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Kamal R, Awasthi A, Paul P, Mir MS, Singh SK, Dua K. Novel drug delivery systems in colorectal cancer: Advances and future prospects. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 262:155546. [PMID: 39191194 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 08/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is an abnormal proliferation of cells within the colon and rectum, leading to the formation of polyps and disruption of mucosal functions. The disease development is influenced by a combination of factors, including inflammation, exposure to environmental mutagens, genetic alterations, and impairment in signaling pathways. Traditional treatments such as surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy are often used but have limitations, including poor solubility and permeability, treatment resistance, side effects, and post-surgery issues. Novel Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS) have emerged as a superior alternative, offering enhanced drug solubility, precision in targeting cancer cells, and regulated drug release. Thereby addressing the shortcomings of conventional therapies and showing promise for more effective CRC management. The present review sheds light on the pathogenesis, signaling pathways, biomarkers, conventional treatments, need for NDDS, and application of NDDS against CRC. Additionally, clinical trials, ongoing clinical trials, marketed formulations, and patents on CRC are also covered in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kamal
- Department of Quality Assurance, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab 142001, India; School of Pharmacy, Desh Bhagat University, Mandi Gobindgarh, Punjab 147301, India
| | - Ankit Awasthi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab 142001, India; Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India.
| | - Priyanka Paul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, PCTE Group of Institute, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Mohammad Shabab Mir
- School of Pharmacy, Desh Bhagat University, Mandi Gobindgarh, Punjab 147301, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
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2
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Zheng W, Guo Y, Kahar A, Bai J, Zhu Q, Huang X, Li Y, Xu B, Jia X, Wu G, Zhang C, Zhu Y. RUNX1-induced upregulation of PTGS2 enhances cell growth, migration and invasion in colorectal cancer cells. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11670. [PMID: 38778047 PMCID: PMC11111780 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60296-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) arises via the progressive accumulation of dysregulation in key genes including oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes. Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2, also called COX2) acts as an oncogenic driver in CRC. Here, we explored the upstream transcription factors (TFs) responsible for elevating PTGS2 expression in CRC cells. The results showed that PTGS2 silencing repressed cell growth, migration and invasion in HCT116 and SW480 CRC cells. The two fragments (499-981 bp) and (1053-1434 bp) were confirmed as the core TF binding profiles of the PTGS2 promoter. PTGS2 expression positively correlated with RUNX1 level in colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) samples using the TCGA-COAD dataset. Furthermore, RUNX1 acted as a positive regulator of PTGS2 expression by promoting transcriptional activation of the PTGS2 promoter via the 1086-1096 bp binding motif. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that PTGS2 upregulation induced by the TF RUNX1 promotes CRC cell growth, migration and invasion, providing an increased rationale for the use of PTGS2 inhibitors in CRC prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
- Hepatobiliary Gastrointestinal Surgery Department, Red Star Hospital of the 13th Division of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Hami, 839000, The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, China
- The Affiliated People's Hospital of Xinxiang Medical College, Xinxiang, 453000, Henan, China
| | - Yingchang Guo
- Department of Interventional Therapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical College, Xinxiang, 453000, Henan, China
| | - Aihemaiti Kahar
- Hepatobiliary Gastrointestinal Surgery Department, Red Star Hospital of the 13th Division of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Hami, 839000, The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, China
| | - Junwei Bai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Qinhui Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Shangcai People's Hospital, Zhumadian, 463800, Henan, China
| | - Xinli Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Suiping People's Hospital, Zhumadian, 463100, Henan, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Bingyi Xu
- Weihui People's Hospital, Weihui, 453100, Henan, China
| | - Xueshan Jia
- Development Department, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China.
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China.
| | - Yuanzeng Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China.
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Rajiv Gandhi G, Sharanya CS, Jayanandan A, Haridas M, Edwin Hillary V, Rajiv Gandhi S, Sridharan G, Sivasubramanian R, Silva Vasconcelos AB, Montalvão MM, Antony Ceasar S, Sousa NFD, Scotti L, Scotti MT, Gurgel RQ, Quintans-Júnior LJ. Multitargeted molecular docking and dynamics simulation studies of flavonoids and volatile components from the peel of Citrus sinensis L. (Osbeck) against specific tumor protein markers. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:3051-3080. [PMID: 37203996 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2212062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck (Rutaceae), commonly known as the sweet orange, is a popular and widely consumed fruit with several medicinal properties. The present study aimed to perform the in silico screening of 18 flavonoids and eight volatile components from the peel of C. sinensis against apoptotic and inflammatory proteins, metalloprotease, and tumor suppressor markers. Flavonoids obtained higher probabilities than volatile components against selected anti-cancer drug targets. Hence, the data from the binding energies against the essential apoptotic and cell proliferation proteins substantiate that they may be promising compounds in developing effective candidates to block cell growth, proliferation, and induced cell death by activating the apoptotic pathway. Further, the binding stability of the selected targets and the corresponding molecules were analyzed by 100 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Chlorogenic acid has the most binding affinity against the important anti-cancer targets iNOS, MMP-9, and p53. The congruent binding mode to different drug targets focused on cancer shown by chlorogenic acid suggests that it may be a compound with significant therapeutic potential. Moreover, the binding energy predictions indicated that the compound had stable electrostatic and van der Waal energies. Thus, our data reinforce the medicinal importance of flavonoids from C. sinensis and expand the need for more studies, seeking to optimize results and amplify the impacts of further in vitro and in vivo studies. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopalsamy Rajiv Gandhi
- Division of Phytochemistry and Drug Design, Department of Biosciences, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences, Kalamassery, Kochi, India
| | - Chelankara Suresh Sharanya
- Division of Phytochemistry and Drug Design, Department of Biosciences, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences, Kalamassery, Kochi, India
| | - Abhithaj Jayanandan
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Dr. Janaki Ammal Campus, Kannur University, Thalassery, Kannur, India
| | - Madathilkovilakath Haridas
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Dr. Janaki Ammal Campus, Kannur University, Thalassery, Kannur, India
| | - Varghese Edwin Hillary
- Division of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences, Kalamassery, Kochi, India
| | - Sathiyabama Rajiv Gandhi
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Pharmacological Assays (LANEF), Department of Physiology (DFS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences (PPGCS), University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe (HU-UFS), Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Gurunagarajan Sridharan
- Department of Biochemistry, Srimad Andavan Arts and Science College (Autonomous), Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli, India
| | - Rengaraju Sivasubramanian
- Department of Biochemistry, Srimad Andavan Arts and Science College (Autonomous), Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli, India
| | - Alan Bruno Silva Vasconcelos
- Postgraduate Program of Physiological Sciences (PROCFIS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Monalisa Martins Montalvão
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences (PPGCS), University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe (HU-UFS), Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Stanislaus Antony Ceasar
- Division of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences, Kalamassery, Kochi, India
| | - Natália Ferreira de Sousa
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Luciana Scotti
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Marcus Tullius Scotti
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Queiroz Gurgel
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences (PPGCS), University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe (HU-UFS), Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Lucindo José Quintans-Júnior
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Pharmacological Assays (LANEF), Department of Physiology (DFS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences (PPGCS), University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe (HU-UFS), Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
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The impact of bariatric surgery on colorectal cancer risk. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2023; 19:144-157. [PMID: 36446717 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2022.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is considered a risk factor for different types of cancer, including colorectal cancer (CRC). Bariatric surgery has been associated with improvements in obesity-related co-morbidities and reductions in overall cancer risk. However, given the contradictory outcomes of several cohort studies, the impact of bariatric surgery on CRC risk appears controversial. Furthermore, measurement of CRC biomarkers following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) has revealed hyperproliferation and increased pro-inflammatory gene expression in the rectal mucosa. The proposed mechanisms leading to increased CRC risk are alterations of the gut microbiota and exposure of the colorectum to high concentrations of bile acids, both of which are caused by RYGB-induced anatomical rearrangements. Studies in animals and humans have highlighted the similarities between RYGB-induced microbial profiles and the gut microbiota documented in CRC. Microbial alterations common to post-RYGB cases and CRC include the enrichment of pro-inflammatory microbes and reduction in butyrate-producing bacteria. Lower concentrations of butyrate following RYGB may also contribute to an increased risk of CRC, given the anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic properties of this molecule. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy appears to have a more moderate impact than RYGB; however, relatively few animal and human studies have investigated its effects on CRC risk. Moreover, evidence regarding the impact of anastomosis gastric bypass on one is even more limited. Therefore, further studies are required to establish whether the potential increase in CRC risk is restricted to RYGB or may also be associated with other bariatric procedures.
