1
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Sharma S, Tan X, Boyer J, Clarke D, Costanzo A, Abe B, Kain L, Holt M, Armstrong A, Rihanek M, Su A, Speake C, Gottlieb P, Gottschalk M, Pettus J, Teyton L. Measuring anti-islet autoimmunity in mouse and human by profiling peripheral blood antigen-specific CD4 T cells. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eade3614. [PMID: 37406136 PMCID: PMC10495123 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.ade3614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
The endocrine pancreas is one of the most inaccessible organs of the human body. Its autoimmune attack leads to type 1 diabetes (T1D) in a genetically susceptible population and a lifelong need for exogenous insulin replacement. Monitoring disease progression by sampling peripheral blood would provide key insights into T1D immune-mediated mechanisms and potentially change preclinical diagnosis and the evaluation of therapeutic interventions. This effort has been limited to the measurement of circulating anti-islet antibodies, which despite a recognized diagnostic value, remain poorly predictive at the individual level for a fundamentally CD4 T cell-dependent disease. Here, peptide-major histocompatibility complex tetramers were used to profile blood anti-insulin CD4 T cells in mice and humans. While percentages of these were not directly informative, the state of activation of anti-insulin T cells measured by RNA and protein profiling was able to distinguish the absence of autoimmunity versus disease progression. Activated anti-insulin CD4 T cell were detected not only at time of diagnosis but also in patients with established disease and in some at-risk individuals. These results support the concept that antigen-specific CD4 T cells might be used to monitor autoimmunity in real time. This advance can inform our approach to T1D diagnosis and therapeutic interventions in the preclinical phase of anti-islet autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Sharma
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xuqian Tan
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- School of Biological Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Josh Boyer
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Don Clarke
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Anne Costanzo
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Brian Abe
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lisa Kain
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Marie Holt
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Adrienne Armstrong
- Division of Endocrinology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - Marynette Rihanek
- Barbara Davis Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80045, USA
| | - Andrew Su
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Cate Speake
- Diabetes Clinical Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA,98101, USA
- Center for Interventional Immunology, Diabetes Clinical Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Peter Gottlieb
- Barbara Davis Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80045, USA
| | - Michael Gottschalk
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - Jeremy Pettus
- Division of Endocrinology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - Luc Teyton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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2
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Peripheral tolerance by Treg via constraining OX40 signal in autoreactive T cells against desmoglein 3, a target antigen in pemphigus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2026763118. [PMID: 34848535 PMCID: PMC8670434 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2026763118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune tolerance is crucial to prevent harmful immune reactions against self-antigens and well operated by central thymic tolerance and peripheral tissue tolerance. However, peripheral tolerance had been investigated under influence from thymic tolerance. We successfully decoupled peripheral tolerance from thymic tolerance by utilizing autoantigen-deficient thymus. Experiments revealed that self-antigen presentation in steady state initiated proliferation but subsequent disappearance of autoreactive CD4+ T cells in draining lymph nodes. After screening of representative candidates, including Ctla4, autoimmune regulator, and Pd-1, the mechanism was found to depend on regulatory T cell (Treg) function that constrained OX40 signaling of the T cells. This study presented fundamental, but potent, Treg-mediated tolerance mechanisms of peripheral tissues to prevent autoimmunity as compensatory roles for central tolerance. Antigen-specific peripheral tolerance is crucial to prevent the development of organ-specific autoimmunity. However, its function decoupled from thymic tolerance remains unclear. We used desmoglein 3 (Dsg3), a pemphigus antigen expressed in keratinocytes, to analyze peripheral tolerance under physiological antigen-expression conditions. Dsg3-deficient thymi were transplanted into athymic mice to create a unique condition in which Dsg3 was expressed only in peripheral tissue but not in the thymus. When bone marrow transfer was conducted from high-avidity Dsg3-specific T cell receptor–transgenic mice to thymus-transplanted mice, Dsg3-specific CD4+ T cells developed in the transplanted thymus but subsequently disappeared in the periphery. Additionally, when Dsg3-specific T cells developed in Dsg3−/− mice were adoptively transferred into Dsg3-sufficient recipients, the T cells disappeared in an antigen-specific manner without inducing autoimmune dermatitis. However, Dsg3-specific T cells overcame this disappearance and thus induced autoimmune dermatitis in Treg-ablated recipients but not in Foxp3-mutant recipients with dysfunctional Tregs. The molecules involved in disappearance were sought by screening the transcriptomes of wild-type and Foxp3-mutant Tregs. OX40 of Tregs was suggested to be responsible. Consistently, when OX40 expression of Tregs was constrained, Dsg3-specific T cells did not disappear. Furthermore, Tregs obtained OX40L from dendritic cells in an OX40-dependent manner in vitro and then suppressed OX40L expression in dendritic cells and Birc5 expression in Dsg3-specific T cells in vivo. Lastly, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of OX40 signaling in Dsg3-specific T cells restored their disappearance in Treg-ablated recipients. Thus, Treg-mediated peripheral deletion of autoreactive T cells operates as an OX40-dependent regulatory mechanism to avoid undesired autoimmunity besides thymic tolerance.
