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The role of cytokines and T-bet, GATA3, ROR-γt, and FOXP3 transcription factors of T cell subsets in the natural clinical progression of Type 1 Diabetes. Immunol Res 2023; 71:451-462. [PMID: 36595206 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-022-09355-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Th cells play an important role in pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from peripheral blood samples from newly diagnosed (ND), 1-year (1YD), and 5-year T1D (5YD) patients (n:8 of each group), 8 healthy controls (HC), and cultured for 24 h under unstimulated (US) and stimulated conditions. Cell ratios of Th1, Th2, Th17, Treg, and intracellular levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10, TGF-β, IL-5, IL-13, IL-17, and IL-21 cytokines were evaluated using the flow cytometry. mRNA expressions of transcription factors T-bet, GATA3, ROR-γt, and FOXP3 of these cells were determined by real-time PCR. Reduced CD4+CD25high cell ratios were detected in ND. CD4+CD25high cells were found to be reduced in ND and 1YD compared to HC under IL-2-stimulated conditions. Intracellular IFN-γ and TNF-α levels were low in all patients under US and IL-12-stimulated conditions. IL-17A and IL-21 were found to be high in patients with IL-6-stimulated conditions. Expressions of IL-10 and TGF-β have been observed to be reduced in patients. Th1/Th2, Th17/Treg, and Th1/Treg ratios were higher in patient groups. FOXP3 and GATA3 mRNA expressions were found to be low in patients, while RORγt and T-bet mRNA levels were higher than HC. Th1, Th17, and Treg cells and their cytokines have been shown to be associated with type 1 diabetes.
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2
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Brenu EW, Harris M, Hamilton-Williams EE. Circulating biomarkers during progression to type 1 diabetes: A systematic review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1117076. [PMID: 36817583 PMCID: PMC9935596 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1117076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Progression to type 1 diabetes (T1D) is defined in stages and clinical disease is preceded by a period of silent autoimmunity. Improved prediction of the risk and rate of progression to T1D is needed to reduce the prevalence of diabetic ketoacidosis at presentation as well as for staging participants for clinical trials. This systematic review evaluates novel circulating biomarkers associated with future progression to T1D. METHODS PubMed, Ovid, and EBSCO databases were used to identify a comprehensive list of articles. The eligibility criteria included observational studies that evaluated the usefulness of circulating markers in predicting T1D progression in at-risk subjects <20 years old. RESULTS Twenty-six studies were identified, seventeen were cohort studies and ten were case control studies. From the 26 studies, 5 found evidence for protein and lipid dysregulation, 11 identified molecular markers while 12 reported on changes in immune parameters during progression to T1D. An increased risk of T1D progression was associated with the presence of altered gene expression, immune markers including regulatory T cell dysfunction and higher short-lived effector CD8+ T cells in progressors. DISCUSSION Several circulating biomarkers are dysregulated before T1D diagnosis and may be useful in predicting either the risk or rate of progression to T1D. Further studies are required to validate these biomarkers and assess their predictive accuracy before translation into broader use. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero, identifier (CRD42020166830).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekua W. Brenu
- School of Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark Harris
- Endocrinology Department, Queensland Children’s Hospital, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Emma E. Hamilton-Williams
- Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
- *Correspondence: Emma E. Hamilton-Williams,
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Tangjittipokin W, Umjai P, Khemaprasit K, Charoentawornpanich P, Chanprasert C, Teerawattanapong N, Narkdontri T, Santiprabhob J. Vitamin D pathway gene polymorphisms, vitamin D level, and cytokines in children with type 1 diabetes. Gene 2021; 791:145691. [PMID: 33961971 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The study aimed to examine genetic polymorphism of vitamin D-related genes and association between those genes and vitamin D and cytokines levels in children with type 1 diabetes (T1D). MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was conducted among 100 T1D children and 100 controls at Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, during 2016 to 2018. Vitamin D metabolite levels were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method, serum cytokine levels of IFN- ɣ, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17α, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, and