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Lawler T, Warren Andersen S. Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review of Mendelian Randomization Studies. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15020422. [PMID: 36678292 PMCID: PMC9865859 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest that higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with lower risk for several cancers, including breast, prostate, colorectal, and lung cancers. To mitigate confounding, genetic instrumental variables (IVs) have been used to estimate causal associations between 25-hydroxivtamin D and cancer risk via Mendelian randomization (MR). We provide a systematic review of 31 MR studies concerning 25-hydroxyvitamin D and cancer incidence and mortality identified from biomedical databases. MR analyses were conducted almost exclusively in European-ancestry populations and identified no statistically significant associations between higher genetically predicted 25-hydroxyvitamin D and lower risk for total cancer or colorectal, breast, prostate, lung, or pancreatic cancers. In recent studies including ≥80 genetic IVs for 25-hydroxyvitamin D, null associations were reported for total cancer (odds ratio [95% confidence interval] per 1-standard deviation increase: 0.98 [0.93-1.04]), breast (1.00 [0.98-1.02]), colorectal (0.97 [0.88-1.07]), prostate (0.99 [0.98-1.01]), and lung cancer (1.00 [0.93-1.03]). A protective association was observed for ovarian cancer in the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium (0.78 [0.63-0.96] per 20 nmol/L increase, p-trend = 0.03), but not in the UK Biobank (1.10 [0.80-1.51]). Null associations were reported for other tumor sites (bladder, endometrium, uterus, esophagus, oral cavity and pharynx, kidney, liver, thyroid, or neural cells). An inconsistent protective association for cancer-specific mortality was also observed. Results from MR analyses do not support causal associations between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk for cancer incidence or mortality. Studies including non-White populations may be valuable to understand low 25-hydroxyvitamin D as a modifiable risk factor in populations with a higher risk of common cancers, including African ancestry individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lawler
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Shaneda Warren Andersen
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA
- Correspondence:
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Lawler T, Su T, Cai Q, Steinwandel MD, Zheng W, Blot WJ, Warren Andersen S. Associations between serum vitamin D biomarkers and tumor expression of Ki67, p53, and COX-2 in colorectal cancer cases from the Southern Community Cohort Study. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 225:106201. [PMID: 36210028 PMCID: PMC9993486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2022.106201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with lower colorectal cancer (CRC) risk, with limited data from African Americans (AAs), who have greater risk for CRC and 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency. In a predominantly AA sample of CRC cases from the Southern Community Cohort Study (SCCS), we report associations between vitamin D biomarkers and tumor expression of proteins implicated in vitamin D's anti-tumorigenic pathways (e.g. proliferation and inflammation) and CRC prognosis. SCCS participants with incident CRC were identified via state cancer registries. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and vitamin D binding protein (VDBP) were measured at enrollment. 'Free' 25-hydroxyvitamin D was calculated via standard equation. Cellular Ki67, p53, and COX-2 were measured from tumor samples and categorized using literature-defined cut-points related to survival. Generalized linear models were used to measure associations between vitamin D exposures, tumor biomarkers, and stage. In total, 104 cases (40-79 years) were analyzed. 25-hydroxyvitamin D was not associated with high Ki67 (odds ratio (OR) per 1-standard deviation (SD) increase [95% confidence interval] 1.35[0.86-2.11]), p53 (0.75[0.47-1.20]), or COX-2 expression (1.25[0.78-2.01]), or metastatic disease (1.04[0.59-1.81]). Mean biomarker expression was unrelated to 25-hydroxyvitamin D (p-trend ≥.09). Null associations were observed for VDBP and free 25-hydroxyvitamin D. In AAs (n = 70), higher VDBP was associated with lower odds of high Ki67 expression (0.53[0.28-0.98], p-trend =.04). In conclusion, we observed no associations between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and prognostic marker expression in CRC. An inverse association between VDBP and tumor Ki67 in AAs is consistent with reports showing relationships with reduced CRC mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lawler
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Timothy Su
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Qiuyin Cai
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mark D Steinwandel
- International Epidemiology Field Station, Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - William J Blot
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; International Epidemiology Field Station, Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Shaneda Warren Andersen
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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Ramírez-Patiño R, Avalos-Navarro G, Figuera LE, Varela-Hernández JJ, Bautista-Herrera LA, Muñoz-Valle JF, Gallegos-Arreola MP. Influence of nitric oxide signaling mechanisms in cancer. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2022; 36:3946320221135454. [PMID: 36260949 PMCID: PMC9585559 DOI: 10.1177/03946320221135454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a molecule with multiple biological functions that is involved in various pathophysiological processes such as neurotransmission and blood vessel relaxation as well as the endocrine system, immune system, growth factors, and cancer. However, in the carcinogenesis process, it has a dual behavior; at low doses, NO regulates homeostatic functions, while at high concentrations, it promotes tissue damage or acts as an agent for immune defense against microorganisms. Thus, its participation in the carcinogenic process is controversial. Cancer is a multifactorial disease that presents complex behavior. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms associated with the initiation, promotion, and progression of neoplastic processes is required. Some hypotheses have been proposed regarding the influence of NO in activating oncogenic pathways that trigger carcinogenic processes, because NO might regulate some signaling pathways thought to promote cancer development and more aggressive tumor growth. Additionally, NO inhibits apoptosis of tumor cells, together with the deregulation of proteins that are involved in tissue homeostasis, promoting spreading to other organs and initiating metastatic processes. This paper describes the signaling pathways that are associated with cancer, and how the concentration of NO can serve a beneficial or pathological function in the initiation and promotion of neoplastic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ramírez-Patiño
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas y de la Vida, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega (CUCIÉNEGA), Universidad de Guadalajara, Ocotlán Jalisco, México
| | - G Avalos-Navarro
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas y de la Vida, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega (CUCIÉNEGA), Universidad de Guadalajara, Ocotlán Jalisco, México
| | - LE Figuera
- División de Génetica, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara Jalisco, México,Doctorado en Genética Humana, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara Jalisco, México
| | - JJ Varela-Hernández
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas y de la Vida, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega (CUCIÉNEGA), Universidad de Guadalajara, Ocotlán Jalisco, México
| | - LA Bautista-Herrera
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingeniería (CUCEI), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara Jalisco, México
| | - JF Muñoz-Valle
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (IICB), Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS) Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara Jalisco, México
| | - MP Gallegos-Arreola
- División de Génetica, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara Jalisco, México,Martha Patricia Gallegos-Arreola, División de Genética CIBO, IMSS, Sierra Mojada 800, Col, Independencia, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, México.
