1
|
Götz MP, Duque Villegas MA, Fageräng B, Kerfin A, Skjoedt MO, Garred P, Rosbjerg A. Transient Binding Dynamics of Complement System Pattern Recognition Molecules on Pathogens. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:1493-1503. [PMID: 38488502 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Previous studies of pattern recognition molecules (PRMs) of the complement system have revealed difficulties in observing binding on pathogens such as Aspergillus fumigatus and Escherichia coli, despite complement deposition indicative of classical and lectin pathway activation. Thus, we investigated the binding dynamics of PRMs of the complement system, specifically C1q of the classical pathway and mannose-binding lectin (MBL) of the lectin pathway. We observed consistently increasing deposition of essential complement components such as C4b, C3b, and the terminal complement complex on A. fumigatus and E. coli. However, C1q and MBL binding to the surface rapidly declined during incubation after just 2-4 min in 10% plasma. The detachment of C1q and MBL can be linked to complement cascade activation, as the PRMs remain bound in the absence of plasma. The dissociation and the fate of C1q and MBL seem to have different mechanistic functions. Notably, C1q dynamics were associated with local C1 complex activation. When C1s was inhibited in plasma, C1q binding not only remained high but further increased over time. In contrast, MBL binding was inversely correlated with total and early complement activation due to MBL binding being partially retained by complement inhibition. Results indicate that detached MBL might be able to functionally rebind to A. fumigatus. In conclusion, these results reveal a (to our knowledge) novel "hit-and-run" complement-dependent PRM dynamic mechanism on pathogens. These dynamics may have profound implications for host defense and may help increase the functionality and longevity of complement-dependent PRMs in circulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Peter Götz
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, Medicine Section, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Mario Alejandro Duque Villegas
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Infection Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
- Molecular and Experimental Mycobacteriology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Beatrice Fageräng
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aileen Kerfin
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, Medicine Section, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Mikkel-Ole Skjoedt
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Garred
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Rosbjerg
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Coss SL, Zhou D, Chua GT, Aziz RA, Hoffman RP, Wu YL, Ardoin SP, Atkinson JP, Yu CY. The complement system and human autoimmune diseases. J Autoimmun 2023; 137:102979. [PMID: 36535812 PMCID: PMC10276174 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Genetic deficiencies of early components of the classical complement activation pathway (especially C1q, r, s, and C4) are the strongest monogenic causal factors for the prototypic autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but their prevalence is extremely rare. In contrast, isotype genetic deficiency of C4A and acquired deficiency of C1q by autoantibodies are frequent among patients with SLE. Here we review the genetic basis of complement deficiencies in autoimmune disease, discuss the complex genetic diversity seen in complement C4 and its association with autoimmune disease, provide guidance as to when clinicians should suspect and test for complement deficiencies, and outline the current understanding of the mechanisms relating complement deficiencies to autoimmunity. We focus primarily on SLE, as the role of complement in SLE is well-established, but will also discuss other informative diseases such as inflammatory arthritis and myositis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Coss
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Danlei Zhou
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Gilbert T Chua
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Rabheh Abdul Aziz
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Robert P Hoffman
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yee Ling Wu
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Stacy P Ardoin
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - John P Atkinson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chack-Yung Yu
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lindfors E, van Dam JCJ, Lam CMC, Zondervan NA, Martins dos Santos VAP, Suarez-Diez M. SyNDI: synchronous network data integration framework. BMC Bioinformatics 2018; 19:403. [PMID: 30400817 PMCID: PMC6219086 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-018-2426-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systems biology takes a holistic approach by handling biomolecules and their interactions as big systems. Network based approach has emerged as a natural way to model these systems with the idea of representing biomolecules as nodes and their interactions as edges. Very often the input data come from various sorts of omics analyses. Those resulting networks sometimes describe a wide range of aspects, for example different experiment conditions, species, tissue types, stimulating factors, mutants, or simply distinct interaction