1
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Alqhtani AH, Al Sulaiman AR, Abudabos AE. Evaluating the effectiveness of Toxfin and Novasil as dietary aflatoxin-binding agents in broilers for sustaining hepatic antioxidant capacity and intestinal health status during aflatoxin B 1 exposure. Mycotoxin Res 2024:10.1007/s12550-024-00567-w. [PMID: 39367956 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-024-00567-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 09/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/30/2024] [Indexed: 10/07/2024]
Abstract
To assess the efficacy of Toxfin and Novasil as aflatoxin-binding agents in broilers exposed to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) from 11 to 30 days, 288 mixed-sex Ross 308 broiler chickens were randomly allocated to four dietary groups: control feed, control feed + 0.25 mg/kg AFB1, AFB1 feed + 0.3% Toxfin, and AFB1 feed + 0.3% Novasil. The evaluation encompassed growth performance for the grower (11-20 days), finisher (21-30 days), and overall (11-30 days) phases, carcass characteristics, serum biochemical components, liver function enzymes, hepatic antioxidant capacity, AFB1 residue in the liver and kidney, and ileal morphology at 30 days, and apparent nutrient digestibility during 29-30 days. Exposure to AFB1 significantly resulted in reduced growth efficiency, lowered carcass yields, liver hypertrophy, impaired metabolic and hepatic functions, liver oxidative stress, disrupted ileum architecture, diminished nutrient digestibility, and accumulated AFB1 in the liver and kidney. Conversely, supplementation of Toxfin or Novasil significantly augmented body weight gain (BWG) and reduced feed conversion ratio (FCR) during the finisher and overall phases, elevated BWG in the grower phase, heightened levels of glucose, hepatic protein, and glutathione peroxidase, declined malondialdehyde content, improved apparent metabolizable energy, and lowered AFB1 residues in the liver and kidney. Furthermore, Toxfin inclusion significantly reduced FCR during the grower phase, enhanced European production efficiency factor during the grower and overall phases, augmented dressing percentage, declined proportional liver weight, elevated concentrations of total protein, albumin, and total antioxidant capacity, heightened villus surface area, and boosted crude protein digestibility. To conclude, incorporating 0.3% Toxfin into broilers' feeds confers a more effectual safeguard than Novasil against the deleterious consequences of AFB1 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmohsen H Alqhtani
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali R Al Sulaiman
- Environmental Protection Technologies Institute, Sustainability and Environment Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, 11442, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ala E Abudabos
- Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Alcorn State University, 1000 ASU Drive, Lorman, MS, 39096-7500, USA.
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2
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Pak SH, Ri TS, Ho TS, Kim GS, Kim HI, Ho UH. Stress responsive ZmWRKY53 gene increases cold tolerance in rice. Transgenic Res 2024; 33:219-227. [PMID: 38913300 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-024-00386-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Plant WRKY transcription factors are responsible for biotic and abiotic stresses and play an important role in enhancing their adaptability. The AtWRKY33 is a gene that functions in response to abiotic stresses such as low temperature, drought, salinity, etc. In this study, a recombinant vector YG8198-ZmWRKY53 carrying the ZmWRKY53, an interspecific homolog of the dicotyledonous AtWRKY33, was transferred to rice plants by Agrobacterium mediated transformation. The ectopic expression of the ZmWRKY53 in transgenic rice plants conferred cold tolerance with a higher accumulation of free proline and water-soluble sugars, an increase in chlorophyll content, a decrease in electrolyte leakage rate and MDA levels compared to control plants. This result suggests that ZmWRKY53 may confer cold tolerance in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Hyok Pak
- Faculty of Life Science, KIM IL SUNG University, Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Song Ri
- Wonsan University of Agriculture, Wonsan, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Tong-Su Ho
- Faculty of Life Science, KIM IL SUNG University, Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Gyong-Song Kim
- Wonsan University of Agriculture, Wonsan, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Hyok-Il Kim
- Wonsan University of Agriculture, Wonsan, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Un-Hyang Ho
- Faculty of Life Science, KIM IL SUNG University, Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea.
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3
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Sultana T, Malik K, Raja NI, Mashwani ZUR, Hameed A, Ullah R, Alqahtani AS, Sohail. Aflatoxins in Peanut ( Arachis hypogaea): Prevalence, Global Health Concern, and Management from an Innovative Nanotechnology Approach: A Mechanistic Repertoire and Future Direction. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:25555-25574. [PMID: 38911815 PMCID: PMC11190918 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Arachis hypogaea is the most significant oilseed nutritious legume crop in agricultural trade across the world. It is recognized as a valued crop for its contributions to nourishing food, as a cooking oil, and for meeting the protein needs of people who are unable to afford animal protein. Currently, its production, marketability, and consumption are hindered because of Aspergillus species infection that consequently contaminates the kernels with aflatoxins. Regarding health concerns, humans and animals are affected by acute and chronic aflatoxin toxicity and millions of people are at high risk of chronic levels. Most methods used to store peanuts are traditional and serve effectively for short-term storage. Now the question for long-term storage has been raised, and this promptly finds potential approaches to the issue. It is imperative to reduce the aflatoxin levels in peanuts to a permissible level by introducing detoxifying innovations. Most of the detoxification reports mention physical, chemical, and biological techniques. However, many current approaches are impractical because of time consumption, loss of nutritional quality, or weak detoxifying efficiency. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate practical, economical, and green methods to control Aspergillus flavus that address current global food security problems. Herein, a green and economically revolutionary way is a nanotechnology that has demonstrated its potential to connect farmers to markets, elevate international marketability, improve human and animal health conditions, and enhance food quality and safety by the management of fungal diseases. Due to the antimicrobial potential of nanoparticles, they act as nanofungicides and have an incredible role in the control of aflatoxins. Nanoparticles have ultrasmall sizes and therefore penetrate the fungal body and invade the pathogen machinery, leading to fungal cell death by ROS production, mutation in DNA, disruption of organelles, and membrane leakage. This is the first mechanistic overview that unveils a comprehensive insight into aflatoxin contamination in peanuts, its prevalence, health effects, and management in addition to nanotechnological interventions that serve as a triple defense approach to detoxify aflatoxins. The optimum use of nanofungicides ensures food safety and the development of goals, especially "zero hunger".
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahira Sultana
- Department
of Botany, PMAS, Arid Agriculture University
Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
| | - Khafsa Malik
- Department
of Botany, PMAS, Arid Agriculture University
Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
| | - Naveed Iqbal Raja
- Department
of Botany, PMAS, Arid Agriculture University
Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
| | - Zia-Ur-Rehman Mashwani
- Department
of Botany, PMAS, Arid Agriculture University
Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
| | - Asma Hameed
- Department
of Botany, PMAS, Arid Agriculture University
Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
| | - Riaz Ullah
- Medicinal
Aromatic and Poisonous Plants Research Center College of Pharmacy King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali S. Alqahtani
- Medicinal
Aromatic and Poisonous Plants Research Center College of Pharmacy King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sohail
- College
of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou
University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
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4
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Singh R, Zhang W, Liu X, Zhang B, Kumar S. Humanoid-shaped WaveFlex biosensor for the detection of food contamination. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:4660-4676. [PMID: 37791266 PMCID: PMC10545203 DOI: 10.1364/boe.500311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
High-toxicity secondary metabolites called aflatoxin are naturally produced by the fungus Aspergillus. In a warm, humid climate, Aspergillus growth can be considerably accelerated. The most dangerous chemical among all aflatoxins is aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), which has the potential to cause cancer and several other health risks. As a result, food forensicists now urgently need a method that is more precise, quick, and practical for aflatoxin testing. The current study focuses on the development of a highly sensitive, specific, label-free, and rapid detection method for AFB1 using a novel humanoid-shaped fiber optic WaveFlex biosensor (refers to a plasmon wave-based fiber biosensor). The fiber probe has been functionalized with nanomaterials (gold nanoparticles, graphene oxide and multiwalled carbon nanotubes) and anti-AFB1 antibodies to enhance the sensitivity and specificity of the developed sensor. The findings demonstrate that the developed sensor exhibits a remarkable low detection limit of 34.5 nM and exceptional specificity towards AFB1. Furthermore, the sensor demonstrated exceptional characteristics such as high stability, selectivity, reproducibility, and reusability. These essential factors highlight the significant potential of the proposed WaveFlex biosensor for the accurate detection of AFB1 in diverse agricultural and food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragini Singh
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng
University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical
Communication Science and Technology, School of Physics Science and
Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Xuecheng Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical
Communication Science and Technology, School of Physics Science and
Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Bingyuan Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical
Communication Science and Technology, School of Physics Science and
Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical
Communication Science and Technology, School of Physics Science and
Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
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5
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Prasad K, Yogendra K, Sanivarapu H, Rajasekaran K, Cary JW, Sharma KK, Bhatnagar-Mathur P. Multiplexed Host-Induced Gene Silencing of Aspergillus flavus Genes Confers Aflatoxin Resistance in Groundnut. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15050319. [PMID: 37235354 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15050319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are immunosuppressive and carcinogenic secondary metabolites, produced by the filamentous ascomycete Aspergillus flavus, that are hazardous to animal and human health. In this study, we show that multiplexed host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) of Aspergillus flavus genes essential for fungal sporulation and aflatoxin production (nsdC, veA, aflR, and aflM) confers enhanced resistance to Aspergillus infection and aflatoxin contamination in groundnut (<20 ppb). Comparative proteomic analysis of contrasting groundnut genotypes (WT and near-isogenic HIGS lines) supported a better understanding of the molecular processes underlying the induced resistance and identified several groundnut metabolites that might play a significant role in resistance to Aspergillus infection and aflatoxin contamination. Fungal differentiation and pathogenicity proteins, including calmodulin, transcriptional activator-HacA, kynurenine 3-monooxygenase 2, VeA, VelC, and several aflatoxin pathway biosynthetic enzymes, were downregulated in Aspergillus infecting the HIGS lines. Additionally, in the resistant HIGS lines, a number of host resistance proteins associated with fatty acid metabolism were strongly induced, including phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase, lysophosphatidic acyltransferase-5, palmitoyl-monogalactosyldiacylglycerol Δ-7 desaturase, ceramide kinase-related protein, sphingolipid Δ-8 desaturase, and phospholipase-D. Combined, this knowledge can be used for groundnut pre-breeding and breeding programs to provide a safe and secure food supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani Prasad
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad 502324, India
| | - Kalenahalli Yogendra
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad 502324, India
| | - Hemalatha Sanivarapu
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad 502324, India
| | - Kanniah Rajasekaran
- Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA/ARS), New Orleans, LA 70124, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Cary
- Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA/ARS), New Orleans, LA 70124, USA
| | - Kiran K Sharma
- Sustainable Agriculture Program, The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), India Habitat Center, New Delhi 110003, India
| | - Pooja Bhatnagar-Mathur
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), El Batán, Texcoco 56237, Mexico
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6
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Alharthi AS, Al Sulaiman AR, Aljumaah RS, Alabdullatif AA, Ferronato G, Alqhtani AH, Al-Garadi MA, Al-sornokh H, Abudabos AM. The efficacy of bentonite and zeolite in reducing aflatoxin B1 toxicity on production performance and intestinal and hepatic health of broiler chickens. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2022.2101389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman S. Alharthi
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali R. Al Sulaiman
- National Center for Environmental Technology, Life Science and Environment Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Riyadh S. Aljumaah
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz A. Alabdullatif
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Giulia Ferronato
- Department of Civil Engineering, Architecture, Environment, Land Planning and Mathematics (DICATAM), Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Abdulmohsen H. Alqhtani
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maged A. Al-Garadi
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussien Al-sornokh
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaeldein M. Abudabos
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Cheng W, Wang Z, Xu F, Lu G, Su Y, Wu Q, Wang T, Que Y, Xu L. Screening of Candidate Genes Associated with Brown Stripe Resistance in Sugarcane via BSR-seq Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:15500. [PMID: 36555141 PMCID: PMC9778799 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sugarcane brown stripe (SBS), caused by the fungal pathogen Helminthosporium stenospilum, is one of the most serious threats to sugarcane production. However, its outbreaks and epidemics require suitable climatic conditions, resulting in the inefficient improvement of the SBS resistance by phenotype selection. The sugarcane F1 population of SBS-resistant YT93-159 × SBS-susceptible ROC22 was used for constructing the bulks. Bulked segregant RNA-seq (BSR-seq) was then performed on the parents YT93-159 (T01) and ROC22 (T02), and the opposite bulks of 30 SBS-susceptible individuals mixed bulk (T03) and 30 SBS-resistant individuals mixed bulk (T04) collected from 287 F1 individuals. A total of 170.00 Gb of clean data containing 297,921 SNPs and 70,426 genes were obtained. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) analysis suggested that 7787 and 5911 DEGs were identified in the parents (T01 vs. T02) and two mixed bulks (T03 vs. T04), respectively. In addition, 25,363 high-quality and credible SNPs were obtained using the genome analysis toolkit GATK for SNP calling. Subsequently, six candidate regions with a total length of 8.72 Mb, which were located in the chromosomes 4B and 7C of sugarcane wild species Saccharum spontaneum, were identified, and 279 genes associated with SBS-resistance were annotated by ED algorithm and ΔSNP-index. Furthermore, the expression profiles of candidate genes were verified by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis, and the results showed that eight genes (LRR-RLK, DHAR1, WRKY7, RLK1, BLH4, AK3, CRK34, and NDA2) and seven genes (WRKY31, CIPK2, CKA1, CDPK6, PFK4, CBL2, and PR2) of the 20 tested genes were significantly up-regulated in YT93-159 and ROC22, respectively. Finally, a potential molecular mechanism of sugarcane response to H. stenospilum infection is illustrate that the activations of ROS signaling, MAPK cascade signaling, Ca2+ signaling, ABA signaling, and the ASA-GSH cycle jointly promote the SBS resistance in sugarcane. This study provides abundant gene resources for the SBS resistance breeding in sugarcane.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Youxiong Que
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Liping Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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8
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Boukaew S, Prasertsan P, Mahasawat P, Sriyatep T, Petlamul W. Efficacy of the antifungal metabolites of Streptomyces philanthi RL-1-178 on aflatoxin degradation with its application to prevent aflatoxigenic fungi in stored maize grains and identification of the bioactive compound. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 39:24. [PMID: 36422721 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03470-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 is a potent carcinogen produced by Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) and Aspergillus. parasiticus (A. parasiticus), mainly during grain storage. The efficacy of the freeze-dried culture filtrate of Streptomyces philanthi (S. philanthi) strain RL-1-178 (DCF) on degradation of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) were evaluated and its bioactive compounds were identified. The DCF at a concentration of 9.0% (w/v) completely inhibited growth and AFB1 production of A. parasiticus TISTR 3276 and A. flavus PSRDC-4 after 7 days tested in yeast-extract sucrose (YES) medium and on stored maize grains after 28 and 14 days incubation, respectively. This indicated the more tolerance of A. parasiticus over A. flavus. The DCF and bacterial cells of S. philanthi were capable to degrade AFB1 by 85.0% and 100% for 72 h and 8 days, respectively. This confirmed the higher efficacy of the DCF over the cells. After separation of the DCF on thin-layer chromatography (TLC) plate by bioautography bioassay, each active band was identified by liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometer (LC-Q-TOF MS/MS). The results revealed two compounds which were identified as azithromycin and an unknown based on mass ions of both ESI+ and ESI- modes. The antifungal metabolites in the culture filtrate of S. philanthi were proved to degrade aflatoxin B1. It could be concluded that the DCF may be applied to prevent the growth of the two aflatoxin-producing fungi as well as the occurrence of aflatoxin in the stored maize grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawai Boukaew
- College of Innovation and Management, Songkhla Rajabhat University, Songkhla, 90000, Thailand.
| | - Poonsuk Prasertsan
- Research and Development Office, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
| | - Pawika Mahasawat
- Programme in Biology and Applied Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Songkhla Rajabhat University, Songkhla, 90000, Thailand
| | - Teerayut Sriyatep
- Programme in Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Songkhla Rajabhat University, Songkhla, 90000, Thailand
| | - Wanida Petlamul
- College of Innovation and Management, Songkhla Rajabhat University, Songkhla, 90000, Thailand
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9
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Song Q, Zhang S, Bai C, Shi Q, Wu D, Liu Y, Han X, Li T, Yong JWH. Exogenous Ca 2+ priming can improve peanut photosynthetic carbon fixation and pod yield under early sowing scenarios in the field. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1004721. [PMID: 36247552 PMCID: PMC9557924 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1004721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Harnessing cold-resilient and calcium-enriched peanut production technology are crucial for high-yielding peanut cultivation in high-latitude areas. However, there is limited field data about how exogenous calcium (Ca2+) application would improve peanut growth resilience during exposure to chilling stress at early sowing (ES). To help address this problem, a two-year field study was conducted to assess the effects of exogenous foliar Ca2+ application on photosynthetic carbon fixation and pod yield in peanuts under different sowing scenarios. We measured plant growth indexes, leaf photosynthetic gas exchange, photosystems activities, and yield in peanuts. It was indicated that ES chilling stress at the peanut seedling stage led to the reduction of Pn, gs, Tr, Ls, WUE, respectively, and the excessive accumulation of non-structural carbohydrates in leaves, which eventually induced a chilling-dependent feedback inhibition of photosynthesis due mainly to weaken growth/sink demand. While exogenous Ca2+ foliar application improved the export of nonstructural carbohydrates, and photosynthetic capacity, meanwhile activated cyclic electron flow, thereby enhancing growth and biomass accumulation in peanut seedlings undergoing ES chilling stress. Furthermore, ES combined with exogenous Ca2+ application can significantly enhance plant chilling resistance and peanut yield ultimately in the field. In summary, the above results demonstrated that exogenous foliar Ca2+ application restored the ES-linked feedback inhibition of photosynthesis, enhancing the growth/sink demand and the yield of peanuts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaobo Song
- College of Land and Environment, National Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Northeast China Plant Nutrition and Fertilization Scientific Observation and Research Center for Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Siwei Zhang
- College of Land and Environment, National Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Northeast China Plant Nutrition and Fertilization Scientific Observation and Research Center for Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chunming Bai
- Research Institute of Sorghum, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, China
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Qingwen Shi
- College of Land and Environment, National Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Northeast China Plant Nutrition and Fertilization Scientific Observation and Research Center for Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Di Wu
- College of Land and Environment, National Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Northeast China Plant Nutrition and Fertilization Scientific Observation and Research Center for Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yifei Liu
- College of Land and Environment, National Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Northeast China Plant Nutrition and Fertilization Scientific Observation and Research Center for Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Xiaori Han
- College of Land and Environment, National Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Northeast China Plant Nutrition and Fertilization Scientific Observation and Research Center for Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tianlai Li
- College of Land and Environment, National Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Northeast China Plant Nutrition and Fertilization Scientific Observation and Research Center for Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jean Wan Hong Yong
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
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10
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Bartolić D, Mutavdžić D, Carstensen JM, Stanković S, Nikolić M, Krstović S, Radotić K. Fluorescence spectroscopy and multispectral imaging for fingerprinting of aflatoxin-B 1 contaminated (Zea mays L.) seeds: a preliminary study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4849. [PMID: 35318372 PMCID: PMC8940939 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08352-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cereal seeds safety may be compromised by the presence of toxic contaminants, such as aflatoxins. Besides being carcinogenic, they have other adverse health effects on humans and animals. In this preliminary study, we used two non-invasive optical techniques, optical fiber fluorescence spectroscopy and multispectral imaging (MSI), for discrimination of maize seeds naturally contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) from the uncontaminated seeds. The AFB1-contaminated seeds exhibited a red shift of the emission maximum position compared to the control samples. Using linear discrimination analysis to analyse fluorescence data, classification accuracy of 100% was obtained to discriminate uncontaminated and AFB1-contaminated seeds. The MSI analysis combined with a normalized canonical discriminant analysis, provided spectral and spatial patterns of the analysed seeds. The AFB1-contaminated seeds showed a 7.9 to 9.6-fold increase in the seed reflectance in the VIS region, and 10.4 and 12.2-fold increase in the NIR spectral region, compared with the uncontaminated seeds. Thus the MSI method classified successfully contaminated from uncontaminated seeds with high accuracy. The results may have an impact on development of spectroscopic non-invasive methods for detection of AFs presence in seeds, providing valuable information for the assessment of seed adulteration in the field of food forensics and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Bartolić
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, P.O. Box 33, 11030, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragosav Mutavdžić
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, P.O. Box 33, 11030, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Slavica Stanković
- Maize Research Institute, Zemun Polje, Slobodana Bajića 1, 11185, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Nikolić
- Maize Research Institute, Zemun Polje, Slobodana Bajića 1, 11185, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Saša Krstović
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ksenija Radotić
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, P.O. Box 33, 11030, Belgrade, Serbia.
