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Sugiyama N, Terry FE, Gutierrez AH, Hirano T, Hoshi M, Mizuno Y, Martin W, Yasunaga S, Niiro H, Fujio K, De Groot AS. Individual and population-level variability in HLA-DR associated immunogenicity risk of biologics used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1377911. [PMID: 38812524 PMCID: PMC11134572 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1377911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypothesis While conventional in silico immunogenicity risk assessments focus on measuring immunogenicity based on the potential of therapeutic proteins to be processed and presented by a global population-wide set of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles to T cells, future refinements might adjust for HLA allele frequencies in different geographic regions or populations, as well for as individuals in those populations. Adjustment by HLA allele distribution may reveal risk patterns that are specific to population groups or individuals, which current methods that rely on global-population HLA prevalence may obscure. Key findings This analysis uses HLA frequency-weighted binding predictions to define immunogenicity risk for global and sub-global populations. A comparison of assessments tuned for North American/European versus Japanese/Asian populations suggests that the potential for anti-therapeutic responses (anti-therapeutic antibodies or ATA) for several commonly prescribed Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) therapeutic biologics may differ, significantly, between the Caucasian and Japanese populations. This appears to align with reports of differing product-related immunogenicity that is observed in different populations. Relevance to clinical practice Further definition of population-level (regional) and individual patient-specific immunogenic risk profiles may enable prescription of the RA therapeutic with the highest probability of success to each patient, depending on their population of origin and/or their individual HLA background. Furthermore, HLA-specific immunogenicity outcomes data are limited, thus there is a need to expand HLA-association studies that examine the relationship between HLA haplotype and ATA in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naonobu Sugiyama
- Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunology Medical Affairs, Pfizer Japan Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Toshitaka Hirano
- Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunology Medical Affairs, Pfizer Japan Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Hoshi
- Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunology Medical Affairs, Pfizer Japan Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Mizuno
- Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunology Medical Affairs, Pfizer Japan Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shin’ichiro Yasunaga
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Niiro
- Department of Medical Education, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keishi Fujio
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Andrade KCR, Homem-de-Mello M, Motta JA, Borges MG, de Abreu JAC, de Souza PM, Pessoa A, Pappas GJ, de Oliveira Magalhães P. A Structural In Silico Analysis of the Immunogenicity of L-Asparaginase from Penicillium cerradense. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4788. [PMID: 38732010 PMCID: PMC11084778 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
L-asparaginase is an essential drug used to treat acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), a cancer of high prevalence in children. Several adverse reactions associated with L-asparaginase have been observed, mainly caused by immunogenicity and allergenicity. Some strategies have been adopted, such as searching for new microorganisms that produce the enzyme and applying protein engineering. Therefore, this work aimed to elucidate the molecular structure and predict the immunogenic profile of L-asparaginase from Penicillium cerradense, recently revealed as a new fungus of the genus Penicillium and producer of the enzyme, as a motivation to search for alternatives to bacterial L-asparaginase. In the evolutionary relationship, L-asparaginase from P. cerradense closely matches Aspergillus species. Using in silico tools, we characterized the enzyme as a protein fragment of 378 amino acids (39 kDa), including a signal peptide containing 17 amino acids, and the isoelectric point at 5.13. The oligomeric state was predicted to be a homotetramer. Also, this L-asparaginase presented a similar immunogenicity response (T- and B-cell epitopes) compared to Escherichia coli and Dickeya chrysanthemi enzymes. These results suggest a potentially useful L-asparaginase, with insights that can drive strategies to improve enzyme production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellen Cruvinel Rodrigues Andrade
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (K.C.R.A.)
| | - Mauricio Homem-de-Mello
- inSiliTox, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Julia Almeida Motta
- inSiliTox, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Marina Guimarães Borges
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (K.C.R.A.)
| | - Joel Antônio Cordeiro de Abreu
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (K.C.R.A.)
| | - Paula Monteiro de Souza
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (K.C.R.A.)
| | - Adalberto Pessoa
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Georgios J. Pappas
- Department Cell Biology, Institute Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Pérola de Oliveira Magalhães
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (K.C.R.A.)
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3
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Makowski EK, Wang T, Zupancic JM, Huang J, Wu L, Schardt JS, De Groot AS, Elkins SL, Martin WD, Tessier PM. Optimization of therapeutic antibodies for reduced self-association and non-specific binding via interpretable machine learning. Nat Biomed Eng 2024; 8:45-56. [PMID: 37666923 PMCID: PMC10842909 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-023-01074-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Antibody development, delivery, and efficacy are influenced by antibody-antigen affinity interactions, off-target interactions that reduce antibody bioavailability and pharmacokinetics, and repulsive self-interactions that increase the stability of concentrated antibody formulations and reduce their corresponding viscosity. Yet identifying antibody variants with optimal combinations of these three types of interactions is challenging. Here we show that interpretable machine-learning classifiers, leveraging antibody structural features descriptive of their variable regions and trained on experimental data for a panel of 80 clinical-stage monoclonal antibodies, can identify antibodies with optimal combinations of low off-target binding in a common physiological-solution condition and low self-association in a common antibody-formulation condition. For three clinical-stage antibodies with suboptimal combinations of off-target binding and self-association, the classifiers predicted variable-region mutations that optimized non-affinity interactions while maintaining high-affinity antibody-antigen interactions. Interpretable machine-learning models may facilitate the optimization of antibody candidates for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Makowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tiexin Wang
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jennifer M Zupancic
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lina Wu
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - John S Schardt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | - Peter M Tessier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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4
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De Groot AS, Khan S, Mattei AE, Lelias S, Martin WD. Does human homology reduce the potential immunogenicity of non-antibody scaffolds? Front Immunol 2023; 14:1215939. [PMID: 38022550 PMCID: PMC10664710 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1215939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Biologics developers are moving beyond antibodies for delivery of a wide range of therapeutic interventions. These non-antibody modalities are often based on 'natural' protein scaffolds that are modified to deliver bioactive sequences. Both human-derived and non-human-sourced scaffold proteins have been developed. New types of "non-antibody" scaffolds are still being discovered, as they offer attractive alternatives to monoclonals due to their smaller size, improved stability, and ease of synthesis. They are believed to have low immunogenic potential. However, while several human-sourced protein scaffolds have not been immunogenic in clinical studies, this may not predict their overall performance in other therapeutic applications. A preliminary evaluation of their potential for immunogenicity is warranted. Immunogenicity risk potential has been clearly linked to the presence of T "helper" epitopes in the sequence of biologic therapeutics. In addition, tolerogenic epitopes are present in some human proteins and may decrease their immunogenic potential. While the detailed sequences of many non-antibody scaffold therapeutic candidates remain unpublished, their backbone sequences are available for review and analysis. We assessed 12 example non-antibody scaffold backbone sequences using our epitope-mapping tools (EpiMatrix) for this perspective. Based on EpiMatrix scoring, their HLA DRB1-restricted T cell epitope content appears to be lower than the average protein, and sequences that may act as tolerogenic epitopes are present in selected human-derived scaffolds. Assessing the potential immunogenicity of scaffold proteins regarding self and non-self T cell epitopes may be of use for drug developers and clinicians, as these exciting new non-antibody molecules begin to emerge from the preclinical pipeline into clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S. De Groot
- EpiVax, Providence, RI, United States
- University of Georgia, Center for Vaccines and Immunology, Athens, GA, United States
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5
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De Groot AS, Roberts BJ, Mattei A, Lelias S, Boyle C, Martin WD. Immunogenicity risk assessment of synthetic peptide drugs and their impurities. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103714. [PMID: 37467878 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Peptide drugs play an important part in medicine owing to their many therapeutic applications. Of the 80 peptide drugs approved for use in humans, at least five are now off-patent and are consequently being developed as generic alternatives to the originator products. To accelerate access to generic products, the FDA has proposed new regulatory pathways that do not require direct comparisons of generics to originators in clinical trials. The 'Abbreviated New Drug Application' (ANDA) pathway recommends that sponsors provide information on any new impurities in the generic drug, compared with the originator product, because the impurities can have potential to elicit unwanted immune responses owing to the introduction of T-cell epitopes. This review describes how peptide drug impurities can elicit unexpected immunogenicity and describes a framework for performing immunogenicity risk assessment of all types of bioactive peptide products. Although this report primarily focuses on generic peptides and their impurities, the approach might also be of interest for developers of novel peptide drugs who are preparing their products for an initial regulatory review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S De Groot
- EpiVax, 188 Valley Street, Suite 424, Providence, RI, USA; University of Georgia, Center for Vaccines and Immunology, Athens, GA USA.
