, RTD@OP10-TA-Fe has almost no impact on the growth of rice seedlings and exhibits low toxicity to zebrafish. This study provides valuable insights into controlling R. solani and enhancing the compound performance.

Microneedle System with Biomarker-Activatable Chromophore as Both Optical Imaging Probe and Anti-bacterial Agent for Combination Therapy of Bacterial-Infected Wounds and Outcome Monitoring

Wounds infected with bacteria, if left untreated, have the potential to escalate into life-threatening conditions, such as sepsis, which is characterized by widespread inflammation and organ damage. A comprehensive approach to treating bacterial-infected wounds, encompassing the control of bacterial infection, biofilm eradication, and inflammation regulation, holds significant importance. Herein, a microneedle (MN) patch (FM@ST MN) has been developed, with silk fibroin (SF) and tannic acid-based hydrogel serving as the matrix. Encapsulated within the MNs are the AIEgen-based activatable probe (FQ-H2O2) and the NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950, serving as the optical reporter/antibacterial agent and the inflammation regulator, respectively. When applied onto bacterial-infected wounds, the MNs in FM@ST MN penetrate bacterial biofilms and gradually degrade, releasing FQ-H2O2 and MCC950. The released FQ-H2O2 responds to endogenously overexpressed reactive oxygen species (H2O2) at the wound site, generating a chromophore FQ-OH which emits noticeable NIR-II fluorescence and optoacoustic signals, enabling real-time imaging for outcome monitoring; and this chromophore also exhibits potent antibacterial capability due to its dual positive charges and shows negligible antibacterial resistance. However, the NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950, upon release, suppresses the activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes, thereby mitigating the inflammation triggered by bacterial infections and facilitating wound healing. Furthermore, SF in FM@ST MN aids in tissue repair and regeneration by promoting the proliferation of epidermal cells and fibroblasts and collagen synthesis. This MN system, free from antibiotics, holds promise as a solution for treating and monitoring bacterially infected wounds without the associated risk of antimicrobial resistance.

Photochemically Inert Broad-Spectrum Sunscreen by Metal-Phenolic Network Coatings of Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles are extensively used as a sunscreen filter due to their long-active ultraviolet (UV)-blocking performance. However, their practical use is being challenged by high photochemical activities and limited absorption spectrum. Current solutions include the coating of TiO2 with synthetic polymers and formulating a sunscreen product with additional organic UV filters. Unfortunately, these approaches are no longer considered effective because of recent environmental and public health issues. Herein, TiO2-metal-phenolic network hybrid nanoparticles (TiO2-MPN NPs) are developed as the sole active ingredient for sunscreen products through photochemical suppression and absorption spectrum widening. The MPNs are generated by the complexation of tannic acid with multivalent metal ions, forming a robust coating shell. The TiO2-MPN hybridization extends the absorption region to the high-energy-visible (HEV) light range via a new ligand-to-metal charge transfer photoexcitation pathway, boosting both the sun protection factor and ultraviolet-A protection factor about 4-fold. The TiO2-MPN NPs suppressed the photoinduced reactive oxygen species by 99.9% for 6 h under simulated solar irradiation. Accordingly, they substantially alleviated UV- and HEV-induced cytotoxicity of fibroblasts. This work outlines a new tactic for the eco-friendly and biocompatible design of sunscreen agents by selectively inhibiting the photocatalytic activities of semiconductor nanoparticles while broadening their optical spectrum.

Chelation-directed interface engineering of in-place self-cleaning membranes

Water-energy sustainability will depend upon the rapid development of advanced pressure-driven separation membranes. Although energy-efficient, water-treatment membranes are constrained by ubiquitous fouling, which may be alleviated by engineering self-cleaning membrane interfaces. In this study, a metal-polyphenol network was designed to direct the armorization of catalytic nanofilms (ca. 18 nm) on inert polymeric membranes. The chelation-directed mineralized coating exhibits high polarity, superhydrophilicity, and ultralow adhesion to crude oil, enabling cyclable crude oil-in-water emulsion separation. The in-place flux recovery rate exceeded 99.9%, alleviating the need for traditional ex situ cleaning. The chelation-directed nanoarmored membrane exhibited 48-fold and 6.8-fold figures of merit for in-place self-cleaning regeneration compared to the control membrane and simple hydraulic cleaning, respectively. Precursor interaction mechanisms were identified by density functional theory calculations. Chelation-directed armorization offers promise for sustainable applications in catalysis, biomedicine, environmental remediation, and beyond.