features of the same network produced by different algorithms. For these scenarios, synchronous visualization of more than one distinct network is an excellent mean to explore all the relevant networks efficiently. In addition, complementary analysis methods are needed and they should work in a workflow manner in order to gain maximal biological insights. RESULTS In order to address the aforementioned needs, we have developed a Synchronous Network Data Integration (SyNDI) framework. This framework contains SyncVis, a Cytoscape application for user-friendly synchronous and simultaneous visualization of multiple biological networks, and it is seamlessly integrated with other bioinformatics tools via the Galaxy platform. We demonstrated the functionality and usability of the framework with three biological examples - we analyzed the distinct connectivity of plasma metabolites in networks associated with high or low latent cardiovascular disease risk; deeper insights were obtained from a few similar inflammatory response pathways in Staphylococcus aureus infection common to human and mouse; and regulatory motifs which have not been reported associated with transcriptional adaptations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were identified. CONCLUSIONS Our SyNDI framework couples synchronous network visualization seamlessly with additional bioinformatics tools. The user can easily tailor the framework for his/her needs by adding new tools and datasets to the Galaxy platform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erno Lindfors
- LifeGlimmer GmbH, Markelstrasse 38, 12163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jesse C. J. van Dam
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Niels A. Zondervan
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vitor A. P. Martins dos Santos
- LifeGlimmer GmbH, Markelstrasse 38, 12163 Berlin, Germany
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Suarez-Diez
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
van Schaarenburg RA, Magro-Checa C, Bakker JA, Teng YKO, Bajema IM, Huizinga TW, Steup-Beekman GM, Trouw LA. C1q Deficiency and Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2016; 7:647. [PMID: 28082982 PMCID: PMC5186770 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
C1q deficiency is a rare immunodeficiency, which is strongly associated with the development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A mutation in one of the C1q genes can either lead to complete deficiency or to low C1q levels with C1q polypeptide in the form of low-molecular weight (LMW) C1q. Patients with C1q deficiency mainly present with cutaneous and renal involvement. Although less frequent, neuropsychiatric (NP) involvement has also been reported in 20% of the C1q-deficient patients. This involvement appears to be absent in other deficiencies of early components of the complement classical pathway (CP) (C1r/C1s, C2, or C4 deficiencies). We describe a new case with C1q deficiency with a homozygous G34R mutation in C1qC-producing LMW-C1q presenting with a severe SLE flare with NP involvement. The serum of this patient contained very low levels of a LMW variant of C1q polypeptides. Cell lysates contained the three chains of C1q, but no intact C1q was detected, consistent with the hypothesis of the existence of a LMW-C1q. Furthermore, we provide a literature overview of NP-SLE in C1q deficiency and hypothesize about the potential role of C1q in the pathogenesis of NP involvement in these patients. The onset of NP-SLE in C1q-deficient individuals is more severe when compared with complement competent NP-SLE patients. An important number of cases present with seizures and the most frequent findings in neuroimaging are changes in basal ganglia and cerebral vasculitis. A defective CP, because of non-functional C1q, does not protect against NP involvement in SLE. The absence of C1q and, subsequently, some of its biological functions may be associated with more severe NP-SLE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - César Magro-Checa
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
| | - Jaap A Bakker
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
| | - Y K Onno Teng
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
| | - Ingeborg M Bajema
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
| | - Tom W Huizinga
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
| | | | - Leendert A Trouw
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rosbjerg A, Genster N, Pilely K, Skjoedt MO, Stahl GL, Garred P. Complementary Roles of the Classical and Lectin Complement Pathways in the Defense against Aspergillus fumigatus. Front Immunol 2016; 7:473. [PMID: 27857715 PMCID: PMC5093123 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus infections are associated with a high mortality rate for immunocompromised patients. The complement system is considered to be important in protection against this fungus, yet the course of activation is unclear. The aim of this study was to unravel the role of the classical, lectin, and alternative pathways under both immunocompetent and immunocompromised conditions to provide a relevant dual-perspective on the response against A. fumigatus. Conidia (spores) from a clinical isolate of A. fumigatus were combined with various human serum types (including serum deficient of various complement components and serum from umbilical cord blood). We also combined this with inhibitors against C1q, mannose-binding lectin (MBL), and