| | | | - Aimee Mattei
- EpiVax, 188 Valley Street, Suite 424, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Sandra Lelias
- EpiVax, 188 Valley Street, Suite 424, Providence, RI, USA
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6
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Eickhoff CS, Meza KA, Terry FE, Colbert CG, Blazevic A, Gutiérrez AH, Stone ET, Brien JD, Pinto AK, El Sahly HM, Mulligan MJ, Rouphael N, Alcaide ML, Tomashek KM, Focht C, Martin WD, Moise L, De Groot AS, Hoft DF. Identification of immunodominant T cell epitopes induced by natural Zika virus infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1247876. [PMID: 37705976 PMCID: PMC10497216 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1247876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a flavivirus primarily transmitted by Aedes species mosquitoes, first discovered in Africa in 1947, that disseminated through Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands in the 2000s. The first ZIKV infections in the Americas were identified in 2014, and infections exploded through populations in Brazil and other countries in 2015/16. ZIKV infection during pregnancy can cause severe brain and eye defects in offspring, and infection in adults has been associated with higher risks of Guillain-Barré syndrome. We initiated a study to describe the natural history of Zika (the disease) and the immune response to infection, for which some results have been reported. In this paper, we identify ZIKV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell epitopes that induce responses during infection. Two screening approaches were utilized: an untargeted approach with overlapping peptide arrays spanning the entire viral genome, and a targeted approach utilizing peptides predicted to bind human MHC molecules. Immunoinformatic tools were used to identify conserved MHC class I supertype binders and promiscuous class II binding peptide clusters predicted to bind 9 common class II alleles. T cell responses were evaluated in overnight IFN-γ ELISPOT assays. We found that MHC supertype binding predictions outperformed the bulk overlapping peptide approach. Diverse CD4+ T cell responses were observed in most ZIKV-infected participants, while responses to CD8+ T cell epitopes were more limited. Most individuals developed a robust T cell response against epitopes restricted to a single MHC class I supertype and only a single or few CD8+ T cell epitopes overall, suggesting a strong immunodominance phenomenon. Noteworthy is that many epitopes were commonly immunodominant across persons expressing the same class I supertype. Nearly all of the identified epitopes are unique to ZIKV and are not present in Dengue viruses. Collectively, we identified 31 immunogenic peptides restricted by the 6 major class I supertypes and 27 promiscuous class II epitopes. These sequences are highly relevant for design of T cell-targeted ZIKV vaccines and monitoring T cell responses to Zika virus infection and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S. Eickhoff
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy, and Immunology, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Krystal A. Meza
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy, and Immunology, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | | | - Chase G. Colbert
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy, and Immunology, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Azra Blazevic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy, and Immunology, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | | | - E. Taylor Stone
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - James D. Brien
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Amelia K. Pinto
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Hana M. El Sahly
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mark J. Mulligan
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, New York, NY, United States
| | - Nadine Rouphael
- Emory University School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Maria L. Alcaide
- University of Miami, Division of Infectious Diseases, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Kay M. Tomashek
- Division of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Chris Focht
- The Emmes Company, LLC., Rockville, MD, United States
| | | | | | - Anne S. De Groot
- EpiVax, Inc., Providence, RI, United States
- University of Georgia Center for Vaccines and Immunology, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Daniel F. Hoft
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy, and Immunology, Saint Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, United States
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7
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IgD/FcδR is involved in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and regulated by IgD-Fc-Ig fusion protein. Pharmacol Res 2023; 189:106686. [PMID: 36746360 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) has a poor prognosis as a result of severe immunosuppression and rapid tumor progression with resistance to conventional chemotherapy. Excessive IgD may play a role in T cell activation via IgD Fc receptor (FcδR). Here we aimed to investigate the effects of IgD in T-ALL and demonstrated the potential benefit by targeting IgD/FcδR in T-ALL patients with IgD-Fc-Ig fusion protein. In T-ALL patients' blood samples and cell lines, the level of IgD, the percentage of FcδR expressing cells and the binding affinity were determined by flow cytometry. T cell viability, proliferation and apoptosis were analyzed. A mouse xenograft model was used to evaluate the in vivo effect of IgD-Fc-Ig, an IgD-FcδR blocker. The levels of serum IgD and FcδR were abnormally increased in part of T-ALL patients and IgD could induce over-proliferation and inhibit apoptosis of T-ALL cells in vitro. FcδR was constitutively expressed on T-ALL cells. IgD-Fc-Ig showed similar binding affinity to FcδR and selectively blocked the stimulation effect of IgD on T-ALL cells in vitro. In vivo study exhibited that IgD-Fc-Ig may also have therapeutic benefit. IgD-Fc-Ig administration inhibited human T-ALL growth and extended survival in xenograft T-ALL mice. In conclusion, this work supports the idea of targeting IgD/FcδR in T-ALL patients with excessive IgD. IgD-Fc-Ig fusion protein might be a potential biological drug with high selectivity for T-ALL treatment.
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Belén LH, Beltrán JF, Pessoa A, Castillo RL, de Oliveira Rangel-Yagui C, Farías JG. Helicobacter pyloril-asparaginase: a study of immunogenicity from an in silico approach. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:286. [PMID: 36276451 PMCID: PMC9489821 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03359-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori has become the causal agent of multiple forms of gastric disease worldwide, including gastric cancer. The enzyme l-asparaginase (ASNase) has been studied as a virulence factor. In this work, we performed an in silico investigation to characterize the immunological profile of H. pylori ASNase (HpASNase) to ascertain the possible implication of HpASNase immunogenicity in the H. pylori virulence mechanism. We applied a workflow based on bioinformatics tools, which, by calculating the relative frequency of immunogenic T-cell and B-cell epitopes, allowed us to predict the immunogenicity and allergenicity of HpASNase in silico. We also visualized the epitopes by mapping them into the native structure of the enzyme. We report for the first time the T-cell and B-cell epitope composition that contributes to the immunogenicity of this HpASNase, as well as the regions that could generate a hypersensitivity response in humans. ASNase from H. pylori resulted in highly immunogenic and allergenic. The high immunogenicity of HpASNase could imply the pathogenic mechanisms of H. pylori. This knowledge could be important for the development of new drugs against H. pylori infections. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03359-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisandra Herrera Belén
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomas, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universidad de La Frontera, Avda. Francisco Salazar 01145, P.O. Box: 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - Jorge F. Beltrán
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universidad de La Frontera, Avda. Francisco Salazar 01145, P.O. Box: 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - Adalberto Pessoa
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo L. Castillo
- Department of Internal Medicine East, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlota de Oliveira Rangel-Yagui
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge G. Farías
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universidad de La Frontera, Avda. Francisco Salazar 01145, P.O. Box: 54-D, Temuco, Chile
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Mattei AE, Gutierrez AH, Martin WD, Terry FE, Roberts BJ, Rosenberg AS, De Groot AS. In silico Immunogenicity Assessment for Sequences Containing Unnatural Amino Acids: A Method Using Existing in silico Algorithm Infrastructure and a Vision for Future Enhancements. FRONTIERS IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2022; 2:952326. [PMID: 36945694 PMCID: PMC10026553 DOI: 10.3389/fddsv.2022.952326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The in silico prediction of T cell epitopes within any peptide or biologic drug candidate serves as an important first step for assessing immunogenicity. T cell epitopes bind human leukocyte antigen (HLA) by a well-characterized interaction of amino acid side chains and pockets in the HLA molecule binding groove. Immunoinformatics tools, such as the EpiMatrix algorithm, have been developed to screen natural amino acid sequences for peptides that will bind HLA. In addition to commonly occurring in synthetic peptide impurities, unnatural amino acids (UAA) are also often incorporated into novel peptide therapeutics to improve properties of the drug product. To date, the HLA binding properties of peptides containing UAA are not accurately estimated by most algorithms. Both scenarios warrant the need for enhanced predictive tools. The authors developed an in silico method for modeling the impact of a given UAA on a peptide's likelihood of binding to HLA and, by extension, its immunogenic potential. In silico assessment of immunogenic potential allows for risk-based selection of best candidate peptides in further confirmatory in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo assays, thereby reducing the overall cost of immunogenicity evaluation. Examples demonstrating in silico immunogenicity prediction for product impurities that are commonly found in formulations of the generic peptides teriparatide and semaglutide are provided. Next, this article discusses how HLA binding studies can be used to estimate the binding potentials of commonly encountered UAA and "correct" in silico estimates of binding based on their naturally occurring counterparts. As demonstrated here, these in vitro binding studies are usually performed with known ligands which have been modified to contain UAA in HLA anchor positions. An example using D-amino acids in relative binding position 1 (P1) of the PADRE peptide is presented. As more HLA binding data become available, new predictive models allowing for the direct estimation of HLA binding for peptides containing UAA can be established.
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Richard G, Princiotta MF, Bridon D, Martin WD, Steinberg GD, De Groot AS. Neoantigen-based personalized cancer vaccines: the emergence of precision cancer immunotherapy. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 21:173-184. [PMID: 34882038 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2012456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The field of cancer therapy has undergone a major transformation in less than a decade due to the introduction of checkpoint inhibitors, the advent of next generation sequencing and the discovery of neoantigens. The key observation that the breadth of each patient's immune response to the unique mutations or neoantigens present in their tumor is directly related to their survival has led oncologists to focus on driving immune responses to neoantigens through vaccination. Oncology has entered the era of precision immunotherapy, and cancer vaccine development is undergoing a paradigm shift. AREAS COVERED Neoantigens are short peptide sequences found in tumors, but not noncancerous tissues, the vast majority of which are unique to each patient. In addition to providing a description of the distinguishing features of neoantigen discovery platforms, this review will address cross-cutting personalized cancer vaccine design themes and developmental stumbling blocks. EXPERT OPINION Immunoinformatic pipelines that can rapidly scan cancer genomes and identify 'the best' neoantigens are in high demand. Despite the need for such tools, immunoinformatic methods for identifying neoepitopes in cancer genomes are diverse and have not been well-validated. Validation of 'personalized vaccine design pipelines' will bring about a revolution in neoantigen-based vaccine design and delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gary D Steinberg
- EpiVax Therapeutics, Inc., Providence, RI, USA.,Perlmutter Cancer Center, Department of Urology at NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anne S De Groot
- EpiVax, Inc., Providence, RI, USA.,Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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11
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Giorgetti SI, Etcheverrigaray M, Terry F, Martin W, De Groot AS, Ceaglio N, Oggero M, Mufarrege EF. Development of highly stable and de-immunized versions of recombinant alpha interferon: Promising candidates for the treatment of chronic and emerging viral diseases. Clin Immunol 2021; 233:108888. [PMID: 34798238 PMCID: PMC8595249 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2021.108888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Human interferon alpha (hIFN-α) administration constitutes the current FDA approved therapy for chronic Hepatitis B and C virus infections. Additionally, hIFN-α treatment efficacy was recently demonstrated in patients with COVID-19. Thus, hIFN-α constitutes a therapeutic alternative for those countries where vaccination is inaccessible and for people who did not respond effectively to vaccination. However, hIFN-α2b exhibits a short plasma half-life resulting in the occurrence of severe side effects. To optimize the cytokine's pharmacokinetic profile, we developed a hyperglycosylated IFN, referred to as GMOP-IFN. Given the significant number of reports showing neutralizing antibodies (NAb) formation after hIFN-α administration, here we applied the DeFT (De-immunization of Functional Therapeutics) approach to develop functional, de-immunized versions of GMOP-IFN. Two GMOP-IFN variants exhibited significantly reduced ex vivo immunogenicity and null antiproliferative activity, while preserving antiviral function. The results obtained in this work indicate that the new de-immunized GMOP-IFN variants constitute promising candidates for antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Inés Giorgetti
- UNL, CONICET, FBCB (School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences), CBL (Biotechnological Center of Litoral), Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168 Km 472.4, C.C. 242. (S3000ZAA), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Marina Etcheverrigaray
- UNL, CONICET, FBCB (School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences), CBL (Biotechnological Center of Litoral), Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168 Km 472.4, C.C. 242. (S3000ZAA), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | | | | | - Anne Searls De Groot
- EpiVax, Inc., Providence, RI, USA; Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, RI, USA
| | - Natalia Ceaglio
- UNL, CONICET, FBCB (School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences), CBL (Biotechnological Center of Litoral), Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168 Km 472.4, C.C. 242. (S3000ZAA), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Marcos Oggero
- UNL, CONICET, FBCB (School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences), CBL (Biotechnological Center of Litoral), Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168 Km 472.4, C.C. 242. (S3000ZAA), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Federico Mufarrege
- UNL, CONICET, FBCB (School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences), CBL (Biotechnological Center of Litoral), Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional 168 Km 472.4, C.C. 242. (S3000ZAA), Santa Fe, Argentina.