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11
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Jannatizadeh A, Aminian‐Dehkordi R, Razavi F. Effect of exogenous melatonin treatment on
Aspergillus
decay, aflatoxin B1 accumulation and nutritional quality of fresh “Akbari” pistachio fruit. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abbasali Jannatizadeh
- Department of Horticultural Science Imam Khomeini International University Qazvin Iran
| | - Roghayeh Aminian‐Dehkordi
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources Imam Khomeini International University Qazvin Iran
| | - Farhang Razavi
- Department of Horticulture Faculty of Agriculture University of Zanjan Zanjan Iran
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12
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Ackerman A, Wenndt A, Boyles R. The Sorghum Grain Mold Disease Complex: Pathogens, Host Responses, and the Bioactive Metabolites at Play. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:660171. [PMID: 34122480 PMCID: PMC8192977 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.660171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Grain mold is a major concern in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production systems, threatening grain quality, safety, and nutritional value as both human food and livestock feed. The crop's nutritional value, environmental resilience, and economic promise poise sorghum for increased acreage, especially in light of the growing pressures of climate change on global food systems. In order to fully take advantage of this potential, sorghum improvement efforts and production systems must be proactive in managing the sorghum grain mold disease complex, which not only jeopardizes agricultural productivity and profitability, but is also the culprit of harmful mycotoxins that warrant substantial public health concern. The robust scholarly literature from the 1980s to the early 2000s yielded valuable insights and key comprehensive reviews of the grain mold disease complex. Nevertheless, there remains a substantial gap in understanding the complex multi-organismal dynamics that underpin the plant-pathogen interactions involved - a gap that must be filled in order to deliver improved germplasm that is not only capable of withstanding the pressures of climate change, but also wields robust resistance to disease and mycotoxin accumulation. The present review seeks to provide an updated perspective of the sorghum grain mold disease complex, bolstered by recent advances in the understanding of the genetic and the biochemical interactions among the fungal pathogens, their corresponding mycotoxins, and the sorghum host. Critical components of the sorghum grain mold disease complex are summarized in narrative format to consolidate a collection of important concepts: (1) the current state of sorghum grain mold in research and production systems; (2) overview of the individual pathogens that contribute to the grain mold complex; (3) the mycotoxin-producing potential of these pathogens on sorghum and other substrates; and (4) a systems biology approach to the understanding of host responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlyn Ackerman
- Cereal Grains Breeding and Genetics, Pee Dee Research and Education Center, Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Florence, SC, United States
| | - Anthony Wenndt
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, The School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Richard Boyles
- Cereal Grains Breeding and Genetics, Pee Dee Research and Education Center, Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Florence, SC, United States
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13
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Soni P, Pandey AK, Nayak SN, Pandey MK, Tolani P, Pandey S, Sudini HK, Bajaj P, Fountain JC, Singam P, Guo B, Varshney RK. Global Transcriptome Profiling Identified Transcription Factors, Biological Process, and Associated Pathways for Pre-Harvest Aflatoxin Contamination in Groundnut. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:413. [PMID: 34073230 PMCID: PMC8227191 DOI: 10.3390/jof7060413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-harvest aflatoxin contamination (PAC) in groundnut is a serious quality concern globally, and drought stress before harvest further exacerbate its intensity, leading to the deterioration of produce quality. Understanding the host-pathogen interaction and identifying the candidate genes responsible for resistance to PAC will provide insights into the defense mechanism of the groundnut. In this context, about 971.63 million reads have been generated from 16 RNA samples under controlled and Aspergillus flavus infected conditions, from one susceptible and seven resistant genotypes. The RNA-seq analysis identified 45,336 genome-wide transcripts under control and infected conditions. This study identified 57 transcription factor (TF) families with major contributions from 6570 genes coding for bHLH (719), MYB-related (479), NAC (437), FAR1 family protein (320), and a few other families. In the host (groundnut), defense-related genes such as senescence-associated proteins, resveratrol synthase, seed linoleate, pathogenesis-related proteins, peroxidases, glutathione-S-transferases, chalcone synthase, ABA-responsive gene, and chitinases were found to be differentially expressed among resistant genotypes as compared to susceptible genotypes. This study also indicated the vital role of ABA-responsive ABR17, which co-regulates the genes of ABA responsive elements during drought stress, while providing resistance against A. flavus infection. It belongs to the PR-10 class and is also present in several plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Soni
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology (CEGSB), International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad 502324, India; (P.S.); (M.K.P.); (P.T.); (S.P.); (P.B.)
- Department of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500007, India;
| | - Arun K. Pandey
- College of Life Science, China Jiliang University (CJLU), Hangzhou 310018, China;
| | - Spurthi N. Nayak
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad 580005, India;
| | - Manish K. Pandey
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology (CEGSB), International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad 502324, India; (P.S.); (M.K.P.); (P.T.); (S.P.); (P.B.)
| | - Priya Tolani
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology (CEGSB), International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad 502324, India; (P.S.); (M.K.P.); (P.T.); (S.P.); (P.B.)
| | - Sarita Pandey
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology (CEGSB), International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad 502324, India; (P.S.); (M.K.P.); (P.T.); (S.P.); (P.B.)
| | - Hari K. Sudini
- Theme-Integrated Crop Improvement, Research Program-Asia, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad 502324, India;
| | - Prasad Bajaj
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology (CEGSB), International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad 502324, India; (P.S.); (M.K.P.); (P.T.); (S.P.); (P.B.)
| | - Jake C. Fountain
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA;
| | - Prashant Singam
- Department of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500007, India;
| | - Baozhu Guo
- Crop Genetics and Breeding Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Tifton, GA 31793, USA;
| | - Rajeev K. Varshney
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology (CEGSB), International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad 502324, India; (P.S.); (M.K.P.); (P.T.); (S.P.); (P.B.)