ficolin-2 before complement activation products and phagocytosis were detected by flow cytometry. Our results showed that alternative pathway amplified complement on A. fumigatus, but required classical and/or lectin pathway for initiation. In normal human serum, this initiation came primarily from the classical pathway. However, with a dysfunctional classical pathway (C1q-deficient serum), lectin pathway activated complement and mediated opsonophagocytosis through MBL. To model the antibody-decline in a compromised immune system, we used serum from normal umbilical cords and found MBL to be the key complement initiator. In another set of experiments, serum from patients with different kinds of immunoglobulin insufficiencies showed that the MBL lectin pathway contribution was highest in the samples with the lowest IgG/IgM binding. In conclusion, lectin pathway appears to be the primary route of complement activation in the absence of anti-A. fumigatus antibodies, whereas in a balanced immune state classical pathway is the main activator. This suggests a crucial role for the lectin pathway in innate immune protection against A. fumigatus in immunocompromised patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Rosbjerg
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Ninette Genster
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Katrine Pilely
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Mikkel-Ole Skjoedt
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Gregory L Stahl
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Peter Garred
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pilely K, Rosbjerg A, Genster N, Gal P, Pál G, Halvorsen B, Holm S, Aukrust P, Bakke SS, Sporsheim B, Nervik I, Niyonzima N, Bartels ED, Stahl GL, Mollnes TE, Espevik T, Garred P. Cholesterol Crystals Activate the Lectin Complement Pathway via Ficolin-2 and Mannose-Binding Lectin: Implications for the Progression of Atherosclerosis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 196:5064-74. [PMID: 27183610 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol crystals (CC) play an essential role in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. CC activate the classical and the alternative complement pathways, but the role of the lectin pathway is unknown. We hypothesized that the pattern recognition molecules (PRMs) from the lectin pathway bind CC and function as an upstream innate inflammatory signal in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. We investigated the binding of the PRMs mannose-binding lectin (MBL), ficolin-1, ficolin-2, and ficolin-3, the associated serine proteases, and complement activation products to CC in vitro using recombinant proteins, specific inhibitors, as well as deficient and normal sera. Additionally, we examined the deposition of ficolin-2 and MBL in human carotid plaques by immunohistochemistry and fluorescence microscopy. The results showed that the lectin pathway was activated on CC by binding of ficolin-2 and MBL in vitro, resulting in activation and deposition of complement activation products. MBL bound to CC in a calcium-dependent manner whereas ficolin-2 binding was calcium-independent. No binding was observed for ficolin-1 or ficolin-3. MBL and ficolin-2 were present in human carotid plaques, and binding of MBL to CC was confirmed in vivo by immunohistochemistry, showing localization of MBL around CC clefts. Moreover, we demonstrated that IgM, but not IgG, bound to CC in vitro and that C1q binding was facilitated by IgM. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that PRMs from the lectin pathway recognize CC and provides evidence for an important role for this pathway in the inflammatory response induced by CC in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Pilely
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - Anne Rosbjerg
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - Ninette Genster
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - Peter Gal
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Pál
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bente Halvorsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, 0424 Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sverre Holm
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, 0424 Oslo, Norway; Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, 2609 Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, 0424 Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Siril Skaret Bakke
- Center of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørnar Sporsheim
- Center of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ingunn Nervik
- Section for Children's and Women's Health, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Nathalie Niyonzima
- Center of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Emil D Bartels
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - Gregory L Stahl
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Tom Eirik Mollnes
- K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, 0424 Oslo, Norway; Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, 8038 Bodø, Norway; and K.G. Jebsen Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center, University of Tromsø, 9019 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Terje Espevik
- Center of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Peter Garred