TEMPO bacterial cellulose and MXene nanosheets synergistically promote tough hydrogels for intelligent wearable human-machine interaction

Conductive hydrogels have received increasing attention in the field of wearable electronics, but they also face many challenges such as temperature tolerance, biocompatibility, and stability of mechanical properties. In this paper, a double network hydrogel of MXene/TEMPO bacterial cellulose (TOBC) system is proposed. Through solvent replacement, the hydrogel exhibits wide temperature tolerance (-20-60 °C) and stable mechanical properties. A large number of hydrogen bonds, MXene/TOBC dynamic three-dimensional network system, and micellar interactions endow the hydrogel with excellent mechanical properties (elongation at break ~2800 %, strength at break ~420 kPa) and self-healing ability. The introduction of tannic acid prevents the oxidation of MXene and the loss of electrical properties of the hydrogel. In addition, the sensor can also quickly (74 ms) and sensitive (gauge factor = 15.65) wirelessly monitor human motion, and the biocompatibility can well avoid the stimulation when it comes into contact with the human body. This series of research work reveals the fabrication of MXene-like flexible wearable electronic devices based on self-healing, good cell compatibility, high sensitivity, wide temperature tolerance and durability, which can be used in smart wearable, wireless monitoring, human-machine Interaction and other aspects show great application potential.

Mussel-inspired adhesive and anti-swelling hydrogels for underwater strain sensing

The application of hydrogels in an underwater environment is limited due to their swelling behavior and the existence of a hydration layer. In this study, a hydrogel based on poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) (PSBMA), tannic acid (TA) and montmorillonite (MMT) was prepared with excellent anti-swelling properties and underwater self-adhesion properties. The PSBMA hydrogel has excellent anti-swelling properties due to the strong electrostatic interaction between charged groups of PSBMA chains. Inspired by marine mussels, tannic acid modified montmorillonite (TA@MMT) was introduced. Natural polyphenol tannic acid, as a catechol donor, provides a large number of catechol groups for hydrogels. Montmorillonite acts as the physical cross-linking point of PSBMA chains through electrostatic interaction to improve the cohesion of the hydrogel. By combining the adhesion mechanism of zwitterions and catechol, the hydrogel maintains adhesion in air and underwater environments. In addition, a strain sensor was prepared based on the PSBMA/TA@MMT hydrogel, which can closely fit the human skin and stably monitor different movements in air and in underwater environments. Through a Bluetooth communication system, long-distance information transmission can be achieved. Therefore, the PSBMA/TA@MMT hydrogel broadens the application prospect of wearable devices in the underwater environment.

Construction of asymmetric dual-layer polysaccharide-based porous structure on multiple sources for potential application in biomedicine

Biomedical materials can produce high efficiency and special behavior with an integrated internal structure. It is possible that changing the structure of biomedical materials could extend and promote the application of eco-friendly and multifunctional biomaterials. However, the instantaneous formation of complex structures between tannic acid (TA) and polysaccharides is disrupted, and the reconstruction of the new porous structure becomes a key issue. Here, we present an innovative one-step forming method for an asymmetric dual-layer porous structure of carboxymethyl chitosan (CC)/sodium alginate (SA)/TA, which can be utilized in various biomedical applications. Even after 6 months of storage, it still demonstrates a range of desirable properties including tailorable performance, efficient antibacterial activity, ultrarapid antioxidant activity, low differential blood clotting index and cytotoxicity. This suggests its potential for regulating and controlling wound bleeding, providing flexible possibilities for potential applications in biomedicine.