- State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Centre for Crop and Food Innovation, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
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14
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Musungu B, Bhatnagar D, Quiniou S, Brown RL, Payne GA, O’Brian G, Fakhoury AM, Geisler M. Use of Dual RNA-seq for Systems Biology Analysis of Zea mays and Aspergillus flavus Interaction. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:853. [PMID: 32582038 PMCID: PMC7285840 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between Aspergillus flavus and Zea mays is complex, and the identification of plant genes and pathways conferring resistance to the fungus has been challenging. Therefore, the authors undertook a systems biology approach involving dual RNA-seq to determine the simultaneous response from the host and the pathogen. What was dramatically highlighted in the analysis is the uniformity in the development patterns of gene expression of the host and the pathogen during infection. This led to the development of a "stage of infection index" that was subsequently used to categorize the samples before down-stream system biology analysis. Additionally, we were able to ascertain that key maize genes in pathways such as the jasmonate, ethylene and ROS pathways, were up-regulated in the study. The stage of infection index used for the transcriptomic analysis revealed that A. flavus produces a relatively limited number of transcripts during the early stages (0 to 12 h) of infection. At later stages, in A. flavus, transcripts and pathways involved in endosomal transport, aflatoxin production, and carbohydrate metabolism were up-regulated. Multiple WRKY genes targeting the activation of the resistance pathways (i.e., jasmonate, phenylpropanoid, and ethylene) were detected using causal inference analysis. This analysis also revealed, for the first time, the activation of Z. mays resistance genes influencing the expression of specific A. flavus genes. Our results show that A. flavus seems to be reacting to a hostile environment resulting from the activation of resistance pathways in Z. mays. This study revealed the dynamic nature of the interaction between the two organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Musungu
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, United States
| | - Deepak Bhatnagar
- Southern Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Sylvie Quiniou
- Warm Water Aquaculture Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Stoneville, MS, United States
| | - Robert L. Brown
- Southern Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Gary A. Payne
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Greg O’Brian
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Ahmad M. Fakhoury
- Department of Plant Soil and Agriculture Systems, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, United States
| | - Matt Geisler
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, United States
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15
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Aghdam MS, Luo Z, Aminian-Dehkordi R, Jannatizadeh A, Farmani B, Younessi-Hamzekhanlu M, Ahmadpour A, Razavi F. Exogenous β-aminobutyric acid application attenuates Aspergillus decay, minimizes aflatoxin B 1 accumulation, and maintains nutritional quality in fresh-in-hull pistachio kernels. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:2130-2135. [PMID: 31884686 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pistachio fruits suffer from postharvest decay, caused by Aspergillus flavus. This results in aflatoxin B1 (AFB1 ) accumulation in kernels, which is hazardous for human health due to its carcinogenic activity. In this study, the mechanism used by exogenous β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) treatment for attenuating Aspergillus decay, minimizing aflatoxin B1 (AFB1 ) accumulation, and maintaining nutritional quality in fresh-in-hull pistachio kernels, infected by A. flavus during storage at 25 °C for 18 days, was investigated. RESULT Results of an in vivo assay showed that the spore germination and germ tube elongation of A. flavus was repressed by BABA treatment at 7.5 mM. Aspergillus decay accompanied by AFB1 accumulation was also minimized in fresh-in-hull pistachio kernels treated with BABA at 7.5 mM and infected by A. flavus. Fresh-in-hull pistachio kernels, infected by A. flavus, treated with BABA at 7.5 mM, also exhibited higher phenol and flavonoid accumulation and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging capacity accompanied by higher phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) enzyme activity. CONCLUSION Promoting phenylpropanoid pathway activity with higher PAL enzyme activity in fresh-in-hull pistachio kernels treated with BABA may not only reduce Aspergillus decay in kernels by cell wall fortification but also may be favorable for maintaining the kernels' nutritional quality through its effects on ROS scavenging capacity. As oxidative stress, represented by ROS accumulation, is responsible for A. flavus growth and AFB1 accumulation, higher phenol and flavonoid accumulation in fresh-in-hull pistachio kernels treated with BABA may be beneficial for attenuating Aspergillus decay and minimizing AFB1 accumulation. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zisheng Luo
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Roghayeh Aminian-Dehkordi
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Abbasali Jannatizadeh
- Department of Horticultural Science, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Boukaga Farmani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ahar Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tabriz, Ahar, Iran
| | - Mehdi Younessi-Hamzekhanlu
- Department of Forestry and Medicinal Plants, Ahar Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tabriz, Ahar, Iran
| | - Abdollah Ahmadpour
- Higher Education Center Shahid Bakeri Miyandoab, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Farhang Razavi
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
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16
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Pfliegler WP, Pócsi I, Győri Z, Pusztahelyi T. The Aspergilli and Their Mycotoxins: Metabolic Interactions With Plants and the Soil Biota. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:2921. [PMID: 32117074 PMCID: PMC7029702 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Species of the highly diverse fungal genus Aspergillus are well-known agricultural pests, and, most importantly, producers of various mycotoxins threatening food safety worldwide. Mycotoxins are studied predominantly from the perspectives of human and livestock health. Meanwhile, their roles are far less known in nature. However, to understand the factors behind mycotoxin production, the roles of the toxins of Aspergilli must be understood from a complex ecological perspective, taking mold-plant, mold-microbe, and mold-animal interactions into account. The Aspergilli may switch between saprophytic and pathogenic lifestyles, and the production of secondary metabolites, such as mycotoxins, may vary according to these fungal ways of life. Recent studies highlighted the complex ecological network of soil microbiotas determining the niches that Aspergilli can fill in. Interactions with the soil microbiota and soil macro-organisms determine the role of secondary metabolite production to a great extent. While, upon infection of plants, metabolic communication including fungal secondary metabolites like aflatoxins, gliotoxin, patulin, cyclopiazonic acid, and ochratoxin, influences the fate of both the invader and the host. In this review, the role of mycotoxin producing Aspergillus species and their interactions in the ecosystem are discussed. We intend to highlight the complexity of the roles of the main toxic secondary metabolites as well as their fate in natural environments and agriculture, a field that still has important knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter P. Pfliegler
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Győri
- Institute of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tünde Pusztahelyi
- Central Laboratory of Agricultural and Food Products, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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17
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Agriopoulou S, Stamatelopoulou E, Varzakas T. Advances in Occurrence, Importance, and Mycotoxin Control Strategies: Prevention and Detoxification in Foods. Foods 2020; 9:E137. [PMID: 32012820 PMCID: PMC7074356 DOI: 10.3390/foods9020137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic substances that can infect many foods with carcinogenic, genotoxic, teratogenic, nephrotoxic, and hepatotoxic effects. Mycotoxin contamination of foodstuffs causes diseases worldwide. The major classes of mycotoxins that are of the greatest agroeconomic importance are aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, emerging Fusarium mycotoxins, enniatins, ergot alkaloids, Alternaria toxins, and patulin. Thus, in order to mitigate mycotoxin contamination of foods, many control approaches are used. Prevention, detoxification, and decontamination of mycotoxins can contribute in this purpose in the pre-harvest and post-harvest stages. Therefore, the purpose of the review is to elaborate on the recent advances regarding the occurrence of main mycotoxins in many types of important agricultural products, as well as the methods of inactivation and detoxification of foods from mycotoxins in order to reduce or fully eliminate them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Agriopoulou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, Antikalamos, 24100 Kalamata, Greece; (E.S.); (T.V.)
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18
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Sarrocco S, Mauro A, Battilani P. Use of Competitive Filamentous Fungi as an Alternative Approach for Mycotoxin Risk Reduction in Staple Cereals: State of Art and Future Perspectives. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E701. [PMID: 31810316 PMCID: PMC6950288 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11120701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Among plant fungal diseases, those affecting cereals represent a huge problem in terms of food security and safety. Cereals, such as maize and wheat, are very often targets of mycotoxigenic fungi. The limited availability of chemical plant protection products and physical methods to control mycotoxigenic fungi and to reduce food and feed mycotoxin contamination fosters alternative approaches, such as the use of beneficial fungi as an active ingredient of biological control products. Competitive interactions, including both exploitation and interference competition, between pathogenic and beneficial fungi, are generally recognized as mechanisms to control plant pathogens populations and to manage plant diseases. In the present review, two examples concerning the use of competitive beneficial filamentous fungi for the management of cereal diseases are discussed. The authors retrace the history of the well-established use of non-aflatoxigenic isolates of Aspergillus flavus to prevent aflatoxin contamination in maize and give an overview of the potential use of competitive beneficial filamentous fungi to manage Fusarium Head Blight on wheat and mitigate fusaria toxin contamination. Although important steps have been made towards the development of microorganisms as active ingredients of plant protection products, a reasoned revision of the registration rules is needed to significantly reduce the chemical based plant protection products in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Sarrocco
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Antonio Mauro
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.O. Box 34441 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania;
| | - Paola Battilani
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
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19
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Parish F, Williams WP, Windham GL, Shan X. Differential Expression of Signaling Pathway Genes Associated With Aflatoxin Reduction Quantitative Trait Loci in Maize ( Zea mays L.). Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2683. [PMID: 31849861 PMCID: PMC6901933 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The roles of signaling pathway genes related to the aflatoxin reduction trait in maize were studied for the improvement of maize resistance to the fungal pathogen Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus). In this study, 55 maize genes in plant-pathogen interaction signaling pathways were investigated among 12 maize near-isogenic lines (NILs) that carry maize quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with aflatoxin reduction. These maize NILs were developed from maize inbred lines Mp313E (resistant donor parent) and Va35 (susceptible recurrent parent). The quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) technique was used to study the gene expression patterns. Seven calcium-dependent protein kinases and one respiratory burst oxidase displayed significant differential expression levels among the maize QTL-NILs. In addition, the gene expression profiles of WRKY transcription factors were also examined. Maize WRKY 52, WRKY 71, and WRKY83 genes displayed significantly differential expression levels among the QTL-NILs. The elucidation of differentially expressed signaling pathway genes involving maize resistance to A. flavus can provide insights into maize disease resistance and enhance maize molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Parish
