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Wright SW, Ekchariyawat P, Sengyee S, Phunpang R, Dulsuk A, Saiprom N, Thiansukhon E, Pattanapanyasat K, Korbsrisate S, West TE, Chantratita N. Dysfunctional host cellular immune responses are associated with mortality in melioidosis. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2380822. [PMID: 39008280 PMCID: PMC11293272 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2380822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Melioidosis is a tropical infection caused by the intracellular pathogen Burkholderia pseudomallei, an underreported and emerging global threat. As melioidosis-associated mortality is frequently high despite antibiotics, novel management strategies are critically needed. Therefore, we sought to determine whether functional changes in the host innate and adaptive immune responses are induced during acute melioidosis and are associated with outcome. Using a unique whole blood stimulation assay developed for use in resource-limited settings, we examined induced cellular functional and phenotypic changes in a cohort of patients with bacteremic melioidosis prospectively enrolled within 24 h of positive blood culture and followed for 28 days. Compared to healthy controls, melioidosis survivors generated an IL-17 response mediated by Th17 cells and terminally-differentiated effector memory CD8+ T cells (P < .05, both), persisting to 28 days after enrolment. Furthermore, melioidosis survivors developed polyfunctional cytokine production in CD8+ T cells (P < .01). Conversely, a reduction in CCR6+ CD4+ T cells was associated with higher mortality, even after adjustments for severity of illness (P = 0.004). Acute melioidosis was also associated with a profound acute impairment in monocyte function as stimulated cytokine responses were reduced in classical, intermediate and non-classical monocytes. Impaired monocyte cytokine function improved by 28-days after enrolment. These data suggest that IL-17 mediated cellular responses may be contributors to host defense during acute melioidosis, and that innate immune function may be impaired. These insights could provide novel targets for the development of therapies and vaccine targets in this frequently lethal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelton W. Wright
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peeraya Ekchariyawat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sineenart Sengyee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Rungnapa Phunpang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Adul Dulsuk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natnaree Saiprom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Kovit Pattanapanyasat
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Microparticle and Exosome in Diseases, Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sunee Korbsrisate
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - T. Eoin West
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Narisara Chantratita
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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2
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Grund M, Choi SJ, Powell L, Lukomski S. Intranasal immunization with a Bucl8-based vaccine ameliorates bacterial burden and pathological inflammation, and promotes an IgG2a/b dominant response in an outbred mouse model of Burkholderia infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1177650. [PMID: 37545515 PMCID: PMC10399622 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1177650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is a gram-negative bacterium that is the etiological agent of the tropical disease melioidosis. Currently, there is no licensed vaccine for melioidosis, but numerous candidates are being tested for protective efficacy and characterization of the elicited immune response. Our lab has previously reported the immunogenicity of a Bucl8-protein-based peptide antigen, designated L1-CRM197 (Cross-reacting material 197). When given subcutaneously, this vaccine formulation promoted a strong Th2 (IgG1) antibody response, however immunization did not protect from death. In this study, we hypothesized that an intranasally administered L1-CRM197 vaccine would induce protective mucosal immunity. To evaluate vaccine efficacy, we developed a surrogate Burkholderia infection model that employs outbred CD-1 mice which imitates the immunogenetic diversity of humans. Mice were immunized with either L1-CRM197 adjuvanted with fluorinated cyclic diguanosine monophosphate (FCDG) or with FCDG-only control. These mice were then challenged intranasally with an infectious dose of a luminescent strain of B. thailandensis E264 two weeks post-immunization, and correlates of protection were assessed in euthanized mice on days 1, 2, 3, and 7 post-infection. Overall, intranasal vaccination, compared to subcutaneous administration, induced a stronger Th1 (IgG2a/2b) to Th2 (IgG1) antibody response and promoted anti-L1 nasal, pulmonary, and systemic IgA. Additionally, sera IgG from L1-CRM197-vaccinated mice recognized whole-cell B. thailandensis and B. pseudomallei, a select agent exempt strain Bp82. Vaccination ameliorated disease indicators, including luminescent signal and bacterial cell counts, weight and temperature loss, and organ weight, which negatively correlated with IgG2a antibody levels and mucosa-stimulating cytokines IL-13 and IL-9. L1-CRM197-vaccinated mice also had earlier resolution of inflammatory and tissue-damaging cytokines compared to the FCDG-only controls. These results suggest a balanced humoral and cell-mediated response, along with mucosa-based immunity are beneficial for protection. Future efforts should further assess mucosal cellular and humoral mechanisms of protection and test such protection, using aerosolized B. pseudomallei select agent strain(s).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Slawomir Lukomski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
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3
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Zhang Z, Yao Y, Yang J, Jiang H, Meng Y, Cao W, Zhou F, Wang K, Yang Z, Yang C, Sun J, Yang Y. Assessment of adaptive immune responses of dairy cows with Burkholderia contaminans-induced mastitis. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1099623. [PMID: 36960295 PMCID: PMC10028201 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1099623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia contaminans, an emerging pathogen related to cystic fibrosis, is known to cause potentially fatal infections in humans and ruminants, especially in immunocompromised individuals. However, the immune responses in cows following its infection have not been fully elucidated. In this study, T- and B-lymphocytes-mediated immune responses were evaluated in 15 B. contaminans-induced mastitis cows and 15 healthy cows with multi-parameter flow cytometry. The results showed that infection with B. contaminans was associated with a significant decrease in the number and percentage of B lymphocytes but with a significant increase in the proportion of IgG+CD27+ B lymphocytes. This indicated that humoral immune response may not be adequate to fight intracellular infection, which could contribute to the persistent bacterial infection. In addition, B. contaminans infection induced significant increase of γδ T cells and double positive (DP) CD4+CD8+ T cells but not CD4+ or CD8+ (single positive) T cells in blood. Phenotypic analysis showed that the percentages of activated WC1+ γδ T cells in peripheral blood were increased in the B. contaminans infected cows. Interestingly, intracellular cytokine staining showed that cattle naturally infected with B. contaminans exhibited multifunctional TNF-α+IFN-γ+IL-2+ B. contaminans-specific DP T cells. Our results, for the first time, revealed a potential role of IgG+CD27+ B cells, CD4+CD8+ T cells and WC1+ γδ T cells in the defense of B. contaminans-induced mastitis in cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yiyang Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiayu Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ye Meng
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wenqiang Cao
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Fuzhen Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhangping Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chunhua Yang
- Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Chunhua Yang,
| | - Jie Sun
- Shenzhen Academy of Inspection and Quarantine Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Jie Sun,
| | - Yi Yang
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Yi Yang,
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Xu K, Lian F, Quan Y, Liu J, Yin L, Li X, Tian S, Pei H, Xia Q. Septicemic Melioidosis Detection Using Support Vector Machine with Five Immune Cell Types. DISEASE MARKERS 2021; 2021:8668978. [PMID: 34912476 PMCID: PMC8668356 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8668978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Melioidosis, caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei (B. pseudomallei), predominantly occurs in the tropical regions. Of various types of melioidosis, septicemic melioidosis is the most lethal one with a mortality rate of 40%. Early detection of the disease is paramount for the better chances of cure. In this study, we developed a novel approach for septicemic melioidosis detection, using a machine learning technique-support vector machine (SVM). Several SVM models were built, and 19 features characterized by the corresponding immune cell types were generated by Cell type Identification Estimating Relative Subsets Of RNA Transcripts (CIBERSORT). Using these features, we trained a binomial SVM model on the training set and evaluated it on the independent testing set. Our findings indicated that this model performed well with means of sensitivity and specificity up to 0.962 and 0.979, respectively. Meanwhile, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis gave area under curves (AUCs) ranging from 0.952 to 1.000. Furthermore, we found that a concise SVM model, built upon a combination of CD8+ T cells, resting CD4+ memory T cells, monocytes, M2 macrophages, and activated mast cells, worked perfectly on the detection of septicemic melioidosis. Our data showed that its mean of sensitivity was up to 0.976 while that of specificity up to 0.993. In addition, the ROC curve analysis gave AUC close to 1.000. Taken together, this SVM model is a robust classification tool and may serve as a complementary diagnostic technique to septicemic melioidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education and School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Fang Lian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yunfan Quan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education and School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Jun Liu
- School of Basic Medicine and Life Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Li Yin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education and School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Xuexia Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education and School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Shen Tian
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education and School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Hua Pei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Qianfeng Xia
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education and School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
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5
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Warner J, Rush C. Tropical fever in remote tropics: tuberculosis or melioidosis, it depends on the lab. MICROBIOLOGY AUSTRALIA 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/ma21049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnostics tests used to identify the cause of infection using proteomics and genomics have revolutionised microbiology laboratories in recent times. However, approaches to build the capacity of clinical microbiology services in the rural tropics by simply transplanting these approaches have proven difficult to sustain. Tropical fever in the remote tropics is, by definition, a clinical diagnosis where the aetiology of fever is not known, treatment is empirical, guided by clinical suspicion with treatment failure often attributed to incorrect diagnosis or antimicrobial resistance. Tuberculosis (TB) in rural Papua New Guinea (PNG) is mostly diagnosed clinically, perhaps supported by microscopy. In fact, a ‘tuberculosis patient’ in rural PNG is included in the TB register upon commencement of TB treatment with or without any laboratory-based evidence of infection. The roll-out of GeneXpert is continuing to transform TB diagnostic certainty in TB endemic communities. Melioidosis is endemic in tropical regions and is increasingly reported to mimic TB. Isolation and identification of the causative agent Burkholderia pseudomallei remains the gold standard. Here, we discuss the increasing divide between rural and urban approaches to laboratory-based infection diagnosis using these two enigmatic tropical infectious diseases, in rural PNG, as examples.