TNF-α by immunoassay, and genetic variations at VDR, CYP2R1, CYP27B1, GC, DHCR7, and CYP24A1 by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. RESULTS A relationship between studied single nucleotide polymorphisms and T1D was found in CYP2R1 (rs10741657) (GA, OR: 1.83, 95% CI: 1.01-3.31; p = 0.04). VDR haplotypes were also remarkably different between T1D patients and controls. Controls had higher frequency of haplotype TACT than T1D patients (p = 0.02). Vitamin D and all cytokine levels, except for IL-17α, were significantly increased in T1D compared to controls. The polymorphism of DHCR7 (rs12785878) was positively associated with 25OHD3 and 3epi25OHD3 levels and was negatively associated with 25OHD2 level. On the other hand, polymorphism of CYP27B1 (rs4646536) was negatively associated with 3epi25OHD3 level. Polymorphisms of CYP27B1 (rs4646536) and GC (rs2282679) were positively associated with TNF-α levels. VDR variation of rs1544410, rs731236, and rs7975232 also showed negative association with IL-10 levels. In contrast, the level of IL-10 was positively associated with DHCR7 (rs12785878). CONCLUSION Relationships between T1D and CYP2R1 polymorphism and VDR haplotype were found. Vitamin D gene-related variations were associated with vitamin D and circulating cytokine levels in children with T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Watip Tangjittipokin
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Diabetes and Obesity, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pichakorn Umjai
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Khwanhatai Khemaprasit
- Siriraj Diabetes Center of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Parichat Charoentawornpanich
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chutima Chanprasert
- Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nipaporn Teerawattanapong
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Diabetes and Obesity, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tassanee Narkdontri
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Diabetes and Obesity, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jeerunda Santiprabhob
- Siriraj Diabetes Center of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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4
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Ninić A, Bojanin D, Sopić M, Mihajlović M, Munjas J, Milenković T, Stefanović A, Vekić J, Spasojević-Kalimanovska V. Transforming Growth Factor-β1 and Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products Gene Expression and Protein Levels in Adolescents with Type 1 iabetes Mellitus. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2021; 13:61-71. [PMID: 32936764 PMCID: PMC7947732 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2020.2020.0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Type 1 diabetes (T1D) mellitus is one of the most frequent autoimmune diseases in childhood. Chronic complications are the main causes of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in T1D. Although interactions between advanced glycation end products (AGE) and their receptors (RAGE) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) are implicated in development and progression of diabetic microand macro-vascular complications, they also have important roles in immune system regulation. METHODS Blood samples were obtained from 156 adolescents with T1D and 80 apparently healthy controls. T1D patients diagnosed with any other autoimmune disease and receiving any kind of drugs except insulin therapy were excluded from this study. Exclusion criteria for controls were positive family history of T1D and drugs/supplements application. TGF-β1 and transmembrane full-length RAGE (flRAGE) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were obtained by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method. Circulating levels of biochemical markers, TGF-β1 and soluble RAGE (sRAGE) levels were also determined. RESULTS TGF-β1 and flRAGE mRNA levels were significantly higher in controls compared to patients (p<0.001, for both). However, TGF-β1 and sRAGE levels were higher in patients than controls (p<0.001, for both). There were significant independent associations of all mRNA and protein levels with T1D. TGF-β1 mRNA was the only marker independently negatively associated with urinary albumin excretion rate in T1D adolescents (p=0.005). CONCLUSION Our results indicated gene expression downregulation of TGF-β1 and flRAGE in PBMC of T1D adolescents. TGF-β1 mRNA downregulation may be useful for predicting early elevation of urinary albumin excretion rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ninić
- University of Belgrade Faculty of Pharmacy, Department for Medical Biochemistry, Belgrade, Serbia,* Address for Correspondence: University of Belgrade Faculty of Pharmacy, Department for Medical Biochemistry, Belgrade, Serbia Phone: +381 11 3951 266 E-mail:
| | - Dragana Bojanin
- Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia “Dr Vukan Čupić”, Biochemical Laboratory, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miron Sopić
- University of Belgrade Faculty of Pharmacy, Department for Medical Biochemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Mihajlović
- University of Belgrade Faculty of Pharmacy, Department for Medical Biochemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Munjas
- University of Belgrade Faculty of Pharmacy, Department for Medical Biochemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Milenković
- Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia “Dr Vukan Čupić”, Department of Endocrinology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Stefanović
- University of Belgrade Faculty of Pharmacy, Department for Medical Biochemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Vekić
- University of Belgrade Faculty of Pharmacy, Department for Medical Biochemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
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Tian J, Pan W, Xu X, Tian X, Zhang M, Hu Q. RETRACTED: NF-κB inhibits the occurrence of type 1 diabetes through microRNA-150-dependent PUMA degradation. Life Sci 2020; 255:117724. [PMID: 32360624 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy) This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief. Concern was raised about the reliability of the Western blot results in Figures 1D,E+H, 2E+H, 3F,H+K, and 4B+E which appear to have a similar phenotype as many other publications, as detailed here: https://pubpeer.com/publications/C6FD5C041268DBBCDA521AEC112FA4 and here: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1r0MyIYpagBc58BRF9c3luWNlCX8VUvUuPyYYXzxWvgY/edit#gid=262337249. The journal requested the corresponding author comment on these concerns and provide the raw Western blot data. However, the authors were not able to satisfactorily fulfill this request and therefore the Editor-in-Chief decided to retract the article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tian
- Department of Pediatrics, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, PR China
| | - Wei Pan
- Department of Pediatrics, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, PR China
| | - Xiaoheng Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, PR China
| | - Xin Tian
- Department of Pediatrics, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, PR China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, PR China
| | - Qibo Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, PR China.
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Yip L, Fuhlbrigge R, Alkhataybeh R, Fathman CG. Gene Expression Analysis of the Pre-Diabetic Pancreas to Identify Pathogenic Mechanisms and Biomarkers of Type 1 Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:609271. [PMID: 33424774 PMCID: PMC7793767 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.609271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) occurs as a result of the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells by self-reactive T cells. The etiology of this disease is complex and difficult to study due to a lack of disease-relevant tissues from pre-diabetic individuals. In this study, we performed gene expression analysis on human pancreas tissues obtained from the Network of Pancreatic Organ Donors with Diabetes (nPOD), and showed that 155 genes were differentially expressed by ≥2-fold in the pancreata of autoantibody-positive (AA+) at-risk individuals compared to healthy controls. Only 48 of these genes remained changed by ≥2-fold in the pancreata of established T1D patients. Pathway analysis of these genes showed a significant association with various immune pathways. We were able to validate the differential expression of eight disease-relevant genes by QPCR analysis: A significant upregulation of CADM2, and downregulation of TRPM5, CRH, PDK4, ANGPL4, CLEC4D, RSG16, and FCGR2B was confirmed in the pancreata of AA+ individuals versus controls. Studies have already implicated FCGR2B in the pathogenesis of disease in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Here we showed that CADM2, TRPM5, PDK4, and ANGPL4 were similarly changed in the pancreata of pre-diabetic 12-week-old NOD mice compared to NOD.B10 controls, suggesting a possible role for these genes in the pathogenesis of both T1D and NOD disease. The loss of the leukocyte-specific gene, FCGR2B, in the pancreata of AA+ individuals, is particularly interesting, as it may serve as a potential whole blood biomarker of disease progression. To test this, we quantified FCGR2B expression in peripheral blood samples of T1D patients, and AA+ and AA- first-degree relatives of T1D patients enrolled in the TrialNet Pathway to Prevention study. We showed that FCGR2B was significantly reduced in the peripheral blood of AA+ individuals compared to AA- controls. Together, these findings demonstrate that gene expression analysis of pancreatic tissue and peripheral blood samples can be used to identify disease-relevant genes and pathways and potential biomarkers of disease progression in T1D.