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases represent a heterogeneous group of common disorders defined by complex trait genetics and environmental effects. The genetic variants usually align in immune and metabolic pathways that affect cell survival or apoptosis and modulate leukocyte function. Nevertheless, the exact triggers of disease development remain poorly understood and the current therapeutic interventions only modify the disease course. Both the prevention and the cure of autoimmune disorders are beyond our present medical capabilities. In contrast, a growing number of single gene autoimmune disorders have also been identified and characterized in the last few decades. Mutations and other gene alterations exert significant effects in these conditions, and often affect genes involved in central or peripheral immunologic tolerance induction. Even though a single genetic abnormality may be the disease trigger, it usually upsets a number of interactions among immune cells, and the biological developments of these monogenic disorders are also complex. Nevertheless, identification of the triggering molecular abnormalities greatly contributes to our understanding of the pathogenesis of autoimmunity and facilitates the development of newer and more effective treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Plander
- a Markusovszky University Teaching Hospital , Szombathely , Hungary and
| | - Bernadette Kalman
- a Markusovszky University Teaching Hospital , Szombathely , Hungary and.,b University of Pecs , Pecs , Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lintner KE, Wu YL, Yang Y, Spencer CH, Hauptmann G, Hebert LA, Atkinson JP, Yu CY. Early Components of the Complement Classical Activation Pathway in Human Systemic Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2016; 7:36. [PMID: 26913032 PMCID: PMC4753731 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system consists of effector proteins, regulators, and receptors that participate in host defense against pathogens. Activation of the complement system, via the classical pathway (CP), has long been recognized in immune complex-mediated tissue injury, most notably systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Paradoxically, a complete deficiency of an early component of the CP, as evidenced by homozygous genetic deficiencies reported in human, are strongly associated with the risk of developing SLE or a lupus-like disease. Similarly, isotype deficiency attributable to a gene copy-number (GCN) variation and/or the presence of autoantibodies directed against a CP component or a regulatory protein that result in an acquired deficiency are relatively common in SLE patients. Applying accurate assay methodologies with rigorous data validations, low GCNs of total C4, and heterozygous and homozygous deficiencies of C4A have been shown as medium to large effect size risk factors, while high copy numbers of total C4 or C4A as prevalent protective factors, of European and East-Asian SLE. Here, we summarize the current knowledge related to genetic deficiency and insufficiency, and acquired protein deficiencies for C1q, C1r, C1s, C4A/C4B, and C2 in disease pathogenesis and prognosis of SLE, and, briefly, for other systemic autoimmune diseases. As the complement system is increasingly found to be associated with autoimmune diseases and immune-mediated diseases, it has become an attractive therapeutic target. We highlight the recent developments and offer a balanced perspective concerning future investigations and therapeutic applications with a focus on early components of the CP in human systemic autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Lintner
- Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA
| | - Yee Ling Wu
- Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA
| | - Yan Yang
- Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA
| | - Charles H Spencer
- Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA
| | - Georges Hauptmann
- Laboratoire d'Immuno-Rhumatologie Moleculaire, INSERM UMR_S 1109, LabEx Transplantex, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
| | - Lee A Hebert
- Division of Nephrology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA
| | - John P Atkinson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, MO , USA
| | - C Yung Yu
- Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Clinical presentation of human C1q deficiency: How much of a lupus? Mol Immunol 2015; 67:3-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
10
|
Evasion and interactions of the humoral innate immune response in pathogen invasion, autoimmune disease, and cancer. Clin Immunol 2015; 160:244-54. [PMID: 26145788 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The humoral innate immune system is composed of three major branches, complement, coagulation, and natural antibodies. To persist in the host, pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and cancers must evade parts of the innate humoral immune system. Disruptions in the humoral innate immune system also play a role in the development of autoimmune diseases. This review will examine how Gram positive bacteria, viruses, cancer, and the autoimmune conditions systemic lupus erythematosus and anti-phospholipid syndrome, interact with these immune system components. Through examining evasion techniques it becomes clear that an interplay between these three systems exists. By exploring the interplay and the evasion/disruption of the humoral innate immune system, we can develop a better understanding of pathogenic infections, cancer, and autoimmune disease development.