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Kwon S, Ma W, Drew DA, Klempner SJ, Leonardo BM, Flynn JJ, Cao Y, Giovannucci EL, Bao Y, Fuchs CS, Song M, Chan AT. Association Between Aspirin Use and Gastric Adenocarcinoma: A Prospective Cohort Study. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2022; 15:265-272. [PMID: 34980677 PMCID: PMC10022803 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-21-0413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Prospective data examining the association of aspirin use, according to dose and duration, with long-term risk of gastric adenocarcinoma in non-Asian cohorts are lacking. We evaluated the association between aspirin use and risk of gastric adenocarcinoma in two large prospective U.S. cohort studies, the Nurses' Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to calculate multivariable adjusted HRs and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Among the 159,116 participants, we documented 316 gastric adenocarcinoma cases (176 women, 140 men) over 34 years encompassing 4.5 million person-years. Among women, regular aspirin use (at least two times or more per week) was significantly associated with lower risk of gastric adenocarcinoma (multivariable HR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.37-0.73) compared with nonregular use. However, regular aspirin use was not associated with gastric adenocarcinoma risk among men (multivariable HR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.77-1.52; Pheterogeneity for sex = 0.003). Among women, the lower risk of gastric adenocarcinoma was more apparent with increasing duration of aspirin use (Ptrend < 0.001) and more than five tablets per week (multivariable HR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.31-0.84). Regular, long-term aspirin use was associated with lower risk of gastric adenocarcinoma among women, but not men. The benefit appeared after at least 10 years of use and was maximized at higher doses among women. The heterogeneity by sex in the association of aspirin use with risk of gastric adenocarcinoma requires further investigation. PREVENTION RELEVANCE Novel prevention is urgently needed to reduce incidence and mortality of gastric cancer. We found that regular aspirin use was associated with lower risk of gastric adenocarcinoma among women, but not men. The benefit appeared after at least 10 years of use and was maximized at higher doses among women. See related Spotlight, p. 213.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohee Kwon
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wenjie Ma
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David A. Drew
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samuel J. Klempner
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brianna M. Leonardo
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jacqueline J. Flynn
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yin Cao
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Edward L. Giovannucci
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ying Bao
- Center for Observational Research & Data Science, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | - Mingyang Song
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew T. Chan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Weng Y, Xiang J, Le W, Mao Y. Role of MicroRNA-101 on Proliferation and Migration of Prostate Cancer Cells. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2021.2789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: MicroRNA-101 is a tumor inhibitor that stimulates tumor progression by reducing or inhibiting the expression of certain oncogenes. Some studies presented that cox-2 is target of MicroRNA 101 in prostate cancer process. Methods: MicroRNA-101 expression was detected
by RT-PCR in PC3 cell lines. A and to determine cell proliferation we used MTT assays. Cell would heal and Flow cytometry assays were also used to detect cellular migratory ability and apoptosis, respectively. To assess cox-2 protein expression, Immunohistochemistry was used and data analyzed
by data analysis by SPSS 20. Results: PC3 cells treated by MicroRNA-101 mimics displayed a 24% elevation in growth rate compared with blank (P < 0.01) at 48 h, and a 12% increase (P < 0.01) at 72 h. On the other hand, at 48 and 72 h after the MicroRNA-101 inhibitor
transfection, proliferation of PC3 cell was decreased significantly. The early apoptosis rate in transfected PC3 cells with MicroRNA-101 mimic (74.4%) and inhibitor (22.8%) were significantly different at 72 h after transfection (P < 0.05), MicroRNA-101 mimics inhibited cell migration,
adhesion, and spread was wider relative to the group of control and inhibitor for the PC3 cells. Expression of Cox-2 in transfected PC3 with the MicroRNA-101 inhibitor was higher than the mimic and control groups significantly (P < 0.01). Conclusion: MicroRNA-101 by Cox-2
can play key roles in the prostate cancer pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Weng
- Department of Reproductive Medical Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Jun Xiang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Wei Le
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Yuanshen Mao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201999, China
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10
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Wu J, Gu X, Yang D, Xu S, Wang S, Chen X, Wang Z. Bioactive substances and potentiality of marine microalgae. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:5279-5292. [PMID: 34532034 PMCID: PMC8441504 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae is one of the most important components in the aquatic ecosystem, and they are increasingly used in food and medicine production for human consumption due to their rapid growth cycle and survival ability in the harsh environment. Now, the exploration of microalgae has been gradually deepening, mainly focused on the field of nutrition, medicine, and cosmetics. A great deal of studies has shown that microalgae have a variety of functions in regulating the body health and preventing disease, such as nitrogen fixation, antitumor, antivirus, antioxidation, anti-inflammatory, and antithrombotic. Furthermore, microalgae can synthesize various high-valued bioactive substances, such as proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, and pigments. In this paper, we have briefly reviewed the research progress of main bioactive components in microalgae, proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, pigments, and other nutrients included, as well as their present application situation. This paper can provide the guidance for research and development of industrial production of microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Wu
- South China Sea Fisheries Research InstituteChinese Academy of Fishery Sciences/Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & UtilizationMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and EnvironmentGuangzhouChina
- Department of Food Science and EngineeringSchool of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xinzhe Gu
- Department of Food Science and EngineeringSchool of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Danlu Yang
- Department of Food Science and EngineeringSchool of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Shannan Xu
- South China Sea Fisheries Research InstituteChinese Academy of Fishery Sciences/Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & UtilizationMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and EnvironmentGuangzhouChina
- Scientific Observation and Research Field Station of Pearl River Estuary EcosystemGuangzhouChina
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering
Guangdong LaboratoryGuangzhouChina
| | - Shaoyun Wang
- College of Biological Science and TechnologyFuzhou UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Xu Chen
- College of Biological Science and TechnologyFuzhou UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Zhengwu Wang
- Department of Food Science and EngineeringSchool of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
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11
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Tran PHL, Lee BJ, Tran TTD. Current Studies of Aspirin as an Anticancer Agent and Strategies to Strengthen its Therapeutic Application in Cancer. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:2209-2220. [PMID: 33138752 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201102101758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aspirin has emerged as a promising intervention in cancer in the past decade. However, there are existing controversies regarding the anticancer properties of aspirin as its mechanism of action has not been clearly defined. In addition, the risk of bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract from aspirin is another consideration that requires medical and pharmaceutical scientists to work together to develop more potent and safe aspirin therapy in cancer. This review presents the most recent studies of aspirin with regard to its role in cancer prevention and treatment demonstrated by highlighted clinical trials, mechanisms of action as well as approaches to develop aspirin therapy best beneficial to cancer patients. Hence, this review provides readers with an overview of aspirin research in cancer that covers not only the unique features of aspirin, which differentiate aspirin from other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), but also strategies that can be used in the development of drug delivery systems carrying aspirin for cancer management. These studies convey optimistic messages on the continuing efforts of the scientist on the way of developing an effective therapy for patients with a low response to current cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong H L Tran
- Deakin University, School of Medicine, IMPACT, Institute for Innovation in Physical and Mental Health and Clinical Translation, Geelong, Australia
| | - Beom-Jin Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Thao T D Tran
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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12
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Ji XK, Madhurapantula SV, He G, Wang KY, Song CH, Zhang JY, Wang KJ. Genetic variant of cyclooxygenase-2 in gastric cancer: More inflammation and susceptibility. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:4653-4666. [PMID: 34366627 PMCID: PMC8326261 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i28.4653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer accounts for the majority cancer-related deaths worldwide. Although various methods have considerably improved the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of gastric cancer, its incidence is still high in Asia, and the 5-year survival rate of advanced gastric cancer patients is only 10%-20%. Therefore, more effective drugs and better screening strategies are needed for reducing the incidence and mortality of gastric cancer. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is considered to be the key inducible enzyme in prostaglandins (PGs) synthesis, which is involved in multiple pathways in the inflammatory response. For example, inflammatory cytokines stimulate innate immune responses via Toll-like receptors and nuclear factor-kappa B to induce COX-2/PGE2 pathway. In these processes, the production of an inflammatory microenvironment promotes the occurrence of gastric cancer. Epidemiological studies have also indicated that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can reduce the risk of malignant tumors of the digestive system by blocking the effect of COX-2. However, clinical use of COX-2 inhibitors to prevent or treat gastric cancer may be limited because of potential side effects, especially in the cardiovascular system. Given these side effects and low treatment efficacy, new therapeutic approaches and early screening strategies are urgently needed. Some studies have shown that genetic variation in COX-2 also play an important role in carcinogenesis. However, the genetic variation analysis in these studies is incomplete and isolated, pointing out only a few single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the risk of gastric cancer, and no comprehensive study covering the whole gene region has been carried out. In addition, copy number variation (CNV) is not mentioned. In this review, we summarize the SNPs in the whole COX-2 gene sequence, including exons, introns, and both the 5' and 3' untranslated regions. Results suggest that COX-2 does not increase its expression through the CNV and the SNPs in COX-2 may serve as the potential marker to establish risk stratification in the general population. This review synthesizes emerging insights of COX-2 as a biomarker in multiple studies, summarizes the association between whole COX-2 sequence variation and susceptibility to gastric cancer, and discusses the future prospect of therapeutic intervention, which will be helpful for early screening and further research to find new approaches to gastric cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan-Ke Ji
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
| | - Sailaja Vatsalya Madhurapantula
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
| | - Gui He
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
| | - Kun-Yan Wang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
| | - Chun-Hua Song
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
| | - Jian-Ying Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
| | - Kai-Juan Wang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
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13