Synthesis of catechol-amine coating solution for membrane surface modification

Recently, the plant polyphenols have attracted much attention for membrane modification, especially in surface coating application. In this study, the synthesis of catechol-amine coating solutions was evaluated at different pH conditions and with different concentrations of tannic acid and tetraethylenepentamine in order to determine the relationship between chemical structure and mechanism in the oxidation reaction. The reactivity of catechol and amine groups in the formulation was measured using UV-Vis spectroscopy and observation of the change in colour of the coating solutions. Then, the deposition of catechol-amine coating solutions was applied onto the hydrophobic polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane. The formulation results show significant differences in alkaline conditions, revealing the role of catechol groups in the oxidation of polyphenolics. The reactions of quinone and amines to form crosslinks by Michael addition and Schiff base reactions were observed at different concentrations of each compound in coating solution. In addition, the negative charge of hydrophilic and underwater oleophobic-coated PVDF membrane was confirmed by surface zeta potential analysis. The morphological surface of modified membrane is rougher due to that coating deposition was also examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, the performance of modified membrane is comparable with the commercial hydrophilic membrane in terms of fluxes and separation efficiency of emulsion solution.

A high adhesion co-assembly based on myclobutanil and tannic acid for sustainable plant disease management

BACKGROUND

Pesticides are irreplaceable inputs for protecting crops from pests and improving crop yield and quality. Self-assembly nanotechnology is a promising strategy by which to develop novel nano-formulations for pesticides. Nano-formulations improve the effective utilization of pesticides and reduce risks to the environment because of their eco-friendly preparation, high drug loading, and desirable physicochemical properties. Here, to enhance the utilization efficiency of myclobutanil (MYC) and develop a novel nano-formulation, carrier-free co-assembled nanoparticles (MT NPs) based on MYC and tannic acid (TA) were prepared by noncovalent molecular interactions using a green preparation process without any additives.

RESULTS

The results showed that the prepared spherical nanoparticles had good stability in neutral and acidic aqueous solutions, low surface tension (40.53 mN m-1 ), high rainfastness, and good maximum retention values on plant leaves. Release of active ingredients from MT NPs could be regulated by altering the molar ratio of subassemblies in the co-assembly and the pH of the environment. Antifungal experiments demonstrated that MT NPs had better activities against Alternaria alternata and Fusarium graminearum [half-maximal effective concentration (EC50 ) = 6.40 and 77.08 mg/L] compared with free MYC (EC50  = 11.46 and 124.82 mg/L), TA (EC50  = 251.19 and 503.81 mg/L), and an MYC + TA mixture (EC50  = 9.62 and 136.21 mg/L). These results suggested that MYC and TA incorporated in the co-assembled nanoparticles had a synergistic antifungal activity. The results of a genotoxicity assessment indicated that MT NPs could reduce the genotoxicity of MYC to plant cells.

CONCLUSION

Co-assembled MT NPs with synergistic antifungal activity have outstanding potential for the management of plant diseases. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Recent progress in tannic acid based approaches as a natural polyphenolic biomaterial for cancer therapy: A review

Significant advancements have been noticed in cancer therapy for decades. Despite this, there are still many critical challenges ahead, including multidrug resistance, drug instability, and side effects. To overcome obstacles of these problems, various types of materials in biomedical research have been explored. Chief among them, the applications of natural compounds have grown rapidly due to their superb biological activities. Natural compounds, especially polyphenolic compounds, play a positive and great role in cancer therapy. Tannic acid (TA), one of the most famous polyphenols, has attracted widespread attention in the field of cancer treatment with unique structural, physicochemical, pharmaceutical, anticancer, antiviral, antioxidant and other strong biological features. This review concentrated on the basic structure along with the important role of TA in tuning oncological signal pathways firstly, and then focused on the use of TA in chemotherapy and preparation of delivery systems including nanoparticles and hydrogels for cancer therapy. Besides, the application of TA/Fe3+ complex coating in photothermal therapy, chemodynamic therapy, combined therapy and theranostics is discussed.

