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Niu L, Wang H, Luo G, Zhou J, Hu Z, Yan B. Advances in understanding immune homeostasis in latent tuberculosis infection. WIREs Mech Dis 2024; 16:e1643. [PMID: 38351551 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Nearly one-fourth of the global population is infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), and approximately 90%-95% remain asymptomatic as latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), an estimated 5%-10% of those with latent infections will eventually progress to active tuberculosis (ATB). Although it is widely accepted that LTBI transitioning to ATB results from a disruption of host immune balance and a weakening of protective immune responses, the exact underlying immunological mechanisms that promote this conversion are not well characterized. Thus, it is difficult to accurately predict tuberculosis (TB) progression in advance, leaving the LTBI population as a significant threat to TB prevention and control. This article systematically explores three aspects related to the immunoregulatory mechanisms and translational research about LTBI: (1) the distinct immunocytological characteristics of LTBI and ATB, (2) LTBI diagnostic markers discovery related to host anti-TB immunity and metabolic pathways, and (3) vaccine development focus on LTBI. This article is categorized under: Infectious Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Infectious Diseases > Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics Immune System Diseases > Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangfei Niu
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wang
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Geyang Luo
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Center for Tuberculosis Research, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhidong Hu
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Yan
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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2
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Marrella V, Nicchiotti F, Cassani B. Microbiota and Immunity during Respiratory Infections: Lung and Gut Affair. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4051. [PMID: 38612860 PMCID: PMC11012346 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial and viral respiratory tract infections are the most common infectious diseases, leading to worldwide morbidity and mortality. In the past 10 years, the importance of lung microbiota emerged in the context of pulmonary diseases, although the mechanisms by which it impacts the intestinal environment have not yet been fully identified. On the contrary, gut microbial dysbiosis is associated with disease etiology or/and development in the lung. In this review, we present an overview of the lung microbiome modifications occurring during respiratory infections, namely, reduced community diversity and increased microbial burden, and of the downstream consequences on host-pathogen interaction, inflammatory signals, and cytokines production, in turn affecting the disease progression and outcome. Particularly, we focus on the role of the gut-lung bidirectional communication in shaping inflammation and immunity in this context, resuming both animal and human studies. Moreover, we discuss the challenges and possibilities related to novel microbial-based (probiotics and dietary supplementation) and microbial-targeted therapies (antibacterial monoclonal antibodies and bacteriophages), aimed to remodel the composition of resident microbial communities and restore health. Finally, we propose an outlook of some relevant questions in the field to be answered with future research, which may have translational relevance for the prevention and control of respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Marrella
- UOS Milan Unit, Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), CNR, 20138 Milan, Italy;
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Nicchiotti
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20089 Milan, Italy;
| | - Barbara Cassani
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20089 Milan, Italy;
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3
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Sankar P, Mishra BB. Early innate cell interactions with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in protection and pathology of tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1260859. [PMID: 37965344 PMCID: PMC10641450 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1260859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health challenge, claiming the lives of up to 1.5 million individuals annually. TB is caused by the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), which primarily infects innate immune cells in the lungs. These immune cells play a critical role in the host defense against Mtb infection, influencing the inflammatory environment in the lungs, and facilitating the development of adaptive immunity. However, Mtb exploits and manipulates innate immune cells, using them as favorable niche for replication. Unfortunately, our understanding of the early interactions between Mtb and innate effector cells remains limited. This review underscores the interactions between Mtb and various innate immune cells, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, granulocytes, NK cells, innate lymphocytes-iNKT and ILCs. In addition, the contribution of alveolar epithelial cell and endothelial cells that constitutes the mucosal barrier in TB immunity will be discussed. Gaining insights into the early cellular basis of immune reactions to Mtb infection is crucial for our understanding of Mtb resistance and disease tolerance mechanisms. We argue that a better understanding of the early host-pathogen interactions could inform on future vaccination approaches and devise intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bibhuti Bhusan Mishra
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
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4
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Saavedra-Avila NA, Dellabona P, Casorati G, Veerapen N, Besra GS, Howell AR, Porcelli SA. A humanized mouse model for in vivo evaluation of invariant Natural Killer T cell responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1011209. [PMID: 36263021 PMCID: PMC9574442 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1011209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells mediate immune responses when stimulated by glycolipid agonists presented by CD1d. In extensive studies of synthetic analogues of α-galactosyl ceramides, we identified numerous examples of significant differences in the recognition of specific glycolipids in wild type mice versus human iNKT cell clones or PBMC samples. To predict human iNKT cell responses more accurately in a mouse model, we derived a mouse line in which compound genetic modifications were used to express a human-like iNKT cell TCR along with human CD1d in place of the endogenous mouse proteins. Detailed transcriptional and phenotypic profiling demonstrated that these partially humanized mice developed an expanded population of T cells recognizing CD1d-presented glycolipid antigens, among which a subset characterized by expression of chemokine receptor CXCR6 had features characteristic of authentic iNKT cells. Responses to iNKT cell activating glycolipids in these mice generated cytokine production in vitro and in vivo that showed a pattern of fine specificity that closely resembled that of cultured human iNKT cell clones. Anti-tumor responses to variants of α-galactosyl ceramide in VαKI mice also correlated with their potency for stimulating human iNKT cells. This genetically modified mouse line provides a practical model for human presentation and recognition of iNKT cell activators in the context of a normally functioning immune system, and may furnish valuable opportunities for preclinical evaluation of iNKT cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paolo Dellabona
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Giulia Casorati
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Natacha Veerapen
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gurdyal S. Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Amy R. Howell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Steven A. Porcelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
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5
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Romanò C, Clausen MH. Chemical Biology of αGalCer: a Chemist’s Toolbox for the Stimulation of Invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) Cells. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Romanò
- Technical University of Denmark: Danmarks Tekniske Universitet Department of Chemisty Kemitorvet 207 2800 Kgs. Lyngby DENMARK
| | - Mads Hartvig Clausen
- Technical University of Denmark Department of Chemistry Kemitorvet, Building 201 2800 Kgs. Lyngby DENMARK
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6
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High Dimensionality Reduction and Immune Phenotyping of Natural Killer and Invariant Natural Killer Cells in Latent Tuberculosis-Diabetes Comorbidity. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:2422790. [PMID: 35242883 PMCID: PMC8886750 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2422790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) and invariant NKT (iNKT) cells are unique innate lymphocytes that coordinate diverse immune responses and display antimycobacterial potential. However, the role of NK and iNKT cells expressing cytokines, cytotoxic, and immune markers in latent tuberculosis (LTB), diabetes mellitus (DM), or preDM (PDM) and nonDM (NDM) comorbidities is not known. Thus, we have studied the unstimulated (UNS), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb [PPD, WCL]), and mitogen (P/I)-stimulated NK and iNKT cells expressing Type 1 (IFNγ, TNFα, and IL-2), Type 17 (IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-22) cytokines, cytotoxic (perforin, granzyme B, and granulysin) and immune (GMCSF, PD-1, and CD69) markers in LTB comorbidities by dimensionality reduction and flow cytometry. Our results suggest that LTB DM and PDM individuals express diverse NK and iNKT cell immune clusters compared to LTB NDM individuals. In UNS condition, frequencies of NK and iNKT cells expressing markers are not significantly different. After Mtb antigen stimulation, NK cell expressing [Type 1 (IFNγ, TNFα, and IL-2), GMCSF in PPD and IFNγ in WCL), Type 17 [(IL-17A), PD-1 in PPD), (IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-22), PD-1 in WCL], and cytotoxic (perforin, granzyme B in PPD, and WCL)] marker frequencies were significantly reduced in LTB DM and/or PDM individuals compared to LTB NDM individuals. Similarly, iNKT cells expressing [Type 1 (IFNγ, IL-2), GMCSF in PPD), TNFα, GMCSF in WCL), Type 17 (IL-17A), PD-1 in PPD, IL-17F in WCL) cytokines were increased and cytotoxic or immune (perforin, granzyme B, granulysin), CD69 in PPD, perforin and CD69 in WCL] marker frequencies were significantly diminished in LTB DM and/or PDM compared to LTB NDM individuals. Finally, NK and iNKT cell frequencies did not exhibit significant differences upon positive control antigen stimulation between the study population. Therefore, altered NK cell and iNKT cells expressing cytokines, cytotoxic, and immune markers are characteristic features in LTB PDM/DM comorbidities.