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Terefe YA, Kassa SM. Analysis of a mathematical model for the transmission dynamics of human melioidosis. INT J BIOMATH 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s179352452050062x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A deterministic model for the transmission dynamics of melioidosis disease in human population is designed and analyzed. The model is shown to exhibit the phenomenon of backward bifurcation, where a stable disease-free equilibrium co-exists with a stable endemic equilibrium when the basic reproduction number [Formula: see text] is less than one. It is further shown that the backward bifurcation dynamics is caused by the reinfection of individuals who recovered from the disease and relapse. The existence of backward bifurcation implies that bringing down [Formula: see text] to less than unity is not enough for disease eradication. In the absence of backward bifurcation, the global asymptotic stability of the disease-free equilibrium is shown whenever [Formula: see text]. For [Formula: see text], the existence of at least one locally asymptotically stable endemic equilibrium is shown. Sensitivity analysis of the model, using the parameters relevant to the transmission dynamics of the melioidosis disease, is discussed. Numerical experiments are presented to support the theoretical analysis of the model. In the numerical experimentations, it has been observed that screening and treating individuals in the exposed class has a significant impact on the disease dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibeltal Adane Terefe
- Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Limpopo, South Africa
| | - Semu Mitiku Kassa
- Department of Mathematics and Statistical Sciences, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Botswana
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7
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The Impact of Age and Sex on Mouse Models of Melioidosis. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9020113. [PMID: 32054106 PMCID: PMC7168040 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse models have been used to generate critical data for many infectious diseases. In the case of Burkholderia pseudomallei, mouse models have been invaluable for bacterial pathogenesis studies as well as for testing novel medical countermeasures including both vaccines and therapeutics. Mouse models of melioidosis have also provided a possible way forward to better understand the chronicity associated with this infection, as it appears that BALB/c mice develop an acute infection with B. pseudomallei, whereas the C57BL/6 model is potentially more suggestive of a chronic infection. Several unanswered questions, however, persist around this model. In particular, little attention has been paid to the effect of age or sex on the disease outcome in these animal models. In this report, we determined the LD50 of the B. pseudomallei K96243 strain in both female and male BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice in three distinct age groups. Our data demonstrated a modest increase in susceptibility associated with sex in this model, and we documented important histopathological differences associated with the reproductive systems of each sex. There was a statistically significant inverse correlation between age and susceptibility. The older mice, in most cases, were more susceptible to the infection. Additionally, our retrospective analyses suggested that the impact of animal supplier on disease outcome in mice may be minimal. These observations were consistent regardless of whether the mice were injected with bacteria intraperitoneally or if they were exposed to aerosolized bacteria. All of these factors should be considered when designing experiments using mouse models of melioidosis.
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Amemiya K, Dankmeyer JL, Bearss JJ, Zeng X, Stonier SW, Soffler C, Cote CK, Welkos SL, Fetterer DP, Chance TB, Trevino SR, Worsham PL, Waag DM. Dysregulation of TNF-α and IFN-γ expression is a common host immune response in a chronically infected mouse model of melioidosis when comparing multiple human strains of Burkholderia pseudomallei. BMC Immunol 2020; 21:5. [PMID: 32013893 PMCID: PMC6998218 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-020-0333-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melioidosis is endemic in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia and is caused by the Gram-negative, facultative intracellular pathogen Burkholderia pseudomallei. Diagnosis of melioidosis is often difficult because of the protean clinical presentation of the disease, and it may mimic other diseases, such as tuberculosis. There are many different strains of B. pseudomallei that have been isolated from patients with melioidosis, but it was not clear if they could cause a similar disease in a chronic BALB/c murine model of melioidosis. Hence, we wanted to examine chronically infected mice exposed to different strains of B. pseudomallei to determine if there were differences in the host immune response to the pathogen. RESULTS We identified common host immune responses exhibited in chronically infected BALB/c mice, although there was some heterogeneity in the host response in chronically infected mice after exposure to different strains of B. pseudomallei. They all displayed pyogranulomatous lesions in their spleens with a large influx of monocytes/macrophages, NK cells, and neutrophils identified by flow cytometry. Sera from chronically infected mice by ELISA exhibited elevated IgG titers to the pathogen, and we detected by Luminex micro-bead array technology a significant increase in the expression of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, such as IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, KC, and MIG. By immunohistochemical and in situ RNA hybridization analysis we found that the increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ) was confined primarily to the area with the pathogen within pyogranulomatous lesions. We also found that cultured splenocytes from chronically infected mice could express IFN-γ, TNF-α, and MIP-1α ex vivo without the need for additional exogenous stimulation. In addition by flow cytometry, we detected significant amounts of intracellular expression of TNF-α and IFN-γ without a protein transport blocker in monocytes/macrophages, NK cells, and neutrophils but not in CD4+ or CD8+ T cells in splenocytes from chronically infected mice. CONCLUSION Taken together the common features we have identified in chronically infected mice when 10 different human clinical strains of B. pseudomallei were examined could serve as biomarkers when evaluating potential therapeutic agents in mice for the treatment of chronic melioidosis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Amemiya
- Bacteriology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Dankmeyer
- Bacteriology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jeremy J Bearss
- Pathology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Xiankun Zeng
- Pathology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Spencer W Stonier
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Carl Soffler
- Bacteriology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Christopher K Cote
- Bacteriology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Susan L Welkos
- Bacteriology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - David P Fetterer
- Bacteriology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Taylor B Chance
- Pathology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Sylvia R Trevino
- Bacteriology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Patricia L Worsham
- Bacteriology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - David M Waag
- Bacteriology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
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Capelli R, Peri C, Villa R, Nithichanon A, Conchillo-Solé O, Yero D, Gagni P, Chiari M, Lertmemongkolchai G, Cretich M, Daura X, Bolognesi M, Colombo G, Gourlay LJ. BPSL1626: Reverse and Structural Vaccinology Reveal a Novel Candidate for Vaccine Design against Burkholderia pseudomallei. Antibodies (Basel) 2018; 7:antib7030026. [PMID: 31544878 PMCID: PMC6640674 DOI: 10.3390/antib7030026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to significant advances in computational biology, protein prediction, together with antigen and epitope design, have rapidly moved from conventional methods, based on experimental approaches, to in silico-based bioinformatics methods. In this context, we report a reverse vaccinology study that identified a panel of 104 candidate antigens from the Gram-negative bacterial pathogen Burkholderia pseudomallei, which is responsible for the disease melioidosis. B. pseudomallei can cause fatal sepsis in endemic populations in the tropical regions of the world and treatment with antibiotics is mostly ineffective. With the aim of identifying potential vaccine candidates, we report the experimental validation of predicted antigen and type I fimbrial subunit, BPSL1626, which we show is able to recognize and bind human antibodies from the sera of Burkholderia infected patients and to stimulate T-lymphocytes in vitro. The prerequisite for a melioidosis vaccine, in fact, is that both antibody- and cell-mediated immune responses must be triggered. In order to reveal potential antigenic regions of the protein that may aid immunogen re-design, we also report the crystal structure of BPSL1626 at 1.9 Å resolution on which structure-based epitope predictions were based. Overall, our data suggest that BPSL1626 and three epitope regions here-identified can represent viable candidates as potential antigenic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Capelli
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy.
- Center for Complexity and Biosystems and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano and INFN, 20133 Milano, Italy.
- Computational Biomedicine Section, Institute of Advanced Simulation IAS-5 and Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-9 Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Claudio Peri
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Villa
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Arnone Nithichanon
- Center for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories (CMDL), Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
| | - Oscar Conchillo-Solé
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Daniel Yero
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Paola Gagni
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy.
| | - Marcella Chiari
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy.
| | - Ganjana Lertmemongkolchai
- Center for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories (CMDL), Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
| | - Marina Cretich
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy.
| | - Xavier Daura
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Martino Bolognesi
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy.