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - W. Paul Williams
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Maize Host Plant Resistance Research Unit, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Gary L. Windham
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Maize Host Plant Resistance Research Unit, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Xueyan Shan
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
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20
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Gedil M, Menkir A. An Integrated Molecular and Conventional Breeding Scheme for Enhancing Genetic Gain in Maize in Africa. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1430. [PMID: 31781144 PMCID: PMC6851238 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Maize production in West and Central Africa (WCA) is constrained by a wide range of interacting stresses that keep productivity below potential yields. Among the many problems afflicting maize production in WCA, drought, foliar diseases, and parasitic weeds are the most critical. Several decades of efforts devoted to the genetic improvement of maize have resulted in remarkable genetic gain, leading to increased yields of maize on farmers' fields. The revolution unfolding in the areas of genomics, bioinformatics, and phenomics is generating innovative tools, resources, and technologies for transforming crop breeding programs. It is envisaged that such tools will be integrated within maize breeding programs, thereby advancing these programs and addressing current and future challenges. Accordingly, the maize improvement program within International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) is undergoing a process of modernization through the introduction of innovative tools and new schemes that are expected to enhance genetic gains and impact on smallholder farmers in the region. Genomic tools enable genetic dissections of complex traits and promote an understanding of the physiological basis of key agronomic and nutritional quality traits. Marker-aided selection and genome-wide selection schemes are being implemented to accelerate genetic gain relating to yield, resilience, and nutritional quality. Therefore, strategies that effectively combine genotypic information with data from field phenotyping and laboratory-based analysis are currently being optimized. Molecular breeding, guided by methodically defined product profiles tailored to different agroecological zones and conditions of climate change, supported by state-of-the-art decision-making tools, is pivotal for the advancement of modern, genomics-aided maize improvement programs. Accelerated genetic gain, in turn, catalyzes a faster variety replacement rate. It is critical to forge and strengthen partnerships for enhancing the impacts of breeding products on farmers' livelihood. IITA has well-established channels for delivering its research products/technologies to partner organizations for further testing, multiplication, and dissemination across various countries within the subregion. Capacity building of national agricultural research system (NARS) will facilitate the smooth transfer of technologies and best practices from IITA and its partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melaku Gedil
- Bioscience Center and Maize Improvement Program, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Abebe Menkir
- Maize Improvement Program, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria
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21
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Pandey MK, Kumar R, Pandey AK, Soni P, Gangurde SS, Sudini HK, Fountain JC, Liao B, Desmae H, Okori P, Chen X, Jiang H, Mendu V, Falalou H, Njoroge S, Mwololo J, Guo B, Zhuang W, Wang X, Liang X, Varshney RK. Mitigating Aflatoxin Contamination in Groundnut through A Combination of Genetic Resistance and Post-Harvest Management Practices. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E315. [PMID: 31163657 PMCID: PMC6628460 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin is considered a "hidden poison" due to its slow and adverse effect on various biological pathways in humans, particularly among children, in whom it leads to delayed development, stunted growth, liver damage, and liver cancer. Unfortunately, the unpredictable behavior of the fungus as well as climatic conditions pose serious challenges in precise phenotyping, genetic prediction and genetic improvement, leaving the complete onus of preventing aflatoxin contamination in crops on post-harvest management. Equipping popular crop varieties with genetic resistance to aflatoxin is key to effective lowering of infection in farmer's fields. A combination of genetic resistance for in vitro seed colonization (IVSC), pre-harvest aflatoxin contamination (PAC) and aflatoxin production together with pre- and post-harvest management may provide a sustainable solution to aflatoxin contamination. In this context, modern "omics" approaches, including next-generation genomics technologies, can provide improved and decisive information and genetic solutions. Preventing contamination will not only drastically boost the consumption and trade of the crops and products across nations/regions, but more importantly, stave off deleterious health problems among consumers across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish K Pandey
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad 502324, India.
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad 502324, India.
| | - Arun K Pandey
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad 502324, India.
| | - Pooja Soni
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad 502324, India.
| | - Sunil S Gangurde
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad 502324, India.
| | - Hari K Sudini
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad 502324, India.
| | - Jake C Fountain
- Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, United State Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Tifton, GA 31793, USA.
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, USA.
| | - Boshou Liao
- Oil Crops Research Institute (OCRI) of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Haile Desmae
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Bamako BP 320, Mali.
| | - Patrick Okori
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Lilongwe PB 1096, Malawi.
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Crops Research Institute (CRI) of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences (GAAS), Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Huifang Jiang
- Oil Crops Research Institute (OCRI) of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Venugopal Mendu
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
| | - Hamidou Falalou
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Niamey BP 12404, Niger.
| | - Samuel Njoroge
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Lilongwe PB 1096, Malawi.
| | - James Mwololo
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Lilongwe PB 1096, Malawi.
| | - Baozhu Guo
- Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, United State Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Tifton, GA 31793, USA.
| | - Weijian Zhuang
- Institute of Oil Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Xingjun Wang
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250108, China.
| | - Xuanqiang Liang
- Crops Research Institute (CRI) of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences (GAAS), Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Rajeev K Varshney
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad 502324, India.
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A halotolerant growth promoting rhizobacteria triggers induced systemic resistance in plants and defends against fungal infection. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4054. [PMID: 30858512 PMCID: PMC6411892 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40930-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A halotolerant rhizobacteria, Klebsiella species (referred to MBE02), was identified that had a growth stimulation effect on peanut. To gain mechanistic insights into how molecular components were reprogrammed during the interaction of MBE02 and peanut roots, we performed deep RNA-sequencing. In total, 1260 genes were differentially expressed: 979 genes were up-regulated, whereas 281 were down-regulated by MBE02 treatment as compared to uninoculated controls. A large component of the differentially regulated genes were related to phytohormone signalling. This included activation of a significant proportion of genes involved in jasmonic acid, ethylene and pathogen-defense signalling, which indicated a role of MBE02 in modulating plant immunity. In vivo and in vitro pathogenesis assays demonstrated that MBE02 treatment indeed provide fitness benefits to peanut against Aspergillus infection under controlled as well as field environment. Further, MBE02 directly reduced the growth of a wide range of fungal pathogens including Aspergillus. We also identified possible molecular components involved in rhizobacteria-mediated plant protection. Our results show the potential of MBE02 as a biocontrol agent in preventing infection against several fungal phytopathogens.
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Yang M, Lu L, Li S, Zhang J, Li Z, Wu S, Guo Q, Liu H, Wang C. Transcriptomic Insights into Benzenamine Effects on the Development, Aflatoxin Biosynthesis, and Virulence of Aspergillus flavus. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E70. [PMID: 30691218 PMCID: PMC6410012 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11020070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is a soilborne pathogenic fungus that poses a serious public health threat due to it contamination of food with carcinogenic aflatoxins. Our previous studies have demonstrated that benzenamine displayed strong inhibitory effects on the mycelial growth of A. flavus. In this study, we systematically investigated the inhibitory effects of benzenamine on the development, aflatoxin biosynthesis, and virulence in A. flavus, as well as the underlying mechanism. The results indicated that benzenamine exhibited great capacity to combat A. flavus at a concentration of 100 µL/L, leading to significantly decreased aflatoxin accumulation and colonization capacity in maize. The transcriptional profile revealed that 3589 genes show altered mRNA levels in the A. flavus after treatment with benzenamine, including 1890 down-regulated and 1699 up-regulated genes. Most of the differentially expressed genes participated in the biosynthesis and metabolism of amino acid, purine metabolism, and protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum. Additionally, the results brought us to a suggestion that benzenamine affects the development, aflatoxin biosynthesis, and pathogenicity of A. flavus via down-regulating related genes by depressing the expression of the global regulatory factor leaA. Overall, this study indicates that benzenamine have tremendous potential to act as a fumigant against pathogenic A. flavus. Furthermore, this work offers valuable information regarding the underlying antifungal mechanism of benzenamine against A. flavus at the level of transcription, and these potential targets may be conducive in developing new strategies for preventing aflatoxin contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingguan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Laifeng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Shuhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Zhenjing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Shufen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Qingbin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Huanhuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Changlu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
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Abstract
This review is mainly centered on beverages obtained from tropical crops, including tea, nut milk, coffee, cocoa, and those prepared from fruits. After considering the epidemiological data found on the matrices above, the focus was given to recent methodological approaches to assess the most relevant mycotoxins. Aspects such as singularities among the mycotoxin and the beverage in which their were found, and the economic effects and repercussions that the mycotoxin-tainted ingredients have on the beverage industry were pointed out. Finally, the burden of their consumption through beverages, including risk and health effects on humans, was addressed as well.