Collapse
|
11
|
Beurskens FJ, van Schaarenburg RA, Trouw LA. C1q, antibodies and anti-C1q autoantibodies. Mol Immunol 2015; 68:6-13. [PMID: 26032012 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The complement system has long been known for its role in combating infections. More recently the complement system is becoming increasingly appreciated for its role in processes that range from waste transport, immune tolerance and shaping of the adaptive immune response. Antibodies represent the humoral part of the adaptive immune response and the complement system interacts with antibodies in several ways. Activated complement fragments impact on the production of antibodies, the complement system gets activated by antibodies and complement proteins can be the target of (auto)antibodies. In this review, written to celebrate the contributions of Prof. Dr. M.R. Daha to the field of immunology and especially complement, we will focus on C1q and its various interactions with antibodies. We will specifically focus on the mechanisms by which C1q will interact with monomeric IgG versus polymerized IgG and fluid-phase IgM versus solid-phase IgM. In addition in this review we will discuss in detail how C1q itself is targeted by autoantibodies and how these autoantibodies are currently considered to play a role in human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leendert A Trouw
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jlajla H, Sellami MK, Sfar I, Laadhar L, Zerzeri Y, Abdelmoula MS, Gorgi Y, Dridi MF, Makni S. New C1q mutation in a Tunisian family. Immunobiology 2014; 219:241-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
13
|
Microglia, Alzheimer's disease, and complement. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 2012:983640. [PMID: 22957298 PMCID: PMC3432348 DOI: 10.1155/2012/983640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the immune cell of the brain, are implicated in cascades leading to neuronal loss and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent genome-wide association studies have indicated a number of risk factors for the development of late-onset AD. Two of these risk factors are an altered immune response and polymorphisms in complement receptor 1. In view of these findings, we discuss how complement signalling in the AD brain and microglial responses in AD intersect. Dysregulation of the complement cascade, either by changes in receptor expression, enhanced activation of different complement pathways or imbalances between complement factor production and complement cascade inhibitors may all contribute to the involvement of complement in AD. Altered complement signalling may reduce the ability of microglia to phagocytose apoptotic cells and clear amyloid beta peptides, modulate the expression by microglia of complement components and receptors, promote complement factor production by plaque-associated cytokines derived from activated microglia and astrocytes, and disrupt complement inhibitor production. The evidence presented here indicates that microglia in AD are influenced by complement factors to adopt protective or harmful phenotypes and the challenge ahead lies in understanding how this can be manipulated to therapeutic advantage to treat late onset AD.
Collapse
|
14
|
C1q deficiency: identification of a novel missense mutation and treatment with fresh frozen plasma. Clin Rheumatol 2012; 31:1123-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s10067-012-1978-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
15
|
Molecular basis of hereditary C1q deficiency--revisited: identification of several novel disease-causing mutations. Genes Immun 2011; 12:626-34. [PMID: 21654842 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2011.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
C1q is the central pattern-recognition molecule in the classical pathway of the complement system and is known to have a key role in the crossroads between adaptive and innate immunity. Hereditary C1q deficiency is a rare genetic condition strongly associated with systemic lupus erythematosus and increased susceptibility to bacterial infections. However, the clinical symptoms may vary. For long, the molecular basis of C1q deficiency was ascribed to only six different mutations. In the present report, we describe five new patients with C1q deficiency, present the 12 causative mutations described till now and review the clinical spectrum of symptoms found in patients with C1q deficiency. With the results presented here, confirmed C1q deficiency is reported in 64 patients from at least 38 families.