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12
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Mahdi LH, Laftah AR, Yaseen KH, Auda IG, Essa RH. Establishing novel roles of bifidocin LHA, antibacterial, antibiofilm and immunomodulator against Pseudomonas aeruginosa corneal infection model. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 186:433-444. [PMID: 34171261 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bifidocin LHA, a novel bacteriocin, was extracted from bee honey B. adolescentis and purified. Bifidocin LHA was characterized as a protein in nature, without lipid or carbohydrate moieties, the molecular weight was 16,000 Da protein, heat-stable and active at a wide range of pH values, bactericidal effect, detergent, and solvents did not affect bifidocin activity and can be classified as type II bacteriocin. In vitro, the antibacterial activity of purified bifidocin LHA was significantly higher than crude bifidocin LHA (P < 0.05) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). The antibiofilm activity of bifidocin LHA was significantly higher than the antibiofilm activity of Amikacin (P < 0.05). In vivo, bifidocin LHA demonstrates a significant decreased in the number of P. aeruginosa in the eye, while complete clearance of P. aeruginosa comparing with the control (P < 0.05) when treating with Bifidobacterium adolescentis and bifidocin LHA together. Bifidobacterium adolescentis and bifidocin LHA treatment together induced substantial elevation of IL10 and IL-12 concentrations (P < 0.01) that helped to prevent damage caused by the inflammatory response. Succeeded to eradicate P. aeruginosa infection improved by histological patterns of the eye tissues. This study indicated Bifidobacterium adolescentis and bifidocin LHA consider as crucial strategies for the practical treatment of eye infection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likaa H Mahdi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Mustansiriya University, Iraq.
| | - Ali R Laftah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Mustansiriya University, Iraq
| | - Kadhim H Yaseen
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Mustansiriya University, Iraq
| | | | - Rajwa H Essa
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Mustansiriya University, Iraq
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13
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Lee SC, Ma JSY, Kim MS, Laborda E, Choi SH, Hampton EN, Yun H, Nunez V, Muldong MT, Wu CN, Ma W, Kulidjian AA, Kane CJ, Klyushnichenko V, Woods AK, Joseph SB, Petrassi M, Wisler J, Li J, Jamieson CAM, Schultz PG, Kim CH, Young TS. A PSMA-targeted bispecific antibody for prostate cancer driven by a small-molecule targeting ligand. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/33/eabi8193. [PMID: 34380625 PMCID: PMC8357232 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abi8193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite the development of next-generation antiandrogens, metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) remains incurable. Here, we describe a unique semisynthetic bispecific antibody that uses site-specific unnatural amino acid conjugation to combine the potency of a T cell-recruiting anti-CD3 antibody with the specificity of an imaging ligand (DUPA) for prostate-specific membrane antigen. This format enabled optimization of structure and function to produce a candidate (CCW702) with specific, potent in vitro cytotoxicity and improved stability compared with a bispecific single-chain variable fragment format. In vivo, CCW702 eliminated C4-2 xenografts with as few as three weekly subcutaneous doses and prevented growth of PCSD1 patient-derived xenograft tumors in mice. In cynomolgus monkeys, CCW702 was well tolerated up to 34.1 mg/kg per dose, with near-complete subcutaneous bioavailability and a PK profile supporting testing of a weekly dosing regimen in patients. CCW702 is being evaluated in a first in-human clinical trial for men with mCRPC who had progressed on prior therapies (NCT04077021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Chang Lee
- Department of Biology, Calibr, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jennifer S Y Ma
- Department of Biology, Calibr, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Min Soo Kim
- Department of Biology, Calibr, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Eduardo Laborda
- Department of Biology, Calibr, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sei-Hyun Choi
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Eric N Hampton
- Department of Biology, Calibr, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hwayoung Yun
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Vanessa Nunez
- Department of Biology, Calibr, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michelle T Muldong
- Department of Urology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christina N Wu
- Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Wenxue Ma
- Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Anna A Kulidjian
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Scripps MD Anderson Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christopher J Kane
- Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Vadim Klyushnichenko
- Department of Biology, Calibr, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ashley K Woods
- Department of Biology, Calibr, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sean B Joseph
- Department of Biology, Calibr, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mike Petrassi
- Department of Biology, Calibr, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John Wisler
- Department of Biology, Calibr, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Biology, Calibr, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Christina A M Jamieson
- Department of Urology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Peter G Schultz
- Department of Biology, Calibr, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chan Hyuk Kim
- Department of Biology, Calibr, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Travis S Young
- Department of Biology, Calibr, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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14
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Yasui H, Nishinaga Y, Taki S, Takahashi K, Isobe Y, Shimizu M, Koike C, Taki T, Sakamoto A, Katsumi K, Ishii K, Sato K. Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy targeting GPR87: Development of a humanised anti-GPR87 mAb and therapeutic efficacy on a lung cancer mouse model. EBioMedicine 2021; 67:103372. [PMID: 33993055 PMCID: PMC8138482 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND GPR87 is a G-protein receptor that is specifically expressed in tumour cells, such as lung cancer, and rarely expressed in normal cells. GPR87 is a promising target for cancer therapy, but its ligand is controversial. Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a novel cancer therapy in which a photosensitiser, IRDye700DX (IR700), binds to antibodies and specifically destroys target cells by irradiating them with near-infrared-light. Here, we aimed to develop a NIR-PIT targeting GPR87. METHODS We evaluated the expression of GPR87 in resected specimens of lung cancer and malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) resected at Nagoya University Hospital using immunostaining. Humanised anti-GPR87 antibody (huGPR87) was generated by introducing CDRs from mouse anti-GPR87 antibody generated by standard hybridoma method. HuGPR87 was conjugated with IR700 and the therapeutic effect of NIR-PIT was evaluated in vitro and in vivo using lung cancer or MPM cell lines. FINDINGS Among the surgical specimens, 54% of lung cancer and 100% of MPM showed high expression of GPR87. It showed therapeutic effects on lung cancer and MPM cell lines in vitro, and showed therapeutic effects in multiple models in vivo. INTERPRETATION These results suggest that NIR-PIT targeting GPR87 is a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of thoracic cancer. FUNDING This research was supported by the Program for Developing Next-generation Researchers (Japan Science and Technology Agency), KAKEN (18K15923, 21K07217, JSPS), FOREST-Souhatsu, CREST (JST).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotoshi Yasui
- Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65, Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8560, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuko Nishinaga
- Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65, Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8560, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shunichi Taki
- Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65, Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8560, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazuomi Takahashi
- Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65, Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8560, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Isobe
- Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65, Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8560, Aichi, Japan
| | - Misae Shimizu
- Nagoya University Institute for Advanced Research, Advanced Analytical and Diagnostic Imaging Center (AADIC) / Medical Engineering Unit (MEU), B3 Unit, 65, Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8560, Aichi, Japan
| | - Chiaki Koike
- Nagoya University Institute for Advanced Research, Advanced Analytical and Diagnostic Imaging Center (AADIC) / Medical Engineering Unit (MEU), B3 Unit, 65, Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8560, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Taki
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65, Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8560, Aichi, Japan
| | - Aya Sakamoto
- Perseus Proteomics, Inc., 4-7-6, Komaba 153-0041, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Katsumi
- Perseus Proteomics, Inc., 4-7-6, Komaba 153-0041, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ishii
- Perseus Proteomics, Inc., 4-7-6, Komaba 153-0041, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Sato
- Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65, Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8560, Aichi, Japan; Nagoya University Institute for Advanced Research, Advanced Analytical and Diagnostic Imaging Center (AADIC) / Medical Engineering Unit (MEU), B3 Unit, 65, Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8560, Aichi, Japan; FOREST- Souhatsu, CREST, JST; Nagoya University Institute for Advanced Research, S-YLC, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Aichi,, Japan.
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15
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Farrell D. epitopepredict: a tool for integrated MHC binding prediction. GIGABYTE 2021; 2021:gigabyte13. [PMID: 36824339 PMCID: PMC9631954 DOI: 10.46471/gigabyte.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A key step in the cellular adaptive immune response is the presentation of antigens to T cells. Computational prediction of T cell epitopes has many applications in vaccine design and immuno-diagnostics. This is the basis of immunoinformatics, which allows in silico screening of peptides before experiments are performed. With the availability of whole genomes for many microbial species it is now feasible to computationally screen whole proteomes for candidate peptides. epitopepredict is a programmatic framework and command line tool designed to aid this process. It provides access to multiple binding prediction algorithms under a single interface and scales for whole genomes using multiple target MHC alleles. A web interface is provided to assist visualization and filtering of the results. The software is freely available under an open-source license from https://github.com/dmnfarrell/epitopepredict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Farrell
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
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16
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Immunogenicity Challenges Associated with Subcutaneous Delivery of Therapeutic Proteins. BioDrugs 2021; 35:125-146. [PMID: 33523413 PMCID: PMC7848667 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-020-00465-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The subcutaneous route of administration has provided convenient and non-inferior delivery of therapeutic proteins compared to intravenous infusion, but there is potential for enhanced immunogenicity toward subcutaneously administered proteins in a subset of patients. Unwanted anti-drug antibody response toward proteins or monoclonal antibodies upon repeated administration is shown to impact the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of multiple biologics. Unique immunogenicity challenges of the subcutaneous route have been realized through various preclinical and clinical examples, although subcutaneous delivery has often demonstrated comparable immunogenicity to intravenous administration. Beyond route of administration as a treatment-related factor of immunogenicity, certain product-related risk factors are particularly relevant to subcutaneously administered proteins. This review attempts to provide an overview of the mechanism of immune response toward proteins administered subcutaneously (subcutaneous proteins) and comments on product-related risk factors related to protein structure and stability, dosage form, and aggregation. A two-wave mechanism of antigen presentation in the immune response toward subcutaneous proteins is described, and interaction with dynamic antigen-presenting cells possessing high antigen processing efficiency and migratory activity may drive immunogenicity. Mitigation strategies for immunogenicity are discussed, including those in general use clinically and those currently in development. Mechanistic insights along with consideration of risk factors involved inspire theoretical strategies to provide antigen-specific, long-lasting effects for maintaining the safety and efficacy of therapeutic proteins.
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17
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Tasker C, Patel J, Jawa V, Maamary J. Competition-Based Cell Assay Employing Soluble T Cell Receptors to Assess MHC Class II Antigen Processing and Presentation. AAPS JOURNAL 2021; 23:26. [PMID: 33459871 PMCID: PMC7812987 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-00553-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Accurate assessment of antigen-specific immune responses is critical in the development of safe and efficacious biotherapeutics and vaccines. Endosomal processing of a protein antigen followed by presentation on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II constitute necessary steps in the induction of CD4+ T cell immune responses. Current preclinical methods for assessing immunogenicity risk consist of in vitro cell-based assays and computational prediction tools. Cell-based assays are time and labor-intensive while in silico methodologies have limitations. Here, we propose a novel cell-based assay capable of investigating an antigen's endosomal processing and MHC class II presentation capabilities. This novel assay relies on competition between epitopes for MHC class II binding and employs labeled soluble T cell receptors (sTCRs) as detectors of epitope presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carley Tasker
- Predictive and Clinical Immunogenicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jenny Patel
- Predictive and Clinical Immunogenicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Vibha Jawa
- Predictive and Clinical Immunogenicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jad Maamary
- Predictive and Clinical Immunogenicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA.