Tannic Acid Interfacial Modification of Prochloraz Ethyl Cellulose Nanoparticles for Enhancing the Antimicrobial Effect and Biosafety of Fungicides

With the poorly soluble and intrinsically unstable feature, prochloraz (Pro) was confronted with lower bioavailability in the crop defense against fungal erosion. Therefore, it was a challenging project to explore the innovative antifungal compound delivery system for improving bioavailability. The superior adhesive fungicide formulation was supposed to be an efficient pathway to enhance transmembrane permeability and biological activity. According to abundant phenolic hydroxyl groups, tannic acid (TA) was an ideal modified adhesive biomaterial to improve interfacial interactions. The fundamental purpose of this research was focused on the synergistic mechanism of TA-interfacial-modified Pro-ethyl cellulose (EC) nanoparticles for improving bioavailability and biosafety. In the stability test, TA-modified Pro-EC nanoparticles had the capacity to reduce Pro initial release burst, extending a persistent validity and improving anti-photodegradation property. The toxicity index of Pro-EC and Pro-EC-TA was approximately 2.93-fold and 4.96-fold that of Pro technical against Fusarium graminearum (F. graminearum), respectively. Compared with nonmodified EC nanoparticles, TA-modified EC nanoparticles obtained eminent transmembrane permeability and superior adherence ability to F. graminearum, for hydroxyl and carboxyl groups of TA to enhance interaction with target cell membranes. The contents of cellular reactive oxygen species induced by Pro-EC and Pro-EC-TA nanoparticles were about 2.31 times and 3.00 times that of the control check (CK), respectively. Compared to the CK group, the membrane potential and ergosterol values of F. graminearum treated with Pro-EC-TA nanoparticles were drastically reduced by 74.91 and 56.20%, respectively. In the biosafety assay, the maximum half-lethal concentration value of the TA-modified Pro-EC nanoparticles indicated that the acute toxicity of the Pro-EC-TA nanoparticles to adult zebrafish was approximately 8.34-fold reduced compared to that of the Pro technical. These findings demonstrated that the successful interfacial modification of Pro-EC nanoparticles with TA was a highly efficient, environmentally safe, and promising alternative for sustainable agricultural application, thus making the fungicide formulation process more simplified, easier fabrication, and lower cost.

Application of Tannic Acid and Fe3+ Crosslinking-Enhanced Pectin Films for Passion Fruit Preservation

In this work, the role of tannic acid (TA) and Fe3+ in crosslinking pectin (PE) to enhance its physicochemical properties was investigated. Specifically, PE/TA/Fe3+ composite films were prepared using the solution casting method, and the UV-blocking properties, transparency, water content, physico-mechanical properties, antioxidant properties and degradability of the PE composite films were investigated. The microstructure of the PE composite films and the interactions between the contained components were analyzed using FTIR, X_crystal diffraction and SEM scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the addition of TA and Fe3+ can significantly improve the UV barrier properties and antioxidant properties of PE films. Meanwhile, Fe3+ could form a metal phenol network with TA and crosslink with the PE film, which makes the structure of the PE film denser and thus significantly reduces the water vapor permeability of the PE film. In addition, this work also indicated that the PE composite coatings have a favorable preservation effect on passion fruit, which leads to the lowest weight loss rate and wrinkle index of the passion fruit within 7 days of storage and shows good appearance quality and commercial value. This work indicates that the addition of tannic acid and Fe3+ significantly improved the mechanical and barrier properties of pectin films, and the composite pectin coating extended the shelf life of passion fruit.

Development of antibacterial nanocomposites by combination of bacterial cellulose/chitin nanofibrils and all-natural bioactive nanoparticles

In this study, a functional composite membrane was facilely fabricated by using a dual nanofibril system of bacterial cellulose (BC) and chitin (CH) nanofibrils as bio-based building blocks. The BC-CH membranes with enhanced antibacterial activity were constructed by incorporation of all-natural bioactive nanoparticles (GBTPs), which were formed by spontaneous molecular interactions of three naturally occurring active small molecules, i.e., glycyrrhizic acid (GA), berberine (BR), and tannic acid (TA). The microstructure, physicochemical properties, and antibacterial behaviors of the resulting BC-CH-GBTPs nanocomposites were then characterized. The obtained results showed that the GBTPs with a diameter of around 50-100 nm and membrane matrix were bound by non-covalent interactions, and the addition of GBTPs did not compromise the structural integrity and thermal stability of the composites, which retained good mechanical properties. Furthermore, the addition of GBTPs led to a rougher surface structure and increased the water contact angle of the membrane surfaces from 48.13° to 59.80°. The antimicrobial tests indicate that the BC-CH-GBTPs nanocomposites exhibited significant inhibitory effects against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, showing a satisfactory antibacterial ability. These results suggest that the BC-CH-GBTPs nanocomposites based on all-natural, plant-based building blocks, hold promising potentials as active packaging materials for sustainable applications.