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Cryo Electron-Microscopy Laboratory, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Colombo
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy.
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Louise J Gourlay
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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Nithichanon A, Rinchai D, Buddhisa S, Saenmuang P, Kewcharoenwong C, Kessler B, Khaenam P, Chetchotisakd P, Maillere B, Robinson J, Reynolds CJ, Boyton RJ, Altmann DM, Lertmemongkolchai G. Immune Control of Burkholderia pseudomallei--Common, High-Frequency T-Cell Responses to a Broad Repertoire of Immunoprevalent Epitopes. Front Immunol 2018; 9:484. [PMID: 29616023 PMCID: PMC5869189 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei (Bp) is an environmental bacterial pathogen that causes potentially lethal sepsis in susceptible individuals and is considered a Category B, Tier-1 biothreat agent. As such, it is crucial to gain an improved understanding of protective immunity and potential vaccine candidates. The nature of immune correlates dictating why most exposed individuals in endemic regions undergo asymptomatic seroconversion while others succumb to life-threatening sepsis is largely uncharted. Bp seroreactive, immunogenic proteins have previously been identified by antigen microarray. We here set out to conduct an analysis of T-cell recognition of the Bp immunome using serodominant antigens represented in the original antigen microarray, examining immune correlates of disease in healthy seropositive individuals and those with acute disease or in convalescence. By screening a library of 739 overlapping peptides representing the sequences of 20 different Bp antigens, we aimed to define immune correlates of protection at the level of immunoprevalent T-cell epitopes. Responses to a large number of epitopes were common in healthy seropositive individuals: we found remarkably broad responsiveness to Bp epitopes, with 235 of 739 peptides recognized by ≥80% of all tested donors. The cumulative response to Bp epitopes in healthy, seropositive, donors from this endemic region were of the order of thousands of spot forming cells per million cells, making Bp recognition a significant component of the T-cell repertoire. Noteworthy among our findings, analysis revealed 10 highly immunoprevalent T-cell epitopes, able to induce Bp-specific IFNγ responses that were high in responding T-cell frequency within the repertoire, and also common across individuals with different human leukocyte antigen types. Acute melioidosis patients showed poor T-cell responses to the immunoprevalent epitopes, but acquired responsiveness following recovery from infection. Our findings suggest that a large repertoire of CD4 T cells, high in frequency and with broad coverage of antigens and epitopes, is important in controlling Bp infection. This offers an attractive potential strategy for subunit or epitope-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnone Nithichanon
- Centre for Research & Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Darawan Rinchai
- Centre for Research & Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Surachat Buddhisa
- Centre for Research & Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Pornpun Saenmuang
- Centre for Research & Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chidchamai Kewcharoenwong
- Centre for Research & Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Bianca Kessler
- Centre for Research & Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Prasong Khaenam
- Centre for Research & Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Bernard Maillere
- Protein Engineering and Research Department, CEA Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - John Robinson
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Daniel M. Altmann
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ganjana Lertmemongkolchai
- Centre for Research & Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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11
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Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is a Gram-negative environmental bacterium and the aetiological agent of melioidosis, a life-threatening infection that is estimated to account for ∼89,000 deaths per year worldwide. Diabetes mellitus is a major risk factor for melioidosis, and the global diabetes pandemic could increase the number of fatalities caused by melioidosis. Melioidosis is endemic across tropical areas, especially in southeast Asia and northern Australia. Disease manifestations can range from acute septicaemia to chronic infection, as the facultative intracellular lifestyle and virulence factors of B. pseudomallei promote survival and persistence of the pathogen within a broad range of cells, and the bacteria can manipulate the host's immune responses and signalling pathways to escape surveillance. The majority of patients present with sepsis, but specific clinical presentations and their severity vary depending on the route of bacterial entry (skin penetration, inhalation or ingestion), host immune function and bacterial strain and load. Diagnosis is based on clinical and epidemiological features as well as bacterial culture. Treatment requires long-term intravenous and oral antibiotic courses. Delays in treatment due to difficulties in clinical recognition and laboratory diagnosis often lead to poor outcomes and mortality can exceed 40% in some regions. Research into B. pseudomallei is increasing, owing to the biothreat potential of this pathogen and increasing awareness of the disease and its burden; however, better diagnostic tests are needed to improve early confirmation of diagnosis, which would enable better therapeutic efficacy and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Joost Wiersinga
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, Rm. G2-132, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harjeet S Virk
- Centre for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alfredo G Torres
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Bart J Currie
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University and Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Australia
| | - Sharon J Peacock
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David A B Dance
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Direk Limmathurotsakul
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Tropical Hygiene and Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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12
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Dunachie SJ, Jenjaroen K, Reynolds CJ, Quigley KJ, Sergeant R, Sumonwiriya M, Chaichana P, Chumseng S, Ariyaprasert P, Lassaux P, Gourlay L, Promwong C, Teparrukkul P, Limmathurotsakul D, Day NPJ, Altmann DM, Boyton RJ. Infection with Burkholderia pseudomallei - immune correlates of survival in acute melioidosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12143. [PMID: 28939855 PMCID: PMC5610189 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12331-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis, caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, is a potentially lethal infection with no licensed vaccine. There is little understanding of why some exposed individuals have no symptoms, while others rapidly progress to sepsis and death, or why diabetes confers increased susceptibility. We prospectively recruited a cohort of 183 acute melioidosis patients and 21 control subjects from Northeast Thailand and studied immune parameters in the context of survival status and the presence or absence of diabetes. HLA-B*46 (one of the commonest HLA class I alleles in SE Asia) and HLA-C*01 were associated with an increased risk of death (odds ratio 2.8 and 3.1 respectively). Transcriptomic analysis during acute infection in diabetics indicated the importance of interplay between immune pathways including those involved in antigen presentation, chemotaxis, innate and adaptive immunity and their regulation. Survival was associated with enhanced T cell immunity to nine of fifteen immunodominant antigens analysed including AhpC (BPSL2096), BopE (BPSS1525), PilO (BPSS1599), ATP binding protein (BPSS1385) and an uncharacterised protein (BPSL2520). T cell immunity to GroEL (BPSL2697) was specifically impaired in diabetic individuals. This characterization of immunity associated with survival during acute infection offers insights into correlates of protection and a foundation for design of an effective multivalent vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna J Dunachie
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Kemajittra Jenjaroen
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Kathryn J Quigley
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ruhena Sergeant
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Panjaporn Chaichana
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suchintana Chumseng
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Louise Gourlay
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Direk Limmathurotsakul
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nicholas P J Day
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel M Altmann
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemary J Boyton
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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13
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Bearss JJ, Hunter M, Dankmeyer JL, Fritts KA, Klimko CP, Weaver CH, Shoe JL, Quirk AV, Toothman RG, Webster WM, Fetterer DP, Bozue JA, Worsham PL, Welkos SL, Amemiya K, Cote CK. Characterization of pathogenesis of and immune response to Burkholderia pseudomallei K96243 using both inhalational and intraperitoneal infection models in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172627. [PMID: 28235018 PMCID: PMC5325312 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei, the etiologic agent of melioidosis, is a Gram negative bacterium designated as a Tier 1 threat. This bacterium is known to be endemic in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia and can infect humans and animals by several routes. Inhalational melioidosis has been associated with monsoonal rains in endemic areas and is also a significant concern in the biodefense community. There are currently no effective vaccines for B. pseudomallei and antibiotic treatment can be hampered by non-specific symptomology and also the high rate of naturally occurring antibiotic resistant strains. Well-characterized animal models will be essential when selecting novel medical countermeasures for evaluation prior to human clinical trials. Here, we further characterize differences between the responses of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice when challenged with low doses of a low-passage and well-defined stock of B. pseudomallei K96243 via either intraperitoneal or aerosol routes of exposure. Before challenge, mice were implanted with a transponder to collect body temperature readings, and daily body weights were also recorded. Mice were euthanized on select days for pathological analyses and determination of the bacterial burden in selected tissues (blood, lungs, liver, and spleen). Additionally, spleen homogenate and sera samples were analyzed to better characterize the host immune response after infection with aerosolized bacteria. These clinical, pathological, and immunological data highlighted and confirmed important similarities and differences between these murine models and exposure routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J. Bearss
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Melissa Hunter
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Dankmeyer
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Kristen A. Fritts
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Christopher P. Klimko
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Chris H. Weaver
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Shoe
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Avery V. Quirk
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Ronald G. Toothman
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Wendy M. Webster
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - David P. Fetterer
- BioStatisitics Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Joel A. Bozue
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Patricia L. Worsham
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Susan L. Welkos