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7
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van Hooij A, Geluk A. In search of biomarkers for leprosy by unraveling the host immune response to Mycobacterium leprae. Immunol Rev 2021; 301:175-192. [PMID: 33709405 PMCID: PMC8251784 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium leprae, the causative agent of leprosy, is still actively transmitted in endemic areas reflected by the fairly stable number of new cases detected each year. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of leprosy is challenging, especially at an early stage. Improved diagnostic tools, based on sensitive and specific biomarkers, that facilitate diagnosis of leprosy are therefore urgently needed. In this review, we address the challenges that leprosy biomarker research is facing by reviewing cell types reported to be involved in host immunity to M leprae. These cell types can be associated with different possible fates of M leprae infection being either protective immunity, or pathogenic immune responses inducing nerve damage. Unraveling these responses will facilitate the search for biomarkers. Implications for further studies to disentangle the complex interplay between host responses that lead to leprosy disease are discussed, providing leads for the identification of new biomarkers to improve leprosy diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk van Hooij
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Geluk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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8
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Ruibal P, Voogd L, Joosten SA, Ottenhoff THM. The role of donor-unrestricted T-cells, innate lymphoid cells, and NK cells in anti-mycobacterial immunity. Immunol Rev 2021; 301:30-47. [PMID: 33529407 PMCID: PMC8154655 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination strategies against mycobacteria, focusing mostly on classical T‐ and B‐cells, have shown limited success, encouraging the addition of alternative targets. Classically restricted T‐cells recognize antigens presented via highly polymorphic HLA class Ia and class II molecules, while donor‐unrestricted T‐cells (DURTs), with few exceptions, recognize ligands via genetically conserved antigen presentation molecules. Consequently, DURTs can respond to the same ligands across diverse human populations. DURTs can be activated either through cognate TCR ligation or via bystander cytokine signaling. TCR‐driven antigen‐specific activation of DURTs occurs upon antigen presentation via non‐polymorphic molecules such as HLA‐E, CD1, MR1, and butyrophilin, leading to the activation of HLA‐E–restricted T‐cells, CD1‐restricted T‐cells, mucosal‐associated invariant T‐cells (MAITs), and TCRγδ T‐cells, respectively. NK cells and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), which lack rearranged TCRs, are activated through other receptor‐triggering pathways, or can be engaged through bystander cytokines, produced, for example, by activated antigen‐specific T‐cells or phagocytes. NK cells can also develop trained immune memory and thus could represent cells of interest to mobilize by novel vaccines. In this review, we summarize the latest findings regarding the contributions of DURTs, NK cells, and ILCs in anti–M tuberculosis, M leprae, and non‐tuberculous mycobacterial immunity and explore possible ways in which they could be harnessed through vaccines and immunotherapies to improve protection against Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ruibal
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Linda Voogd
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Simone A Joosten
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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9
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Trujillo-Ocampo A, Cho HW, Clowers M, Pareek S, Ruiz-Vazquez W, Lee SE, Im JS. IL-7 During Antigenic Stimulation Using Allogeneic Dendritic Cells Promotes Expansion of CD45RA -CD62L +CD4 + Invariant NKT Cells With Th-2 Biased Cytokine Production Profile. Front Immunol 2020; 11:567406. [PMID: 33329531 PMCID: PMC7728799 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.567406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are innate-like T lymphocytes cells that recognize glycolipid antigens associated with CD1d, non-classical antigen presenting proteins. They can drive either pro-inflammatory (Th-1) or anti-inflammatory (Th-2) immune microenvironment through the production of both Th-1 and Th-2 type cytokines upon activation, thus play a vital role in cancer, infection, and autoimmune diseases. Adoptive cell therapy using ex vivo expanded iNKT cells is a promising approach to enhance anti-tumor immunity or immunosuppression. However, overcoming phenotypic and functional heterogeneity and promoting in vivo persistency of iNKT cells remains to be a challenge. Here, we compared various methods for ex vivo expansion of human iNKT cells and assessed the quality of expansion, phenotype, and cytokine production profile of expanded iNKT cells. While a direct stimulation of iNKT cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells with agonist glycolipid led to the expansion of iNKT cells in varying degrees, stimulation of enriched iNKT cells by irradiated autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells or allogeneic dendritic cells resulted in consistent expansion of highly pure iNKT cells. Interestingly, the mode of antigenic stimulation influenced the dominant subtype of expanded iNKT cells. Further, we evaluated whether additional IL-7 or IL-15 during antigenic stimulation with allogeneic dendritic cells can improve the phenotypic heterogeneity and modify cytokine production profile of iNKT cells expanded from 18 consecutive donors. The presence of IL-7 or IL-15 during antigenic stimulation did not affect the fold of expansion or purity of expanded iNKT cells. However, IL-7, but not IL-15, led to a better expansion of CD4+ iNKT cells, enhanced Th-2 type cytokine production of CD4+ iNKT cells, and maintained the expansion of central memory (CD45RA-CD62L+) CD4+ iNKT cells. Our results suggest the addition of IL-7 during antigenic stimulation with allogeneic dendritic cells can promote the expansion of CD62L+Th-2+CD4+ human iNKT cells that can be used as novel immunotherapeutic to control excessive inflammation to treat various autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Trujillo-Ocampo
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Hyun-Woo Cho
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Michael Clowers
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sumedha Pareek
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Wilfredo Ruiz-Vazquez
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sung-Eun Lee
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Hematology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin S Im
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Hematology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
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10
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La Manna MP, Orlando V, Tamburini B, Badami GD, Dieli F, Caccamo N. Harnessing Unconventional T Cells for Immunotherapy of Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2107. [PMID: 33013888 PMCID: PMC7497315 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Even if the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) has been decreasing over the last years, the number of patients with TB is increasing worldwide. The emergence of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant TB is making control of TB more difficult. Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccine fails to prevent pulmonary TB in adults, and there is an urgent need for a vaccine that is also effective in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection. Therefore, TB control may benefit on novel therapeutic options beyond antimicrobial treatment. Host-directed immunotherapies could offer therapeutic strategies for patients with drug-resistant TB or with HIV and TB coinfection. In the last years, the use of donor lymphocytes after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has emerged as a new strategy in the cure of hematologic malignancies in order to induce graft-versus leukemia and graft-versus-infection effects. Moreover, adoptive therapy has proven to be effective in controlling cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus reactivation in immunocompromised patients with ex vivo expanded viral antigen-specific T cells. Unconventional T cells are a heterogeneous group of T lymphocytes with limited diversity. One of their characteristics is that antigen recognition is not restricted by the classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC). They include CD1 (cluster of differentiation 1)–restricted T cells, MHC-related protein-1–restricted mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, MHC class Ib–reactive T cells, and γδ T cells. Because these T cells are genotype-independent, they are also termed “donor unrestricted” T cells. The combined features of low donor diversity and the lack of genetic restriction make these cells suitable candidates for T cell–based immunotherapy of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco P La Manna
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valentina Orlando
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Bartolo Tamburini
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giusto D Badami
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Dieli
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Nadia Caccamo
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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11