Recent advances in bio-based polybenzoxazines as an interesting adhesive coating

Polybenzoxazine (PBz) is an excellent and highly intriguing resin for various sophisticated uses. Benzoxazines have piqued the curiosity of academics worldwide because of their peculiar properties. Nonetheless, most benzoxazine resin manufacturing and processing methods, notably bisphenol A-based benzoxazine, rely on petroleum resources. Because of the environmental consequences, bio-based benzoxazines are being researched as alternatives to petroleum-based benzoxazines. As a result of the environmental implications, bio-based benzoxazines are being developed to replace petroleum-based benzoxazines, and they are gaining traction. Bio-based polybenzoxazine, epoxy, and polysiloxane-based resins have piqued the interest of researchers in coatings, adhesives, and flame-retardant thermosets in recent years due to their anticorrosion, ecologically friendly, affordable, and low water absorption properties. As a result, numerous scientific studies and patents on polybenzoxazine continues to rise in polymer research. Based on its mechanical, thermal, and chemical characteristics, bio-based polybenzoxazine has several applications, including coatings (anticorrosion and antifouling), adhesives (highly crosslinked network, outstanding mechanical and thermal capabilities), and flame retardants (with the high charring capability). This review reports an overview of polybenzoxazine, highlighting the current advances and progress in synthesizing bio-based polybenzoxazine, their properties, and their use in coating applications.

Design and assembly of Ag-decorated Bi2O3 @ 3D MXene Schottky heterojunction for the highly permeable and multiple-antifouling of fibrous membrane in the purification of complex emulsified oil pollutants

Membrane separation technology has potential for purifying emulsified oily wastewater. However, the oils, soluble organic substances, and microorganisms can cause complex membrane fouling problems, thereby reducing the separation efficiency and service life. Herein, a highly permeable and multiple-antifouling composite membrane was prepared using porous PAN fibrous mat as support backbone for the assembly of Ag-decorated Bi₂O₃ @ 3D MXene Schottky heterojunction and hydrophilic TA as the adhesive. The unique arrangement of 3D MXene heterojunction and hydrophilic functionalization effectively broke through the limitation of separation flux and synergistically enhanced the anti-fouling performance of membrane. Such fibrous composite membrane achieved an exceedingly high permeability (2717-3328 L·m^-2·h^-1) for various emulsified oils, while ensuring excellent oil/water emulsion retention rate (99.59%) and good cycle stability. Meanwhile, the composite membrane displayed favorable photocatalytic degradation performance toward degrading MeB (96.1%) and antibacterial ability. Furthermore, the MD simulation and free radical trapping experiments were carried out to unravel the molecular interactions during the separation process and the photocatalytic mechanism of composite membrane, respectively. Overall, the combination of photocatalytic self-cleaning, anti-oil adhesion, and antibacterial effect renders the membrane high permeability and multiple-antifouling performance, which provides a new strategy for dealing with complex oily wastewater in petrochemical industry.

Bioinspired Tannic Acid-Modified Coffee Grounds as Sustainable Fillers: Effect on the Properties of Polybutylene Adipate Terephthalate Composites

Preparing composites from gricultural waste with biodegradable polymers is one of the strategies used to ensure the long-term sustainability of such materials. However, due to the differences in their chemical properties, biomass fillers often exhibit poor interfacial adhesion with polymer matrices. Inspired by mussel foot silk, this work focused on the surface modification of coffee grounds (CGs) using a combination of tannic acid (TA) and alkali treatment. CGs were used as a biomass filler to prepare polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT)/CG composites. The modification of CGs was demonstrated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the water contact angle, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effect of CGs on the rheological, tensile, and thermal properties of the PBAT/CG composites was investigated. The results showed that the addition of CGs increased the complex viscosity, and the surface modification enhanced the matrix-filler adhesion. Compared with unmodified CG composites, the tensile strength and the elongation at break of the composite with TA-modified alkali-treated CGs increased by 47.0% and 53.6%, respectively. Although the addition of CGs slightly decreased the thermal stability of PBAT composites, this did not affect the melting processing of PBAT, which often occurs under 200 °C. This approach could provide a novel method for effectively using biomass waste, such as coffee grounds, as fillers for the preparation of polymer composites.