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18
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Dhavalikar P, Robinson A, Lan Z, Jenkins D, Chwatko M, Salhadar K, Jose A, Kar R, Shoga E, Kannapiran A, Cosgriff-Hernandez E. Review of Integrin-Targeting Biomaterials in Tissue Engineering. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e2000795. [PMID: 32940020 PMCID: PMC7960574 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202000795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The ability to direct cell behavior has been central to the success of numerous therapeutics to regenerate tissue or facilitate device integration. Biomaterial scientists are challenged to understand and modulate the interactions of biomaterials with biological systems in order to achieve effective tissue repair. One key area of research investigates the use of extracellular matrix-derived ligands to target specific integrin interactions and induce cellular responses, such as increased cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. These integrin-targeting proteins and peptides have been implemented in a variety of different polymeric scaffolds and devices to enhance tissue regeneration and integration. This review first presents an overview of integrin-mediated cellular processes that have been identified in angiogenesis, wound healing, and bone regeneration. Then, research utilizing biomaterials are highlighted with integrin-targeting motifs as a means to direct these cellular processes to enhance tissue regeneration. In addition to providing improved materials for tissue repair and device integration, these innovative biomaterials provide new tools to probe the complex processes of tissue remodeling in order to enhance the rational design of biomaterial scaffolds and guide tissue regeneration strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Dhavalikar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Andrew Robinson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Ziyang Lan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Dana Jenkins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Malgorzata Chwatko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Karim Salhadar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Anupriya Jose
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Ronit Kar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Erik Shoga
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Aparajith Kannapiran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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González-Torres I, Perez-Rueda E, Evangelista-Martínez Z, Zárate-Romero A, Moreno-Enríquez A, Huerta-Saquero A. Identification of L-asparaginases from Streptomyces strains with competitive activity and immunogenic profiles: a bioinformatic approach. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10276. [PMID: 33240625 PMCID: PMC7668207 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme L-asparaginase from Escherichia coli is a therapeutic enzyme that has been a cornerstone in the clinical treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia for the last decades. However, treatment effectiveness is limited by the highly immunogenic nature of the protein and its cross-reactivity towards L-glutamine. In this work, a bioinformatic approach was used to identify, select and computationally characterize L-asparaginases from Streptomyces through sequence-based screening analyses, immunoinformatics, homology modeling, and molecular docking studies. Based on its predicted low immunogenicity and excellent enzymatic activity, we selected a previously uncharacterized L-asparaginase from Streptomyces scabrisporus. Furthermore, two putative asparaginase binding sites were identified and a 3D model is proposed. These promising features allow us to propose L-asparaginase from S. scabrisporus as an alternative for the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván González-Torres
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Ernesto Perez-Rueda
- Instituto de Matemáticas Aplicadas y Sistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Zahaed Evangelista-Martínez
- Subsede Sureste, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, AC, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Andrés Zárate-Romero
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ensenada, Baja California, México
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Alejandro Huerta-Saquero
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ensenada, Baja California, México
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20
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Haji Abdolvahab M, Venselaar H, Fazeli A, Arab SS, Behmanesh M. Point Mutation Approach to Reduce Antigenicity of Interferon Beta. Int J Pept Res Ther 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-019-09938-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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21
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Jawa V, Terry F, Gokemeijer J, Mitra-Kaushik S, Roberts BJ, Tourdot S, De Groot AS. T-Cell Dependent Immunogenicity of Protein Therapeutics Pre-clinical Assessment and Mitigation-Updated Consensus and Review 2020. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1301. [PMID: 32695107 PMCID: PMC7338774 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune responses to protein and peptide drugs can alter or reduce their efficacy and may be associated with adverse effects. While anti-drug antibodies (ADA) are a standard clinical measure of protein therapeutic immunogenicity, T cell epitopes in the primary sequences of these drugs are the key drivers or modulators of ADA response, depending on the type of T cell response that is stimulated (e.g., T helper or Regulatory T cells, respectively). In a previous publication on T cell-dependent immunogenicity of biotherapeutics, we addressed mitigation efforts such as identifying and reducing the presence of T cell epitopes or T cell response to protein therapeutics prior to further development of the protein therapeutic for clinical use. Over the past 5 years, greater insight into the role of regulatory T cell epitopes and the conservation of T cell epitopes with self (beyond germline) has improved the preclinical assessment of immunogenic potential. In addition, impurities contained in therapeutic drug formulations such as host cell proteins have also attracted attention and become the focus of novel risk assessment methods. Target effects have come into focus, given the emergence of protein and peptide drugs that target immune receptors in immuno-oncology applications. Lastly, new modalities are entering the clinic, leading to the need to revise certain aspects of the preclinical immunogenicity assessment pathway. In addition to drugs that have multiple antibody-derived domains or non-antibody scaffolds, therapeutic drugs may now be introduced via viral vectors, cell-based constructs, or nucleic acid based therapeutics that may, in addition to delivering drug, also prime the immune system, driving immune response to the delivery vehicle as well as the encoded therapeutic, adding to the complexity of assessing immunogenicity risk. While it is challenging to keep pace with emerging methods for the preclinical assessment of protein therapeutics and new biologic therapeutic modalities, this collective compendium provides a guide to current best practices and new concepts in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibha Jawa
- Predictive and Clinical Immunogenicity, PPDM, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ, United States
| | | | - Jochem Gokemeijer
- Discovery Biotherapeutics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | | | - Sophie Tourdot
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, United States
| | - Anne S De Groot
- EpiVax, Inc., Providence, RI, United States.,Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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22
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Froning K, Maguire J, Sereno A, Huang F, Chang S, Weichert K, Frommelt AJ, Dong J, Wu X, Austin H, Conner EM, Fitchett JR, Heng AR, Balasubramaniam D, Hilgers MT, Kuhlman B, Demarest SJ. Computational stabilization of T cell receptors allows pairing with antibodies to form bispecifics. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2330. [PMID: 32393818 PMCID: PMC7214467 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16231-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant T cell receptors (TCRs) can be used to redirect naïve T cells to eliminate virally infected or cancerous cells; however, they are plagued by low stability and uneven expression. Here, we use molecular modeling to identify mutations in the TCR constant domains (Cα/Cβ) that increase the unfolding temperature of Cα/Cβ by 20 °C, improve the expression of four separate α/β TCRs by 3- to 10-fold, and improve the assembly and stability of TCRs with poor intrinsic stability. The stabilizing mutations rescue the expression of TCRs destabilized through variable domain mutation. The improved stability and folding of the TCRs reduces glycosylation, perhaps through conformational stabilization that restricts access to N-linked glycosylation enzymes. The Cα/Cβ mutations enables antibody-like expression and assembly of well-behaved bispecific molecules that combine an anti-CD3 antibody with the stabilized TCR. These TCR/CD3 bispecifics can redirect T cells to kill tumor cells with target HLA/peptide on their surfaces in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Froning
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Jack Maguire
- Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Arlene Sereno
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Flora Huang
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Shawn Chang
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Kenneth Weichert
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Anton J Frommelt
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Jessica Dong
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Xiufeng Wu
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Heather Austin
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Elaine M Conner
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Jonathan R Fitchett
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Aik Roy Heng
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | | | - Mark T Hilgers
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Brian Kuhlman
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Stephen J Demarest
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
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23
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Abstract
Treatment strategies in clinics have been shifting from small molecules to protein drugs due to the promising results of a highly specific mechanism of action and reduced toxicity. Despite their prominent roles in disease treatment, delivery of the protein therapeutics is challenging due to chemical instability, immunogenicity and biological barriers. Peptide hydrogels with spatiotemporally tunable properties have shown an outstanding potential to deliver complex protein therapeutics, maintain drug efficacy and stability over time, mimicking the extracellular matrix, and responding to external stimuli. In this review, we present recent advances in peptide hydrogel design strategies, protein release kinetics and mechanisms for protein drug delivery in cellular engineering, tissue engineering, immunotherapy and disease treatments.
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24
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Qin X, Yu C, Wei J, Li L, Zhang C, Wu Q, Liu J, Yao SQ, Huang W. Rational Design of Nanocarriers for Intracellular Protein Delivery. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1902791. [PMID: 31496027 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Protein/antibody therapeutics have exhibited the advantages of high specificity and activity even at an extremely low concentration compared to small molecule drugs. However, they are accompanied by unfavorable physicochemical properties such as fragile tertiary structure, large molecular size, and poor penetration of the membrane, and thus the clinical use of protein drugs is hindered by inefficient delivery of proteins into the host cells. To overcome the challenges associated with protein therapeutics and enhance their biopharmaceutical applications, various protein-loaded nanocarriers with desired functions, such as lipid nanocapsules, polymeric nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, and peptides, are developed. In this review, the different strategies for intracellular delivery of proteins are comprehensively summarized. Their designed routes, mechanisms of action, and potential therapeutics in live cells or in vivo are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the perspective on the new generation of delivery systems toward the emerging area of protein-based therapeutics is presented as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Qin
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211800, P. R. China
| | - Changmin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211800, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wei
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211800, P. R. China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211800, P. R. China
| | - Chengwu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211800, P. R. China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211800, P. R. China
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211800, P. R. China
| | - Shao Q Yao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211800, P. R. China
- Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
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25
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Kardani K, Hashemi A, Bolhassani A. Comparison of HIV-1 Vif and Vpu accessory proteins for delivery of polyepitope constructs harboring Nef, Gp160 and P24 using various cell penetrating peptides. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223844. [PMID: 31671105 PMCID: PMC6822742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To develop an effective therapeutic vaccine against HIV-1, prediction of the most conserved epitopes derived from major proteins using bioinformatics tools is an alternative achievement. The epitope-driven vaccines against variable pathogens represented successful results. Hence, to overcome this hyper-variable virus, we designed the highly conserved and immunodominant peptide epitopes. Two servers were used to predict peptide-MHC-I binding affinity including NetMHCpan4.0 and Syfpeithi servers. The NetMHCIIpan3.2 server was utilized for MHC-II binding affinity. Then, we determined immunogenicity scores and allergenicity by the IEDB immunogenicity predictor and Algpred, respectively. Next, for estimation of toxicity and population coverage, ToxinPred server and IEDB population coverage tool were applied. After that, the MHC-peptide binding was investigated by GalexyPepDock peptide-protein flexible docking server. Finally, two different DNA and peptide constructs containing Nef-Vif-Gp160-P24 and Nef-Vpu-Gp160-P24 were prepared and complexed with four various cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) for delivery into mammalian cells (MPG and HR9 CPPs for DNA delivery, and CyLoP-1 and LDP-NLS CPPs for protein delivery). Our results indicated that the designed DNA and peptide constructs could form non-covalent stable nanoparticles at certain ratios as observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Zetasizer. The flow cytometry results obtained from in vitro transfection of the nanoparticles into HEK-293T cell lines showed that the percentage of GFP expressing cells was about 38.38 ± 1.34%, 25.36% ± 0.30, 54.95% ± 0.84, and 25.11% ± 0.36 for MPG/pEGFP-nef-vif-gp160-p24, MPG/pEGFP-nef-vpu-gp160-p24, HR9/pEGFP-nef-vif-gp160-p24 and HR9/pEGFP-nef-vpu-gp160-p24, respectively. Thus, these data showed that the DNA construct harboring nef-vif-gp160-p24 multi-epitope gene had higher efficiency than the DNA construct harboring nef-vpu-gp160-p24 multi-epitope gene to penetrate into the cells. Moreover, delivery of the recombinant Nef-Vif-Gp160-P24 and Nef-Vpu-Gp160-P24 polyepitope peptides in HEK-293T cells was confirmed as a single band about 32 kDa using western blot analysis. Although, both DNA and peptide constructs could be successfully transported by a variety of CPPs into the cells, but the difference between them in transfection rate will influence the levels of immune responses for development of therapeutic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimia Kardani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atieh Hashemi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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26
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Høglund RA, Torsetnes SB, Lossius A, Bogen B, Homan EJ, Bremel R, Holmøy T. Human Cysteine Cathepsins Degrade Immunoglobulin G In Vitro in a Predictable Manner. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194843. [PMID: 31569504 PMCID: PMC6801702 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins are critical components of the adaptive immune system involved in the generation of epitopes for presentation on human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules and have been implicated in degradation of autoantigens. Immunoglobulin variable regions with somatic mutations and random complementarity region 3 amino acid composition are inherently immunogenic. T cell reactivity towards immunoglobulin variable regions has been investigated in relation to specific diseases, as well as reactivity to therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Yet, how the immunoglobulins, or the B cell receptors, are processed in endolysosomal compartments of professional antigen presenting cells has not been described in detail. Here we present in silico and in vitro experimental evidence suggesting that cysteine cathepsins S, L and B may have important roles in generating peptides fitting HLA class II molecules, capable of being presented to T cells, from monoclonal antibodies as well as from central nervous system proteins including a well described autoantigen. By combining neural net models with in vitro proteomics experiments, we further suggest how such degradation can be predicted, how it fits with available cellular models, and that it is immunoglobulin heavy chain variable family dependent. These findings are relevant for biotherapeutic drug design as well as to understand disease development. We also suggest how these tools can be improved, including improved machine learning methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune Alexander Høglund
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway.
- Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen), Medical Division, Akershus University Hospital and University of Oslo, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Silje Bøen Torsetnes
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway.
- Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen), Medical Division, Akershus University Hospital and University of Oslo, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway.
| | - Andreas Lossius
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway.
- Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen), Medical Division, Akershus University Hospital and University of Oslo, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway.
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Bjarne Bogen
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway.
| | | | | | - Trygve Holmøy
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway.
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27
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Spronck EA, Liu YP, Lubelski J, Ehlert E, Gielen S, Montenegro-Miranda P, de Haan M, Nijmeijer B, Ferreira V, Petry H, van Deventer SJ. Enhanced Factor IX Activity following Administration of AAV5-R338L "Padua" Factor IX versus AAV5 WT Human Factor IX in NHPs. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 15:221-231. [PMID: 31709273 PMCID: PMC6834974 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy for severe hemophilia B is advancing and offers sustained disease amelioration with a single treatment. We have reported the efficacy and safety of AMT-060, an investigational gene therapy comprising an adeno-associated virus serotype 5 capsid encapsidating the codon-optimized wild-type human factor IX (WT hFIX) gene with a liver-specific promoter, in patients with severe hemophilia B. Treatment with 2 × 1013 gc/kg AMT-060 showed sustained and durable FIX activity of 3%-13% and a substantial reduction in spontaneous bleeds without T cell-mediated hepatoxicity. To achieve higher FIX activity, we modified AMT-060 to encode the R338L "Padua" FIX variant that has increased specific activity (AMT-061). We report the safety and increased FIX activity of AMT-061 in non-human primates. Animals (n = 3/group) received intravenous AMT-060 (5 × 1012 gc/kg), AMT-061 (ranging from 5 × 1011 to 9 × 1013 gc/kg), or vehicle. Human FIX protein expression, FIX activity, and coagulation markers including D-dimer and thrombin-antithrombin complexes were measured. At equal doses, AMT-060 and AMT-061 resulted in similar human FIX protein expression, but FIX activity was 6.5-fold enhanced using AMT-061. Both vectors show similar safety and transduction profiles. Thus, AMT-061 holds great promise as a more potent FIX replacement gene therapy with a favorable safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth A Spronck
- uniQure biopharma B.V., Paasheuvelweg 25A, 1105 BP Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ying Poi Liu
- uniQure biopharma B.V., Paasheuvelweg 25A, 1105 BP Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jacek Lubelski
- uniQure biopharma B.V., Paasheuvelweg 25A, 1105 BP Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Erich Ehlert
- uniQure biopharma B.V., Paasheuvelweg 25A, 1105 BP Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Gielen
- uniQure biopharma B.V., Paasheuvelweg 25A, 1105 BP Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Martin de Haan
- uniQure biopharma B.V., Paasheuvelweg 25A, 1105 BP Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Nijmeijer
- uniQure biopharma B.V., Paasheuvelweg 25A, 1105 BP Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Valerie Ferreira
- uniQure biopharma B.V., Paasheuvelweg 25A, 1105 BP Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Harald Petry
- uniQure biopharma B.V., Paasheuvelweg 25A, 1105 BP Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sander J van Deventer
- uniQure biopharma B.V., Paasheuvelweg 25A, 1105 BP Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
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28
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Hamuro L, Tirucherai GS, Crawford SM, Nayeem A, Pillutla RC, DeSilva BS, Leil TA, Thalhauser CJ. Evaluating a Multiscale Mechanistic Model of the Immune System to Predict Human Immunogenicity for a Biotherapeutic in Phase 1. AAPS JOURNAL 2019; 21:94. [PMID: 31342199 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-019-0361-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A mechanistic model of the immune response was evaluated for its ability to predict anti-drug antibody (ADA) and their impact on pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) for a biotherapeutic in a phase 1 clinical trial. Observed ADA incidence ranged from 33 to 67% after single doses and 27-50% after multiple doses. The model captured the single dose incidence well; however, there was overprediction after multiple dosing. The model was updated to include a T-regulatory (Treg) cell mediated tolerance, which reduced the overprediction (relative decrease in predicted incidence rate of 21.5-59.3% across multidose panels) without compromising the single dose predictions (relative decrease in predicted incidence rate of 0.6-13%). The Treg-adjusted model predicted no ADA impact on PK or PD, consistent with the observed data. A prospective phase 2 trial was simulated, including co-medication effects in the form of corticosteroid-induced immunosuppression. Predicted ADA incidences were 0-10%, depending on co-medication dosage. This work demonstrates the utility in applying an integrated, iterative modeling approach to predict ADA during different stages of clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lora Hamuro
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, 08543, USA
| | - Giridhar S Tirucherai
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, 08543, USA
| | - Sean M Crawford
- Bioanalytical Sciences, Translational Medicine, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, 08543, USA
| | - Akbar Nayeem
- Molecular Structure and Design, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, 08543, USA
| | - Renuka C Pillutla
- Bioanalytical Sciences, Translational Medicine, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, 08543, USA
| | - Binodh S DeSilva
- Analytical Strategy and Operations, Product Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, 08543, USA
| | - Tarek A Leil
- Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey, 08543, USA
| | - Craig J Thalhauser
- Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey, 08543, USA.
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29
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Belén LH, Lissabet JB, de Oliveira Rangel-Yagui C, Effer B, Monteiro G, Pessoa A, Farías Avendaño JG. A structural in silico analysis of the immunogenicity of l-asparaginase from Escherichia coli and Erwinia carotovora. Biologicals 2019; 59:47-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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30
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Dingman R, Balu-Iyer SV. Immunogenicity of Protein Pharmaceuticals. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:1637-1654. [PMID: 30599169 PMCID: PMC6720129 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein therapeutics have drastically changed the landscape of treatment for many diseases by providing a regimen that is highly specific and lacks many off-target toxicities. The clinical utility of many therapeutic proteins has been undermined by the potential development of unwanted immune responses against the protein, limiting their efficacy and negatively impacting its safety profile. This review attempts to provide an overview of immunogenicity of therapeutic proteins, including immune mechanisms and factors influencing immunogenicity, impact of immunogenicity, preclinical screening methods, and strategies to mitigate immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Dingman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214
| | - Sathy V Balu-Iyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214.
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31
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Zhang Z, Bu H, Yu J, Chen Y, Pei C, Yu L, Huang X, Tan G, Tan Y. The cell-penetrating FOXM1 N-terminus (M1-138) demonstrates potent inhibitory effects on cancer cells by targeting FOXM1 and FOXM1-interacting factor SMAD3. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:2882-2896. [PMID: 31244930 PMCID: PMC6568178 DOI: 10.7150/thno.32693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor FOXM1 is involved in stimulating cell proliferation, enhancing DNA damage repair, promoting metastasis of cancer cells, and the inhibition of FOXM1 has been shown to prevent the initiation and progression of multiple cancers and FOXM1 is considered to be an effective target for tumor therapeutic drug development. The N-terminus of FOXM1 has been found to prevent transcriptional activities of FOXM1 and to mediate the interaction between FOXM1 and SMAD3. Methods: A recombinant FOXM1 N-terminal domain (1-138aa) fused with a nine arginine cell-penetrating peptide is produced with an E. coli expression system and named as M1-138. The effects of M1-138 on the proliferation, migration, and tumorigenic ability of cancer cells are analyzed in vitro with cell counting, transwell assays, and colony formation assays. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) and Luciferase activity assays are used to test the DNA binding ability and transcriptional activity of transcription factors. The levels of mRNAs and proteins are measured by quantitative-PCR, Western blotting or Immunohistochemistry. The interactions among proteins are analyzed with Pull-down and Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays. The nude mouse engrafted tumor models are used to test the inhibitory effects of M1-138 in vivo. Results: M1-138 diminishes the proliferation and migration abilities of cancer cells through binding to FOXM1 and FOXM1-interacting factor SMAD3, and consequently attenuating FOXM1 transcriptional activities from both direct and indirect FOXM1-promoter binding mechanisms and interfering with the interaction between FOXM1 and SMAD3. Treatment of M1-138 prevents tumorigenicity of cancer cells and inhibits tumor growth in nude mouse xenograft models with no obvious signs of toxicity. Conclusion: M1-138 is a promising drug candidate for the development of anti-cancer therapeutics targeting FOXM1 and SMAD3.