Collapse
|
16
|
Hayakawa J, Migita M, Ueda T, Itoh Y, Fukunaga Y. An Infantile Case of Early Manifestation of SLE-like Symptoms in Complete C1q Deficiency. J NIPPON MED SCH 2011; 78:322-8. [DOI: 10.1272/jnms.78.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hayakawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School
- Department of Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School
| | - Makoto Migita
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School
- Department of Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School
| | - Takahiro Ueda
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School
- Department of Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School
| | - Yasuhiko Itoh
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School
- Department of Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School
| | - Yoshitaka Fukunaga
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School
- Department of Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kallel-Sellami M, Laadhar L, Zerzeri Y, Makni S. Complement deficiency and systemic lupus erythematosus: consensus and dilemma. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 4:629-37. [PMID: 20476965 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.4.5.629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of the complement system in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases is a matter of debate. However, the link between complement abnormalities and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is well established and widely described. Homozygous and/or heterozygous complement-component deficiencies of the classical pathway (C1q, C1r, C1s, C4A, C4B and C2) are causally associated with susceptibility to the development of SLE. Although the severity of the disease and the strength of the association are heterogeneous for deficiencies of these proteins, they commonly cause peculiar SLE syndromes with an early age of onset, a susceptibility to bacterial infections and negative anti-dsDNA antibodies. In this review, we highlight the available data on complement deficiency and SLE with a focus on deficiencies in classical complement pathway components. We also discuss the paradox of the link between complement deficiency and lupus. The complement system acts as a 'friend' through the clearance of immune complexes and apoptotic cells, which explains the close association between complement deficiency and lupus. It also acts as an 'enemy' by participating in the effector inflammatory phase of the autoimmune response. Understanding the importance of complement deficiencies should provide novel targets for therapeutic interventions in the modulation of the immune response.
Collapse
|
18
|
Ma YJ, Doni A, Hummelshøj T, Honoré C, Bastone A, Mantovani A, Thielens NM, Garred P. Synergy between ficolin-2 and pentraxin 3 boosts innate immune recognition and complement deposition. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:28263-28275. [PMID: 19632990 PMCID: PMC2788878 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.009225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2009] [Revised: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The long pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is a multifunctional soluble pattern recognition molecule that is crucial in innate immune protection against opportunistic fungal pathogens such as Aspergillus fumigatus. The mechanisms that mediate downstream effects of PTX3 are largely unknown. However, PTX3 interacts with C1q from the classical pathway of the complement. The ficolins are recognition molecules of the lectin complement pathway sharing structural and functional characteristics with C1q. Thus, we investigated whether the ficolins (Ficolin-1, -2, and -3) interact with PTX3 and whether the complexes are able to modulate complement activation on A. fumigatus. Ficolin-2 could be affinity-isolated from human plasma on immobilized PTX3. In binding studies, Ficolin-1 and particularly Ficolin-2 interacted with PTX3 in a calcium-independent manner. Ficolin-2, but not Ficolin-1 and Ficolin-3, bound A. fumigatus directly, but this binding was enhanced by PTX3 and vice versa. Ficolin-2-dependent complement deposition on the surface of A. fumigatus was enhanced by PTX3. A polymorphism in the FCN2 gene causing a T236M amino acid change in the fibrinogen-like binding domain of Ficolin-2, which affects the binding to GlcNAc, reduced Ficolin-2 binding to PTX3 and A. fumigatus significantly. These results demonstrate that PTX3 and Ficolin-2 may recruit each other on pathogens. The effect was alleviated by a common amino acid change in the fibrinogen-like domain of Ficolin-2. Thus, components of the humoral innate immune system, which activate different complement pathways, cooperate and amplify microbial recognition and effector functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jie Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Andrea Doni
- Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano 20089, Italy
| | - Tina Hummelshøj
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Christian Honoré
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Antonio Bastone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan 20157, Italy
| | | | - Nicole M Thielens
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie Moléculaire, Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, UMR 5075, CNRS-CEA-Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble 5075, France
| | - Peter Garred
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Munthe-Fog L, Hummelshøj T, Honoré C, Madsen HO, Permin H, Garred P. Immunodeficiency associated with FCN3 mutation and ficolin-3 deficiency. N Engl J Med 2009; 360:2637-44. [PMID: 19535802 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa0900381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ficolin-3, encoded by the FCN3 gene and expressed in the lung and liver, is a recognition molecule in the lectin pathway of the complement system. Heterozygosity for an FCN3 frameshift mutation (rs28357092), leading to a distortion of the C-terminal end of the molecule, occurs in people without disease (allele frequency among whites, 0.01). We describe a patient with recurrent infections who was homozygous for this mutation, who had undetectable serum levels of ficolin-3, and who had a deficiency in ficolin-3-dependent complement activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lea Munthe-Fog
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Sect-7631, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|