Biomedical Applications of Electrets: Recent Advance and Future Perspectives

Recently, electrical stimulation, as a non-pharmacological physical stimulus, has been widely exploited in biomedical and clinical applications due to its ability to significantly enhance cell proliferation and differentiation. As a kind of dielectric material with permanent polarization characteristics, electrets have demonstrated tremendous potential in this field owing to their merits of low cost, stable performance, and excellent biocompatibility. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the recent advances in electrets and their biomedical applications. We first provide a brief introduction to the development of electrets, as well as typical materials and fabrication methods. Subsequently, we systematically describe the recent advances of electrets in biomedical applications, including bone regeneration, wound healing, nerve regeneration, drug delivery, and wearable electronics. Finally, the present challenges and opportunities have also been discussed in this emerging field. This review is anticipated to provide state-of-the-art insights on the electrical stimulation-related applications of electrets.

Achieving high enzymatic hydrolysis sugar yield of sodium hydroxide-pretreated wheat straw with a low cellulase dosage by adding sulfomethylated tannic acid

Sulfonated lignin can significantly enhance the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose substrates. Lignin is a type of polyphenol, therefore, sulfonated polyphenol, such as tannic acid, is likely to have similar effects. In order to obtain a low-cost and high-efficiency additive to improve enzymatic hydrolysis, sulfomethylated tannic acids (STAs) with different sulfonation degrees were prepared and their impact on enzymatic saccharification of sodium hydroxide-pretreated wheat straw were investigated. Tannic acid strongly inhibited, while STAs strongly promoted the substrate enzymatic digestibility. While adding 0.04 g/g-substrate STA containing 2.4 mmol/g sulfonate group, the glucose yield increased from 60.6% to 97.9% at a low cellulase dosage (5 FPU/g-glucan). The concentration of protein in enzymatic hydrolysate significantly increased with the added STAs, indicating that cellulase preferentially adsorbed with STAs, thereby reducing the amount of cellulase nonproductively anchored on substrate lignin. This result provides a reliable approach for establishing an efficient lignocellulosic enzyme hydrolysis system.

One-Step Assembly of Versatile Multifunctional Coatings Based on Host-Guest and Polyphenol Chemistry

Developing a facile, efficient, and versatile polyphenol coating strategy and exploring its novel applications are of great significance in the fields of material surfaces and interfaces. Herein, a one-step assembly strategy for constructing novel tannic acid (TA) coatings via a solvent evaporation method is reported using TA and polycyclodextrin (PCD) particles (TPP). TPP with a high phenolic group activity of 88% integrates the advantages of host-guest and polyphenol chemistry. The former can drive TPP dynamically assemble into a large and collective aggregation activated by high temperature or density, and the latter provides excellent adhesion properties to substrates (0.9 mg cm^-2 ). TPP can assemble into a coating (TPC) rapidly on various substrates within 1 h at 37 °C while with a high availability of feed TPP (≈90%). The resulting TPC is not only high-temperature steam-sensitive for use as an anti-fake mask but also pH-sensitive for transforming into a free-standing film under physiological conditions. Moreover, various metal ions and functional particles can incorporate into TPC to extend its versatile properties including antibacterial activity, enhanced stability, and conductivity. This work expands the polyphenol coating strategy and builds up a one-step and efficient preparation platform of polyphenol coating for multiapplication prospects in various fields.