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Vorkas CK, Wipperman MF, Li K, Bean J, Bhattarai SK, Adamow M, Wong P, Aubé J, Juste MAJ, Bucci V, Fitzgerald DW, Glickman MS. Mucosal-associated invariant and γδ T cell subsets respond to initial Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. JCI Insight 2018; 3:121899. [PMID: 30282828 PMCID: PMC6237486 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.121899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immune responses that control early Mtb infection are poorly understood, but understanding these responses may inform vaccination and immunotherapy strategies. Innate T cells that respond to conserved bacterial ligands such as mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) and γδ T cells are prime candidates to mediate these early innate responses but have not been examined in subjects who have been recently exposed to Mtb. We recruited a cohort living in the same household with an active tuberculosis (TB) case and examined the abundance and functional phenotypes of 3 innate T cell populations reactive to M. tuberculosis: γδ T, invariant NK T (iNKT), and MAIT cells. Both MAIT and γδ T cells from subjects with Mtb exposure display ex vivo phenotypes consistent with recent activation. However, both MAIT and γδ T cell subsets have distinct response profiles, with CD4+ MAIT and γδ T cells accumulating after infection. Examination of exposed but uninfected contacts demonstrates that resistance to initial infection is accompanied by robust MAIT cell CD25 expression and granzyme B production coupled with a depressed CD69 and IFNγ response. Finally, we demonstrate that MAIT cell abundance and function correlate with the abundance of specific gut microbes, suggesting that responses to initial infection may be modulated by the intestinal microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Kyriakos Vorkas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine (WCM), New York, New York, USA
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA
| | - Matthew F. Wipperman
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA
- Clinical and Translational Science Center, WCM, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kelin Li
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - James Bean
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA
| | - Shakti K. Bhattarai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew Adamow
- Immune Monitoring Core Facility, Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sloan Kettering Institute, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA
| | - Phillip Wong
- Immune Monitoring Core Facility, Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sloan Kettering Institute, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Vanni Bucci
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel W. Fitzgerald
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine (WCM), New York, New York, USA
- GHESKIO Centers, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
- Center for Global Health, WCM, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael S. Glickman
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA
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12
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Trottein F, Paget C. Natural Killer T Cells and Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in Lung Infections. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1750. [PMID: 30116242 PMCID: PMC6082944 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system has been traditionally divided into two arms called innate and adaptive immunity. Typically, innate immunity refers to rapid defense mechanisms that set in motion within minutes to hours following an insult. Conversely, the adaptive immune response emerges after several days and relies on the innate immune response for its initiation and subsequent outcome. However, the recent discovery of immune cells displaying merged properties indicates that this distinction is not mutually exclusive. These populations that span the innate-adaptive border of immunity comprise, among others, CD1d-restricted natural killer T cells and MR1-restricted mucosal-associated invariant T cells. These cells have the unique ability to swiftly activate in response to non-peptidic antigens through their T cell receptor and/or to activating cytokines in order to modulate many aspects of the immune response. Despite they recirculate all through the body via the bloodstream, these cells mainly establish residency at barrier sites including lungs. Here, we discuss the current knowledge into the biology of these cells during lung (viral and bacterial) infections including activation mechanisms and functions. We also discuss future strategies targeting these cell types to optimize immune responses against respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Trottein
- Univ. Lille, U1019 – UMR 8204 – CIIL – Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1019, Lille, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Christophe Paget
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1100, Centre d’Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Tours, France
- Université de Tours, Tours, France
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Trujillo-Ocampo A, Cho HW, Herrmann AC, Ruiz-Vazquez W, Thornton AB, He H, Li D, Qazilbash MA, Ma Q, Porcelli SA, Shpall EJ, Molldrem J, Im JS. Rapid ex vivo expansion of highly enriched human invariant natural killer T cells via single antigenic stimulation for cell therapy to prevent graft-versus-host disease. Cytotherapy 2018; 20:1089-1101. [PMID: 30076070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer (iNK) T cells are rare regulatory T cells that may contribute to the immune-regulation in allogeneic stem cell transplantation (ASCT). Here, we sought to develop an effective strategy to expand human iNK T cells for use in cell therapy to prevent graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in ASCT. METHODS Human iNK T cells were first enriched from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using magnetic-activated cell sorting separation, then co-cultured with dendritic cells in the presence of agonist glycolipids, alpha-galactosylceramide, for 2 weeks. RESULTS The single antigenic stimulation reliably expanded iNK T cells to an average of 2.8 × 107 per 5 × 108 PBMCs in an average purity of 98.8% in 2 weeks (N = 24). The expanded iNK T cells contained a significantly higher level of CD4+ and central memory phenotype (CD45RA-CD62L+) compared with freshly isolated iNK T cells, and maintained their ability to produce both Th-1 (interferon [IFN]γ and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]α) and Th-2 type cytokines (interleukin [IL]-4, IL-5 and IL-13) upon antigenic stimulation or stimulation with Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate/ionomycin. Interestingly, expanded iNK T cells were highly autoreactive and produced a Th-2 polarized cytokine production profile after being co-cultured with dendritic cells alone without exogenous agonist glycolipid antigen. Lastly, expanded iNK T cells suppressed conventional T-cell proliferation and ameliorated xenograft GVHD (hazard ratio, 0.1266; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION We have demonstrated a feasible approach for obtaining ex vivo expanded, highly enriched human iNK T cells for use in adoptive cell therapy to prevent GVHD in ASCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Trujillo-Ocampo
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hyun-Woo Cho
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Amanda C Herrmann
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wilfredo Ruiz-Vazquez
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew B Thornton
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hong He
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mariam A Qazilbash
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Qing Ma
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Steven A Porcelli
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, and Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Shpall
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jeffrey Molldrem
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jin S Im
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
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14
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DeWitt WS, Yu KKQ, Wilburn DB, Sherwood A, Vignali M, Day CL, Scriba TJ, Robins HS, Swanson WJ, Emerson RO, Bradley PH, Seshadri C. A Diverse Lipid Antigen-Specific TCR Repertoire Is Clonally Expanded during Active Tuberculosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:888-896. [PMID: 29914888 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Human T cells that recognize lipid Ags presented by highly conserved CD1 proteins often express semi-invariant TCRs, but the true diversity of lipid Ag-specific TCRs remains unknown. We use CD1b tetramers and high-throughput immunosequencing to analyze thousands of TCRs from ex vivo-sorted or in vitro-expanded T cells specific for the mycobacterial lipid Ag, glucose monomycolate. Our results reveal a surprisingly diverse repertoire resulting from editing of germline-encoded gene rearrangements analogous to MHC-restricted TCRs. We used a distance-based metric (TCRDist) to show how this diverse TCR repertoire builds upon previously reported conserved motifs by including subject-specific TCRs. In a South African cohort, we show that TCRDist can identify clonal expansion of diverse glucose monomycolate-specific TCRs and accurately distinguish patients with active tuberculosis from control subjects. These data suggest that similar mechanisms govern the selection and expansion of peptide and lipid Ag-specific T cells despite the nonpolymorphic nature of CD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S DeWitt
- Adaptive Biotechnologies, Seattle, WA 98102.,Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109.,Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Krystle K Q Yu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Damien B Wilburn
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | | | | | - Cheryl L Day
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322.,Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Thomas J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Harlan S Robins
- Adaptive Biotechnologies, Seattle, WA 98102.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Willie J Swanson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | | | - Philip H Bradley
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109; and.,Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Chetan Seshadri
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195;
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15