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Hudemann C, Maglie R, Llamazares M, Beckert B, Didona D, Tikkanen R, Schmitt T, Hashimoto T, Waschke J, Hertl M, Eming R. Human desmocollin 3-specific IgG antibodies are pathogenic in a humanized HLA-class II transgenic mouse model of pemphigus. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 142:915-923.e3. [PMID: 34265330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pemphigus is a potentially lethal autoimmune bullous skin disorder, which is associated with IgG autoantibodies against desmoglein 3 (Dsg3) and Dsg1. Notably, a subset of pemphigus patients presents with a similar clinical phenotype in the absence of anti-Dsg IgG, suggesting the presence of serum IgG reactive with desmosomal components other than Dsg1 or Dsg3. We and others have previously shown that such patients have serum IgG autoantibodies against desmocollin 3 (Dsc3), a component of desmosomes, that induce loss of keratinocyte adhesion ex vivo. Moreover, Dsc3 hypomorphic mice show a severe blistering phenotype of the mucous membrane which is highly characteristic in pemphigus. These findings prompted us to study induction and regulation of anti-human Dsc3 IgG in humanized mice transgenic for HLA-DRB1*04:02, which is a highly prevalent haplotype in pemphigus. We show that IgG from sera of immunized mice induce acantholysis in a dispase-based keratinocyte dissociation assay via the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases and epidermal growth factor receptor. Passive IgG transfer from mice immunized with recombinant human Dsc3 into neonates did not induce intraepidermal loss of adhesion presumably due to the lack of homology between human and mouse Dsc3. Ex vivo stimulation of splenocytes from Dsc3-immunized mice with human Dsc3 leads to a significant proliferative interferon-γ and interleukin 4 T cell response, which is restricted by HLA-DR/DQ. These findings suggest that induction of pathogenic anti-Dsc3 IgG is associated with Dsc3-specific T cells that recognize Dsc3 in association with HLA-DRB1*04:02.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hudemann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
| | - R Maglie
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Section of Dermatology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Italy
| | - M Llamazares
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Cancer Epigenomics Division, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - B Beckert
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - D Didona
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - R Tikkanen
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - T Schmitt
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - T Hashimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - J Waschke
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - M Hertl
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - R Eming
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Klinik III Dermatologie, Venerologie & Allergologie, Bundeswehrzentralkrankenhaus Koblenz, Koblenz, Germany
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4
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Bonasia CG, Abdulahad WH, Rutgers A, Heeringa P, Bos NA. B Cell Activation and Escape of Tolerance Checkpoints: Recent Insights from Studying Autoreactive B Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051190. [PMID: 34068035 PMCID: PMC8152463 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoreactive B cells are key drivers of pathogenic processes in autoimmune diseases by the production of autoantibodies, secretion of cytokines, and presentation of autoantigens to T cells. However, the mechanisms that underlie the development of autoreactive B cells are not well understood. Here, we review recent studies leveraging novel techniques to identify and characterize (auto)antigen-specific B cells. The insights gained from such studies pertaining to the mechanisms involved in the escape of tolerance checkpoints and the activation of autoreactive B cells are discussed. In addition, we briefly highlight potential therapeutic strategies to target and eliminate autoreactive B cells in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo G. Bonasia
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 Groningen, GZ, The Netherlands; (C.G.B.); (W.H.A.); (A.R.)
| | - Wayel H. Abdulahad
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 Groningen, GZ, The Netherlands; (C.G.B.); (W.H.A.); (A.R.)