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25
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Yazid SNE, Thanggavelu H, Mahror N, Selamat J, Samsudin NIP. Formulation of maize- and peanut-based semi-synthetic growth media for the ecophysiological studies of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus in maize and peanut agro-ecosystems. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 282:57-65. [PMID: 29913332 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
In studying the ecophysiology of fungal phytopathogens, several stages are involved (in vitro, greenhouse, in planta). Most in vitro studies extensively utilise the general growth media such as Potato Dextrose Agar and Malt Extract Agar. Although the crop components in these media serve as excellent carbon sources and yield luxuriant growth, they are not naturally contaminated with Aspergillus flavus and thus might result in under- or overestimation of its actual toxigenic potentials. Empirical data on the formulation of semi-synthetic growth medium mimicking the natural crop commonly contaminated by A. flavus for the ecophysiological studies in vitro are scarce. The present work was aimed at investigating the ecophysiology of A. flavus on commercial growth media (PDA, MEA); formulating maize- and peanut-based semi-synthetic growth media using two methods of raw material preparation (milling, hot water extraction) at different concentrations (1, 3, 5, 7, 9% w/v), and comparing the ecophysiological parameters between commercial and formulated growth media. Growth rates were obtained by computing the hyphal expansion data into y = mx + c equation. AFB1 was quantified using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector. Formulated media were found to yield significantly higher growth rates when compared to commercial media. However, commercial media yielded significantly higher AFB1 when compared to all formulated media. Between the two formulations, milling yielded significantly higher growth rates and AFB1 when compared to hot water extraction. Although in vitro data cannot directly extrapolate in planta performance, results obtained in the present work can be used to gauge the actual toxigenic potential of A. flavus in maize and peanut agro-ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Nur Ezzati Yazid
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hemashangari Thanggavelu
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norlia Mahror
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jinap Selamat
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nik Iskandar Putra Samsudin
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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26
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Ojiambo PS, Battilani P, Cary JW, Blum BH, Carbone I. Cultural and Genetic Approaches to Manage Aflatoxin Contamination: Recent Insights Provide Opportunities for Improved Control. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 108:1024-1037. [PMID: 29869954 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-18-0134-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is a morphologically complex species that can produce the group of polyketide derived carcinogenic and mutagenic secondary metabolites, aflatoxins, as well as other secondary metabolites such as cyclopiazonic acid and aflatrem. Aflatoxin causes aflatoxicosis when aflatoxins are ingested through contaminated food and feed. In addition, aflatoxin contamination is a major problem, from both an economic and health aspect, in developing countries, especially Asia and Africa, where cereals and peanuts are important food crops. Earlier measures for control of A. flavus infection and consequent aflatoxin contamination centered on creating unfavorable environments for the pathogen and destroying contaminated products. While development of atoxigenic (nonaflatoxin producing) strains of A. flavus as viable commercial biocontrol agents has marked a unique advance for control of aflatoxin contamination, particularly in Africa, new insights into the biology and sexuality of A. flavus are now providing opportunities to design improved atoxigenic strains for sustainable biological control of aflatoxin. Further, progress in the use of molecular technologies such as incorporation of antifungal genes in the host and host-induced gene silencing, is providing knowledge that could be harnessed to develop germplasm that is resistant to infection by A. flavus and aflatoxin contamination. This review summarizes the substantial progress that has been made to understand the biology of A. flavus and mitigate aflatoxin contamination with emphasis on maize. Concepts developed to date can provide a basis for future research efforts on the sustainable management of aflatoxin contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Ojiambo
- First and fifth authors: Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695; second author: Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy; third author: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, SRRC, New Orleans, LA 70124; and fourth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701
| | - Paola Battilani
- First and fifth authors: Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695; second author: Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy; third author: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, SRRC, New Orleans, LA 70124; and fourth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701
| | - Jeffrey W Cary
- First and fifth authors: Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695; second author: Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy; third author: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, SRRC, New Orleans, LA 70124; and fourth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701
| | - Burt H Blum
- First and fifth authors: Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695; second author: Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy; third author: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, SRRC, New Orleans, LA 70124; and fourth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701
| | - Ignazio Carbone
- First and fifth authors: Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695; second author: Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy; third author: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, SRRC, New Orleans, LA 70124; and fourth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701
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27
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Mehanathan M, Bedre R, Mangu V, Rajasekaran K, Bhatnagar D, Baisakh N. Identification of candidate resistance genes of cotton against Aspergillus flavus infection using a comparative transcriptomics approach. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 24:513-519. [PMID: 29692558 PMCID: PMC5911267 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-018-0522-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A comparative transcriptome analysis was performed using the genes significantly differentially expressed in cotton, corn and peanut in response to aflatoxin producing fungus Aspergillus flavus with an objective of identifying candidate resistance genes in cotton. Two-way analyses identified 732 unique genes to be differentially regulated by the fungus with only 26 genes common across all three crops that were considered candidate A. flavus resistance genes with an assumption that these genes have specific roles in conferring the resistance trait. Genes of membrane cellular component involved in DNA binding with involvement in defense responses were highly represented among the differentially expressed unique genes. Most (six) of these genes coded for 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) and Fe(II)-dependent oxygenase superfamily proteins. Genes encoding helix loop helix protein, alcohol dehydrogenase and UDP glycosylation transferase which were upregulated in response to both atoxigenic and toxigenic strains of A. flavus, could be potential resistance candidate genes for downstream functional manipulation to confer resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthamilarasan Mehanathan
- School of Plant, Environmental, and Soil Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA USA
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Renesh Bedre
- School of Plant, Environmental, and Soil Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA USA
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Weslaco, TX USA
| | - Venkata Mangu
- School of Plant, Environmental, and Soil Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | | | - Deepak Bhatnagar
- Southern Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, New Orleans, LA USA
| | - Niranjan Baisakh
- School of Plant, Environmental, and Soil Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA USA
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28
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Jeyaramraja P, Meenakshi SN, Woldesenbet F. Relationship between drought and preharvest aflatoxin contamination in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2017.2248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Groundnut is a commercial oilseed crop that is prone to infection by Aspergillus flavus or Aspergillus parasiticus. Drought impairs the defence mechanism of the plant and favours the production of aflatoxin by the fungus. Aflatoxin is a carcinogen and its presence in food and feed causes significant economic loss. The answer to the question, ‘how drought tolerance and aflatoxin resistance are related?’ is not clear. In this review paper, the relationship of drought and preharvest aflatoxin contamination (AC), the relationship of drought tolerance traits and AC, and the approaches to enhance resistance to AC are discussed using up-to-date literature. Factors leading to AC are drought, high geocarposphere temperature, kernel/pod damage, and reduced phytoalexin synthesis by the plant. If the fungus colonises a kernel with reduced water activity, the plant cannot synthesise phytoalexin and then, the fungus synthesises aflatoxin. Breeding for resistance to AC is complicated because aflatoxin concentration is costly to measure, highly variable, and influenced by the environment. Since drought tolerant cultivars have resistance to AC, traits of drought tolerance have been used as indirect selection tools for reduced AC. The genetics of aflatoxin resistance mechanisms have not been made clear as the environment influences the host-pathogen relationship. Host-pathogen interactions under the influence of environment should be studied at molecular level to identify plant resistant factors using the tools of genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics in order to develop cultivars with durable resistance. Many candidate genes involved in host-pathogen interactions have been identified due to improvements in fungal expressed sequence tags, microarrays, and genome sequencing techniques. Moreover, research projects are underway on identifying genes coding for antifungal compounds, resistance associated proteins and quantitative trait loci associated with aflatoxin resistance. This review is expected to help those who wish to work on reducing AC in groundnuts.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.R. Jeyaramraja
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Arba Minch University, P.O. Box 21, Arba Minch, Gamo Gofa Zone, Ethiopia
| | - S. Nithya Meenakshi
- Department of Botany, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Peelamedu, Coimbatore 641 004, Tamilnadu, India
| | - F. Woldesenbet
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Arba Minch University, P.O. Box 21, Arba Minch, Gamo Gofa Zone, Ethiopia
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29
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Insight into Genes Regulating Postharvest Aflatoxin Contamination of Tetraploid Peanut from Transcriptional Profiling. Genetics 2018; 209:143-156. [PMID: 29545468 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.300478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Postharvest aflatoxin contamination is a challenging issue that affects peanut quality. Aflatoxin is produced by fungi belonging to the Aspergilli group, and is known as an acutely toxic, carcinogenic, and immune-suppressing class of mycotoxins. Evidence for several host genetic factors that may impact aflatoxin contamination has been reported, e.g., genes for lipoxygenase (PnLOX1 and PnLOX2/PnLOX3 that showed either positive or negative regulation with Aspergillus infection), reactive oxygen species, and WRKY (highly associated with or differentially expressed upon infection of maize with Aspergillus flavus); however, their roles remain unclear. Therefore, we conducted an RNA-sequencing experiment to differentiate gene response to the infection by A. flavus between resistant (ICG 1471) and susceptible (Florida-07) cultivated peanut genotypes. The gene expression profiling analysis was designed to reveal differentially expressed genes in response to the infection (infected vs. mock-treated seeds). In addition, the differential expression of the fungal genes was profiled. The study revealed the complexity of the interaction between the fungus and peanut seeds as the expression of a large number of genes was altered, including some in the process of plant defense to aflatoxin accumulation. Analysis of the experimental data with "keggseq," a novel designed tool for Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis, showed the importance of α-linolenic acid metabolism, protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, spliceosome, and carbon fixation and metabolism pathways in conditioning resistance to aflatoxin accumulation. In addition, coexpression network analysis was carried out to reveal the correlation of gene expression among peanut and fungal genes. The results showed the importance of WRKY, toll/Interleukin1 receptor-nucleotide binding site leucine-rich repeat (TIR-NBS-LRR), ethylene, and heat shock proteins in the resistance mechanism.