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Chancellor A, White A, Tocheva AS, Fenn JR, Dennis M, Tezera L, Singhania A, Elliott T, Tebruegge M, Elkington P, Gadola S, Sharpe S, Mansour S. Quantitative and qualitative iNKT repertoire associations with disease susceptibility and outcome in macaque tuberculosis infection. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2017; 105:86-95. [PMID: 28610792 PMCID: PMC6168056 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Correlates of immune protection that reliably predict vaccine efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection are urgently needed. Invariant NKT cells (iNKTs) are CD1d-dependent innate T cells that augment host antimicrobial immunity through production of cytokines, including interferon (IFN)-γ and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α. We determined peripheral blood iNKT numbers, their proliferative responses and iNKT subset proportions after in vitro antigen expansion by α-galactosylceramide (αGC) in a large cohort of mycobacteria-naïve non-human primates, and macaques from Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine and Mtb challenge studies. Animals studied included four genetically distinct groups of macaques within cynomolgus and rhesus species that differ in their susceptibility to Mtb infection. We demonstrate significant differences in ex vivo iNKT frequency between groups, which trends towards an association with susceptibility to Mtb, but no significant difference in overall iNKT proliferative responses. Susceptible animals exhibited a skewed CD4+/CD8+ iNKT subset ratio in comparison to more Mtb-resistant groups. Correlation of iNKT subsets post BCG vaccination with clinical disease manifestations following Mtb challenge in the Chinese cynomolgus and Indian rhesus macaques identified a consistent trend linking increased CD8+ iNKTs with favourable disease outcome. Finally, a similar iNKT profile was conferred by BCG vaccination in rhesus macaques. Our study provides the first detailed characterisation of iNKT cells in macaque tuberculosis infection, suggesting that iNKT repertoire differences may impact on disease outcome, which warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Chancellor
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew White
- Public Health England, National Infections Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Anna S Tocheva
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Joe R Fenn
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Dennis
- Public Health England, National Infections Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Liku Tezera
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Akul Singhania
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Elliott
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Tebruegge
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Global Health Research Institute, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Elkington
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Global Health Research Institute, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan Gadola
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; F.Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sally Sharpe
- Public Health England, National Infections Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Salah Mansour
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
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16
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Jiang ZM, Luo W, Wen Q, Liu SD, Hao PP, Zhou CY, Zhou MQ, Ma L. Development of genetically engineered iNKT cells expressing TCRs specific for the M. tuberculosis 38-kDa antigen. J Transl Med 2015; 13:141. [PMID: 25943357 PMCID: PMC4428004 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0502-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cell has been shown to play a central role in early stages immune responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, which become nonresponsive (anergic) and fails to control the growth of Mtb in patients with active tuberculosis. Enhancement of iNKT cell responses to Mtb antigens can help to resist infection. Study design and methods In the present study, an Mtb 38-kDa antigen-specific T cell receptor (TCR) was isolated from human CD8+ T cells stimulated by 38-kDa antigen in vitro, and then transduced into primary iNKT cells by retrovirus vector. Results The TCR gene-modified iNKT cells are endowed with new features to behave as a conventional MHC class I restricted CD8+ T lymphocyte by displaying specific antigen recognition and anti-Mtb antigen activity in vitro. At the same time, the engineered iNKT cells retaining its original capacity to be stimulated proliferation by non-protein antigens α-Gal-Cer. Conclusions This work is the first attempt to engineer iNKT cells by exogenous TCR genes and demonstrated that iNKT cell, as well as CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, can be genetically engineered to confer them a defined and alternative specificity, which provides new insights into TCR gene therapy for tuberculosis patients, especially those infected with drug-resistant Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Min Jiang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Wei Luo
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Qian Wen
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Su-Dong Liu
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Pei-Pei Hao
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Chao-Ying Zhou
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Ming-Qian Zhou
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Li Ma
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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17
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Carreño LJ, Kharkwal SS, Porcelli SA. Optimizing NKT cell ligands as vaccine adjuvants. Immunotherapy 2015; 6:309-20. [PMID: 24762075 DOI: 10.2217/imt.13.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
NKT cells are a subpopulation of T lymphocytes with phenotypic properties of both T and NK cells and a wide range of immune effector properties. In particular, one subset of these cells, known as invariant NKT cells (iNKT cells), has attracted substantial attention because of their ability to be specifically activated by glycolipid antigens presented by a cell surface protein called CD1d. The development of synthetic α-galactosylceramides as a family of powerful glycolipid agonists for iNKT cells has led to approaches for augmenting a wide variety of immune responses, including those involved in vaccination against infections and cancers. Here, we review basic, preclinical and clinical observations supporting approaches to improving immune responses through the use of iNKT cell-activating glycolipids. Results from preclinical animal studies and preliminary clinical studies in humans identify many promising applications for this approach in the development of vaccines and novel immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro J Carreño
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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18
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Principi N, Esposito S. The present and future of tuberculosis vaccinations. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2014; 95:6-13. [PMID: 25458613 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The clinical, social, and economic burden of tuberculosis (TB) remains high worldwide, thereby highlighting the importance of TB prevention. The bacilli Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine that is currently available can protect younger children but is less effective in adults, the major source of TB transmission. In addition, the emergence of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strains and the high prevalence of HIV infection have significantly complicated TB prognosis and treatment. Together, these data highlight the need for new and more effective vaccines. Recently, several vaccines containing multiple antigens, including some of those specific for dormant Mtb strains, have been developed. These vaccines appear to be the best approach for satisfactory Mtb prevention. However, until a new vaccine is proven more effective and safe than BCG, BCG should remain part of the immunization schedules for neonates and children at risk for TB as a fundamental prophylactic measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Principi
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
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19
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Ivanov S, Paget C, Trottein F. Role of non-conventional T lymphocytes in respiratory infections: the case of the pneumococcus. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004300. [PMID: 25299581 PMCID: PMC4192596 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-conventional T lymphocytes constitute a special arm of the immune system and act as sentinels against pathogens at mucosal surfaces. These non-conventional T cells (including mucosal-associated invariant T [MAIT] cells, gamma delta [γδ] T cells, and natural killer T [NKT] cells) display several innate cell-like features and are rapidly activated by the recognition of conserved, stress-induced, self, and microbial ligands. Here, we review the role of non-conventional T cells during respiratory infections, with a particular focus on the encapsulated extracellular pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae, the leading cause of bacterial pneumonia worldwide. We consider whether MAIT cells, γδ T cells, and NKT cells might offer opportunities for preventing and/or treating human pneumococcus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stoyan Ivanov
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, Lille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Christophe Paget
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, Lille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - François Trottein
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, Lille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- * E-mail:
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20
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De Libero G, Singhal A, Lepore M, Mori L. Nonclassical T cells and their antigens in tuberculosis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:a018473. [PMID: 25059739 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a018473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