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 Groningen, GZ, The Netherlands;
| | - Abraham Rutgers
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 Groningen, GZ, The Netherlands; (C.G.B.); (W.H.A.); (A.R.)
| | - Peter Heeringa
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 Groningen, GZ, The Netherlands;
| | - Nicolaas A. Bos
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 Groningen, GZ, The Netherlands; (C.G.B.); (W.H.A.); (A.R.)
- Correspondence:
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5
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Wieber K, Zimmer CL, Hertl M. Detection of autoreactive CD4+ T cells by MHC class II multimers in HLA-linked human autoimmune diseases. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:148674. [PMID: 33938450 DOI: 10.1172/jci148674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of self-peptides in association with distinct HLA class II alleles by autoreactive CD4+ T cells is central for loss of immunological tolerance leading to autoimmune disease. However, identifying immunodominant self-peptides and characterizing autoreactive T cells is challenging. In this issue of the JCI, Falta et al. identify a disease-associated complementarity-determining region 3β motif specific for beryllium-modified C-C motif ligand 4 (CCL4) and CCL3 self-peptides in patients with chronic beryllium disease (CBD), a granulomatous lung disorder with a known HLA class II allelic association. Detection of these antigen-specific CD4+ T cells by beryllium-pulsed HLA-DP2 tetramers presenting CCL4/CCL3 confirms these autoantigens in humans and mice and enables monitoring in the progress of disease. Detection of autoreactive CD4+ T cells by peptide-MHC class II multimers allows for the detailed characterization of disease-promoting T cells. This knowledge has profound implications for the monitoring and development of targeted therapies in human autoimmune disorders.
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6
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Pieper J, Dubnovitsky A, Gerstner C, James EA, Rieck M, Kozhukh G, Tandre K, Pellegrino S, Gebe JA, Rönnblom L, Sandalova T, Kwok WW, Klareskog L, Buckner JH, Achour A, Malmström V. Memory T cells specific to citrullinated α-enolase are enriched in the rheumatic joint. J Autoimmun 2018; 92:47-56. [PMID: 29853344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
ACPA-positive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with distinct HLA-DR alleles and immune responses to many citrullinated self-antigens. Herein we investigated the T cell epitope confined within α-enolase326-340 in the context of HLA-DRB1*04:01 and assessed the corresponding CD4+ T cells in both the circulation and in the rheumatic joint. Comparative crystallographic analyses were performed for the native and citrullinated α-enolase326-340 peptides in complex with HLA-DRB1*04:01. HLA-tetramers assembled with either the native or citrullinated peptide were used for ex vivo and in vitro assessment of α-enolase-specific T cells in peripheral blood, synovial fluid and synovial tissue by flow cytometry. The native and modified peptides take a completely conserved structural conformation within the peptide-binding cleft of HLA-DRB1*04:01. The citrulline residue-327 was located N-terminally, protruding towards TCRs. The frequencies of T cells recognizing native eno326-340 were similar in synovial fluid and peripheral blood, while in contrast, the frequency of T cells recognizing cit-eno326-340 was significantly elevated in synovial fluid compared to peripheral blood (3.6-fold, p = 0.0150). Additionally, citrulline-specific T cells with a memory phenotype were also significantly increased (1.6-fold, p = 0.0052) in synovial fluid compared to peripheral blood. The native T cell epitope confined within α-enolase326-340 does not appear to lead to complete negative selection of cognate CD4+ T cells. In RA patient samples, only T cells recognizing the citrullinated version of α-enolase326-340 were found at elevated frequencies implicating that neo-antigen formation is critical for breach of tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Pieper
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anatoly Dubnovitsky
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina Gerstner
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eddie A James
- Tetramer Core, BRI at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mary Rieck
- Translational Research Program, BRI at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Genadiy Kozhukh
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karolina Tandre
- Department of Medical Sciences, Rheumatology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Pellegrino
- DISFARM, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Sezione Chimica Generale e Organica, Università degli Studi, Milano, Italy
| | - John A Gebe
- Translational Research Program, BRI at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lars Rönnblom
- Department of Medical Sciences, Rheumatology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tatyana Sandalova
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - William W Kwok
- Translational Research Program, BRI at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lars Klareskog