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Gómez-Valenzuela F, Escobar E, Pérez-Tomás R, Montecinos VP. The Inflammatory Profile of the Tumor Microenvironment, Orchestrated by Cyclooxygenase-2, Promotes Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Front Oncol 2021; 11:686792. [PMID: 34178680 PMCID: PMC8222670 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.686792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) corresponds to a complex and dynamic interconnection between the extracellular matrix and malignant cells and their surrounding stroma composed of immune and mesenchymal cells. The TME has constant cellular communication through cytokines that sustain an inflammatory profile, which favors tumor progression, angiogenesis, cell invasion, and metastasis. Although the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) represents a relevant metastasis-initiating event that promotes an invasive phenotype in malignant epithelial cells, its relationship with the inflammatory profile of the TME is poorly understood. Previous evidence strongly suggests that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) overexpression, a pro-inflammatory enzyme related to chronic unresolved inflammation, is associated with common EMT-signaling pathways. This review article summarizes how COX-2 overexpression, within the context of the TME, orchestrates the EMT process and promotes initial metastatic-related events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernán Gómez-Valenzuela
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Enrico Escobar
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Pérez-Tomás
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapy - Bellvitge, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Viviana P Montecinos
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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14
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Dagallier C, Avry F, Touchefeu Y, Buron F, Routier S, Chérel M, Arlicot N. Development of PET Radioligands Targeting COX-2 for Colorectal Cancer Staging, a Review of in vitro and Preclinical Imaging Studies. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:675209. [PMID: 34169083 PMCID: PMC8217454 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.675209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cause of cancer death, making early diagnosis a major public health challenge. The role of inflammation in tumorigenesis has been extensively explored, and among the identified markers of inflammation, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression seems to be linked to lesions with a poor prognosis. Until now, COX-2 expression could only be accessed by invasive methods, mainly by biopsy. Imaging techniques such as functional Positron Emission Tomography (PET) could give access to in vivo COX-2 expression. This could make the staging of the disease more accurate and would be of particular interest in the exploration of the first metastatic stages. In this paper, we review recent progress in the development of COX-2 specific PET tracers by comparing the radioligands' characteristics and highlighting the obstacles that remain to be overcome in order to achieve the clinical development of such a radiotracer, and its evaluation in the management of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Dagallier
- Unité de Radiopharmacie, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France.,Inserm UMR1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - François Avry
- Inserm UMR1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Yann Touchefeu
- CRCINA, INSERM, CNRS, Nantes University, Nantes, France.,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Frédéric Buron
- ICOA, Université d'Orléans, UMR CNRS 7311, Orléans, France
| | | | - Michel Chérel
- CRCINA, INSERM, CNRS, Nantes University, Nantes, France
| | - Nicolas Arlicot
- Unité de Radiopharmacie, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France.,Inserm UMR1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Tours, France.,INSERM CIC 1415, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
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15
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Alaaeddine RA, Elzahhar PA, AlZaim I, Abou-Kheir W, Belal ASF, El-Yazbi AF. The Emerging Role of COX-2, 15-LOX and PPARγ in Metabolic Diseases and Cancer: An Introduction to Novel Multi-target Directed Ligands (MTDLs). Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:2260-2300. [PMID: 32867639 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327999200820173853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence supports an intertwining framework for the involvement of different inflammatory pathways in a common pathological background for a number of disorders. Of importance are pathways involving arachidonic acid metabolism by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX). Both enzyme activities and their products are implicated in a range of pathophysiological processes encompassing metabolic impairment leading to adipose inflammation and the subsequent vascular and neurological disorders, in addition to various pro- and antitumorigenic effects. A further layer of complexity is encountered by the disparate, and often reciprocal, modulatory effect COX-2 and 15-LOX activities and metabolites exert on each other or on other cellular targets, the most prominent of which is peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). Thus, effective therapeutic intervention with such multifaceted disorders requires the simultaneous modulation of more than one target. Here, we describe the role of COX-2, 15-LOX, and PPARγ in cancer and complications of metabolic disorders, highlight the value of designing multi-target directed ligands (MTDLs) modifying their activity, and summarizing the available literature regarding the rationale and feasibility of design and synthesis of these ligands together with their known biological effects. We speculate on the potential impact of MTDLs in these disorders as well as emphasize the need for structured future effort to translate these early results facilitating the adoption of these, and similar, molecules in clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana A Alaaeddine
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, The American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Perihan A Elzahhar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim AlZaim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, The American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Wassim Abou-Kheir
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ahmed S F Belal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed F El-Yazbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, The American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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16
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Mabrouk AA, Tadros MI, El-Refaie WM. Improving the efficacy of Cyclooxegenase-2 inhibitors in the management of oral cancer: Insights into the implementation of nanotechnology and mucoadhesion. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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de Araújo WM, Tanaka MN, Lima PHS, de Moraes CF, Leve F, Bastos LG, Rocha MR, Robbs BK, Viola JPB, Morgado-Diaz JA. TGF-β acts as a dual regulator of COX-2/PGE 2 tumor promotion depending of its cross-interaction with H-Ras and Wnt/β-catenin pathways in colorectal cancer cells. Cell Biol Int 2021; 45:662-673. [PMID: 33300198 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) plays a dual role acting as tumor promoter or suppressor. Along with cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and oncogenic Ras, this multifunctional cytokine is deregulated in colorectal cancer. Despite their individual abilities to promote tumor growth and invasion, the mechanisms of cross regulation between these pathways is still unclear. Here, we investigate the effects of TGF-β, Ras oncogene and COX-2 in the colorectal cancer context. We used colon adenocarcinoma cell line HT-29 and Ras-transformed IEC-6 cells, both treated with prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ), TGF-β or a combined treatment with these agents. We demonstrated that PGE2 alters the subcellular localization of E-cadherin and β-catenin and enhanced the tumorigenic potential in HT-29 cells. This effect was inhibited by TGF-β, indicating a tumor suppressor role. Conversely, in Ras-transformed IEC-6 cells, TGF-β induced COX-2 expression and increased invasiveness, acting as a tumor promoter. In IEC-6 Ras-transformed cells, TGF-β increased nuclear β-catenin and Wnt/β-catenin activation, opposite to what was seen in the PGE2 and TGF-β joint treatment in HT-29 cells. Together, our findings show that TGF-β increases COX-2 levels and induces invasiveness cooperating with Ras in a Wnt/β-catenin activation-dependent manner. This shows TGF-β dual regulation over COX-2/PGE2 tumor promotion depending on the H-Ras and Wnt/β-catenin pathways activation status in intestinal cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wallace M de Araújo
- Cellular and Molecular Oncobiology Program, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, INCA, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcelo N Tanaka
- Cellular and Molecular Oncobiology Program, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, INCA, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Pedro H S Lima
- Cellular and Molecular Oncobiology Program, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, INCA, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Cassio F de Moraes
- Cellular and Molecular Oncobiology Program, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, INCA, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Leve
- Tissue Bioengineering Laboratory (Labio), Division of Metrology Applied to Life Sciences (Dimav), National Institute of Metrology Quality & Technology (Inmetro), Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - Lilian G Bastos
- Cellular and Molecular Oncobiology Program, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, INCA, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Murilo R Rocha
- Cellular and Molecular Oncobiology Program, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, INCA, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Bruno K Robbs
- Basic Science Department, Campus Universitário de Nova Friburgo, Universidade Federal Fluminense, UFF, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - João P B Viola
- Program of Immunology and Tumor Biology, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jose A Morgado-Diaz
- Cellular and Molecular Oncobiology Program, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, INCA, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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18
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Hassan ESG, Hassanein NM, Sayed Ahmed HM. Probing the chemoprevention potential of the antidepressant fluoxetine combined with epigallocatechin gallate or kaempferol in rats with induced early stage colon carcinogenesis. J Pharmacol Sci 2021; 145:29-41. [PMID: 33357777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The enhanced chemopreventive action against 1,2 Dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced preneoplastic lesion in rats could be achieved via simultaneous administration of the antidepressant fluoxetine (FLX) with two natural polyphenolic compounds viz., kaempferol (KMP) and/or epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG). The obtained results revealed that single FLX pre-treatment possess a significant apoptotic effect by increasing the activity of serum and colon tissue caspase 3. It also attenuated the DMH driven increase in, colon tissue MDA, NO, PCNA and COX-2 expression as well as serum and colon tissue β-catenin, with a decrease in the multiplicity of ACF and number of MPLs. The combination of FLX with either KMP or EGCG improved the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferating activities but with higher apoptotic activity in case of KMP. Eventually, histopathological assessment of colon tissues exposed that while sole pre-treatment can improve DMH-induced hyperplasia with only moderate inflammatory infiltration, tissues from the combined pre-treatment regimens groups exhibited almost a normal colonic architecture with slight submucosal edema. The study proved that single FLX administration prior to DMH exerts a chemopreventive effect and that the investigated combined pre-treatment regimens demonstrated more potent chemopreventive and antiproliferative actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman S G Hassan
- Developmental Pharmacology Department, National Organization for Drug Control and Research. Giza, Egypt.
| | - Nahed M Hassanein
- Developmental Pharmacology Department, National Organization for Drug Control and Research. Giza, Egypt
| | - Helmy M Sayed Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt
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19
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Parvathareddy SK, Siraj AK, Annaiyappanaidu P, Al-Sobhi SS, Al-Dayel F, Al-Kuraya KS. Prognostic Significance of COX-2 Overexpression in BRAF-Mutated Middle Eastern Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249498. [PMID: 33327467 PMCID: PMC7764962 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)–prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) pathway has been implicated in carcinogenesis, with BRAF mutation shown to promote PGE2 synthesis. This study was conducted to evaluate COX-2 expression in a large cohort of Middle Eastern papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), and further evaluate the prognostic significance of COX-2 expression in strata of BRAF mutation status. BRAF mutation analysis was performed using Sanger sequencing, and COX-2 expression was evaluated immunohistochemically using tissue microarray (TMA). COX-2 overexpression, noted in 43.2% (567/1314) of cases, was significantly associated with poor prognostic markers such as extra-thyroidal extension, lymph-node metastasis, and higher tumor stage. COX-2 was also an independent predictor of poor disease-free survival (DFS). Most notably, the association of COX-2 expression with DFS differed by BRAF mutation status. COX-2 overexpression was associated with poor DFS in BRAF-mutant but not BRAF wild-type PTCs, with a multivariate-adjusted hazard ratio of 2.10 (95% CI = 1.52–2.92; p < 0.0001) for COX-2 overexpressed tumors in BRAF-mutant PTC. In conclusion, the current study shows that COX-2 plays a key role in prognosis of PTC patients, especially in BRAF-mutated tumors. Our data suggest the potential therapeutic role of COX-2 inhibition in patients with BRAF-mutated PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar Parvathareddy
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia; (S.K.P.); (A.K.S.); (P.A.)