T cells that recognize nonpeptidic antigens, and thereby are identified as nonclassical, represent important yet poorly characterized effectors of the immune response. They are present in large numbers in circulating blood and tissues and are as abundant as T cells recognizing peptide antigens. Nonclassical T cells exert multiple functions including immunoregulation, tumor control, and protection against infections. They recognize complexes of nonpeptidic antigens such as lipid and glycolipid molecules, vitamin B2 precursors, and phosphorylated metabolites of the mevalonate pathway. Each of these antigens is presented by antigen-presenting molecules other than major histocompatibility complex (MHC), including CD1, MHC class I-related molecule 1 (MR1), and butyrophilin 3A1 (BTN3A1) molecules. Here, we discuss how nonclassical T cells participate in the recognition of mycobacterial antigens and in the mycobacterial-specific immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro De Libero
- SIgN (Singapore Immunology Network), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 138648 Singapore Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Amit Singhal
- SIgN (Singapore Immunology Network), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 138648 Singapore
| | - Marco Lepore
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Mori
- SIgN (Singapore Immunology Network), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 138648 Singapore Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
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21
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Shekhar S, Joyee AG, Yang X. Invariant natural killer T cells: boon or bane in immunity to intracellular bacterial infections? J Innate Immun 2014; 6:575-84. [PMID: 24903638 DOI: 10.1159/000361048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells represent a specialized subset of innate lymphocytes that recognize lipid and glycolipid antigens presented to them by nonclassical MHC-I CD1d molecules and are able to rapidly secrete copious amounts of a variety of cytokines. iNKT cells possess the ability to modulate innate as well as adaptive immune responses against various pathogens. Intracellular bacteria are one of the most clinically significant human pathogens that effectively evade the immune system and cause a myriad of diseases of public health concern globally. Emerging evidence suggests that iNKT cells can confer immunity to intracellular bacteria but also inflict pathology in certain cases. We summarize the current knowledge on the contribution of iNKT cells in the host defense against intracellular bacterial infections, with a focus on the underlying mechanisms by which these cells induce protective or pathogenic reactions including the pathways of direct action (acting on infected cells) and indirect action (modulating dendritic, NK and T cells). The rational exploitation of iNKT cells for prophylactic and therapeutic purposes awaits a profound understanding of their functional biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu Shekhar
- Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man., Canada
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22
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De Libero G, Mori L. The T-Cell Response to Lipid Antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2014; 5:219. [PMID: 24904574 PMCID: PMC4033098 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cells recognize lipid antigens presented by dedicated antigen-presenting molecules that belong to the CD1 family. This review discusses the structural properties of CD1 molecules, the nature of mycobacterial lipid antigens, and the phenotypic and functional properties of T-cells recognizing mycobacterial lipids. In humans, the five CD1 genes encode structurally similar glycoproteins that recycle in and thus survey different cellular endosomal compartments. The structure of the CD1-lipid-binding pockets, their mode of intracellular recycling and the type of CD1-expressing antigen-presenting cells all contribute to diversify lipid immunogenicity and presentation to T-cells. Mycobacteria produce a large variety of lipids, which form stable complexes with CD1 molecules and stimulate specific T-cells. The structures of antigenic lipids may be greatly different from each other and each lipid may induce unique T-cells capable of discriminating small lipid structural changes. The important functions of some lipid antigens within mycobacterial cells prevent the generation of negative mutants capable of escaping this type of immune response. T-cells specific for lipid antigens are stimulated in tuberculosis and exert protective functions. The mechanisms of antigen recognition, the type of effector functions and the mode of lipid-specific T-cell priming are discussed, emphasizing recent evidence of the roles of lipid-specific T-cells in tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro De Libero
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR) , Singapore , Singapore ; Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Lucia Mori
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR) , Singapore , Singapore
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23
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Abstract
Clinical trials of vaccines against Mycobacterium tuberculosis are well under way and results are starting to come in. Some of these results are not so encouraging, as exemplified by the latest Aeras-422 and MVA85A trials. Other than empirically determining whether a vaccine reduces the number of cases of active tuberculosis, which is a daunting prospect given the chronic nature of the disease, we have no way of assessing vaccine efficacy. Therefore, investigators seek to identify biomarkers that predict vaccine efficacy. Historically, focus has been on the production of interferon-γ by CD4(+) T cells, but this has not been a useful correlate of vaccine-induced protection. In this Opinion article, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the immune control of M. tuberculosis and how this knowledge could be used for vaccine design and evaluation.
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24
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Rothchild AC, Jayaraman P, Nunes-Alves C, Behar SM. iNKT cell production of GM-CSF controls Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1003805. [PMID: 24391492 PMCID: PMC3879349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are activated during infection, but how they limit microbial growth is unknown in most cases. We investigated how iNKT cells suppress intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) replication. When co-cultured with infected macrophages, iNKT cell activation, as measured by CD25 upregulation and IFNγ production, was primarily driven by IL-12 and IL-18. In contrast, iNKT cell control of Mtb growth was CD1d-dependent, and did not require IL-12, IL-18, or IFNγ. This demonstrated that conventional activation markers did not correlate with iNKT cell effector function during Mtb infection. iNKT cell control of Mtb replication was also independent of TNF and cell-mediated cytotoxicity. By dissociating cytokine-driven activation and CD1d-restricted effector function, we uncovered a novel mediator of iNKT cell antimicrobial activity: GM-CSF. iNKT cells produced GM-CSF in vitro and in vivo in a CD1d-dependent manner during Mtb infection, and GM-CSF was both necessary and sufficient to control Mtb growth. Here, we have identified GM-CSF production as a novel iNKT cell antimicrobial effector function and uncovered a potential role for GM-CSF in T cell immunity against Mtb. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the cause of tuberculosis, a leading cause of sickness and death worldwide. Although much is known about CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses to Mtb, the role of other T cell subsets is poorly understood. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are innate lymphocytes that express a semi-invariant T cell receptor and recognize lipid antigens presented by CD1d. Although iNKT cells participate in the immune response to many different pathogens, little is known about how iNKT cells directly kill microbes. We previously showed that when co-cultured with Mtb-infected macrophages, iNKT cells inhibit intracellular Mtb replication. Now, we used this model to dissociate the signals that induce iNKT cell activation markers including IFNγ production, from the signals that activate iNKT cell antimicrobial activity. This allowed us to uncover a novel antimicrobial effector function produced by iNKT cells: GM-CSF. GM-CSF is essential for immunity to Mtb, but its role has never been defined. This study is the first report to demonstrate a protective function of GM-CSF production by any T cell subset during Mtb infection. T cell production of GM-CSF should be considered as a potential mechanism of antimicrobial immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa C. Rothchild
- Program in Immunology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Pushpa Jayaraman
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Cláudio Nunes-Alves
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Samuel M. Behar
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Role of type 1 natural killer T cells in pulmonary immunity. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6:1054-67. [PMID: 24104457 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal sites are populated by a multitude of innate lymphoid cells and "innate-like" T lymphocytes expressing semiconserved T-cell receptors. Among the latter group, interest in type I natural killer T (NKT) cells has gained considerable momentum over the last decade. Exposure to NKT cell antigens is likely to occur continuously at mucosal sites. For this reason, and as they rapidly respond to stress-induced environmental cytokines, NKT cells are important contributors to immune and inflammatory responses. Here, we review the dual role of mucosal NKT cells during immune responses and pathologies with a particular focus on the lungs. Their role during pulmonary acute and chronic inflammation and respiratory infections is outlined. Whether NKT cells might provide a future attractive therapeutic target for treating human respiratory diseases is discussed.