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Kei Amemiya
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Christopher K. Cote
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
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14
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Nithichanon A, Gourlay LJ, Bancroft GJ, Ato M, Takahashi Y, Lertmemongkolchai G. Boosting of post-exposure human T-cell and B-cell recall responses in vivo by Burkholderia pseudomallei-related proteins. Immunology 2017; 151:98-109. [PMID: 28066900 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, an infectious disease with high incidence and mortality in South East Asia and northern Australia. To date there is no protective vaccine and antibiotic treatment is prolonged and not always effective. Most people living in endemic areas have been exposed to the bacteria and have developed some immunity, which may have helped to prevent disease. Here, we used a humanized mouse model (hu-PBL-SCID), reconstituted with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from seropositive donors, to illustrate the potential of three known antigens (FliC, OmpA and N-PilO2) for boosting both T-cell and B-cell immune responses. All three antigens boosted the production of specific antibodies in vivo, and increased the number of antibody and interferon-γ-secreting cells, and induced antibody affinity maturation. Moreover, antigen-specific antibodies isolated from either seropositive individuals or boosted mice, were found to enhance phagocytosis and oxidative burst activities from human polymorphonuclear cells. Our study demonstrates that FliC, OmpA and N-PilO2 can stimulate human memory T and B cells and highlight the potential of the hu-PBL-SCID system for screening and evaluation of novel protein antigens for inclusion in future vaccine trials against melioidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnone Nithichanon
- The Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | | | - Manabu Ato
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Takahashi
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ganjana Lertmemongkolchai
- The Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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15
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Schully KL, Bell MG, Prouty AM, Gallovic MD, Gautam S, Peine KJ, Sharma S, Bachelder EM, Pesce JT, Elberson MA, Ainslie KM, Keane-Myers A. Evaluation of a biodegradable microparticulate polymer as a carrier for Burkholderia pseudomallei subunit vaccines in a mouse model of melioidosis. Int J Pharm 2015; 495:849-61. [PMID: 26428631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Melioidosis, a potentially lethal disease of humans and animals, is caused by the soil-dwelling bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. Due to B. pseudomallei's classification as a Tier 1 Select Agent, there is substantial interest in the development of an effective vaccine. Yet, despite decades of research, no effective target, adjuvant or delivery vehicle capable of inducing protective immunity against B. pseudomallei infection has been identified. We propose a microparticulate delivery vehicle comprised of the novel polymer acetalated dextran (Ac-DEX). Ac-DEX is an acid-sensitive biodegradable carrier that can be fabricated into microparticles (MPs) that are relatively stable at pH 7.4, but rapidly degrade after phagocytosis by antigen presenting cells where the pH can drop to 5.0. As compared to other biomaterials, this acid sensitivity has been shown to enhance cross presentation of subunit antigens. To evaluate this platform as a delivery system for a melioidosis vaccine, BALB/c mice were vaccinated with Ac-DEX MPs separately encapsulating B. pseudomallei whole cell lysate and the toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8 agonist resiquimod. This vaccine elicited a robust antibody response that included both Th1 and Th2 immunity. Following lethal intraperitoneal challenge with B. pseudomallei 1026b, vaccinated mice demonstrated a significant delay to time of death compared to untreated mice. The formulation, however, demonstrated incomplete protection indicating that lysate protein offers limited value as an antigen. Nevertheless, our Ac-DEX MPs may offer an effective delivery vehicle for a subunit B. psuedomallei vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Schully
- Vaccines and Medical Countermeasures, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick, Ft Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - M G Bell
- Vaccines and Medical Countermeasures, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick, Ft Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - A M Prouty
- Vaccines and Medical Countermeasures, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick, Ft Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - M D Gallovic
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - S Gautam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - K J Peine
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - S Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - E M Bachelder
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - J T Pesce
- Vaccines and Medical Countermeasures, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick, Ft Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - M A Elberson
- Vaccines and Medical Countermeasures, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick, Ft Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - K M Ainslie
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - A Keane-Myers
- Vaccines and Medical Countermeasures, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick, Ft Detrick, MD 21702, USA
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16
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Nithichanon A, Rinchai D, Gori A, Lassaux P, Peri C, Conchillio-Solé O, Ferrer-Navarro M, Gourlay LJ, Nardini M, Vila J, Daura X, Colombo G, Bolognesi M, Lertmemonkolchai G. Sequence- and Structure-Based Immunoreactive Epitope Discovery for Burkholderia pseudomallei Flagellin. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015. [PMID: 26222657 PMCID: PMC4519301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is a Gram-negative bacterium responsible for melioidosis, a serious and often fatal infectious disease that is poorly controlled by existing treatments. Due to its inherent resistance to the major antibiotic classes and its facultative intracellular pathogenicity, an effective vaccine would be extremely desirable, along with appropriate prevention and therapeutic management. One of the main subunit vaccine candidates is flagellin of Burkholderia pseudomallei (FliCBp). Here, we present the high resolution crystal structure of FliCBp and report the synthesis and characterization of three peptides predicted to be both B and T cell FliCBp epitopes, by both structure-based in silico methods, and sequence-based epitope prediction tools. All three epitopes were shown to be immunoreactive against human IgG antibodies and to elicit cytokine production from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Furthermore, two of the peptides (F51-69 and F270-288) were found to be dominant immunoreactive epitopes, and their antibodies enhanced the bactericidal activities of purified human neutrophils. The epitopes derived from this study may represent potential melioidosis vaccine components. Melioidosis is an infectious disease caused by Burkolderia pseudomallei that poses a major public health problem in Southeast Asia and northern Australia. This bacterium is difficult to treat due to its intrinsic resistance to antibiotics, poor diagnosis, and the lack of a licensed vaccine. Vaccine safety is a prime concern, therefore recombinant protein subunit and/or peptide vaccine components, may represent safer alternatives. In this context, we targeted one of the main subunit vaccine candidates tested to date, flagellin from B. pseudomallei (FliCBp) that comprises the flagellar filament that mediates bacterial motility. Based on the knowledge that activation of both cell-mediated and antibody-mediated responses must be addressed in a melioidosis vaccine, we identified B and T cell immunoreactive peptides from FliCBp, using both sequence-based and structure-based computational prediction programs, for further in vitro immunological testing. Our data confirm the accuracy of sequence-based epitope prediction tools, and two structure-based methods applied to the FliCBp crystal structure (here-described), in predicting both T- and B-cell epitopes. Moreover, we identified two epitope peptides with significant joint T-cell and B-cell activities for further development as melioidosis vaccine components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnone Nithichanon
- The Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Darawan Rinchai
- The Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Alessandro Gori
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
| | - Patricia Lassaux
- Department of Biosciences, CIMAINA and CNR Institute of Biophysics, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Peri
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
| | - Oscar Conchillio-Solé
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Mario Ferrer-Navarro
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hospital Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Louise J. Gourlay
- Department of Biosciences, CIMAINA and CNR Institute of Biophysics, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Nardini
- Department of Biosciences, CIMAINA and CNR Institute of Biophysics, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Jordi Vila
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hospital Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Daura
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giorgio Colombo
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
| | - Martino Bolognesi
- Department of Biosciences, CIMAINA and CNR Institute of Biophysics, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ganjana Lertmemonkolchai
- The Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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17
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Gourlay LJ, Thomas RJ, Peri C, Conchillo-Solé O, Ferrer-Navarro M, Nithichanon A, Vila J, Daura X, Lertmemongkolchai G, Titball R, Colombo G, Bolognesi M. From crystal structure to in silico epitope discovery in the Burkholderia pseudomallei flagellar hook-associated protein FlgK. FEBS J 2015; 282:1319-33. [PMID: 25645451 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Melioidosis, caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei, is a potentially fatal infection that is endemic in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia that is poorly controlled by antibiotics. Research efforts to identify antigenic components for a melioidosis vaccine have led to the identification of several proteins, including subunits forming the flagella that mediate bacterial motility, host colonization, and virulence. This study focuses on the B. pseudomallei flagellar hook-associated protein (FlgK(Bp)), and provides the first insights into the 3D structure of FlgK proteins as targets for structure-based antigen engineering. The FlgK(Bp) crystal structure (presented here at 1.8-Å resolution) reveals a multidomain fold, comprising two small β-domains protruding from a large elongated α-helical bundle core. The evident structural similarity to flagellin, the flagellar filament subunit protein, suggests that, depending on the bacterial species, flagellar hook-associated proteins are likely to show a conserved, elongated α-helical bundle scaffold coupled to a variable number of smaller domains. Furthermore, we present immune serum recognition data confirming, in agreement with previous findings, that recovered melioidosis patients produce elevated levels of antibodies against FlgK(Bp), in comparison with seronegative and seropositive healthy subjects. Moreover, we show that FlgK(Bp) has cytotoxic effects on cultured murine macrophages, suggesting an important role in bacterial pathogenesis. Finally, computational epitope prediction methods applied to the FlgK(Bp) crystal structure, coupled with in vitro mapping, allowed us to predict three antigenic regions that locate to discrete protein domains. Taken together, our results point to FlgK(Bp) as a candidate for the design and production of epitope-containing subunits/domains as potential vaccine components.