| | - Abdul K. Siraj
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia; (S.K.P.); (A.K.S.); (P.A.)
| | - Padmanaban Annaiyappanaidu
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia; (S.K.P.); (A.K.S.); (P.A.)
| | - Saif S. Al-Sobhi
- Department of Surgery, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Fouad Al-Dayel
- Department of Pathology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Khawla S. Al-Kuraya
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia; (S.K.P.); (A.K.S.); (P.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-1-205-5167
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20
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Moretto R, Corallo S, Belfiore A, Rossini D, Boccaccino A, Lonardi S, Centonze G, Morano F, Germani MM, Loupakis F, Morelli L, Urbani L, Brich S, Marmorino F, Prisciandaro M, Aprile G, Fassan M, Cillo U, Cattaneo L, Fontanini G, De Braud F, Falcone A, Milione M, Pietrantonio F, Cremolini C. Prognostic impact of immune-microenvironment in colorectal liver metastases resected after triplets plus a biologic agent: A pooled analysis of five prospective trials. Eur J Cancer 2020; 135:78-88. [PMID: 32554314 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2020.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune-contexture of tumour microenvironment (TME) influences prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and can be altered by cytotoxic and targeted agents. Limited data are available regarding the immune-TME of CRC after treatment. METHODS An extensive immunohistochemistry evaluation of immunological parameters on tumour cells and TME of colorectal liver metastases from 106 patients who underwent secondary resection, after receiving triplets FOLFOXIRI (5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin and irinotecan) or COI (capecitabine, oxaliplatin and irinotecan) plus bevacizumab (N = 59) or cetuximab (N = 47) in five first-line no-profit clinical trials was performed. RESULTS No substantial differences were reported in immunological parameters according to administered targeted agent, RAS/BRAF mutational status and histopathological or Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours response. Stromal expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) (p = 0.002), Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) (p = 0.003) and Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) (p = 0.002) were independent prognostic factors for longer relapse-free survival (RFS) at multivariate analysis with a positive trend for post-resection overall survival (OS). Patients whose metastases expressed stromal COX-2, HLA and PD1 (inflamed-score positive) reported longer RFS (25.5 versus 9.8 months; p < 0.001) and post-resection OS (64.3 versus 37.7 months; p = 0.003) as compared with others. In addition, patients with higher expression of CD4 and CD8 T-cells in tumour core and invasive margin (CD4/CD8-score) showed a better post-resection OS (not-reached versus 41.6 months; p = 0.032). A combined score of inflamed-score and CD4/CD8-score (combo-score) showed a clear prognostic role. CONCLUSIONS The present study emphasises the role of immune-TME as independent predictor of survival in patients resected after triplets plus biologic. Inflamed-, CD4/C8- and combo-scores should be confirmed as prognostic factors in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Moretto
- Unit of Medical Oncology 2, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
| | - Salvatore Corallo
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Antonino Belfiore
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, First Pathology Division, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Daniele Rossini
- Unit of Medical Oncology 2, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy; Department of Translational Research and New Technology in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Boccaccino
- Unit of Medical Oncology 2, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy; Department of Translational Research and New Technology in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sara Lonardi
- Medical Oncology Unit 1, Department of Oncology, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Giovanni Centonze
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, First Pathology Division, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Federica Morano
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Maria Germani
- Unit of Medical Oncology 2, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy; Department of Translational Research and New Technology in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fotios Loupakis
- Medical Oncology Unit 1, Department of Oncology, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Luca Morelli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technology in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; 1st General Surgery Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucio Urbani
- General Surgery Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Brich
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, First Pathology Division, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Federica Marmorino
- Unit of Medical Oncology 2, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy; Department of Translational Research and New Technology in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Michele Prisciandaro
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Aprile
- Department of Oncology, San Bortolo General Hospital, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Matteo Fassan
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Surgical Pathology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Umberto Cillo
- Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, Department of Surgical, Oncologic and Gastroenterologic Sciences "P.G. Cevese", University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Laura Cattaneo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, First Pathology Division, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Gabriella Fontanini
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, AOU Pisana, Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo De Braud
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milano, Italy; Oncology and Hemato-oncology Department, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alfredo Falcone
- Unit of Medical Oncology 2, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy; Department of Translational Research and New Technology in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Massimo Milione
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, First Pathology Division, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Filippo Pietrantonio
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milano, Italy; Oncology and Hemato-oncology Department, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Cremolini
- Unit of Medical Oncology 2, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy; Department of Translational Research and New Technology in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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Collard TJ, Fallatah HM, Greenhough A, Paraskeva C, Williams AC. BCL‑3 promotes cyclooxygenase‑2/prostaglandin E2 signalling in colorectal cancer. Int J Oncol 2020; 56:1304-1313. [PMID: 32319612 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.5013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
First discovered as an oncogene in leukaemia, recent reports highlight an emerging role for the proto‑oncogene BCL‑3 in solid tumours. Importantly, BCL‑3 expression is upregulated in >30% of colorectal cancer cases and is reported to be associated with a poor prognosis. However, the mechanism by which BCL‑3 regulates tumorigenesis in the large intestine is yet to be fully elucidated. In the present study, it was shown for the first time that knocking down BCL‑3 expression suppressed cyclooxygenase‑2 (COX‑2)/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) signalling in colorectal cancer cells, a pathway known to drive several of the hallmarks of cancer. RNAi‑mediated suppression of BCL‑3 expression decreased COX‑2 expression in colorectal cancer cells both at the mRNA and protein level. This reduction in COX‑2 expression resulted in a significant and functional reduction (30‑50%) in the quantity of pro‑tumorigenic PGE2 produced by the cancer cells, as shown by enzyme linked immunoassays and medium exchange experiments. In addition, inhibition of BCL‑3 expression also significantly suppressed cytokine‑induced (TNF‑α or IL‑1β) COX‑2 expression. Taken together, the results of the present study identified a novel role for BCL‑3 in colorectal cancer and suggested that expression of BCL‑3 may be a key determinant in the COX‑2‑meditated response to inflammatory cytokines in colorectal tumour cells. These results suggest that targeting BCL‑3 to suppress PGE2 synthesis may represent an alternative or complementary approach to using non‑steroidal anti‑inflammatory drugs [(NSAIDs), which inhibit cyclooxygenase activity and suppress the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin], for prevention and/or recurrence in PGE2‑driven tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Jane Collard
- Colorectal Tumour Biology Group, School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Hafsah Mohammed Fallatah
- Colorectal Tumour Biology Group, School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Greenhough
- Health and Applied Sciences, University of The West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Christos Paraskeva
- Colorectal Tumour Biology Group, School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Ann Caroline Williams
- Colorectal Tumour Biology Group, School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
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22
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Association between plasma prostaglandin E2 level and colorectal cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev 2020; 30:59-68. [PMID: 33275396 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Evidences for the personalized use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in colorectal cancer (CRC) prevention and treatment that include consideration of prostaglandin E2 levels are necessary. This study was designed as a case-control study including 60 CRC patients and 120 cancer-free controls. A sensitive empirical method, precolumn derivatization HPLC, was used to determine plasma PGE2 levels. The TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assay was used for the genotyping of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) polymorphisms. Multivariate logistic regression analysis suggested that 1 log10(PGE2) increase would result in a 3.64-fold increase in the risk of CRC. Moreover, subjects with log10(PGE2) level in the 75th percentile had a significantly higher risk of CRC than those with log10(PGE2) levels in the 25th percentile [odds ratio (OR), 3.50; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.35-9.05]. This association was more evident after adjustment for history of NSAIDs use (OR, 3.85; 95% CI, 1.46-10.16). Preliminarily, 260.02 and 414.95 pg/ml might be proposed as the preventive and warning cutoff values of plasma PGE2 for CRC. The preferred NSAIDs dose for patients with the AG+GG (rs689466) and CC+CT (rs5275) genotypes should be higher than that of patients carrying AA or TT genotypes, despite the presence of equal plasma PGE2 levels. We show for the first time that the plasma PGE2 level is associated with the risk of CRC. We provide a preliminary suggestion for NSAIDs doses adjustment according to PTGS2 genotypes after consideration of plasma PGE2 levels.