A binder-free ice template method for vertically aligned 3D boron nitride polymer composites towards thermal management

Hexagonal boron nitride (BN) is an attractive filler candidate for thermal interface materials, but the thermal conductivity enhancement is limited by the anisotropic thermal conductivity of BN and disordered thermal pathways in the polymer matrix. Herein, a facile and economic ice template method is proposed, wherein BN modified by tannic acid (BN-TA) directly self-assemble to form vertically aligned nacre-mimetic scaffold without additional binders and post-treatment. The effects of the BN slurry concentration and the ratio of BN/TA on three-dimensional (3D) skeleton morphology are fully investigated. The corresponding polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composite via vacuum-impregnation achieves a high through-plane thermal conductivity of 3.8 W/mK at a low filler loading of 18.7 vol%, which is 2433% and 100% higher than that of pristine PDMS and the PDMS composite with randomly distributed BN-TA, respectively. The finite element analysis results theoretically demonstrate the superiority of the highly longitudinally ordered 3D BN-TA skeleton in axial heat transfer. Additionally, 3D BN-TA/PDMS exhibits excellent practical heat dissipation capability, lower thermal expansion coefficient, and enhanced mechanical properties. This strategy offers an anticipated perspective for developing high-performance thermal interface materials to address the thermal challenges of modern electronics.

Formulation development of collagen/chitosan-based porous scaffolds for skin wounds repair and regeneration

Herein we developed a hydrogel based porous cross-linked scaffold intended for the treatment of chronic skin ulcers. It is made of collagen, the most abundant protein of mammals ECM, and chitosan, a natural polysaccharide endowed with numerous positive cues for wound repair. Different cross-linking methods, namely UV irradiation with the addition of glucose, addition of tannic acid as cross-linking agent and ultrasonication, were employed to prepare a cross-linked hydrogel with a highly interconnected 3D internal structure. The variables considered critical to obtain a suitable system for the envisaged application are the composition of hydrogels, especially the concentration of chitosan, and the concentration ratio between chitosan and collagen. Stable systems, characterized by high porosity and stability, were obtained thanks to the use of freeze-drying process. To assess the influence of the above-mentioned variables on scaffold mechanical properties, a Design of Experiments (DoE) approach was exploited, which resulted in the identification of the best hydrogel composition. In vitro and in vivo assays on a fibroblast model cell line and on a murine model, respectively, demonstrated scaffold biocompatibility, biomimicry, and safety.

Eco-friendly photothermal hydrogel evaporator for efficient solar-driven water purification

The field of solar vapor generation has developed rapidly in recent years, but achieving the goals of a high evaporation rate, eco-friendliness and rapid preparation with low-cost raw materials is still a challenge. In this work, a type of photothermal hydrogel evaporator was prepared by blending eco-friendly poly(vinyl alcohol), agarose, Fe³⁺ and tannic acid (TA) together, in which the tannic acid-ferric ion (TA*Fe³⁺) complexes served as photothermal materials and effective gelators. The results indicate that the TA*Fe³⁺ complex exhibits excellent gelatinization ability and light-absorption performance, which leads to a compressive stress of 0.98 MPa at 80% strain and up to 85% light absorption ratio in the photothermal hydrogel. For interfacial evaporation, a high rate of 1.897 ± 0.11 kg·m^-2·h^-1 corresponding to an energy efficiency of 89.7 ± 2.73% under 1 sun irradiation is achieved. Moreover, the hydrogel evaporator exhibits high stability in a 12-hour test and a 20-cycle test without a decline in evaporation performance. The outdoor testing results show that the hydrogel evaporator can achieve an evaporation rate of > 0.70 kg/m² and effectively purify wastewater treatment and seawater desalination.

Separation Performance of Membranes Containing Ultrathin Surface Coating of Metal-Polyphenol Network

Metal-polyphenol networks (MPNs) are being used as versatile coatings for regulating membrane surface chemistry and for the formation of thin separation layers. The intrinsic nature of plant polyphenols and their coordination with transition metal ions provide a green synthesis procedure of thin films, which enhance membrane hydrophilicity and fouling resistance. MPNs have been used to fabricate tailorable coating layers for high-performance membranes desirable for a wide range of applications. Here, we present the recent progress of the use of MPNs in membrane materials and processes with a special focus on the important roles of tannic acid-metal ion (TA-Mⁿ⁺) coordination for thin film formation. This review introduces the most recent advances in the fabrication techniques and the application areas of TA-Mⁿ⁺ containing membranes. In addition, this paper outlines the latest research progress of the TA-metal ion containing membranes and summarizes the role of MPNs in membrane performance. The impact of fabrication parameters, as well as the stability of the synthesized films, is discussed. Finally, the remaining challenges that the field still faces and potential future opportunities are illustrated.