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18
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Diefenbach-Elstob TR, Graves PM, Burgess GW, Pelowa DB, Warner JM. Seroepidemiology of melioidosis in children from a remote region of Papua New Guinea. Int Health 2014; 7:332-8. [PMID: 25487725 DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihu088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Balimo region in Papua New Guinea has previously been identified as melioidosis-endemic with a predilection for children. Where health resources are scarce, seroepidemiology can be used to assess exposure to Burkholderia pseudomallei and therefore risk of acquiring melioidosis. METHODS Logistic regression was used to determine associations between indirect haemagglutination assay (IHA) seroreactivity with environmental and demographic/cultural factors to aid in determining risk factors associated with exposure to B. pseudomallei in children. RESULTS Of the 968 participants, 92.9% (899/968) were children, representing the majority of the community school population in the immediate Balimo region. Of these, 24.6% (221/899) were seropositive. Bathing in the lagoon (OR=2.679), drinking from the well or lagoon (OR=1.474), and being a member of the Siboko (OR=1.914) or Wagumisi (OR=1.942) clans were significantly associated with seropositivity. In the multivariate analysis, drinking from a well or lagoon (OR=1.713), and the Siboko (OR=2.341) and Wabadala (OR=2.022) clans were associated with seropositivity. CONCLUSIONS This study in children supports observations that interactions with groundwater in this region are risk factors in acquiring melioidosis. Public health measures intended to limit this exposure may help reduce the risk of acquiring melioidosis in this remote community. Associations with clan structure may provide more cultural specific insights, however this requires further elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya R Diefenbach-Elstob
- College of Public Health, Medical & Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Patricia M Graves
- Centre for Biosecurity in Tropical Infectious Diseases, College of Public Health, Medical & Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, 4878, Australia
| | - Graham W Burgess
- Centre for Biosecurity in Tropical Infectious Diseases, College of Public Health, Medical & Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Daniel B Pelowa
- Balimo Health Centre, Balimo, Western Province, Papua New Guinea
| | - Jeffrey M Warner
- Centre for Biosecurity in Tropical Infectious Diseases, College of Public Health, Medical & Veterinary Sciences, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
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Soffler C, Bosco-Lauth AM, Aboellail TA, Marolf AJ, Bowen RA. Pathogenesis of percutaneous infection of goats with Burkholderia pseudomallei: clinical, pathologic, and immunological responses in chronic melioidosis. Int J Exp Pathol 2014; 95:101-19. [PMID: 24571408 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis is a severe suppurative to granulomatous infection caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei. The disease is endemic to South-East Asia and Northern Australasia and is also of interest as a potential biological weapon. Natural infection can occur by percutaneous inoculation, inhalation or ingestion, but the relative importance of each route is unknown. Experimental infection models using mice have shown inhalation to be the most lethal route of exposure, but few studies have examined the pathogenesis of percutaneous infection despite its presumptive importance in natural disease. Caprine models are useful in the study of melioidosis because goats are susceptible to natural infection by B. pseudomallei, display similar epizootiology/epidemiology to that of humans within the endemic range and develop similar pathologic lesions. Percutaneous inoculation with 10(4) CFU of B. pseudomallei produced disease in all experimental animals with rapid dissemination to the lungs, spleen and kidneys. Initial fever was brief, but temperatures did not return to pre-infection levels until day 18, concurrent with a dramatic lymphocytosis and the transition to chronic disease. Distribution and appearance of gross pathologic and radiographic lesions in goats were similar to caprine aerosol infection and to reported human disease. The similarities seen despite different routes of infection suggest that host or bacterial factors may be more important than the route of infection in disease pathogenesis. The nature of melioidosis in goats makes it amenable for modelling additional risk factors to produce acute clinical disease, which is important to the study of human melioidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Soffler
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Gonzalez-Juarrero M, Mima N, Trunck LA, Schweizer HP, Bowen RA, Dascher K, Mwangi W, Eckstein TM. Polar lipids of Burkholderia pseudomallei induce different host immune responses. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80368. [PMID: 24260378 PMCID: PMC3832426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis is a disease in tropical and subtropical regions of the world that is caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei. In endemic regions the disease occurs primarily in humans and goats. In the present study, we used the goat as a model to dissect the polar lipids of B. pseudomallei to identify lipid molecules that could be used for adjuvants/vaccines or as diagnostic tools. We showed that the lipidome of B. pseudomallei and its fractions contain several polar lipids with the capacity to elicit different immune responses in goats, namely rhamnolipids and ornithine lipids which induced IFN-γ, whereas phospholipids and an undefined polar lipid induced strong IL-10 secretion in CD4+ T cells. Autologous T cells co-cultured with caprine dendritic cells (cDCs) and polar lipids of B. pseudomallei proliferated and up-regulated the expression of CD25 (IL-2 receptor) molecules. Furthermore, we demonstrated that polar lipids were able to up-regulate CD1w2 antigen expression in cDCs derived from peripheral blood monocytes. Interestingly, the same polar lipids had only little effect on the expression of MHC class II DR antigens in the same caprine dendritic cells. Finally, antibody blocking of the CD1w2 molecules on cDCs resulted in decreased expression for IFN-γ by CD4+ T cells. Altogether, these results showed that polar lipids of B. pseudomallei are recognized by the caprine immune system and that their recognition is primarily mediated by the CD1 antigen cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Gonzalez-Juarrero
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United State of America
| | - Naoko Mima
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United State of America
| | - Lily A. Trunck
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United State of America
| | - Herbert P. Schweizer
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United State of America
| | - Richard A. Bowen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kyle Dascher
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United State of America
| | - Waithaka Mwangi
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Torsten M. Eckstein
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United State of America
- * E-mail:
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Horton RE, Morrison NA, Beacham IR, Peak IR. Interaction of Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia thailandensis with human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J Med Microbiol 2012; 61:607-614. [PMID: 22301613 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.038588-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, a disease endemic in areas of South-East Asia and northern Australia, and is classed as a category B select agent by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Factors that determine whether host infection is achieved or if disease is chronic or acute are unknown but the type of host immune response that is mounted is important. B. pseudomallei can replicate within macrophages, causing them to multinucleate. In light of the common lineage of macrophages with dendritic cells (DCs), and the role played by DCs in orchestration of the immune response, we investigated the interactions of a variety of B. pseudomallei and B. thailandensis strains with DCs. This study demonstrates that, in the majority of cases, infection of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells is dramatically decreased or cleared by 12 h post-infection, showing a lack of ability to replicate and survive within DCs. Additionally we have shown that B. pseudomallei activates DCs, as measured by cytokine secretion, and live bacteria are not required for activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Horton
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Nigel A Morrison
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Ifor R Beacham
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Ian R Peak
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
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Patel N, Conejero L, De Reynal M, Easton A, Bancroft GJ, Titball RW. Development of vaccines against burkholderia pseudomallei. Front Microbiol 2011; 2:198. [PMID: 21991263 PMCID: PMC3180847 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is a Gram-negative bacterium which is the causative agent of melioidosis, a disease which carries a high mortality and morbidity rate in endemic areas of South East Asia and Northern Australia. At present there is no available human vaccine that protects against B. pseudomallei, and with the current limitations of antibiotic treatment, the development of new preventative and therapeutic interventions is crucial. This review considers the multiple elements of melioidosis vaccine research including: (i) the immune responses required for protective immunity, (ii) animal models available for preclinical testing of potential candidates, (iii) the different experimental vaccine strategies which are being pursued, and (iv) the obstacles and opportunities for eventual registration of a licensed vaccine in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Patel
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine London, UK
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Hodgson KA, Morris JL, Feterl ML, Govan BL, Ketheesan N. Altered macrophage function is associated with severe Burkholderia pseudomallei infection in a murine model of type 2 diabetes. Microbes Infect 2011; 13:1177-84. [PMID: 21835260 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study used a murine model of type 2 diabetes (BKS.Cg-Dock7(m) +/+Lepr(db)/J mice) to investigate the inflammatory and cellular mechanisms predisposing to Burkholderia pseudomallei infection and co-morbid diabetes. Homozygous db/db (diabetic) mice developed extreme obesity, dyslipidaemia and glucose intolerance leading to hyperglycaemia and overt type 2 diabetes. Compared to their heterozygous db/+ (non-diabetic) littermates, diabetic mice rapidly succumbed to subcutaneous B. pseudomallei infection, paralleled by severe hypoglycaemia and increased expression of the proinflammatory cytokines, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β, in the spleen, despite comparable bacterial loads in the spleen of non-diabetic mice. Neutrophil oxidative burst and dendritic cell uptake and killing of B. pseudomallei were similar between diabetic and non-diabetic mice. Compared to peritoneal macrophages from non-diabetic mice, macrophages from diabetic mice were unable to contain and kill B. pseudomallei. Functional differences between macrophages of diabetic and non-diabetic mice toward B. pseudomallei may contribute to rapid dissemination and more severe disease progression in hosts with co-morbid type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Hodgson
- Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
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Evidence of Burkholderia pseudomallei-specific immunity in patient sera persistently nonreactive by the indirect hemagglutination assay. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2011; 18:1288-91. [PMID: 21677111 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00077-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) is the most frequently used serological test to confirm exposure to Burkholderia pseudomallei. Patients with culture-confirmed disease often have a nonreactive IHA at presentation and occasionally fail to seroconvert on serial testing. We investigated whether using antigens derived from the cultured isolates of persistently IHA-nonreactive patient sera improved the sensitivity of the IHA. In addition, we assessed the antigen-specific lymphocyte response in this group of patients to a panel of B. pseudomallei antigens, including those derived from their own cultured isolates. Eleven patients with culture-proven melioidosis were identified as having persistently IHA-nonreactive sera. A modified IHA using erythrocytes sensitized with patient isolate-derived antigen tested against convalescent-phase serum was performed. The majority (82%) of sera showed a negative (≤ 1:5) result, one was borderline (1:20), and one was positive at the cutoff value (1:40). IHA-nonreactive sera were also tested by enzyme immunoassay (EIA), with 73% (8/11) demonstrating IgG positivity. In addition, lymphocytes isolated from persistently IHA-nonreactive patient sera demonstrated significantly increased proliferation in response to B. pseudomallei antigens compared to controls. These studies demonstrate the presence of B. pseudomallei-specific antibody by EIA and B. pseudomallei-specific lymphocytes in patient sera categorized as persistently nonreactive according to the IHA. New immunoassays are required and should incorporate B. pseudomallei antigens that are immunoreactive for this subset of IHA-nonreactive patient sera.