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23
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Song JL, Lee JS, Kim HY, Jeong BJ, Jeong JS, Huh TG, Park KY. Dietary Mixed Cereal Grains Ameliorate the Azoxymethane and Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colonic Carcinogenesis in C57BL/6J Mice. J Med Food 2020; 23:440-452. [PMID: 32186945 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2019.4540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemopreventive effects of various mixed cereal grain (MCG) samples on azoxymethane (AOM, 10 mg/kg) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS, 0.02 g/mL)-induced colorectal cancer (CRC) in C57BL/6J mice were studied. The main MCG preparation consisted of fermented brown rice (FBR), glutinous brown rice, glutinous Sorghum bicolor, glutinous Panicum miliaceum, Coix lacryma-jobi, and black soybean at an appropriate mixing ratio. Other MCG preparations contained rice coated with 5% Phellinus linteus and 5% Curcuma longa (MCG-PC) or 10% Phellinus linteus (MCG-P) or 10% Curcuma longa (MCG-C). Consumption of dietary MCG-PC by CRC mice significantly increased colon length, decreased the ratio of colon weight to length, and reduced the number of colon tumors. Similar effects, although to a lower extent, were observed in CRC mice fed with MCG-P, followed by those fed with MCG-C, MCG, FBR, or white rice. MCG-PC significantly suppressed colonic neoplasia and decreased the levels of various cytokines (tumor necrosis factor: Tnf, interleukin 1 beta: Il1b, interleukin 6: Il6, and interferon gamma: Ifnγ) in serum and colon tissue of the CRC mice. In addition, MCG-PC increased the mRNA expressions of tumor suppressor protein p53 (Tp53) and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (Cdkn1a), activated pro-apoptotic caspase 3 (Casp3), and reduced expressions of both mRNA and protein of inducible nitric oxide synthase 2 (Nos2), prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (Ptgs2), and cyclin D1 (Ccnd1) in colon tissue. These findings suggest that compared with other cereal grain preparations, MCG-PC had a greater activity against AOM/DSS-induced CRC by reducing intestinal inflammation and modulating the expression of certain carcinogenesis related factors (Nos2, Ptgs2, Tp53, Cdkn1a, Ccnd1, and Casp3) in colon tissue of CRC mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Le Song
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China.,Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Jung-Sook Lee
- Department of Nutrition, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea
| | - Hee-Young Kim
- Korean Medicine Research Center for Healthy Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea
| | | | | | | | - Kun-Young Park
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China.,Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Cha University, Seongnam, South Korea
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24
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Extra Virgin Olive Oil Polyphenols: Modulation of Cellular Pathways Related to Oxidant Species and Inflammation in Aging. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020478. [PMID: 32093046 PMCID: PMC7072812 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The olive-oil-centered Mediterranean diet has been associated with extended life expectancy and a reduction in the risk of age-related degenerative diseases. Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) itself has been proposed to promote a "successful aging", being able to virtually modulate all the features of the aging process, because of its great monounsaturated fatty acids content and its minor bioactive compounds, the polyphenols above all. Polyphenols are mostly antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds, able to modulate abnormal cellular signaling induced by pro-inflammatory stimuli and oxidative stress, as that related to NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), which have been identified as important modulators of age-related disorders and aging itself. This review summarizes existing literature about the interaction between EVOO polyphenols and NF-κB and Nrf-2 signaling pathways. Reported studies show the ability of EVOO phenolics, mainly hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol, to activate Nrf-2 signaling, inducing a cellular defense response and to prevent NF-κB activation, thus suppressing the induction of a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Literature data, although not exhaustive, indicate as a whole that EVOO polyphenols may significantly help to modulate the aging process, so tightly connected to oxidative stress and chronic inflammation.
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25
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Wang ST, Cui WQ, Pan D, Jiang M, Chang B, Sang LX. Tea polyphenols and their chemopreventive and therapeutic effects on colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:562-597. [PMID: 32103869 PMCID: PMC7029350 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i6.562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC), a multifactorial disease, is usually induced and developed through complex mechanisms, including impact of diet and lifestyle, genomic abnormalities, change of signaling pathways, inflammatory response, oxidation stress, dysbiosis, and so on. As natural polyphenolic phytochemicals that exist primarily in tea, tea polyphenols (TPs) have been shown to have many clinical applications, especially as anticancer agents. Most animal studies and epidemiological studies have demonstrated that TPs can prevent and treat CRC. TPs can inhibit the growth and metastasis of CRC by exerting the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative or pro-oxidative, and pro-apoptotic effects, which are achieved by modulations at multiple levels. Many experiments have demonstrated that TPs can modulate several signaling pathways in cancer cells, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/Akt pathway, Wnt/β-catenin pathway, and 67 kDa laminin receptor pathway, to inhibit proliferation and promote cell apoptosis. In addition, novel studies have also suggested that TPs can prevent the growth and metastasis of CRC by modulating the composition of gut microbiota to improve immune system and decrease inflammatory responses. Molecular pathological epidemiology, a novel multidisciplinary investigation, has made great progress on CRC, and the further molecular pathological epidemiology research should be developed in the field of TPs and CRC. This review summarizes the existing in vitro and in vivo animal and human studies and potential mechanisms to examine the effects of tea polyphenols on CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Tong Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Wen-Qi Cui
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Dan Pan
- Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Bing Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Li-Xuan Sang
- Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
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26
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Sheng J, Sun H, Yu FB, Li B, Zhang Y, Zhu YT. The Role of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Colorectal Cancer. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:1095-1101. [PMID: 32410839 PMCID: PMC7211146 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.44439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third common cancer in this world, accounting for more than 1 million cases each year. However, detailed etiology and mechanism of colorectal cancer have not been fully understood. For example, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and its product prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) have been closely linked to its occurrence, progression and prognosis. However, the mechanisms on how COX-2 and PGE2-mediate the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer are obscure. In this review, we have summarized recent advances in studies of pathogenesis and control in colorectal cancer to assist further advances in the research for the cure of the cancer. In addition, the knowledge gained may also guide the audiences for reduction of the risk and control of this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Sheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan 650021, China
| | - Hong Sun
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Fu-Bing Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan 650021, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan 650021, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Tissue Tech Inc, Miami, Florida 33032, USA
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27
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Cai Y, Yousef A, Grandis JR, Johnson DE. NSAID therapy for PIK3CA-Altered colorectal, breast, and head and neck cancer. Adv Biol Regul 2020; 75:100653. [PMID: 31594701 PMCID: PMC7056575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2019.100653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic evidence indicates that regular use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) provides a protective effect against the development of colorectal, breast, and head and neck cancers. Genomic characterization of these cancers has lent considerable insight into the subpopulations of cancer patients who are most likely to benefit from NSAID therapy. The PIK3CA gene encodes the catalytic subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and is among the most frequently mutated genes in solid tumor malignancies. Cancer-associated mutations in PIK3CA promote signaling via the PI3K pathway and stimulate tumor cell growth. In addition, activation of the PI3K pathway leads to induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme and production of immunosuppressive prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Notably, in both colorectal cancer and head and neck cancer the subpopulation of patients that benefit from NSAID use is restricted to those whose tumors exhibit PIK3CA genomic alterations. Preclinical studies, particularly in models of head and neck cancer, support the hypothesis that the chemopreventive impact of NSAIDs may be due, in part, to inhibition of COX-2 and reduction of PGE2 levels in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cai
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Yousef
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer R Grandis
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel E Johnson
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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28
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COX-2 Signaling in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1277:87-104. [PMID: 33119867 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-50224-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumorigenesis is a multistep, complicated process, and many studies have been completed over the last few decades to elucidate this process. Increasingly, many studies have shifted focus toward the critical role of the tumor microenvironment (TME), which consists of cellular players, cell-cell communications, and extracellular matrix (ECM). In the TME, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) has been found to be a key molecule mediating the microenvironment changes. COX-2 is an inducible form of the enzyme that converts arachidonic acid into the signal transduction molecules (thromboxanes and prostaglandins). COX-2 is frequently expressed in many types of cancers and has been closely linked to its occurrence, progression, and prognosis. For example, COX-2 has been shown to (1) regulate tumor cell growth, (2) promote tissue invasion and metastasis, (3) inhibit apoptosis, (4) suppress antitumor immunity, and (5) promote sustainable angiogenesis. In this chapter, we summarize recent advances of studies that have evaluated COX-2 signaling in TME.