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jane H Buckner
- Translational Research Program, BRI at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adnane Achour
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vivianne Malmström
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Abstract
Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is an autoimmune blistering disease of the skin and mucous membranes. The mean platelet volume (MPV) is an index of platelet activation reported to be influenced by inflammation. We investigated the MPV in patients with PV relative to controls. This case–control study included 160 patients with PV and 640 age- and sex-matched controls. The MPV, platelet count, and other inflammatory parameters were measured for all study participants. A significantly decreased MPV was observed in patients with PV compared with controls, 9.1 (1.5) fL versus 10.3 (1.4) fL, P < .001. A significant negative association between MPV and PV was demonstrated in multivariate analysis (odds ratio, 0.59; 95% confidence interval, 0.51-0.68, P < .0001). Patients having PV with laryngeal involvement had significantly lower MPVs than those without involvement of the larynx, 8.81 (1.5) fL versus 9.32 (1.4) fL, P = .032. Disease activity (before and after treatment) does not affect the MPV. Patients with PV showed decreased MPV values compared to healthy controls. The MPV may be a feasible diagnostic marker in patients with PV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalaf Kridin
- Department of Dermatology, Rambam Health Care Campus, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Wesal Shihade
- Biobank and Unit of Epidemiology, Rambam Health Care Campus, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shira Zelber-Sagi
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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8
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Di Zenzo G, Amber KT, Sayar BS, Müller EJ, Borradori L. Immune response in pemphigus and beyond: progresses and emerging concepts. Semin Immunopathol 2015; 38:57-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-015-0541-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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9
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Massilamany C, Krishnan B, Reddy J. Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Dextramers: New Tools for the Detection of antigen-Specific, CD4 T Cells in Basic and Clinical Research. Scand J Immunol 2015; 82:399-408. [PMID: 26207337 PMCID: PMC4610346 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The advent of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) tetramer technology has been a major contribution to T cell immunology, because tetramer reagents permit detection of antigen-specific T cells at the single-cell level in heterogeneous populations by flow cytometry. However, unlike MHC class I tetramers, the utility of MHC class II tetramers has been less frequently reported. MHC class II tetramers can be used successfully to enumerate the frequencies of antigen-specific CD4 T cells in cells activated in vitro, but their use for ex vivo analyses continues to be a problem, due in part to their activation dependency for binding with T cells. To circumvent this problem, we recently reported the creation of a new generation of reagents called MHC class II dextramers, which were found to be superior to their counterparts. In this review, we discuss the utility of class II dextramers vis-a-vis tetramers, with respect to their specificity and sensitivity, including potential applications and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Massilamany
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - B Krishnan
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - J Reddy
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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10
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Pan M, Zhu H, Xu R. Immune cellular regulation on autoantibody production in pemphigus. J Dermatol 2015; 42:11-7. [PMID: 25558947 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Pan
- Department of Dermatology; Rui Jin Hospital; School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Haiqin Zhu
- Department of Dermatology; Rui Jin Hospital; School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Renchao Xu
- Department of Dermatology; Rui Jin Hospital; School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
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11
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Abstract
MHC class II tetramers have emerged as an important tool for characterization of the specificity and phenotype of CD4 T cell immune responses, useful in a large variety of disease and vaccine studies. Issues of specific T cell frequency, biodistribution, and avidity, coupled with the large genetic diversity of potential class II restriction elements, require targeted experimental design. Translational opportunities for immune disease monitoring are driving the rapid development of HLA class II tetramer use in clinical applications, together with innovations in tetramer production and epitope discovery.