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25
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Tippayawat P, Pinsiri M, Rinchai D, Riyapa D, Romphruk A, Gan YH, Houghton RL, Felgner PL, Titball RW, Stevens MP, Galyov EE, Bancroft GJ, Lertmemongkolchai G. Burkholderia pseudomallei proteins presented by monocyte-derived dendritic cells stimulate human memory T cells in vitro. Infect Immun 2011; 79:305-13. [PMID: 21041491 PMCID: PMC3019888 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00803-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis is a severe infectious disease caused by the saprophytic facultative intracellular pathogen Burkholderia pseudomallei. The disease is endemic in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia, and no effective vaccine exists. To describe human cell-mediated immune responses to B. pseudomallei and to identify candidate antigens for vaccine development, the ability of antigen-pulsed monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) to trigger autologous T-cell responses to B. pseudomallei and its products was tested. moDCs were prepared from healthy individuals exposed or not exposed to B. pseudomallei, based on serological evidence. These were pulsed with heat-killed B. pseudomallei or purified antigens, including ABC transporters (LolC, OppA, and PotF), Bsa type III secreted proteins (BipD and BopE), tandem repeat sequence-containing proteins (Rp1 and Rp2), flagellin, and heat shock proteins (Hsp60 and Hsp70), prior to being mixed with autologous T-cell populations. After pulsing of cells with either heat-killed B. pseudomallei, LolC, or Rp2, coculturing the antigen-pulsed moDCs with T cells elicited gamma interferon production from CD4(+) T cells from seropositive donors at levels greater than those for seronegative donors. These antigens also induced granzyme B (cytotoxic) responses from CD8(+) T cells. Activation of antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells required direct contact with moDCs and was therefore not dependent on soluble mediators. Rp peptide epitopes recognized by T cells in healthy individuals were identified. Our study provides valuable novel data on the induction of human cell-mediated immune responses to B. pseudomallei and its protein antigens that may be exploited in the rational development of vaccines to combat melioidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patcharaporn Tippayawat
- The Centre for Research & Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Blood Transfusion Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore, InBios International Inc., Seattle, Washington, University of California, Irvine, California, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom, Division of Microbiology, Institute of Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, United Kingdom, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom, Immunology Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maneerat Pinsiri
- The Centre for Research & Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Blood Transfusion Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore, InBios International Inc., Seattle, Washington, University of California, Irvine, California, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom, Division of Microbiology, Institute of Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, United Kingdom, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom, Immunology Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Darawan Rinchai
- The Centre for Research & Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Blood Transfusion Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore, InBios International Inc., Seattle, Washington, University of California, Irvine, California, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom, Division of Microbiology, Institute of Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, United Kingdom, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom, Immunology Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Donporn Riyapa
- The Centre for Research & Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Blood Transfusion Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore, InBios International Inc., Seattle, Washington, University of California, Irvine, California, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom, Division of Microbiology, Institute of Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, United Kingdom, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom, Immunology Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amornrat Romphruk
- The Centre for Research & Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Blood Transfusion Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore, InBios International Inc., Seattle, Washington, University of California, Irvine, California, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom, Division of Microbiology, Institute of Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, United Kingdom, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom, Immunology Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yunn-Hwen Gan
- The Centre for Research & Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Blood Transfusion Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore, InBios International Inc., Seattle, Washington, University of California, Irvine, California, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom, Division of Microbiology, Institute of Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, United Kingdom, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom, Immunology Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Raymond L. Houghton
- The Centre for Research & Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Blood Transfusion Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore, InBios International Inc., Seattle, Washington, University of California, Irvine, California, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom, Division of Microbiology, Institute of Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, United Kingdom, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom, Immunology Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip L. Felgner
- The Centre for Research & Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Blood Transfusion Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore, InBios International Inc., Seattle, Washington, University of California, Irvine, California, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom, Division of Microbiology, Institute of Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, United Kingdom, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom, Immunology Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard W. Titball
- The Centre for Research & Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Blood Transfusion Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore, InBios International Inc., Seattle, Washington, University of California, Irvine, California, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom, Division of Microbiology, Institute of Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, United Kingdom, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom, Immunology Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark P. Stevens
- The Centre for Research & Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Blood Transfusion Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore, InBios International Inc., Seattle, Washington, University of California, Irvine, California, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom, Division of Microbiology, Institute of Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, United Kingdom, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom, Immunology Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edouard E. Galyov
- The Centre for Research & Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Blood Transfusion Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore, InBios International Inc., Seattle, Washington, University of California, Irvine, California, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom, Division of Microbiology, Institute of Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, United Kingdom, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom, Immunology Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory J. Bancroft
- The Centre for Research & Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Blood Transfusion Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore, InBios International Inc., Seattle, Washington, University of California, Irvine, California, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom, Division of Microbiology, Institute of Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, United Kingdom, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom, Immunology Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ganjana Lertmemongkolchai
- The Centre for Research & Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Blood Transfusion Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore, InBios International Inc., Seattle, Washington, University of California, Irvine, California, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom, Division of Microbiology, Institute of Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, United Kingdom, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom, Immunology Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Currie BJ, Ward L, Cheng AC. The epidemiology and clinical spectrum of melioidosis: 540 cases from the 20 year Darwin prospective study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4:e900. [PMID: 21152057 PMCID: PMC2994918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 504] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/31/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Over 20 years, from October 1989, the Darwin prospective melioidosis study has documented 540 cases from tropical Australia, providing new insights into epidemiology and the clinical spectrum. Principal Findings The principal presentation was pneumonia in 278 (51%), genitourinary infection in 76 (14%), skin infection in 68 (13%), bacteremia without evident focus in 59 (11%), septic arthritis/osteomyelitis in 20 (4%) and neurological melioidosis in 14 (3%). 298 (55%) were bacteremic and 116 (21%) developed septic shock (58 fatal). Internal organ abscesses and secondary foci in lungs and/or joints were common. Prostatic abscesses occurred in 76 (20% of 372 males). 96 (18%) had occupational exposure to Burkholderia pseudomallei. 118 (22%) had a specific recreational or occupational incident considered the likely infecting event. 436 (81%) presented during the monsoonal wet season. The higher proportion with pneumonia in December to February supports the hypothesis of infection by inhalation during severe weather events. Recurrent melioidosis occurred in 29, mostly attributed to poor adherence to therapy. Mortality decreased from 30% in the first 5 years to 9% in the last five years (p<0.001). Risk factors for melioidosis included diabetes (39%), hazardous alcohol use (39%), chronic lung disease (26%) and chronic renal disease (12%). There was no identifiable risk factor in 20%. Of the 77 fatal cases (14%), 75 had at least one risk factor; the other 2 were elderly. On multivariate analysis of risk factors, age, location and season, the only independent predictors of mortality were the presence of at least one risk factor (OR 9.4; 95% CI 2.3–39) and age ≥50 years (OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.2–2.3). Conclusions Melioidosis should be seen as an opportunistic infection that is unlikely to kill a healthy person, provided infection is diagnosed early and resources are available to provide appropriate antibiotics and critical care. Melioidosis is an occupationally and recreationally acquired infection important in Southeast Asia and northern Australia. Recently cases have been reported from more diverse locations globally. The responsible bacterium, Burkholderia pseudomallei, is considered a potential biothreat agent. Risk factors predisposing to melioidosis are well recognised, most notably diabetes. The Darwin prospective melioidosis study has identified 540 cases of melioidosis over 20 years and analysis of the epidemiology and clinical findings provides important new insights into this disease. Risk factors identified in addition to diabetes, hazardous alcohol use and chronic renal disease include chronic lung disease, malignancies, rheumatic heart disease, cardiac failure and age ≥50 years. Half of patients presented with pneumonia and septic shock was common (21%). The decrease in mortality from 30% in the first 5 years of the study to 9% in the last five years is attributed to earlier diagnosis and improvements in intensive care management. Of the 77 fatal cases (14%), all had known risk factors for melioidosis. This supports the most important conclusion of the study, which is that melioidosis is very unlikely to kill a healthy person, provided the infection is diagnosed early and resources are available to provide appropriate antibiotics and critical care where required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart J Currie
- Tropical and Emerging Infectious Diseases Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia.