Impact of tannic acid on nisin encapsulation in chitosan particles

This study investigates the effect of addition of tannic acid on nisin encapsulated in chitosan matrices. Composite materials were prepared using a mild, environmentally friendly procedure, ionotropic gelation of chitosan by sodium tripolyphosphate in the presence of nisin (N) at different concentrations. In two parallel sets of preparations, tannic acid (TA) was added at 10:1 and 5:1 N:TA, respectively. The obtained particles were characterized by FTIR, SEM, size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity, and ratio of residual free amino groups. The kinetics of nisin release from the particles was studied to assess the role of TA as a potential modulator thereof. Its addition resulted in enhanced release, higher at lower N:TA ratio. An additional benefit was that TA, a strong antioxidant, imparted antioxidant activity to the composites. Antimicrobial turbidimetric tests were performed against one gram-positive bacterium (Staphylococcus aureus) and two gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), all relevant for the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. All the composites showed synergistic effects against all the bacteria tested. The positive coaction was stronger against the gram-negative species. This is remarkable since nisin by itself has not known activity against them.

Barium hexaferrite nanoplatelets with polyphenol coatings for versatile applications as a stable, magnetic, and antimicrobial colloid

Colloidal stabilization of magnetic nanoparticles is one of the most important steps in the preparation of magnetic nanoparticles for potential biomedical applications. A special kind of magnetic nanoparticle are barium hexaferrite nanoplatelets (BSHF NPLs) with a hexagonal shape and a permanent magnetic moment. One strategy for the stabilization of BHF in aqueous media is to use coatings. In our research, we used an eco-friendly tannic acid, as a coating on BSHF NPLs. As-prepared BSHF NPLs coated with tannic acid were examined with transmission electron microscopy, infrared and UV-Vis spectroscopy, electro-kinetic measurements, and their room-temperature magnetic properties were measured. Stable colloids were tested in two biological complex media and antimicrobial properties of the material were examined. To enhance the antimicrobial properties of our material, we used tannic acid as a platform for the in-situ production of silver on BSHF NPLs. New hybrid material with silver also possesses magnetic properties and excellent antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.

pH-Responsive wound dressings: advances and prospects

Wound healing is a complex and dynamic process, in which the pH value plays an important role in reflecting the wound status. Wound dressings are materials that are able to accelerate the healing process. Among the multifunctional advanced wound dressings developed in recent years, pH-responsive wound dressings, especially hydrogels, show great potential owing to their unique properties of adjusting their functions according to the wound conditions, thereby allowing the wound to heal in a regulated manner. However, a comprehensive review of pH-responsive wound dressings is lacking. This review summarizes the design strategies and advanced functions of pH-responsive hydrogel wound dressings, including their excellent antibacterial properties and significant pro-healing abilities. Other advanced pH-responsive materials, such as nanofibers, composite films, nanoparticle clusters, and microneedles, are also classified and discussed. Next, the pH-monitoring functions of pH-responsive wound dressings and the related pH indicators are summarized in detail. Finally, the achievements, challenges, and future development trends of pH-responsive wound dressings are discussed.

Using Tannic-Acid-Based Complex to Modify Polyacrylonitrile Hollow Fiber Membrane for Efficient Oil-In-Water Separation

Separating oil from water allows us to reuse both fluids for various applications, leading to a more economical process. Membrane separation has been evidenced as a cost-effective process for wastewater treatment. A hollow fiber membrane made of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) is an excellent choice for separating oil from water because of its superior chemical resistance. Its low antifouling ability, however, reduces the effectiveness of its separation. Hence, in this study, we used tannic acid (TA) and FeIII complex to modify the surface of the PAN hollow fiber membrane. To improve membrane performance, different reaction times were investigated. The results demonstrate that even when the TA-FeIII covered the pores of the PAN membrane, the water flux remained constant. However, when an emulsion was fed to the feed solution, the flux increased from 50 to 66 LMH, indicating low oil adhesion on the surface of the modified membrane. When compared to the pristine membrane, the modified membrane had superior antifouling and reusability. As a result, the hydrophilic TA-FeIII complex on PAN surface improves overall membrane performance.