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Saha PK, Sharma PK, Sharma SK, Singh A, Mitra DK. Recruitment of Th1 effector cells in human tuberculosis: hierarchy of chemokine receptor(s) and their ligands. Cytokine 2013; 63:43-51. [PMID: 23643185 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Selective recruitment of IFN-γ biased Th1 effector cells at the pathologic site(s) determines the local immunity of tuberculosis (TB). We observed the enrichment of CXCR3, CCR5 and CD11a(high) T cells in the peripheral blood, pleural fluid and bronchoalveolar lavage of TB pleural effusion (TB-PE) and miliary tuberculosis (MTB) patients respectively. CXCR3(+)CCR5(+) T cells were significantly high at the local disease site(s) in both the forms of TB and their frequency was highest among activated lymphocytes in TB-PE. Interestingly, all CCR5(+) cells were invariably positive for CXCR3 but all CXCR3(+) cells did not co-express CCR5 in pleural fluid whereas the situation was reverse in bronchoalveolar lavage. These CXCR3(+)CCR5(+) cells dominantly produced IFN-γ in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen. In vitro chemotaxis assay indicates dominant role of RANTES and IP-10 in the selective recruitment of CXCR3(+)CCR5(+)cells at the tubercular pathologic sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip K Saha
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Prabhat K Sharma
- Department of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Surendra K Sharma
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Amar Singh
- Department of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Dipendra K Mitra
- Department of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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Human CD1d knock-in mouse model demonstrates potent antitumor potential of human CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:2963-8. [PMID: 23382238 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1300200110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a high degree of conservation, subtle but important differences exist between the CD1d antigen presentation pathways of humans and mice. These differences may account for the minimal success of natural killer T (NKT) cell-based antitumor therapies in human clinical trials, which contrast strongly with the powerful antitumor effects in conventional mouse models. To develop an accurate model for in vivo human CD1d (hCD1d) antigen presentation, we have generated a hCD1d knock-in (hCD1d-KI) mouse. In these mice, hCD1d is expressed in a native tissue distribution pattern and supports NKT cell development. Reduced numbers of invariant NKT (iNKT) cells were observed, but at an abundance comparable to that in most normal humans. These iNKT cells predominantly expressed mouse Vβ8, the homolog of human Vβ11, and phenotypically resembled human iNKT cells in their reduced expression of CD4. Importantly, iNKT cells in hCD1d knock-in mice exert a potent antitumor function in a melanoma challenge model. Our results show that replacement of mCD1d by hCD1d can select a population of functional iNKT cells closely resembling human iNKT cells. These hCD1d knock-in mice will allow more accurate in vivo modeling of human iNKT cell responses and will facilitate the preclinical assessment of iNKT cell-targeted antitumor therapies.
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CD1d and natural killer T cells in immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 783:199-223. [PMID: 23468111 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6111-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The critical role of peptide antigen-specific T cells in controlling mycobacterial infections is well documented in natural resistance and vaccine-induced immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, many other populations of leukocytes contribute to innate and adaptive immunity against mycobacteria. Among these, non-conventional T cells recognizing lipid antigens presented by the CD1 antigen presentation system have attracted particular interest. In this chapter, we review the basic immunobiology and potential antimycobacterial properties of a subset of CD1-restricted T cells that have come to be known as Natural Killer T cells. This group of lipid reactive T cells is notable for its high level of conservation between humans and mice, thus enabling a wide range of highly informative studies in mouse models. As reviewed below, NKT cells appear to have subtle but potentially significant activities in the host response to mycobacteria. Importantly, they also provide a framework for investigations into other types of lipid antigen-specific T cells that may be more abundant in larger mammals such as humans.