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Sarkar-Tyson M, Titball RW. Progress toward development of vaccines against melioidosis: A review. Clin Ther 2010; 32:1437-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2010.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Lazzaroni SM, Barnes JL, Williams NL, Govan BL, Norton RE, LaBrooy JT, Ketheesan N. Seropositivity to Burkholderia pseudomallei does not reflect the development of cell-mediated immunity. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2009; 102 Suppl 1:S66-70. [PMID: 19121692 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-9203(08)70018-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-mediated immunity to Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, provides protection from disease progression. An indirect haemagglutination assay was used to detect antibodies to B. pseudomallei in 1500 healthy donors in an endemic region of Australia. Lymphocyte proliferation, activation and cytokine expression to B. pseudomallei antigen were determined in eight donors who were seropositive and in eight age- and sex-matched controls. In North Queensland, 2.5% of the population was seropositive for B. pseudomallei, which is less than half that which was previously described. Of clinical significance was the observation that while 75% of the seropositive individuals had increased lymphocyte proliferation to B. pseudomallei antigens, there were no significant differences observed in lymphocyte activation or production of cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon M Lazzaroni
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, James Cook University, Queensland 4811, Australia
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Lazar Adler NR, Govan B, Cullinane M, Harper M, Adler B, Boyce JD. The molecular and cellular basis of pathogenesis in melioidosis: how does Burkholderia pseudomallei cause disease? FEMS Microbiol Rev 2009; 33:1079-99. [PMID: 19732156 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2009.00189.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis, a febrile illness with disease states ranging from acute pneumonia or septicaemia to chronic abscesses, was first documented by Whitmore & Krishnaswami (1912). The causative agent, Burkholderia pseudomallei, was subsequently identified as a motile, gram-negative bacillus, which is principally an environmental saprophyte. Melioidosis has become an increasingly important disease in endemic areas such as northern Thailand and Australia (Currie et al., 2000). This health burden, plus the classification of B. pseudomallei as a category B biological agent (Rotz et al., 2002), has resulted in an escalation of research interest. This review focuses on the molecular and cellular basis of pathogenesis in melioidosis, with a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on how B. pseudomallei can cause disease. The process of B. pseudomallei movement from the environmental reservoir to attachment and invasion of epithelial and macrophage cells and the subsequent intracellular survival and spread is outlined. Furthermore, the diverse assortment of virulence factors that allow B. pseudomallei to become an effective opportunistic pathogen, as well as to avoid or subvert the host immune response, is discussed. With the recent increase in genomic and molecular studies, the current understanding of the infection process of melioidosis has increased substantially, yet, much still remains to be elucidated.
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Tippayawat P, Saenwongsa W, Mahawantung J, Suwannasaen D, Chetchotisakd P, Limmathurotsakul D, Peacock SJ, Felgner PL, Atkins HS, Titball RW, Bancroft GJ, Lertmemongkolchai G. Phenotypic and functional characterization of human memory T cell responses to Burkholderia pseudomallei. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2009; 3:e407. [PMID: 19352426 PMCID: PMC2660609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infection with the Gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei is an important cause of community-acquired lethal sepsis in endemic regions in southeast Asia and northern Australia and is increasingly reported in other tropical areas. In animal models, production of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is critical for resistance, but in humans the characteristics of IFN-γ production and the bacterial antigens that are recognized by the cell-mediated immune response have not been defined. Methods Peripheral blood from 133 healthy individuals who lived in the endemic area and had no history of melioidosis, 60 patients who had recovered from melioidosis, and 31 other patient control subjects were stimulated by whole bacteria or purified bacterial proteins in vitro, and IFN-γ responses were analyzed by ELISPOT and flow cytometry. Findings B. pseudomallei was a potent activator of human peripheral blood NK cells for innate production of IFN-γ. In addition, healthy individuals with serological evidence of exposure to B. pseudomallei and patients recovered from active melioidosis developed CD4+ (and CD8+) T cells that recognized whole bacteria and purified proteins LolC, OppA, and PotF, members of the B. pseudomallei ABC transporter family. This response was primarily mediated by terminally differentiated T cells of the effector–memory (TEMRA) phenotype and correlated with the titer of anti-B. pseudomallei antibodies in the serum. Conclusions Individuals living in a melioidosis-endemic region show clear evidence of T cell priming for the ability to make IFN-γ that correlates with their serological status. The ability to detect T cell responses to defined B. pseudomallei proteins in large numbers of individuals now provides the opportunity to screen candidate antigens for inclusion in protein or polysaccharide–conjugate subunit vaccines against this important but neglected disease. The Gram-negative bacterium, Burkholderia pseudomallei, is a public health problem in southeast Asia and northern Australia and a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention listed Category B potential bioterrorism agent. It is the causative agent of melioidosis, and clinical manifestations vary from acute sepsis to chronic localized and latent infection, which can reactivate decades later. B. pseudomallei is the major cause of community-acquired pneumonia and septicemia in northeast Thailand. In spite of the medical importance of B. pseudomallei, little is known about the mechanisms of pathogenicity and the immunological pathways of host defense. There is no available vaccine, and the mortality rate in acute cases can exceed 40% with 10–15% of survivors relapsing or being reinfected despite prolonged and complete treatments. In this article, we describe cell-mediated immune responses to B. pseudomallei in humans living in northeast Thailand and demonstrate clear evidence of T cell priming in healthy seropositive individuals and patients who recovered from melioidosis. This is the most detailed study yet performed on the cell types that produce interferon-gamma to B. pseudomallei in humans and the antigens that they recognize and the first to study large sample numbers in the primary endemic focus of melioidosis in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patcharaporn Tippayawat
- The Centre for Research & Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Wipawee Saenwongsa
- The Centre for Research & Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Jirawan Mahawantung
- The Centre for Research & Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Duangchan Suwannasaen
- The Centre for Research & Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Direk Limmathurotsakul
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sharon J. Peacock
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Philip L. Felgner
- Department of Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Helen S. Atkins
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gregory J. Bancroft
- Immunology Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ganjana Lertmemongkolchai
- The Centre for Research & Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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Williams NL, Kloeze E, Govan BL, Käorner H, Ketheesan N. Burkholderia pseudomallei enhances maturation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2008; 102 Suppl 1:S71-5. [DOI: 10.1016/s0035-9203(08)70019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Abstract
AIM to review admissions to the hospital due to Paediatric Melioidosis over a 10 year period. METHODS This was a retrospective chart review of all paediatric patients admitted to Townsville Hospital between 1996 and 2006 that were proven to have positive cultures for B. pseudomallei. Details were obtained from the Microbiology Department of Townsville Hospital. RESULTS Between 1996 and 2006, there were 150 cases of culture-confirmed melioidosis in North Queensland. Of these, eight (5.3%) were in children aged under 16 years. There were three deaths in this group. Three patients developed neurological melioidosis and there were no cases of parotid involvement. In our series, neurological melioidosis appeared to be statistically more significant in children compared with adults. CONCLUSION Melioidosis is an uncommon paediatric infection in Australia. In our series, neurological melioidosis appeared to be common in children compared with adults with devastating sequelae. The reasons for this remain unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoga Kandasamy
- The Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
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Burkholderia pseudomallei infection of T cells leads to T-cell costimulation partially provided by flagellin. Infect Immun 2008; 76:2541-50. [PMID: 18347031 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01310-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis. While adaptive immunity has been shown to be important for host resistance to B. pseudomallei, the direct interaction of the bacteria with adaptive immune cells such as T and B cells is not well known. To address this question, we infected Jurkat T cells, as well as human primary CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, with live B. pseudomallei. We found that live bacterial infection could costimulate T cells to produce interleukin-2 (IL-2) and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) in the presence of anti-CD3 cross-linking antibodies. Bacterial supernatant could also costimulate T cells, and this was due to the presence of flagellin in the supernatant. However, T cells infected with bacterial mutants lacking flagellin showed strong impairment in IL-2 but only a slight impairment in IFN-gamma production. When cross-linking of CD3 is replaced by IL-2, live bacterial infection was still able to costimulate human primary T cells to produce IFN-gamma and flagellin is only a minor ligand contributing to this costimulation. Thus, live B. pseudomallei could potentially costimulate T cells not only in an antigen-specific manner but also in a nonspecific manner through bystander activation via IL-2.