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32
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Nieto-Gómez R, Angulo C, Monreal-Escalante E, Govea-Alonso DO, De Groot AS, Rosales-Mendoza S. Design of a multiepitopic Zaire ebolavirus protein and its expression in plant cells. J Biotechnol 2019; 295:41-48. [PMID: 30826446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The recent Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreaks make the development of efficacious and low cost vaccines against Ebola virus (EBOV) an urgent goal. Multiepitopic vaccines allow a rational design rendering vaccines able to induce proper immune responses in terms of polarization and potency. In addition, the pathogen variants can be easily covered by including epitopes conserved among relevant isolates. Other important aspects to consider in vaccination are the costs associated to production, distribution, and administration of the vaccine. Plants provide an advantageous platform for this purpose, since they yield biomass at very low costs and some species can be used to formulate purification-free oral vaccines. In the present study, a multiepitopic protein called Zerola, which carries epitopes from the EBOV glycoprotein (GP), was designed based on immunoinformatic approaches and current experimental evidence on B cell protective GP epitopes. Moreover, expression studies performed in nuclear-transformed tobacco lines confirmed the capacity of the plant cell to synthetize the Zerola antigenic protein. The generation of this plant-based candidate vaccine is a step forward in the development of highly efficient and low cost EBOV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Nieto-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, SLP, 78210, Mexico; Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª Sección, San Luis Potosí, 78210, Mexico
| | - Carlos Angulo
- Grupo de Inmunología & Vacunología, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, SC., Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, B.C.S., C.P. 23096, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Monreal-Escalante
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, SLP, 78210, Mexico; Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª Sección, San Luis Potosí, 78210, Mexico
| | - Dania O Govea-Alonso
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, SLP, 78210, Mexico; Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª Sección, San Luis Potosí, 78210, Mexico
| | | | - Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, SLP, 78210, Mexico; Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª Sección, San Luis Potosí, 78210, Mexico.
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33
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Scholzen A, Richard G, Moise L, Baeten LA, Reeves PM, Martin WD, Brauns TA, Boyle CM, Raju Paul S, Bucala R, Bowen RA, Garritsen A, De Groot AS, Sluder AE, Poznansky MC. Promiscuous Coxiella burnetii CD4 Epitope Clusters Associated With Human Recall Responses Are Candidates for a Novel T-Cell Targeted Multi-Epitope Q Fever Vaccine. Front Immunol 2019; 10:207. [PMID: 30828331 PMCID: PMC6384241 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever, is a Gram-negative intracellular bacterium transmitted via aerosol. Regulatory approval of the Australian whole-cell vaccine Q-VAX® in the US and Europe is hindered by reactogenicity in previously exposed individuals. The aim of this study was to identify and rationally select C. burnetii epitopes for design of a safe, effective, and less reactogenic T-cell targeted human Q fever vaccine. Immunoinformatic methods were used to predict 65 HLA class I epitopes and 50 promiscuous HLA class II C. burnetii epitope clusters, which are conserved across strains of C. burnetii. HLA binding assays confirmed 89% of class I and 75% of class II predictions, and 11 HLA class II epitopes elicited IFNγ responses following heterologous DNA/DNA/peptide/peptide prime-boost immunizations of HLA-DR3 transgenic mice. Human immune responses to the predicted epitopes were characterized in individuals naturally exposed to C. burnetii during the 2007–2010 Dutch Q fever outbreak. Subjects were divided into three groups: controls with no immunological evidence of previous infection and individuals with responses to heat-killed C. burnetii in a whole blood IFNγ release assay (IGRA) who remained asymptomatic or who experienced clinical Q fever during the outbreak. Recall responses to C. burnetii epitopes were assessed by cultured IFNγ ELISpot. While HLA class I epitope responses were sparse in this cohort, we identified 21 HLA class II epitopes that recalled T-cell IFNγ responses in 10–28% of IGRA+ subjects. IGRA+ individuals with past asymptomatic and symptomatic C. burnetii infection showed a comparable response pattern and cumulative peptide response which correlated with IGRA responses. None of the peptides elicited reactogenicity in a C. burnetii exposure-primed guinea pig model. These data demonstrate that a substantial proportion of immunoinformatically identified HLA class II epitopes show long-lived immunoreactivity in naturally infected individuals, making them desirable candidates for a novel human multi-epitope Q fever vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leonard Moise
- EpiVax, Inc., Providence, RI, United States.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Laurie A Baeten
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Patrick M Reeves
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Timothy A Brauns
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Susan Raju Paul
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Richard A Bowen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | | | - Anne S De Groot
- EpiVax, Inc., Providence, RI, United States.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Ann E Sluder
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mark C Poznansky
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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34
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Williams KL. The Biologics Revolution and Endotoxin Test Concerns. ENDOTOXIN DETECTION AND CONTROL IN PHARMA, LIMULUS, AND MAMMALIAN SYSTEMS 2019. [PMCID: PMC7123716 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-17148-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The advent of “at will” production of biologics in lieu of harvesting animal proteins (i.e. insulin) or human cadaver proteins (i.e. growth hormone) has revolutionized the treatment of disease. While the fruits of the biotechnology revolution are widely acknowledged, the realization of the differences in the means of production and changes in the manner of control of potential impurities and contaminants in regard to the new versus the old are less widely appreciated. This chapter is an overview of the biologics revolution in terms of the rigors of manufacturing required to produce them, their mechanism of action, and caveats of endotoxin control. It is a continulation of the previous chapter that established a basic background knowledge of adaptive immune principles necessary to understand the mode of action of both disease causation and biologics therapeutic treatment via immune modulation.
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35
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Anticariogenic and antibiofilm of purified bacteriocin of Lactobacillus curvatus and immunomodulatory effect of L. curvatus in streptococcal bacteremia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1097/mrm.0000000000000150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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36
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Clavero-Álvarez A, Di Mambro T, Perez-Gaviro S, Magnani M, Bruscolini P. Humanization of Antibodies using a Statistical Inference Approach. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14820. [PMID: 30287940 PMCID: PMC6172228 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32986-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody humanization is a key step in the preclinical phase of the development of therapeutic antibodies, originally developed and tested in non-human models (most typically, in mouse). The standard technique of Complementarity-Determining Regions (CDR) grafting into human Framework Regions of germline sequences has some important drawbacks, in that the resulting sequences often need further back-mutations to ensure functionality and/or stability. Here we propose a new method to characterize the statistical distribution of the sequences of the variable regions of human antibodies, that takes into account phenotypical correlations between pairs of residues, both within and between chains. We define a "humanness score" of a sequence, comparing its performance in distinguishing human from murine sequences, with that of some alternative scores in the literature. We also compare the score with the experimental immunogenicity of clinically used antibodies. Finally, we use the humanness score as an optimization function and perform a search in the sequence space, starting from different murine sequences and keeping the CDR regions unchanged. Our results show that our humanness score outperforms other methods in sequence classification, and the optimization protocol is able to generate humanized sequences that are recognized as human by standard homology modelling tools.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomas Di Mambro
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy
| | - Sergio Perez-Gaviro
- Departamento de Física Teórica, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain.,Centro Universitario de la Defensa, Zaragoza, 50090, Spain.,Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
| | - Mauro Magnani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Bruscolini
- Departamento de Física Teórica, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain. .,Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain.
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37
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Mohanty E, Dehury B, Satapathy AK, Dwibedi B. Design and testing of a highly conserved human rotavirus VP8* immunogenic peptide with potential for vaccine development. J Biotechnol 2018; 281:48-60. [PMID: 29886031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.06.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus infection of young children particularly below five years of age resulting in severe diarhoea, is the cause of a large number of infant deaths all over the world, more so in developing countries like India. Vaccines developed against this infection in the last two decades have shown mixed results with some of them leading to complications. Oral vaccines have not been very effective in India. Significant diversity has been found in circulating virus strains in India. Development of a vaccine against diverse genetic variants of the different strains would go a long way in reducing the incidence of infection in developing countries. Success of such a vaccine would depend to a large extent on the antigenic peptide to be used in antibody production. The non-glycosylated protein VP4 on the surface capsid of the virus is important in rota viral immunogenicity and the major antigenic site(s) responsible for neutralization of the virus via VP4 is in the VP8* subunit of VP4. It is necessary that the peptide should be very specific and a peptide sequence which would stimulate both the T and B immunogenic cells would provide maximum protection against the virus. Advanced computational techniques and existing databases of sequences of the VP4 protein of rotavirus help in identification of such specific sequences. Using an in silico approach we have identified a highly conserved VP8* subunit of the VP4 surface protein of rotavirus which shows both T and B cell processivity and is also non-allergenic. This sub-unit could be used in in vivo models for induction of antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileena Mohanty
- All India institute of medical sciences, Bhubaneshwar, 751019, Odisha, India.
| | - Budheswar Dehury
- Biomedical Informatics Centre, Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India.
| | - Ashok Kumar Satapathy
- Immunology Laboratory, Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India.
| | - Bhagirathi Dwibedi
- All India institute of medical sciences, Bhubaneshwar, 751019, Odisha, India.
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38
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Turner MR, Balu-Iyer SV. Challenges and Opportunities for the Subcutaneous Delivery of Therapeutic Proteins. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:1247-1260. [PMID: 29336981 PMCID: PMC5915922 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Biotherapeutics is a rapidly growing drug class, and over 200 biotherapeutics have already obtained approval, with about 50 of these being approved in 2015 and 2016 alone. Several hundred protein therapeutic products are still in the pipeline, including interesting new approaches to treatment. Owing to patients' convenience of at home administration and reduced number of hospital visits as well as the reduction in treatment costs, subcutaneous (SC) administration of biologics is of increasing interest. Although several avenues for treatment using biotherapeutics are being explored, there is still a sufficient gap in knowledge regarding the interplay of formulation conditions, immunogenicity, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of the absorption of these compounds when they are given SC. This review seeks to highlight the major concerns and important factors governing this route of administration and suggest a holistic approach for effective SC delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Turner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214
| | - Sathy V Balu-Iyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214.