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30
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Fountain JC, Koh J, Yang L, Pandey MK, Nayak SN, Bajaj P, Zhuang WJ, Chen ZY, Kemerait RC, Lee RD, Chen S, Varshney RK, Guo B. Proteome analysis of Aspergillus flavus isolate-specific responses to oxidative stress in relationship to aflatoxin production capability. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3430. [PMID: 29467403 PMCID: PMC5821837 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21653-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is an opportunistic pathogen of plants such as maize and peanut under conducive conditions such as drought stress resulting in significant aflatoxin production. Drought-associated oxidative stress also exacerbates aflatoxin production by A. flavus. The objectives of this study were to use proteomics to provide insights into the pathogen responses to H2O2-derived oxidative stress, and to identify potential biomarkers and targets for host resistance breeding. Three isolates, AF13, NRRL3357, and K54A with high, moderate, and no aflatoxin production, were cultured in medium supplemented with varying levels of H2O2, and examined using an iTRAQ (Isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantification) approach. Overall, 1,173 proteins were identified and 220 were differentially expressed (DEPs). Observed DEPs encompassed metabolic pathways including antioxidants, carbohydrates, pathogenicity, and secondary metabolism. Increased lytic enzyme, secondary metabolite, and developmental pathway expression in AF13 was correlated with oxidative stress tolerance, likely assisting in plant infection and microbial competition. Elevated expression of energy and cellular component production in NRRL3357 and K54A implies a focus on oxidative damage remediation. These trends explain isolate-to-isolate variation in oxidative stress tolerance and provide insights into mechanisms relevant to host plant interactions under drought stress allowing for more targeted efforts in host resistance research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake C Fountain
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA.,USDA-ARS Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, Tifton, GA, USA.,Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology, International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Telangana, India
| | - Jin Koh
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Liming Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA.,USDA-ARS Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, Tifton, GA, USA.,College of Biology and Environmental Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Manish K Pandey
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology, International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Telangana, India
| | - Spurthi N Nayak
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology, International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Telangana, India
| | - Prasad Bajaj
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology, International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Telangana, India
| | - Wei-Jian Zhuang
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Robert C Kemerait
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA
| | - R Dewey Lee
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rajeev K Varshney
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology, International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Telangana, India
| | - Baozhu Guo
- USDA-ARS Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, Tifton, GA, USA.
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31
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Hawkins LK, Warburton ML, Tang J, Tomashek J, Alves Oliveira D, Ogunola OF, Smith JS, Williams WP. Survey of Candidate Genes for Maize Resistance to Infection by Aspergillus flavus and/or Aflatoxin Contamination. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E61. [PMID: 29385107 PMCID: PMC5848162 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10020061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many projects have identified candidate genes for resistance to aflatoxin accumulation or Aspergillus flavus infection and growth in maize using genetic mapping, genomics, transcriptomics and/or proteomics studies. However, only a small percentage of these candidates have been validated in field conditions, and their relative contribution to resistance, if any, is unknown. This study presents a consolidated list of candidate genes identified in past studies or in-house studies, with descriptive data including genetic location, gene annotation, known protein identifiers, and associated pathway information, if known. A candidate gene pipeline to test the phenotypic effect of any maize DNA sequence on aflatoxin accumulation resistance was used in this study to determine any measurable effect on polymorphisms within or linked to the candidate gene sequences, and the results are published here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh K Hawkins
- USDA ARS Corn Host Plant Resistance Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Marilyn L Warburton
- USDA ARS Corn Host Plant Resistance Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Juliet Tang
- USDA FS Durability and Wood Protection Research Unit, Starkville, MS 39759, USA.
| | - John Tomashek
- Integrated Micro-Chromatography Systems LLC, Irmo, SC 29063, USA.
| | - Dafne Alves Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762 USA.
| | - Oluwaseun F Ogunola
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA.
| | - J Spencer Smith
- USDA ARS Corn Host Plant Resistance Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
| | - W Paul Williams
- USDA ARS Corn Host Plant Resistance Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
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Majumdar R, Lebar M, Mack B, Minocha R, Minocha S, Carter-Wientjes C, Sickler C, Rajasekaran K, Cary JW. The Aspergillus flavus Spermidine Synthase ( spds) Gene, Is Required for Normal Development, Aflatoxin Production, and Pathogenesis During Infection of Maize Kernels. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:317. [PMID: 29616053 PMCID: PMC5870473 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is a soil-borne saprophyte and an opportunistic pathogen of both humans and plants. This fungus not only causes disease in important food and feed crops such as maize, peanut, cottonseed, and tree nuts but also produces the toxic and carcinogenic secondary metabolites (SMs) known as aflatoxins. Polyamines (PAs) are ubiquitous polycations that influence normal growth, development, and stress responses in living organisms and have been shown to play a significant role in fungal pathogenesis. Biosynthesis of spermidine (Spd) is critical for cell growth as it is required for hypusination-mediated activation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A), and other biochemical functions. The tri-amine Spd is synthesized from the diamine putrescine (Put) by the enzyme spermidine synthase (Spds). Inactivation of spds resulted in a total loss of growth and sporulation in vitro which could be partially restored by addition of exogenous Spd. Complementation of the Δspds mutant with a wild type (WT) A. flavus spds gene restored the WT phenotype. In WT A. flavus, exogenous supply of Spd (in vitro) significantly increased the production of sclerotia and SMs. Infection of maize kernels with the Δspds mutant resulted in a significant reduction in fungal growth, sporulation, and aflatoxin production compared to controls. Quantitative PCR of Δspds mutant infected seeds showed down-regulation of aflatoxin biosynthetic genes in the mutant compared to WT A. flavus infected seeds. Expression analyses of PA metabolism/transport genes during A. flavus-maize interaction showed significant increase in the expression of arginine decarboxylase (Adc) and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (Samdc) genes in the maize host and PA uptake transporters in the fungus. The results presented here demonstrate that Spd biosynthesis is critical for normal development and pathogenesis of A. flavus and pre-treatment of a Δspds mutant with Spd or Spd uptake from the host plant, are insufficient to restore WT levels of pathogenesis and aflatoxin production during seed infection. The data presented here suggest that future studies targeting spermidine biosynthesis in A. flavus, using RNA interference-based host-induced gene silencing approaches, may be an effective strategy to reduce aflatoxin contamination in maize and possibly in other susceptible crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajtilak Majumdar
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Matt Lebar
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Brian Mack
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Rakesh Minocha
- United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Durham, NH, United States
| | - Subhash Minocha
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States
| | - Carol Carter-Wientjes
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Christine Sickler
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Kanniah Rajasekaran
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Jeffrey W. Cary
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
- *Correspondence: Jeffrey W. Cary,
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Fountain JC, Bajaj P, Pandey M, Nayak SN, Yang L, Kumar V, Jayale AS, Chitikineni A, Zhuang W, Scully BT, Lee RD, Kemerait RC, Varshney RK, Guo B. Oxidative stress and carbon metabolism influence Aspergillus flavus transcriptome composition and secondary metabolite production. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38747. [PMID: 27941917 PMCID: PMC5150527 DOI: 10.1038/srep38747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Contamination of crops with aflatoxin is a serious global threat to food safety. Aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus is exacerbated by drought stress in the field and by oxidative stress in vitro. We examined transcriptomes of three toxigenic and three atoxigenic isolates of A. flavus in aflatoxin conducive and non-conducive media with varying levels of H2O2 to investigate the relationship of secondary metabolite production, carbon source, and oxidative stress. We found that toxigenic and atoxigenic isolates employ distinct mechanisms to remediate oxidative damage, and that carbon source affected the isolates’ expression profiles. Iron metabolism, monooxygenases, and secondary metabolism appeared to participate in isolate oxidative responses. The results suggest that aflatoxin and aflatrem biosynthesis may remediate oxidative stress by consuming excess oxygen and that kojic acid production may limit iron-mediated, non-enzymatic generation of reactive oxygen species. Together, secondary metabolite production may enhance A. flavus stress tolerance, and may be reduced by enhancing host plant tissue antioxidant capacity though genetic improvement by breeding selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake C Fountain
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA.,USDA-ARS Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, Tifton, GA, USA
| | - Prasad Bajaj
- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Manish Pandey
- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Spurthi N Nayak
- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Liming Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA.,USDA-ARS Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, Tifton, GA, USA
| | - Vinay Kumar
- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Ashwin S Jayale
- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Anu Chitikineni
- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Weijian Zhuang
- Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Brian T Scully
- USDA-ARS US Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL, USA
| | - R Dewey Lee
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA
| | - Robert C Kemerait
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA
| | - Rajeev K Varshney
- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Baozhu Guo
- USDA-ARS Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, Tifton, GA, USA
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Musungu BM, Bhatnagar D, Brown RL, Payne GA, OBrian G, Fakhoury AM, Geisler M. A Network Approach of Gene Co-expression in the Zea mays/ Aspergillus flavus Pathosystem to Map Host/Pathogen Interaction Pathways. Front Genet 2016; 7:206. [PMID: 27917194 PMCID: PMC5116468 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A gene co-expression network (GEN) was generated using a dual RNA-seq study with the fungal pathogen Aspergillus flavus and its plant host Zea mays during the initial 3 days of infection. The analysis deciphered novel pathways and mapped genes of interest in both organisms during the infection. This network revealed a high degree of connectivity in many of the previously recognized pathways in Z. mays such as jasmonic acid, ethylene, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). For the pathogen A. flavus, a link between aflatoxin production and vesicular transport was identified within the network. There was significant interspecies correlation of expression between Z. mays and A. flavus for a subset of 104 Z. mays, and 1942 A. flavus genes. This resulted in an interspecies subnetwork enriched in multiple Z. mays genes involved in the production of ROS. In addition to the ROS from Z. mays, there was enrichment in the vesicular transport pathways and the aflatoxin pathway for A. flavus. Included in these genes, a key aflatoxin cluster regulator, AflS, was found to be co-regulated with multiple Z. mays ROS producing genes within the network, suggesting AflS may be monitoring host ROS levels. The entire GEN for both host and pathogen, and the subset of interspecies correlations, is presented as a tool for hypothesis generation and discovery for events in the early stages of fungal infection of Z. mays by A. flavus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan M Musungu