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Zhang Q, Sugawara I. Immunology of tuberculosis. World J Exp Med 2012; 2:70-4. [PMID: 24520536 PMCID: PMC3905591 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v2.i4.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Various T cells and macrophages as well as cytokines are involved in the immunopathogenesis of tuberculosis (TB). A better understanding of immunology of TB can not only lead to the discovery of new immunodiagnostic tools, accelerate and facilitate the assessment of new therapeutic methods, but also find new treatment regimens. In this highlight topic we cover the latest developments in the role of T cells, macrophages, Natural killer (NK) cells, invariant NK T (iNKT) cells and γδ T cells with TB infection. Histologically, TB displays exudative inflammation, proliferative inflammation and productive inflammation depending on the time course. T cells first recognize antigen within the mycobacterially-infected lung, and then activate, differentiate, but the first T cell activation occurs in the draining lymph nodes of the lung. When protective T cells reach sufficient numbers, they can stop bacterial growth. Except for T cells, neutrophils also participate actively in defense against early-phase TB. NK cells are innate lymphocytes which are a first line of defense against mycobacterial infection. Human NK cells use the NKp46, NCRs and NKG2D receptors to lyse Mycobacterium TB-infected monocytes and alveolar macrophages. NK cells produce not only interferon-γ, but also interleukin (IL)-22, which is induced by IL-15 and DAP-10. iNKT cells show different phenotypes and functions. Many iNKT cells are CD4+, few iNKT cells are CD8+, while an additional fraction of iNKT cells are negative for both CD4 and CD8. γδ T cells represent an early innate defense in antimycobacterial immunity. Studies done in humans and animal models have demonstrated complex patterns of γδ T cell immune responses during chronic TB. Human alveolar macrophages and monocytes can serve as antigen presentation cells for γδ T cells. Furthermore, the predominance of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in TB has been confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Qing Zhang, Isamu Sugawara, Center of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Isamu Sugawara
- Qing Zhang, Isamu Sugawara, Center of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
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Invariant NKT cells drive hepatic cytokinic microenvironment favoring efficient granuloma formation and early control of Leishmania donovani infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33413. [PMID: 22457760 PMCID: PMC3310876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of inflammatory granulomas around infected Kupffer cells is necessary for hepatic parasite clearance during visceral leishmaniasis. Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells are predominant T cells in the mouse liver and can synthesize large quantities of IL-4 and IFN-γ, two cytokines involved in granuloma formation. This study analyzed the role of iNKT cells in the hepatic immune response during Leishmania donovani infection, using a murine model of wild-type (WT) and iNKT cell-deficient (Jα18-/-) C57BL/6 mice sacrificed 15, 30 or 60 days post-infection. We recorded hepatic parasite loads, cytokine expression, and analyzed granulomatous response by immunohistochemistry and hepatic immune cell infiltration by flow cytometry. Whereas WT animals rapidly controlled the infection and developed an inflammatory response associated with a massive influx of iNKT cells observed by flow cytometry, Jα18-/- mice had significantly higher parasitic loads on all time points. This lack of control of parasite burden was associated with a delay in granuloma maturation (28.1% of large granulomas at day 60 versus 50.7% in WT). Cytokine transcriptome analysis showed that mRNA of 90/101 genes encoding chemokines, cytokines and their receptors, was underexpressed in Jα18-/- mice. Detection of IL-4 and TNF-α by ELISA in liver extracts was also significantly lower in Jα18-/- mice. Consistent with flow cytometry analysis, cytokinome profile in WT mice showed a bias of expression towards T cell-chemoattractant chemokines on D15, and displayed a switch towards expression of granulocytes and/or monocytes -chemoattractant chemokines on D60. In Jα18-/- mice, the significantly lower expression of CXCL5, MIP-2 and CCL2 mRNA was correlated with a defect in myeloperoxidase positive-cell attraction observed by immunohistochemistry and with a lower granulocyte and monocyte infiltration in the liver, as shown by flow cytometry. These data indicate that iNKT cells play a role in early and sustained pro-inflammatory cytokine response warranting efficient organization of hepatic granulomas and parasite clearance.
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Rijavec M, Volarevic S, Osolnik K, Kosnik M, Korosec P. Natural killer T cells in pulmonary disorders. Respir Med 2012; 105 Suppl 1:S20-5. [PMID: 22015081 DOI: 10.1016/s0954-6111(11)70006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells, a unique subgroup of lymphocytes with features of both T and natural killer (NK) cells, represent a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. They have the ability to either promote or suppress immune responses. With these immunoregulatory functions, NKT cells have emerged as an important subset of lymphocytes with a protective role in some disorders, such as infections, cancer, and possibly sarcoidosis, and a pathogenic role in others, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Immunotherapeutic interventions to modulate the immune response by targeting iNKT cell functions has become a challenging field and has shown promising results for the development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matija Rijavec
- University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, Colnik, Slovenia.
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O'Reilly V, Zeng SG, Bricard G, Atzberger A, Hogan AE, Jackson J, Feighery C, Porcelli SA, Doherty DG. Distinct and overlapping effector functions of expanded human CD4+, CD8α+ and CD4-CD8α- invariant natural killer T cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28648. [PMID: 22174854 PMCID: PMC3236218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells have diverse immune stimulatory/regulatory activities through their ability to release cytokines and to kill or transactivate other cells. Activation of iNKT cells can protect against multiple diseases in mice but clinical trials in humans have had limited impact. Clinical studies to date have targeted polyclonal mixtures of iNKT cells and we proposed that their subset compositions will influence therapeutic outcomes. We sorted and expanded iNKT cells from healthy donors and compared the phenotypes, cytotoxic activities and cytokine profiles of the CD4(+), CD8α(+) and CD4(-)CD8α(-) double-negative (DN) subsets. CD4(+) iNKT cells expanded more readily than CD8α(+) and DN iNKT cells upon mitogen stimulation. CD8α(+) and DN iNKT cells most frequently expressed CD56, CD161 and NKG2D and most potently killed CD1d(+) cell lines and primary leukemia cells. All iNKT subsets released Th1 (IFN-γ and TNF-α) and Th2 (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13) cytokines. Relative amounts followed a CD8α>DN>CD4 pattern for Th1 and CD4>DN>CD8α for Th2. All iNKT subsets could simultaneously produce IFN-γ and IL-4, but single-positivity for IFN-γ or IL-4 was strikingly rare in CD4(+) and CD8α(+) fractions, respectively. Only CD4(+) iNKT cells produced IL-9 and IL-10; DN cells released IL-17; and none produced IL-22. All iNKT subsets upregulated CD40L upon glycolipid stimulation and induced IL-10 and IL-12 secretion by dendritic cells. Thus, subset composition of iNKT cells is a major determinant of function. Use of enriched CD8α(+), DN or CD4(+) iNKT cells may optimally harness the immunoregulatory properties of iNKT cells for treatment of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent O'Reilly
- Department of Immunology and Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Shijuan G. Zeng
- Department of Immunology and Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gabriel Bricard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Ann Atzberger
- Department of Immunology and Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew E. Hogan
- Obesity Immunology Group, Education and Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital and University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Jackson
- Department of Immunology and Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Conleth Feighery
- Department of Immunology and Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Steven A. Porcelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Derek G. Doherty
- Department of Immunology and Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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Gyimesi E, Nagy G, Remenyik É, Sipka S, Zeher M, Bíró T, Szegedi A. Altered peripheral invariant natural killer T cells in atopic dermatitis. J Clin Immunol 2011; 31:864-72. [PMID: 21691938 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-011-9551-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conflicting data exist on the number of invariant NKT (iNKT) cells in atopic dermatitis (AD); furthermore, no data have been published on their functional capacity. METHODS The frequency and number of circulating CD3+6B11+ iNKT cells and their CD4+ and CD4- subpopulations were evaluated in peripheral blood obtained from 41 patients with AD by four-color flow cytometry. Likewise, functional properties of iNKT cells were measured by five-color intracellular cytokine staining. RESULTS The number and percentage of total iNKT cells and their CD4/CD8 subpopulations were significantly lower than the controls. Of further importance, the CD4-CD8- (double negative, DN) iNKT subgroup showed the strongest positive correlation with total iNKT cells. In addition, the DN subgroup exhibited the most pronounced functional alteration with significantly decreased levels of intracellular IFNγ and significantly increased levels of intracellular IL-4 in AD patients compared with the controls. CONCLUSION The significantly altered number and cytokine production of iNKT cells from AD patients suggests that these cells may play an important role in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edit Gyimesi