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39
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Hrdinová J, Verbij FC, Kaijen PHP, Hartholt RB, van Alphen F, Lardy N, Ten Brinke A, Vanhoorelbeke K, Hindocha PJ, De Groot AS, Meijer AB, Voorberg J, Peyron I. Mass spectrometry-assisted identification of ADAMTS13-derived peptides presented on HLA-DR and HLA-DQ. Haematologica 2018; 103:1083-1092. [PMID: 29567779 PMCID: PMC6058777 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2017.179119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of microthrombi is a hallmark of acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. These microthrombi originate from insufficient processing of ultra large von Willebrand factor multimers by ADAMTS13 due to the development of anti-ADAMTS13 autoantibodies. Several studies have identified the major histocompatibility complex class II alleles HLA-DRB1*11, HLA-DQB1*03 and HLA-DQB1*02:02 as risk factors for acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura development. Previous research in our department indicated that ADAMTS13 CUB2 domain-derived peptides FINVAPHAR and LIRDTHSLR are presented on HLA-DRB1*11 and HLA-DRB1*03, respectively. Here, we describe the repertoire of ADAMTS13 peptides presented on HLA-DQ. In parallel, the repertoire of ADAMTS13-derived peptides presented on HLA-DR was monitored. Using HLA-DR- and HLA-DQ-specific antibodies, we purified HLA/peptide complexes from ADAMTS13-pulsed monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Using this approach, we identified ADAMTS13-derived peptides presented on HLA-DR for all 9 samples analyzed; ADAMTS13-derived peptides presented on HLA-DQ were identified in 4 out of 9 samples. We were able to confirm the presentation of the CUB2 domain-derived peptides FINVAPHAR and LIRDTHSLR on HLA-DR. In total, 12 different core-peptide sequences were identified on HLA-DR and 8 on HLA-DQ. For HLA-DR11, several potential new core-peptides were found; 4 novel core-peptides were exclusively identified on HLA-DQ. Furthermore, an in silico analysis was performed using the EpiMatrix and JanusMatrix tools to evaluate the eluted peptides, in the context of HLA-DR, for putative effector or regulatory T-cell responses at the population level. The results from this study provide a basis for the identification of immuno-dominant epitopes on ADAMTS13 involved in the onset of acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johana Hrdinová
- Department of Plasma Proteins, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Fabian C Verbij
- Department of Plasma Proteins, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul H P Kaijen
- Department of Plasma Proteins, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robin B Hartholt
- Department of Plasma Proteins, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Floris van Alphen
- Department of Research Facilities, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Neubury Lardy
- Department of Immunogenetics, Sanquin, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anja Ten Brinke
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Karen Vanhoorelbeke
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, IRF Life Sciences, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Anne S De Groot
- EpiVax Inc., Providence, RI, USA.,Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Alexander B Meijer
- Department of Plasma Proteins, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Research Facilities, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Voorberg
- Department of Plasma Proteins, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands .,Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ivan Peyron
- Department of Plasma Proteins, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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40
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Ohsaki A, Venturelli N, Buccigrosso TM, Osganian SK, Lee J, Blumberg RS, Oyoshi MK. Maternal IgG immune complexes induce food allergen-specific tolerance in offspring. J Exp Med 2017; 215:91-113. [PMID: 29158374 PMCID: PMC5748859 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of maternal immune responses in tolerance induction is poorly understood. To study whether maternal allergen sensitization affects offspring susceptibility to food allergy, we epicutaneously sensitized female mice with ovalbumin (OVA) followed by epicutaneous sensitization and oral challenge of their offspring with OVA. Maternal OVA sensitization prevented food anaphylaxis, OVA-specific IgE production, and intestinal mast cell expansion in offspring. This protection was mediated by neonatal crystallizable fragment receptor (FcRn)-dependent transfer of maternal IgG and OVA immune complexes (IgG-IC) via breast milk and induction of allergen-specific regulatory T (T reg) cells in offspring. Breastfeeding by OVA-sensitized mothers or maternal supplementation with IgG-IC was sufficient to induce neonatal tolerance. FcRn-dependent antigen presentation by CD11c+ dendritic cells (DCs) in offspring was required for oral tolerance. Human breast milk containing OVA-IgG-IC induced tolerance in humanized FcRn mice. Collectively, we demonstrate that interactions of maternal IgG-IC and offspring FcRn are critical for induction of T reg cell responses and control of food-specific tolerance in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asa Ohsaki
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | | | | | - John Lee
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Richard S Blumberg
- Gastroenterology Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, MA
| | - Michiko K Oyoshi
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA .,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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41
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Chapman AM, McNaughton BR. Scratching the Surface: Resurfacing Proteins to Endow New Properties and Function. Cell Chem Biol 2017; 23:543-553. [PMID: 27203375 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein engineering is an emerging discipline that dovetails modern molecular biology techniques with high-throughput screening, laboratory evolution technologies, and computational approaches to modify sequence, structure, and, in some cases, function and properties of proteins. The ultimate goal is to develop new proteins with improved or designer functions for use in biotechnology, medicine, and basic research. One way to engineer proteins is to change their solvent-exposed regions through focused or random "protein resurfacing." In this review we explain what protein resurfacing is, and discuss recent examples of how this strategy is used to generate proteins with altered or broadened recognition profiles, improved stability, solubility, and expression, cell-penetrating ability, and reduced immunogenicity. Additionally we comment on how these properties can be further improved using chemical resurfacing approaches. Protein resurfacing will likely play an increasingly important role as more biologics enter clinical use, and we present some arguments to support this view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Chapman
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Brian R McNaughton
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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42
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Harnessing a catalytic lysine residue for the one-step preparation of homogeneous antibody-drug conjugates. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1112. [PMID: 29062027 PMCID: PMC5653646 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01257-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Current strategies to produce homogeneous antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) rely on mutations or inefficient conjugation chemistries. Here we present a strategy to produce site-specific ADCs using a highly reactive natural buried lysine embedded in a dual variable domain (DVD) format. This approach is mutation free and drug conjugation proceeds rapidly at neutral pH in a single step without removing any charges. The conjugation chemistry is highly robust, enabling the use of crude DVD for ADC preparation. In addition, this strategy affords the ability to precisely monitor the efficiency of drug conjugation with a catalytic assay. ADCs targeting HER2 were prepared and demonstrated to be highly potent and specific in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the modular DVD platform was used to prepare potent and specific ADCs targeting CD138 and CD79B, two clinically established targets overexpressed in multiple myeloma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, respectively. Current strategies for producing antibody-drug conjugates often rely on inefficient conjugation chemistry or on generating mutations in the antibody sequence. Here the authors demonstrate a mutation-free, single-step conjugation platform utilizing a buried lysine residue.
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43
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Amiri MM, Golsaz-Shirazi F, Soltantoyeh T, Hosseini-Ghatar R, Bahadori T, Khoshnoodi J, Navabi SS, Farid S, Karimi-Jafari MH, Jeddi-Tehrani M, Shokri F. Hersintuzumab: A novel humanized anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody induces potent tumor growth inhibition. Invest New Drugs 2017; 36:171-186. [PMID: 28983766 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-017-0518-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Humanized monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against HER2 including trastuzumab and pertuzumab are widely used to treat HER2 overexpressing metastatic breast cancers. These two mAbs recognize distinct epitopes on HER2 and their combination induces a more potent blockade of HER2 signaling than trastuzumab alone. Recently, we have reported characterization of a new chimeric mAb (c-1T0) which binds to an epitope different from that recognized by trastuzumab and significantly inhibits proliferation of HER2 overexpressing tumor cells. Here, we describe humanization of this mAb by grafting all six complementarity determining regions (CDRs) onto human variable germline genes. Humanized VH and VL sequences were synthesized and ligated to human γ1 and κ constant region genes using splice overlap extension (SOE) PCR. Subsequently, the humanized antibody designated hersintuzumab was expressed and characterized by ELISA, Western blot and flow cytometry. The purified humanized mAb binds to recombinant HER2 and HER2-overexpressing tumor cells with an affinity comparable with the chimeric and parental mouse mAbs. It recognizes an epitope distinct from those recognized by trastuzumab and pertuzumab. Binding of hersintuzumab to HER2 overexpressing tumor cells induces G1 cell cycle arrest, inhibition of ERK and AKT signaling pathways and growth inhibition. Moreover, hersintuzumab could induce antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) on BT-474 cells. This new humanized mAb is a potentially valuable tool for single or combination breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mehdi Amiri
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Forough Golsaz-Shirazi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahereh Soltantoyeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Hosseini-Ghatar
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tannaz Bahadori
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jalal Khoshnoodi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shadi Sadat Navabi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Farid
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mahmood Jeddi-Tehrani
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fazel Shokri
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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44
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Gokemeijer J, Jawa V, Mitra-Kaushik S. How Close Are We to Profiling Immunogenicity Risk Using In Silico Algorithms and In Vitro Methods?: an Industry Perspective. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:1587-1592. [PMID: 28971356 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0143-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In silico HLA-binding algorithms and in vitro T cell-based assays as predictive tools for human immunogenicity risk have made inroads in the biotherapeutic drug discovery and development process. Currently, these tools are being used only for candidate selection or characterization and not for making a go/no-go decision for further development. A clear limitation for a broader implementation is the lack of correlation between the predicted T cell epitope content/immune reactivity potential of a biotherapeutic and the subsequent ADA-related clinical immunogenicity outcome. The current state of technologies and their pros and cons were discussed as a part of the 2016 AAPS National Biotechnology Conference in a themed session. A review of the advances in the area and the session talks along with the ensuing discussions are summarized in this commentary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochem Gokemeijer
- Discovery Chemistry and Molecular Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vibha Jawa
- Biologics and Vaccine Formulations, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, K-15 H406, Kenilworth, New Jersey, 07033, USA
| | - Shibani Mitra-Kaushik
- Biomarker and Clinical Bioanalysis, Sanofi, 1 The Mountain Road, Framingham, Massachusetts, 01701, USA.