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University, CarbondaleIL, USA; Southern Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, New OrleansLA, USA
| | - Deepak Bhatnagar
- Southern Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, New Orleans LA, USA
| | - Robert L Brown
- Southern Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, New Orleans LA, USA
| | - Gary A Payne
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC, USA
| | - Greg OBrian
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC, USA
| | - Ahmad M Fakhoury
- Department of Plant Soil and Agriculture Systems, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale IL, USA
| | - Matt Geisler
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale IL, USA
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Bandyopadhyay R, Ortega-Beltran A, Akande A, Mutegi C, Atehnkeng J, Kaptoge L, Senghor A, Adhikari B, Cotty P. Biological control of aflatoxins in Africa: current status and potential challenges in the face of climate change. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2016.2130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin contamination of crops is frequent in warm regions across the globe, including large areas in sub-Saharan Africa. Crop contamination with these dangerous toxins transcends health, food security, and trade sectors. It cuts across the value chain, affecting farmers, traders, markets, and finally consumers. Diverse fungi within Aspergillus section Flavi contaminate crops with aflatoxins. Within these Aspergillus communities, several genotypes are not capable of producing aflatoxins (atoxigenic). Carefully selected atoxigenic genotypes in biological control (biocontrol) formulations efficiently reduce aflatoxin contamination of crops when applied prior to flowering in the field. This safe and environmentally friendly, effective technology was pioneered in the US, where well over a million acres of susceptible crops are treated annually. The technology has been improved for use in sub-Saharan Africa, where efforts are under way to develop biocontrol products, under the trade name Aflasafe, for 11 African nations. The number of participating nations is expected to increase. In parallel, state of the art technology has been developed for large-scale inexpensive manufacture of Aflasafe products under the conditions present in many African nations. Results to date indicate that all Aflasafe products, registered and under experimental use, reduce aflatoxin concentrations in treated crops by >80% in comparison to untreated crops in both field and storage conditions. Benefits of aflatoxin biocontrol technologies are discussed along with potential challenges, including climate change, likely to be faced during the scaling-up of Aflasafe products. Lastly, we respond to several apprehensions expressed in the literature about the use of atoxigenic genotypes in biocontrol formulations. These responses relate to the following apprehensions: sorghum as carrier, distribution costs, aflatoxin-conscious markets, efficacy during drought, post-harvest benefits, risk of allergies and/or aspergillosis, influence of Aflasafe on other mycotoxins and on soil microenvironment, dynamics of Aspergillus genotypes, and recombination between atoxigenic and toxigenic genotypes in natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Bandyopadhyay
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), PMB 5320, Oyo Road, 200001 Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - A. Ortega-Beltran
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), PMB 5320, Oyo Road, 200001 Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - A. Akande
- IITA, PMB 82, Garki GPO, Kubwa, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - C. Mutegi
- IITA, ILRI campus, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - J. Atehnkeng
- IITA, Chitedze Research Station, Off Mchinji Road, P.O. Box 30258, Lilongwe 3, Malawi
| | - L. Kaptoge
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), PMB 5320, Oyo Road, 200001 Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - A.L. Senghor
- La Direction de la Protection des Végétaux (DPV), Km 15, Route de Rufisque, en face Forail, BP 20054, Thiaroye-Dakar, Senegal
| | - B.N. Adhikari
- USDA-ARS, School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210036, Tucson, AZ 85721-0036, USA
| | - P.J. Cotty
- USDA-ARS, School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210036, Tucson, AZ 85721-0036, USA
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Álvarez SP, López NEL, Lozano JM, Negrete EAR, Cervantes MES. Plant Fungal Disease Management Using Nanobiotechnology as a Tool. ADVANCES AND APPLICATIONS THROUGH FUNGAL NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-42990-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Yang L, Fountain JC, Wang H, Ni X, Ji P, Lee RD, Kemerait RC, Scully BT, Guo B. Stress Sensitivity Is Associated with Differential Accumulation of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species in Maize Genotypes with Contrasting Levels of Drought Tolerance. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:24791-819. [PMID: 26492235 PMCID: PMC4632777 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161024791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Drought stress decreases crop growth, yield, and can further exacerbate pre-harvest aflatoxin contamination. Tolerance and adaptation to drought stress is an important trait of agricultural crops like maize. However, maize genotypes with contrasting drought tolerances have been shown to possess both common and genotype-specific adaptations to cope with drought stress. In this research, the physiological and metabolic response patterns in the leaves of maize seedlings subjected to drought stress were investigated using six maize genotypes including: A638, B73, Grace-E5, Lo964, Lo1016, and Va35. During drought treatments, drought-sensitive maize seedlings displayed more severe symptoms such as chlorosis and wilting, exhibited significant decreases in photosynthetic parameters, and accumulated significantly more reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) than tolerant genotypes. Sensitive genotypes also showed rapid increases in enzyme activities involved in ROS and RNS metabolism. However, the measured antioxidant enzyme activities were higher in the tolerant genotypes than in the sensitive genotypes in which increased rapidly following drought stress. The results suggest that drought stress causes differential responses to oxidative and nitrosative stress in maize genotypes with tolerant genotypes with slower reaction and less ROS and RNS production than sensitive ones. These differential patterns may be utilized as potential biological markers for use in marker assisted breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Yang
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, Tifton, GA 31793, USA.
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, USA.
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China.
| | - Jake C Fountain
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, USA.
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, USA.
| | - Xinzhi Ni
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Crop Genetics and Breeding Research Unit, Tifton, GA 31793, USA.
| | - Pingsheng Ji
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, USA.
| | - Robert D Lee
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, USA.
| | - Robert C Kemerait
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, USA.
| | - Brian T Scully
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA.
| | - Baozhu Guo
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, Tifton, GA 31793, USA.
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Nogales A, Nobre T, Valadas V, Ragonezi C, Döring M, Polidoros A, Arnholdt-Schmitt B. Can functional hologenomics aid tackling current challenges in plant breeding? Brief Funct Genomics 2015; 15:288-97. [PMID: 26293603 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elv030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular plant breeding usually overlooks the genetic variability that arises from the association of plants with endophytic microorganisms, when looking at agronomic interesting target traits. This source of variability can have crucial effects on the functionality of the organism considered as a whole (the holobiont), and therefore can be selectable in breeding programs. However, seeing the holobiont as a unit for selection and improvement in breeding programs requires novel approaches for genotyping and phenotyping. These should not focus just at the plant level, but also include the associated endophytes and their functional effects on the plant, to make effective desirable trait screenings. The present review intends to draw attention to a new research field on functional hologenomics that if associated with adequate phenotyping tools could greatly increase the efficiency of breeding programs.
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Fountain JC, Scully BT, Chen ZY, Gold SE, Glenn AE, Abbas HK, Lee RD, Kemerait RC, Guo B. Effects of Hydrogen Peroxide on Different Toxigenic and Atoxigenic Isolates of Aspergillus flavus. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:2985-99. [PMID: 26251922 PMCID: PMC4549735 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7082985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Drought stress in the field has been shown to exacerbate aflatoxin contamination of maize and peanut. Drought and heat stress also produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plant tissues. Given the potential correlation between ROS and exacerbated aflatoxin production under drought and heat stress, the objectives of this study were to examine the effects of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress on the growth of different toxigenic (+) and atoxigenic (-) isolates of Aspergillus flavus and to test whether aflatoxin production affects the H2O2 concentrations that the isolates could survive. Ten isolates were tested: NRRL3357 (+), A9 (+), AF13 (+), Tox4 (+), A1 (-), K49 (-), K54A (-), AF36 (-), and Aflaguard (-); and one A. parasiticus isolate, NRRL2999 (+). These isolates were cultured under a H2O2 gradient ranging from 0 to 50 mM in two different media, aflatoxin-conducive yeast extract-sucrose (YES) and non-conducive yeast extract-peptone (YEP). Fungal growth was inhibited at a high H2O2 concentration, but specific isolates grew well at different H2O2 concentrations. Generally the toxigenic isolates tolerated higher concentrations than did atoxigenic isolates. Increasing H2O2 concentrations in the media resulted in elevated aflatoxin production in toxigenic isolates. In YEP media, the higher concentration of peptone (15%) partially inactivated the H2O2 in the media. In the 1% peptone media, YEP did not affect the H2O2 concentrations that the isolates could survive in comparison with YES media, without aflatoxin production. It is interesting to note that the commercial biocontrol isolates, AF36 (-), and Aflaguard (-), survived at higher levels of stress than other atoxigenic isolates, suggesting that this testing method could potentially be of use in the selection of biocontrol isolates. Further studies will be needed to investigate the mechanisms behind the variability among isolates with regard to their degree of oxidative stress tolerance and the role of aflatoxin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake C Fountain
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, USA.
- USDA-ARS, Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, Tifton, GA 31793, USA.
| | - Brian T Scully
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA.
| | - Zhi-Yuan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| | - Scott E Gold
- USDA-ARS, Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
| | - Anthony E Glenn
- USDA-ARS, Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
| | - Hamed K Abbas
- USDA-ARS, Biological Control of Pests Research Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA.
| | - R Dewey Lee
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, USA.
| | - Robert C Kemerait
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, USA.
| | - Baozhu Guo
- USDA-ARS, Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, Tifton, GA 31793, USA.
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