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Litchfield M, Wuest M, Glubrecht D, Wuest F. Radiosynthesis and Biological Evaluation of [ 18F]Triacoxib: A New Radiotracer for PET Imaging of COX-2. Mol Pharm 2019; 17:251-261. [PMID: 31816246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Inducible isozyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is upregulated under acute and chronic inflammatory conditions, including cancer, wherein it promotes angiogenesis, tissue invasion, and resistance to apoptosis. Due to its high expression in various cancers, COX-2 has become an important biomarker for molecular imaging and therapy of cancer. Recently, our group applied in situ click chemistry for the identification of the highly potent and selective COX-2 inhibitor triacoxib. In this study, we present the radiosynthesis in vitro and in vivo radiopharmacological validation of [18F]triacoxib, a novel radiotracer for PET imaging of COX-2. Radiosynthesis of [18F]triacoxib was accomplished using copper-mediated late-stage radiofluorination chemistry. The radiosynthesis, including radio-HPLC purification, of [18F]triacoxib was accomplished within 90 min in decay-corrected radiochemical yields of 72% (n = 7) at molar activities exceeding 90 GBq/μmol. Cellular uptake and inhibition studies with [18F]triacoxib were carried out in COX-2 expressing HCA-7 cells. Cellular uptake of [18F]triacoxib in HCA-7 cells reached 25% radioactivity/mg protein after 60 min. Cellular uptake was reduced by 63% upon pretreatment with 0.1 mM celecoxib, and 90% of the radiotracer remained intact in vivo after 60 min p.i. in mice. [18F]Triacoxib was further evaluated in HCA-7 tumor-bearing mice using dynamic PET imaging, radiometabolite analysis, autoradiography, and immunohistochemistry. PET imaging revealed a favorable baseline radiotracer uptake in HCA-7 tumors (SUV60min = 0.76 ± 0.02 (n = 4)), which could be blocked by 20% through i.p. pretreatment with 2 mg of celecoxib. Autoradiography and immunohistochemistry experiments further the confirmed blocking of COX-2 in vivo. [18F]Triacoxib, whose nonradioactive analogue was identified through in situ click chemistry, is a novel radiotracer for PET imaging of COX-2 in cancer. Despite a substantial amount of nonspecific uptake in vivo, [18F]triacoxib displayed specific binding to COX-2 in vivo and reinforced the feasibility of optimal structure selection by in situ click chemistry. It remains to be elucidated how this novel radiotracer would perform in first-in-human studies to detect COX-2 with PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Litchfield
- Department of Oncology , University of Alberta , 11560 University Avenue , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 1Z2 , Canada
| | - Melinda Wuest
- Department of Oncology , University of Alberta , 11560 University Avenue , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 1Z2 , Canada.,Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2S2 , Canada
| | - Darryl Glubrecht
- Department of Oncology , University of Alberta , 11560 University Avenue , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 1Z2 , Canada
| | - Frank Wuest
- Department of Oncology , University of Alberta , 11560 University Avenue , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 1Z2 , Canada.,Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2S2 , Canada
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30
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Lin XM, Luo W, Wang H, Li RZ, Huang YS, Chen LK, Wu XP. The Role of Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase-2 in Chemoresistance of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:836. [PMID: 31440159 PMCID: PMC6694719 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase-2 (PTGS2) plays essential roles in diverse pathological process. Although recent studies implied that PTGS2 was closely related with chemoresistance, the precise roles and the underlying mechanisms of PTGS2 in the developing process of chemoresistance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remained elusive. In the present study, we revealed a novel molecular mechanism of PTGS2 implicated in the chemoresistance of NSCLC and proposed a model for the positive feedback regulation of PTGS2 in the process of developing resistance phenotype in NSCLC cells. Our results demonstrated that cisplatin induced PTGS2 expression through the ROS-ERK1/2-NF-κB signaling axis. The prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) derived from PTGS2 catalyzation further strengthened PTGS2 expression via the PGE2-EPs-ERK1/2 positive feedback loop, which induced multidrug resistance of NSCLC cells through up-regulation of BCL2 expression and the subsequent attenuation of cell apoptosis. Consistently, high levels of both PTGS2 and BCL2 were closely associated with poor survival in NSCLC patients. Inhibition of PTGS2 significantly reversed the chemoresistance in the resistant NSCLC in vitro and in vivo. Our results suggested that PTGS2 might be employed as an adjunctive therapeutic target for improving the response to the therapeutic agents in a subset of resistant NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Mian Lin
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wu Luo
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Heng Wang
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong-Zhen Li
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Shan Huang
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lian-Kuai Chen
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Wu
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Mármol I, Quero J, Rodríguez-Yoldi MJ, Cerrada E. Gold as a Possible Alternative to Platinum-Based Chemotherapy for Colon Cancer Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11060780. [PMID: 31195711 PMCID: PMC6628079 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11060780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the increasing incidence and high mortality associated with colorectal cancer (CRC), novel therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. Classic chemotherapy against CRC is based on oxaliplatin and other cisplatin analogues; however, platinum-based therapy lacks selectivity to cancer cells and leads to deleterious side effects. In addition, tumor resistance to oxaliplatin is related to chemotherapy failure. Gold(I) derivatives are a promising alternative to platinum complexes, since instead of interacting with DNA, they target proteins overexpressed on tumor cells, thus leading to less side effects than, but a comparable antitumor effect to, platinum derivatives. Moreover, given the huge potential of gold nanoparticles, the role of gold in CRC chemotherapy is not limited to gold(I) complexes. Gold nanoparticles have been found to be able to overcome multidrug resistance along with reduced side effects due to a more efficient uptake of classic drugs. Moreover, the use of gold nanoparticles has enhanced the effect of traditional therapies such as radiotherapy, photothermal therapy, or photodynamic therapy, and has displayed a potential role in diagnosis as a consequence of their optic properties. Herein, we have reviewed the most recent advances in the use of gold(I) derivatives and gold nanoparticles in CRC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Mármol
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Zaragoza, CIBERobn, IIS Aragón IA2, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Javier Quero
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Zaragoza, CIBERobn, IIS Aragón IA2, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - María Jesús Rodríguez-Yoldi
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Zaragoza, CIBERobn, IIS Aragón IA2, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Elena Cerrada
- Deparment of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Zaragoza, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea-ISQCH, University of Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
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Chetwynd AJ, Ogilvie LA, Nzakizwanayo J, Pazdirek F, Hoch J, Dedi C, Gilbert D, Abdul-Sada A, Jones BV, Hill EM. The potential of nanoflow liquid chromatography-nano electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry for global profiling the faecal metabolome. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1600:127-136. [PMID: 31047664 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Faeces are comprised of a wide array of metabolites arising from the circulatory system as well as the human microbiome. A global metabolite analysis (metabolomics) of faecal extracts offers the potential to uncover new compounds which may be indicative of the onset of bowel diseases such as colorectal cancer (CRC). To date, faecal metabolomics is still in its infancy and the compounds of low abundance present in faecal extracts poorly characterised. In this study, extracts of faeces from healthy subjects were profiled using a sensitive nanoflow-nanospray LC-MS platform which resulted in highly repeatable peak retention times (<2% CV) and intensities (<15% CV). Analysis of the extracts revealed wide coverage of the faecal metabolome including detection of low abundant signalling compounds such as sex steroids and eicosanoids, alongside highly abundant pharmaceuticals and tetrapyrrole metabolites. A small pilot study investigating differences in metabolomics profiles of faecal samples obtained from 7 CRC, 25 adenomatous polyp and 26 healthy groups revealed that secondary bile acids, conjugated androgens, eicosanoids, phospholipids and an unidentified haem metabolite were potential classes of metabolites that discriminated between the CRC and control sample groups. However, much larger follow up studies are needed to confirm which components of the faecal metabolome are associated with actual CRC disease rather than dietary influences. This study reveals the potential of nanospray-nanoflow LC-MS profiling of faecal samples from large scale cohort studies for uncovering the role of the faecal metabolome in colorectal disease formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Chetwynd
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK; School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Lesley A Ogilvie
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Jonathan Nzakizwanayo
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Filip Pazdirek
- Surgery Department, 2nd Medical Faculty of Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Hoch
- Surgery Department, 2nd Medical Faculty of Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Cinzia Dedi
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Duncan Gilbert
- Sussex Cancer Centre, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton, BN2 5DA, UK
| | - Alaa Abdul-Sada
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Brian V Jones
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Elizabeth M Hill
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK.