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12
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Zhu H, Chen Y, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Zheng J, Pan M. Cognate Th2–B Cell Interaction is Essential for the Autoantibody Production in Pemphigus Vulgaris. J Clin Immunol 2011; 32:114-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-011-9597-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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13
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Abstract
Autoimmune bullous disorders pose a clinical challenge based on their potentially lethal course and limited therapeutic options. The currently employed immunosuppressive treatments are accompanied by a plethora of side effects. Therefore, our group has sought for many years to dissect the molecular mechanisms of the immune pathogenesis of pemphigus and the pemphigoids allowing for a more specific treatment of these disorders. We have extensively characterized the role of autoaggressive T cells and potential regulatory networks in both disorders and have contributed several tools for more refined serological and T cell-based disease parameters. The ultimate therapeutic goal is anergy induction in these autoaggressive T cells which inititate and perpetuate the B cell-driven immune pathogenesis of pemphigus and the pemphigoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hertl
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University of Marburg, Germany.
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14
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Serum concentration of interleukin-6 is increased both in active and remission stages of pemphigus vulgaris. Mediators Inflamm 2008; 2008:875394. [PMID: 18584045 PMCID: PMC2435293 DOI: 10.1155/2008/875394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2008] [Accepted: 05/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As most studies on pemphigus vulgaris (PV) pathogenesis concern its active stage, we aimed to evaluate the serum concentration of TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 in PV patients in clinical remission. The study group consisted of sera from 19 PV patients in active stage and from 24 patients in clinical remission. 19 sera taken from healthy subjects served as the controls. Serum IL-6 concentrations in PV active and PV remission group were significantly higher when compared to the controls (P < .05). In patients in active stage of PV, a significant correlation between serum IL-1 and IL-6 concentrations was found (rP = 0.46; P < .05). We also found a negative correlation between TNF-α level and pemphigus antibodies titer in the patients from the remission group (rS = −0.47303; P < .02). Our data suggest that IL-6 and TNF-α may be involved in maintaining immunological disturbances in remission stage of PV.
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Laughlin E, Burke G, Pugliese A, Falk B, Nepom G. Recurrence of autoreactive antigen-specific CD4+ T cells in autoimmune diabetes after pancreas transplantation. Clin Immunol 2008; 128:23-30. [PMID: 18455963 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2008.03.459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells specific for the diabetes-associated autoantigen GAD65 were analyzed using peripheral blood samples after pancreas transplantation in subjects with T1D with clinical evidence of recurrent autoimmune diabetes. MHC class II tetramers facilitated the identification and cloning of antigen-specific autoreactive cells, which were found at several time points over a multiyear span, in spite of chronic immunosuppression of the subjects. Comparisons of TCR clonotypes by cDNA sequencing revealed that identical T cells were present in the circulation, separated by long time intervals, consistent with a persistent memory response associated with recurrent autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Laughlin
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
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Vollers SS, Stern LJ. Class II major histocompatibility complex tetramer staining: progress, problems, and prospects. Immunology 2008; 123:305-13. [PMID: 18251991 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02801.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) tetramers in the detection and analysis of antigen-specific T cells has become more widespread since its introduction 11 years ago. Early challenges in the application of tetramer staining to CD4+ T cells centred around difficulties in the expression of various class II MHC allelic variants and the detection of low-frequency T cells in mixed populations. As many of the technical obstacles to class II MHC tetramer staining have been overcome, the focus has returned to uncertainties concerning how oligomer valency and T-cell receptor/MHC affinity affect tetramer binding. Such issues have become more important with an increase in the number of studies relying on direct ex vivo analysis of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells. In this review we discuss which problems in class II MHC tetramer staining have been solved to date, and which matters remain to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina S Vollers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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