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45
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Ganesan R, Raymond EL, Mennerich D, Woska JR, Caviness G, Grimaldi C, Ahlberg J, Perez R, Roberts S, Yang D, Jerath K, Truncali K, Frego L, Sepulveda E, Gupta P, Brown SE, Howell MD, Canada KA, Kroe-Barrett R, Fine JS, Singh S, Mbow ML. Generation and functional characterization of anti-human and anti-mouse IL-36R antagonist monoclonal antibodies. MAbs 2017; 9:1143-1154. [PMID: 28726542 PMCID: PMC5627585 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1353853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of interleukin (IL)-36 receptor antagonist (DITRA) syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in IL36RN. IL-36R is a cell surface receptor and a member of the IL1R family that is involved in inflammatory responses triggered in skin and other epithelial tissues. Accumulating evidence suggests that IL-36R signaling may play a role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Therapeutic intervention of IL-36R signaling offers an innovative treatment paradigm for targeting epithelial cell-mediated inflammatory diseases such as the life-threatening psoriasis variant called generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP). We report the discovery and characterization of MAB92, a potent, high affinity anti-human IL-36 receptor antagonistic antibody that blocks human IL-36 ligand (α, β and γ)-mediated signaling. In vitro treatment with MAB92 directly inhibits human IL-36R-mediated signaling and inflammatory cytokine production in primary human keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts. MAB92 shows exquisite species specificity toward human IL-36R and does not cross react to murine IL-36R. To enable in vivo pharmacology studies, we developed a mouse cross-reactive antibody, MAB04, which exhibits overlapping binding and pharmacological activity as MAB92. Epitope mapping indicates that MAB92 and MAB04 bind primarily to domain-2 of the human and mouse IL-36R proteins, respectively. Treatment with MAB04 abrogates imiquimod and IL-36-mediated skin inflammation in the mouse, further supporting an important role for IL-36R signaling in epithelial cell-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajkumar Ganesan
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc. , Ridgefield , CT ., USA
| | - Ernest L Raymond
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc. , Ridgefield , CT ., USA
| | - Detlev Mennerich
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc. , Ridgefield , CT ., USA
| | - Joseph R Woska
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc. , Ridgefield , CT ., USA
| | - Gary Caviness
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc. , Ridgefield , CT ., USA
| | | | - Jennifer Ahlberg
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc. , Ridgefield , CT ., USA
| | - Rocio Perez
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc. , Ridgefield , CT ., USA
| | - Simon Roberts
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc. , Ridgefield , CT ., USA
| | - Danlin Yang
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc. , Ridgefield , CT ., USA
| | - Kavita Jerath
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc. , Ridgefield , CT ., USA
| | | | - Lee Frego
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc. , Ridgefield , CT ., USA
| | - Eliud Sepulveda
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc. , Ridgefield , CT ., USA
| | - Priyanka Gupta
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc. , Ridgefield , CT ., USA
| | - Su-Ellen Brown
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc. , Ridgefield , CT ., USA
| | - Michael D Howell
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc. , Ridgefield , CT ., USA
| | - Keith A Canada
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc. , Ridgefield , CT ., USA
| | | | - Jay S Fine
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc. , Ridgefield , CT ., USA
| | - Sanjaya Singh
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc. , Ridgefield , CT ., USA
| | - M Lamine Mbow
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc. , Ridgefield , CT ., USA
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46
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Lebozec K, Jandrot-Perrus M, Avenard G, Favre-Bulle O, Billiald P. Design, development and characterization of ACT017, a humanized Fab that blocks platelet's glycoprotein VI function without causing bleeding risks. MAbs 2017; 9:945-958. [PMID: 28598281 PMCID: PMC5540112 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1336592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoprotein VI is a platelet-specific collagen receptor critical for in vivo formation of arterial thrombosis. It is also considered as an attractive target for the development of anti-thrombotic drugs because blocking glycoprotein (GP)VI inhibits platelet aggregation without inducing detrimental effects on physiologic hemostasis. Here, we present data on the identification, in vitro and ex vivo pharmacology of a humanized Fab fragment designated as ACT017. ACT017 was selected out of 15 humanized variants based upon structural and functional properties. It was produced under GMP-like conditions followed by detailed physico-chemical analysis and functional characterization indicating high antigen-binding specificity and affinity. In addition, we demonstrate, in a dose-escalation study, that ACT017 has a high capacity to specifically inhibit collagen-induced platelet aggregation ex vivo after injection to the macaque without inducing thrombocytopenia, GPVI depletion or bleeding side effects as is the case for conventional anti-platelets. Therefore, ACT017 is a promising therapeutic candidate for the development of a new generation of safe and efficient anti-thrombotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristell Lebozec
- a Acticor Biotech SAS, Hôpital Bichat - Inserm U1148 , 46 rue Henri Huchard, F75018 Paris , France
| | - Martine Jandrot-Perrus
- a Acticor Biotech SAS, Hôpital Bichat - Inserm U1148 , 46 rue Henri Huchard, F75018 Paris , France.,b Inserm-University Paris Diderot UMR S1148, Hôpital Bichat , 46 rue Henri Huchard, F75018 Paris , France
| | - Gilles Avenard
- a Acticor Biotech SAS, Hôpital Bichat - Inserm U1148 , 46 rue Henri Huchard, F75018 Paris , France
| | - Olivier Favre-Bulle
- a Acticor Biotech SAS, Hôpital Bichat - Inserm U1148 , 46 rue Henri Huchard, F75018 Paris , France.,c 3Biotech , 4 place Louis Armand, F75012 Paris , France
| | - Philippe Billiald
- a Acticor Biotech SAS, Hôpital Bichat - Inserm U1148 , 46 rue Henri Huchard, F75018 Paris , France.,d University Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay , School of Pharmacy, IPSIT , 5 rue J.-B. Clément, F92296 Châtenay-Malabry , France
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47
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Addressing the Immunogenicity of the Cargo and of the Targeting Antibodies with a Focus on Demmunized Bacterial Toxins and on Antibody-Targeted Human Effector Proteins. Biomedicines 2017; 5:biomedicines5020028. [PMID: 28574434 PMCID: PMC5489814 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines5020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Third-generation immunotoxins are composed of a human, or humanized, targeting moiety, usually a monoclonal antibody or an antibody fragment, and a non-human effector molecule. Due to the non-human origin of the cytotoxic domain, these molecules stimulate potent anti-drug immune responses, which limit treatment options. Efforts are made to deimmunize such immunotoxins or to combine treatment with immunosuppression. An alternative approach is using the so-called “human cytotoxic fusion proteins”, in which antibodies are used to target human effector proteins. Here, we present three relevant approaches for reducing the immunogenicity of antibody-targeted protein therapeutics: (1) reducing the immunogenicity of the bacterial toxin, (2) fusing human cytokines to antibodies to generate immunocytokines and (3) addressing the immunogenicity of the targeting antibodies.
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48
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Hamuro L, Kijanka G, Kinderman F, Kropshofer H, Bu DX, Zepeda M, Jawa V. Perspectives on Subcutaneous Route of Administration as an Immunogenicity Risk Factor for Therapeutic Proteins. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2946-2954. [PMID: 28576695 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of therapeutic proteins are being developed for delivery through the subcutaneous (SC) route of administration. Relative to intravenous (IV) administration, the SC route offers more convenience to patients, flexibility in dosing, and potential to reduce health care costs. There is a perception that SC administration can pose a higher immunogenicity risk than IV administration for a given protein. To evaluate whether there is a difference in therapeutic protein immunogenicity associated with administration routes, a more detailed understanding of the interactions with the immune system by each route is needed. Few approved therapeutic proteins have available clinical immunogenicity data sets in the public domain that represent both IV and SC administration routes. This has prevented a direct comparison of the 2 routes of administration across a large sample size. Of the 6 marketed products where SC and IV route-related incidences of anti-drug antibody (ADA) were available, 4 were associated with higher immunogenicity incidence with SC. In other cases, there was no apparent difference between the SC and IV routes. Overall, the ADA incidence was low (<15%) with no impact on safety or efficacy. The challenges associated with identifying specific risk factors unique to SC administration are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lora Hamuro
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543.
| | - Grzegorz Kijanka
- Leiden University, Faculty of Science, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Drug Delivery Technology, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Harald Kropshofer
- F.Hoffman-La Roche Ltd, Pharmaceuticals Division, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - De-Xiu Bu
- Pfizer, PDM Immunogenicity Sciences, Andover, Massachusetts 01810
| | - Monica Zepeda
- Halozyme Therapeutics 11388 Sorrento Valley Road, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Vibha Jawa
- Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, K-15 E-410C, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033
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49
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Maeda A, Iwayanagi Y, Haraya K, Tachibana T, Nakamura G, Nambu T, Esaki K, Hattori K, Igawa T. Identification of human IgG1 variant with enhanced FcRn binding and without increased binding to rheumatoid factor autoantibody. MAbs 2017; 9:844-853. [PMID: 28387635 PMCID: PMC5524163 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1314873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Various studies have demonstrated that Fc engineering to enhance neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) binding is effective for elongating half-life or increasing cellular uptake of IgG. A previous study has shown that a N434H mutation to enhance FcRn binding resulted in increased binding to rheumatoid factor (RF) autoantibody, which is not desirable for therapeutic use in autoimmune disease. In this study, we first showed that all the existing Fc variants with enhanced FcRn binding also show increased RF binding, and then identified specific mutations that could be introduced to those Fc variants to reduce the RF binding. Furthermore, we generated novel Fc variants that do not increase RF binding and show half-lives of 45 d in cynomolgus monkey, which is longer than those of previously reported Fc variants. In addition, we generated novel Fc variants with antigen sweeping activity that do not increase RF binding. We expect that these novel Fc variants will be useful as antibody therapeutics against autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhiko Maeda
- a Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Pharmaceutical Technology Division, Ukima Research Labs. , Ukima, Kita-ku , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Yuki Iwayanagi
- b Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Research Division, Kamakura Research Labs , Kajiwara, Kamakura , Kanagawa , Japan
| | - Kenta Haraya
- c Chugai Pharmabody Research Pte. Ltd. , Synapse , Singapore
| | - Tatsuhiko Tachibana
- b Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Research Division, Kamakura Research Labs , Kajiwara, Kamakura , Kanagawa , Japan
| | - Genki Nakamura
- d Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Research Division, Fuji Gotemba Research Labs , Komakado, Gotemba , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Takeru Nambu
- d Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Research Division, Fuji Gotemba Research Labs , Komakado, Gotemba , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Keiko Esaki
- d Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Research Division, Fuji Gotemba Research Labs , Komakado, Gotemba , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Kunihiro Hattori
- b Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Research Division, Kamakura Research Labs , Kajiwara, Kamakura , Kanagawa , Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Igawa
- d Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Research Division, Fuji Gotemba Research Labs , Komakado, Gotemba , Shizuoka , Japan
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50
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Mufarrege EF, Giorgetti S, Etcheverrigaray M, Terry F, Martin W, De Groot AS. De-immunized and Functional Therapeutic (DeFT) versions of a long lasting recombinant alpha interferon for antiviral therapy. Clin Immunol 2017; 176:31-41. [PMID: 28089609 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Interferon α (IFN-α) exerts potent antiviral, immunomodulatory, and antiproliferative activity and have proven clinical utility in chronic hepatitis B and C virus infections. However, repeated IFN-α administration induces neutralizing antibodies (NAb) against the therapeutic in a significant number of patients. Associations between IFN-α immunogenicity and loss of efficacy have been described. So as to improve the in vivo biological efficacy of IFN-α, a long lasting hyperglycosylated protein (4N-IFN) derived from IFN-α2b wild type (WT-IFN) was developed. However, in silico analysis performed using established in silico methods revealed that 4N-IFN had more T cell epitopes than WT-IFN. In order to develop a safer and more efficient IFN therapy, we applied the DeFT (De-immunization of Functional Therapeutics) approach to producing functional, de-immunized versions of 4N-IFN. Using the OptiMatrix in silico tool in ISPRI, the 4N-IFN sequence was modified to reduce HLA binding potential of specific T cell epitopes. Following verification of predictions by HLA binding assays, eight modifications were selected and integrated in three variants: 4N-IFN(VAR1), (VAR2) and (VAR3). Two of the three variants (VAR1 and VAR3) retained anti-viral function and demonstrated reduced T-cell immunogenicity in terms of T-cell proliferation and Th1 and Th2 cytokine levels, when compared to controls (commercial NG-IFN (non-glycosylated), PEG-IFN, WT-IFN and 4N-IFN). It was previously demonstrated that N-glycosylation improved IFN-α pharmacokinetic properties. Here, we further reduce immunogenicity as measured in vitro using T cell assays and cytokine profiling by modifying the T cell epitope content of a protein (de-immunizing). Taking into consideration the present results and previously reported immunogenicity data for commercial IFN-α2b variants, 4N-IFN(VAR1) and 4N-IFN-4N(VAR3) appear to be promising candidates for improved IFN-α therapy of HCV and HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo F Mufarrege
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Laboratorio de Cultivos Celulares, FBCB, UNL, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Sofía Giorgetti
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Laboratorio de Cultivos Celulares, FBCB, UNL, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Marina Etcheverrigaray
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Laboratorio de Cultivos Celulares, FBCB, UNL, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | | | | | - Anne S De Groot
- EpiVax, Inc., Providence, RI, USA; Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, RI, USA
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