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Kosumi K, Hamada T, Zhang S, Liu L, da Silva A, Koh H, Twombly TS, Mima K, Morikawa T, Song M, Nowak JA, Nishihara R, Saltz LB, Niedzwiecki D, Ou FS, Zemla T, Mayer RJ, Baba H, Ng K, Giannakis M, Zhang X, Wu K, Giovannucci EL, Chan AT, Fuchs CS, Meyerhardt JA, Ogino S. Prognostic association of PTGS2 (COX-2) over-expression according to BRAF mutation status in colorectal cancer: Results from two prospective cohorts and CALGB 89803 (Alliance) trial. Eur J Cancer 2019; 111:82-93. [PMID: 30826660 PMCID: PMC6436990 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2, cyclooxygenase-2, COX-2)-prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) pathway promotes tumour progression. Considering evidence suggesting increased PGE2 synthesis by BRAF mutation in tumour cells, we hypothesised that the association of tumour PTGS2 (COX-2) expression with colorectal cancer mortality might be stronger in BRAF-mutated tumours than in BRAF-wild-type tumours. METHODS Using 1708 patients, including 1200 stage I-IV colorectal carcinoma cases in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS) and 508 stage III colon cancer cases in a National Cancer Institute-sponsored randomised controlled trial of adjuvant therapy (CALGB/Alliance 89803), we evaluated tumour PTGS2 (COX-2) expression status using immunohistochemistry. We examined the prognostic association of PTGS2 (COX-2) expression in strata of BRAF mutation status by multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models to adjust for potential confounders, including disease stage, tumour differentiation, microsatellite instability status and KRAS and PIK3CA mutations. RESULTS In NHS and HPFS, the association of PTGS2 (COX-2) expression with colorectal cancer-specific survival differed by BRAF mutation status (Pinteraction = 0.0005); compared with PTGS2 (COX-2)-negative/low carcinomas, the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios for PTGS2 (COX-2)-high carcinomas were 2.44 (95% confidence interval, 1.39-4.28) in BRAF-mutated cases and 0.82 (95% confidence interval, 0.65-1.04) in BRAF-wild-type cases. Differential prognostic associations of PTGS2 (COX-2) expression in strata of BRAF mutation status were similarly observed in CALGB/Alliance 89803 trial (Pinteraction = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS The association of tumour PTGS2 (COX-2) expression with colorectal cancer mortality is stronger in BRAF-mutated tumours than in BRAF-wild-type tumours, supporting interactive roles of PTGS2 (COX-2) expression and BRAF mutation statuses in prognostication of patients with colorectal cancer; ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier, NCT00003835.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kosumi
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hamada
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sui Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Annacarolina da Silva
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hideo Koh
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Hematology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tyler S Twombly
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kosuke Mima
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Teppei Morikawa
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mingyang Song
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan A Nowak
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reiko Nishihara
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leonard B Saltz
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Donna Niedzwiecki
- Alliance Statistics and Data Center and Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Fang-Shu Ou
- Alliance Statistics and Data Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tyler Zemla
- Alliance Statistics and Data Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Robert J Mayer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kimmie Ng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marios Giannakis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kana Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles S Fuchs
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Smilow Cancer Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Meyerhardt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Romagnolo DF, Donovan MG, Doetschman TC, Selmin OI. n-6 Linoleic Acid Induces Epigenetics Alterations Associated with Colonic Inflammation and Cancer. Nutrients 2019; 11:E171. [PMID: 30650553 PMCID: PMC6356359 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The farnesoid-X-receptor (FXR) protects against inflammation and cancer of the colon through maintenance of intestinal bile acid (BA) homeostasis. Conversely, higher levels of BA and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) are risk factors for inflammation and cancer of the colon. In the United States, n-6 linoleic acid (LA) is the most commonly used dietary vegetable fat. Metabolism of n-6 fatty acids has been linked to a higher risk of intestinal cancer. The objectives of this study were to investigate in colonic mucosa the effects of a high-fat diet rich in LA (n-6HFD) on CpG methylation of Fxr and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase-2 (Ptsg-2) genes, and the impact on the expression of tumor suppressor adenomatous polyposis Coli (Apc) and proliferative cyclin D1 (Ccnd1) genes. Weaned C57BL/6J male mice were fed for 6 weeks either an n-6HFD containing 44% energy (44%E) from 22% safflower oil (SO, 76% LA by weight) or a 13% energy (13%E) control diet (Control) from SO (5% by weight). Mice fed the n-6HFD had reduced (60%) Fxr promoter CpG methylation and increased (~50%) Fxr mRNA. The expression of FXR-target ileal bile acid-binding protein (Ibabp), small heterodimer protein (Shp), and anti-inflammatory peroxisome proliferator-activated-γ1 genes was increased. The n-6HFD reduced Ptgs-2 CpG methylation, increased the expression of Cox-2, and increased Apc CpG methylation in colonic mucosa. Accordingly, reduced expression of Apc was coupled to accumulation of c-JUN and Ccnd1, respectively cofactor and gene targets for the β-catenin/Wnt signaling pathway. Finally, the n-6HFD reduced the expression of histone deacetylase-1 while favoring the accumulation of acetylated histone 3. We conclude that an n-6HFD epigenetically modifies Fxr, leading to the activation of downstream factors that participate in BA homeostasis. However, epigenetic activation of Ptsg-2 coupled with silencing of Apc and accumulation of C-JUN and Ccnd1 may increase the risk of inflammation and cancer of the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato F Romagnolo
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| | - Micah G Donovan
- Interdisciplinary Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| | - Tom C Doetschman
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| | - Ornella I Selmin
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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35
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Tenório JDR, da Silva LP, Xavier MGDA, Santana T, do Nascimento GJF, Sobral APV. Differential expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and cyclin D1 in salivary gland tumors. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2018; 275:2341-2347. [PMID: 30003391 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-018-5058-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Salivary gland tumors are complex and have a great histomorphological diversity; more than 30 histological subtypes are currently described and the study of proteins that help understand and differentiate these tumors is essential. We aimed to analyze the immunoexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and cyclin D1 proteins in pleomorphic adenomas (PA), mucoepidermoid carcinomas (MEC) and adenoid cystic carcinomas (AdCC) of salivary glands. METHODS A total of 38 PA, 12 AdCC and 12 MEC underwent immunohistochemical study by the polymeric biotin-free technique. Immunopositive cells were analyzed semi-quantitatively. For statistical analysis, a significance level was set at p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS Overall, these tumors were more prevalent in women (n = 37). The mean age of these patients was 58-year-old and the parotid gland was the most affected anatomic site (n = 33). All cases of AdCC and MEC showed immunopositivity to cyclin D1; however, 39.5% of the PAs were negative (p < 0.001). Regarding COX-2 immunoexpression, we observed that all cases of CME were positive, whereas 60.5% of the PA and 75% of the CAC analyzed were completely negative (p = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS The overexpression of COX-2, observed only in MEC, emphasizes that salivary gland tumors have different profiles. Cyclin D1 is more immunoexpressed in malignant tumors. Together, these immunohistochemical findings may be useful in differentiating the studied tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jefferson da Rocha Tenório
- Department of Oral Pathology and Special Care Patients, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2227-Butantã, São Paulo, SP, Zip code: 05508-900, Brazil.
| | - Leorik Pereira da Silva
- Oral Pathology, Postgraduate Program in Oral Pathology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte-UFRN, Natal, Rio Grande Do Norte, Brazil
| | | | - Thalita Santana
- Department of Oral Pathology and Special Care Patients, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2227-Butantã, São Paulo, SP, Zip code: 05508-900, Brazil
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Zhang J, He J, Zhang L. The down-regulation of microRNA-137 contributes to the up-regulation of retinoblastoma cell proliferation and invasion by regulating COX-2/PGE2 signaling. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 106:35-42. [PMID: 29945115 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.06.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA-137 (miR-137) plays an important role in the development and progression of many types of human cancers; however, the role of miR-137 in retinoblastoma (RB) remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the functional significance and molecular mechanisms of miR-137 in RB. We reported that miR-137 was frequently down-regulated in RB tissues and cell lines. The overexpression of miR-137 inhibited RB cell proliferation and invasion, while the suppression of miR-137 promoted RB cell proliferation and invasion. Bioinformatic analysis predicted that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was a potential target gene of miR-137, which was validated by a dual-luciferase reporter assay. Moreover, our results showed that miR-137 negatively regulated the expression of COX-2 and the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in RB cells. The knockdown of COX-2 suppressed the proliferation and invasion of RB cells as well as the production of PGE2. The overexpression of COX-2 significantly reversed the inhibitory effect of miR-137 overexpression on RB cell proliferation and invasion. Taken together, these results suggest that miR-137 suppresses the proliferation and invasion of RB cells by targeting COX-2/PGE2. Our study reveals a tumor suppressive role of miR-137 in the progression of RB and suggests miR-137 as a potentially effective therapeutic target for the treatment of RB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, 710068, China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710077, China.
| | - Le Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, 710068, China
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Zhang Q, Han Z, Tao J, Zhang W, Li P, Tang L, Gu Y. A novel near-infrared fluorescent probe for monitoring cyclooxygenase-2 in inflammation and tumor. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201700339. [PMID: 29341436 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201700339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Targeting cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) for molecular imaging is an attractive approach applicable for its overexpression in inflammation and many malignancies. Herein, for monitoring COX-2, we synthesize a specific COX-2 probe celecoxib-MPA probe (CMP), based on celecoxib and a water-soluble near-infrared dye dye ICG-Der-02 (MPA). Its high affinity for binding to COX-2 is verified by molecular docking, dynamics simulation and inhibition assay. At cellular level, CMP selectively accumulates in cytoplasm of COX-2-positive cells. in vivo assays, probe guided-imaging in inflamed or cancerous tissues confirms that CMP can bind to the locally endogenic COX-2 and exhibit intense fluorescence. Importantly, we further prove the targeting specificity of CMP as the fluorescence is significantly reduced by blocking COX-2 active site through preinjection with celecoxib. The results suggest that the probe CMP, with favorable hydrophilic property, good biocompatibility, long-term observation, excellent targeting ability and optical imaging capability, could serve as a promising probe for real-time monitoring COX-2 in inflammation and tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhihao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ji Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wancun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liping Tang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
| | - Yueqing Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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