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Barnes JL, Ketheesan N. Development of protective immunity in a murine model of melioidosis is influenced by the source of
Burkholderia pseudomallei
antigens. Immunol Cell Biol 2007; 85:551-7. [PMID: 17563759 DOI: 10.1038/sj.icb.7100084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Melioidosis is a potentially fatal disease caused by the bacterium, Burkholderia pseudomallei. The current study was carried out to determine the mechanisms involved in the development of protective immunity in a murine model of melioidosis. Following intravenous infection with B. pseudomallei, both C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice demonstrated delayed-type hypersensitivity responses and lymphocyte proliferation towards B. pseudomallei antigens, indicating the generation of B. pseudomallei-specific lymphocytes. Adoptive transfer of these lymphocytes to naïve C57BL/6 mice was demonstrated by a delayed-type hypersensitivity response. Mice were not protected from a subsequent lethal challenge with a highly virulent strain of B. pseudomallei, suggesting that a single intravenous dose of the bacterium is insufficient to induce a protective adaptive immune response. Attempts to induce resistance in susceptible BALB/c mice used repetitive low-dose exposure to live B. pseudomallei. Immune responses and resistance following subcutaneous immunization with live B. pseudomallei were compared with exposure to heat-killed, culture filtrate and sonicated B. pseudomallei antigens. Compared to heat-killed B. pseudomallei, significant protection was generated in BALB/c mice following immunization with live bacteria. Our studies also demonstrate that the type of immune response generated in vivo is influenced by the antigenic preparation of B. pseudomallei used for immunization.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antigens, Bacterial/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Antigens, Bacterial/therapeutic use
- Burkholderia pseudomallei/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/immunology
- Immunity, Innate/immunology
- Immunity, Innate/physiology
- Injections, Intravenous
- Lymphocytes/cytology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Male
- Melioidosis/immunology
- Melioidosis/pathology
- Melioidosis/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Vaccination
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie L Barnes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
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Elvin SJ, Healey GD, Westwood A, Knight SC, Eyles JE, Williamson ED. Protection against heterologous Burkholderia pseudomallei strains by dendritic cell immunization. Infect Immun 2006; 74:1706-11. [PMID: 16495542 PMCID: PMC1418668 DOI: 10.1128/iai.74.3.1706-1711.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, is a gram-negative bacterium which can cause either chronic infections or acute lethal sepsis in infected individuals. The disease is endemic in Southeast Asia and northern Australia, but little is known about the mechanisms of protective immunity to the bacterium. In this study, we have developed a procedure to utilize dendritic cells in combination with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides as a vaccine delivery vector to induce protective immune responses to various strains of B. pseudomallei. Our results show that strong cell-mediated immune responses were generated, while antibody responses, although low, were detectable. Upon virulent challenge with B. pseudomallei strain K96243, NCTC 4845, or 576, animals immunized with dendritic cells that were pulsed with heat-killed K96243 and matured in the presence of CpG 1826 showed significant levels of protection. These results show that a vaccine strategy that actively targets dendritic cells can evoke protective immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Elvin
- Biomedical Sciences, Dstl Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom.
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Wiersinga WJ, van der Poll T, White NJ, Day NP, Peacock SJ. Melioidosis: insights into the pathogenicity of Burkholderia pseudomallei. Nat Rev Microbiol 2006; 4:272-82. [PMID: 16541135 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro1385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 449] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is a potential bioterror agent and the causative agent of melioidosis, a severe disease that is endemic in areas of Southeast Asia and Northern Australia. Infection is often associated with bacterial dissemination to distant sites, and there are many possible disease manifestations, with melioidosis septic shock being the most severe. Eradication of the organism following infection is difficult, with a slow fever-clearance time, the need for prolonged antibiotic therapy and a high rate of relapse if therapy is not completed. Mortality from melioidosis septic shock remains high despite appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Prevention of disease and a reduction in mortality and the rate of relapse are priority areas for future research efforts. Studying how the disease is acquired and the host-pathogen interactions involved will underpin these efforts; this review presents an overview of current knowledge in these areas, highlighting key topics for evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Joost Wiersinga
- Academic Medical Centre, Centre for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Chen YS, Hsiao YS, Lin HH, Yen CM, Chen SC, Chen YL. Immunogenicity and anti-Burkholderia pseudomallei activity in Balb/c mice immunized with plasmid DNA encoding flagellin. Vaccine 2005; 24:750-8. [PMID: 16169637 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2005] [Accepted: 08/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plasmid DNA encoding the flagella protein (flagellin) was used as a vaccination candidate for the evaluation of its immunogenicity and for protection against infection with Burkholderia pseudomallei. Firstly, flagellin encoding plasmid DNA was injected into Balb/c mice intramuscularly and this elicited both a humoral and a cellular immune response. Total IgG production and the clonal expansion of the spleen cells increased in response to flagellin. The IgG subclass response exhibited a dominance of IgG2a over IgG1 in the sera. In addition, IFN-gamma-secreting cells in the spleen were substantially increased. Furthermore, the anti-B. pseudomallei activity of the peritoneal exudate cells was evaluated by a Transwell tissue-culture plate system where the macrophage-activating related cytokines in upper chamber were allowed to cross the plate's membrane and stimulate the activation of peritoneal exudate cells in lower chamber. Our results indicated that the activated peritoneal exudate cells were able to restrict the growth of B. pseudomallei in vitro. Indeed, subsequent intravenous challenge of the vaccinated Balb/c mice with 10(5)CFU of B. pseudomallei resulted in the number of bacterial cells detected in liver and/or spleen being significantly reduced in the flagellin plasmid DNA vaccinated mice. At 7 days subsequent to infection of B. pseudomallei, 5/6 (83%) of flagellin plasmid DNA vaccinated mice had survived. We suggest that plasmid DNA-encoding flagellin might be useful as a potential immunization route for the future development of a vaccine against melioidosis in related animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Shen Chen
- Section of Infectious Disease, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Abstract
Melioidosis, caused by the gram-negative saprophyte Burkholderia pseudomallei, is a disease of public health importance in southeast Asia and northern Australia that is associated with high case-fatality rates in animals and humans. It has the potential for epidemic spread to areas where it is not endemic, and sporadic case reports elsewhere in the world suggest that as-yet-unrecognized foci of infection may exist. Environmental determinants of this infection, apart from a close association with rainfall, are yet to be elucidated. The sequencing of the genome of a strain of B. pseudomallei has recently been completed and will help in the further identification of virulence factors. The presence of specific risk factors for infection, such as diabetes, suggests that functional neutrophil defects are important in the pathogenesis of melioidosis; other studies have defined virulence factors (including a type III secretion system) that allow evasion of killing mechanisms by phagocytes. There is a possible role for cell-mediated immunity, but repeated environmental exposure does not elicit protective humoral or cellular immunity. A vaccine is under development, but economic constraints may make vaccination an unrealistic option for many regions of endemicity. Disease manifestations are protean, and no inexpensive, practical, and accurate rapid diagnostic tests are commercially available; diagnosis relies on culture of the organism. Despite the introduction of ceftazidime- and carbapenem-based intravenous treatments, melioidosis is still associated with a significant mortality attributable to severe sepsis and its complications. A long course of oral eradication therapy is required to prevent relapse. Studies exploring the role of preventative measures, earlier clinical identification, and better management of severe sepsis are required to reduce the burden of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen C Cheng
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
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