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Center, Móricz Zs str. 22, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
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Berzins SP, Smyth MJ, Baxter AG. Presumed guilty: natural killer T cell defects and human disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2011; 11:131-42. [PMID: 21267014 DOI: 10.1038/nri2904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are important regulatory lymphocytes that have been shown in mouse studies, to have a crucial role in promoting immunity to tumours, bacteria and viruses, and in suppressing cell-mediated autoimmunity. Many clinical studies have indicated that NKT cell deficiencies and functional defects might also contribute to similar human diseases, although there is no real consensus about the nature of the NKT cell defects or whether NKT cells could be important for the diagnosis and/or treatment of these conditions. In this Review, we describe the approaches that have been used to analyse the NKT cell populations of various patient groups, suggest new strategies to determine how (or indeed, if) NKT cell defects contribute to human disease, and discuss the prospects for using NKT cells for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart P Berzins
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Stolberg VR, Chiu BC, Martin BE, Shah SA, Sandor M, Chensue SW. Cysteine-cysteinyl chemokine receptor 6 mediates invariant natural killer T cell airway recruitment and innate stage resistance during mycobacterial infection. J Innate Immun 2010; 3:99-108. [PMID: 21042003 DOI: 10.1159/000321156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the contribution of cysteine-cysteinyl chemokine receptor 6 (CCR6) to the innate pulmonary antimycobacterial immune response. Using a mouse model of Mycobacterium bovis BCG airway infection, we detected maximal induction of the CCR6 agonist CCL20 in lungs at 1 week after infection. Infected CCR6 knockout (CCR6-/-) mice displayed an early impairment of bacterial clearance, but ultimately eliminated the attenuated organisms with the onset of adaptive immunity. Flow-cytometric analyses of bronchoalveolar lavages and dispersed lungs revealed a 60% reduction in TCR-α/β+ T cells in airways but no compromise of TCR-γ/δ+ T cells. The subset of CD1d-restricted, CD8-TCR-α/β+ natural killer cells, which mediate innate mycobacterial resistance, was profoundly reduced (90%). Analysis of the adaptive response using ovalbumin-specific transgenic TCR T cell (OT-II) transfer combined with infection with recombinant M. bovis BCG producing ovalbumin peptide indicated no impairment of adaptive T cell activation in CCR6-/- mice. There was also no impairment of the induction of cytokine-producing cells in draining lymphoid tissue of CCR6-/- mice. Taken together, our findings indicate that CCR6 is not required for induction of the adaptive antimycobacterial response, but is likely critical to airway compartment mobilization of TCR-α/β+CCR6+ innate and adaptive effector T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie R Stolberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, Mich., USA
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Ndhlovu LC, Snyder-Cappione JE, Carvalho KI, Leal FE, Loo CP, Bruno FR, Jha AR, Devita D, Hasenkrug AM, Barbosa HMR, Segurado AC, Nixon DF, Murphy EL, Kallas EG. Lower numbers of circulating Natural Killer T (NK T) cells in individuals with human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) associated neurological disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 158:294-9. [PMID: 19778295 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.04019.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infects 10-20 million people worldwide. The majority of infected individuals are asymptomatic; however, approximately 3% develop the debilitating neurological disease HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). There is also currently no cure, vaccine or effective therapy for HTLV-1 infection, and the mechanisms for progression to HAM/TSP remain unclear. NK T cells are an immunoregulatory T cell subset whose frequencies and effector functions are associated critically with immunity against infectious diseases. We hypothesized that NK T cells are associated with HAM/TSP progression. We measured NK T cell frequencies and absolute numbers in individuals with HAM/TSP infection from two cohorts on two continents: São Paulo, Brazil and San Francisco, CA, USA, and found significantly lower levels when compared with healthy subjects and/or asymptomatic carriers. Also, the circulating NK T cell compartment in HAM/TSP subjects is comprised of significantly more CD4(+) and fewer CD8(+) cells than healthy controls. These findings suggest that lower numbers of circulating NK T cells and enrichment of the CD4(+) NK T subset are associated with HTLV-1 disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Ndhlovu
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
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High granulocyte/lymphocyte ratio and paucity of NKT cells defines TB disease in a TB-endemic setting. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2009; 89:398-404. [PMID: 19683473 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Revised: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Most people infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB) actually maintain a strong immune response and are able to control bacterial growth (deemed latently infected (LTBI)), while approximately 10% progress to disease resulting in almost 2 million deaths per year. Determining the immune 'footprint' at specific stages of infection and disease will allow for better diagnostics, treatments and ultimately development of new vaccine candidates. In this study we performed multi-factorial flow cytometry on fresh blood from 56 TB cases, 46 Tuberculin Skin Test (TST) positive (LTBI) and 39 TST negative household contacts. We found a highly significant increase in granulocytes and decrease in B cells and invariant (Valpha24+Vbeta11+) NKT cells in TB cases compared to TST+ contacts (p<0.0001, p=0.007 and p=0.01 respectively) which were restored to LTBI levels following 6 months of TB treatment. Using support vector analysis, we found a combination of granulocyte and lymphocyte and/or NKT cell proportions allowed almost 90% correct classification into M. tuberculosis infection or disease. This work has important public health benefits in regards to diagnosis and treatment of TB in sub-Saharan Africa and in furthering our understanding of the requirements for protective immunity to TB.
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Bessoles S, Dudal S, Besra GS, Sanchez F, Lafont V. Human CD4+invariant NKT cells are involved in antibacterial immunity againstBrucella suisthrough CD1d-dependent but CD4-independent mechanisms. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:1025-35. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Croudace JE, Curbishley SM, Mura M, Willcox CR, Illarionov PA, Besra GS, Adams DH, Lammas DA. Identification of distinct human invariant natural killer T-cell response phenotypes to alpha-galactosylceramide. BMC Immunol 2008; 9:71. [PMID: 19055753 PMCID: PMC2613383 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-9-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human CD1d-restricted, invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT) are a unique class of T lymphocytes that recognise glycolipid antigens such as α-galactosylceramide (αGalCer) and upon T cell receptor (TCR) activation produce both Th1 and Th2 cytokines. iNKT cells expand when cultured in-vitro with αGalCer and interleukin 2 (IL-2) in a CD1d-restricted manner. However, the expansion ratio of human iNKT cells varies between individuals and this has implications for attempts to manipulate this pathway therapeutically. We have studied a panel of twenty five healthy human donors to assess the variability in their in-vitro iNKT cell expansion responses to stimulation with CD1d ligands and investigated some of the factors that may influence this phenomenon. Results Although all donors had comparable numbers of circulating iNKT cells their growth rates in-vitro over 14 days in response to a range of CD1d ligands and IL-2 were highly donor-dependent. Two reproducible donor response patterns of iNKT expansion were seen which we have called 'strong' or 'poor' iNKT responders. Donor response phenotype did not correlate with age, gender, frequency of circulating iNKT, or with the CD1d ligand utilised. Addition of exogenous recombinant human interleukin 4 (IL-4) to 'poor' responder donor cultures significantly increased their iNKT proliferative capacity, but not to levels equivalent to that of 'strong' responder donors. However in 'strong' responder donors, addition of IL-4 to their cultures did not significantly alter the frequency of iNKT cells in the expanded CD3+ population. Conclusion (i) in-vitro expansion of human iNKT cells in response to CD1d ligand activation is highly donor variable, (ii) two reproducible patterns of donor iNKT expansion were observed, which could be classified into 'strong' and 'poor' responder phenotypes, (iii) donor iNKT response phenotypes did not correlate with age, gender, frequency of circulating iNKT cells, or with the CD1d ligand utilised, (iv) addition of IL-4 to 'poor' but not 'strong' responder donor cultures significantly increased their in-vitro iNKT cell expansion to αGalCer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne E Croudace
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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