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Amelioration of type 1 diabetes by recombinant fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase and cystatin derived from Schistosoma japonicum in a murine model. Parasitol Res 2019; 119:203-214. [PMID: 31845020 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06511-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Infection with helminth parasites or the administration of their antigens can prevent or attenuate autoimmune diseases. To date, the specific molecules that prime the amelioration are only limited. In this study, recombinant Schistosoma japonicum cystatin (rSjcystatin) and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (rSjFBPA) were administered to female NOD mice via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection to characterize the immunological response by the recombinant proteins. We have shown that the administration of rSjcystatin or rSjFBPA significantly reduced the diabetes incidence and ameliorated the severity of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Disease attenuation was associated with suppressed interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production in autoreactive T cells and with a switch to the production of Th2 cytokines. Following rSjcystatin or rSjFBPA injection, regulatory T cells (Tregs) were remarkably increased, which was accompanied by increased expression of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β). Our study suggests that helminth-derived proteins may be useful in strategies to limit pathology by promoting the Th2 response and upregulating Tregs during the inflammatory tissue-damage process in T1DM.
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Badal D, Kumar R, Paul M, Dayal D, Bhansali A, Bhadada SK, Kumar R, Sachdeva N. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with latent autoimmune diabetes secrete higher levels of pro- & anti-inflammatory cytokines compared to those with type-1 diabetes mellitus following in vitro stimulation with β-cell autoantigens. Indian J Med Res 2018; 145:767-776. [PMID: 29067979 PMCID: PMC5674547 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1563_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Type-1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) share similar pathological features but differ in age of onset and progression. There is a scarcity of information on differences in CD4+ T-cell responses, particularly, cytokine secretion, between the two forms of autoimmune diabetes. Here proliferative potential and concentration of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines secreted by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of T1DM and LADA patients were compared, after in vitro stimulation with β-cell autoantigens. Methods: A total of 19 patients with LADA, 37 with T1DM and 20 healthy controls were compared on the basis of lymphocyte proliferation and secretion of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines belonging to different T-helper types after in vitro stimulation of PBMCs with insulin and glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65). Results: Following insulin stimulation, LADA group secreted higher concentration of interleukin-17 (IL-17) (P=0.02) and had higher proportion of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) secretors (P<0.001) than T1DM group. Post-GAD65 stimulation, higher proportion of LADA patients secreted IL-23 than T1DM group (P=0.02). Proportion of responders, as well as levels of secreted IL-10, were significantly higher in LADA than T1DM group, following stimulation with both insulin (P=0.01) and GAD65 (P=0.03). A significant positive correlation was observed between body mass index and IL-17 levels (r=0.41, P=0.04) and fasting plasma C-peptide with IL-10 levels (r=0.37, P=0.04). Interpretation & conclusions: There are differences in the portfolio of cytokine secretion in diabetic subjects with varying rates of β-cell destruction as LADA subjects secrete higher levels of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines on exposure to β-cell autoantigens, thus highlighting another distinguishing feature in the pathophysiology of the two forms of autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshan Badal
- Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rajendra Kumar
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Chandigarh, India
| | - Mahinder Paul
- Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Devi Dayal
- Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anil Bhansali
- Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar Bhadada
- Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Statistics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Naresh Sachdeva
- Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
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9
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Zhang N, Nandakumar KS. Recent advances in the development of vaccines for chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Vaccine 2018; 36:3208-3220. [PMID: 29706295 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases leading to target tissue destruction and disability are not only causing increase in patients' suffering but also contribute to huge economic burden for the society. General increase in life expectancy and high prevalence of these diseases both in elderly and younger population emphasize the importance of developing safe and effective vaccines. In this review, at first the possible mechanisms and risk factors associated with chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), multiple sclerosis (MS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and type 1 diabetes (T1D) are discussed. Current advances in the development of vaccines for such autoimmune diseases, particularly those based on DNA, altered peptide ligands and peptide loaded MHC II complexes are discussed in detail. Finally, strategies for improving the efficacy of potential vaccines are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naru Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kutty Selva Nandakumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Andreone L, Gimeno ML, Perone MJ. Interactions Between the Neuroendocrine System and T Lymphocytes in Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:229. [PMID: 29867762 PMCID: PMC5966545 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that there is a fine-tuned bidirectional communication between the immune and neuroendocrine tissues in maintaining homeostasis. Several types of immune cells, hormones, and neurotransmitters of different chemical nature are involved as communicators between organs. Apart of being key players of the adaptive arm of the immune system, it has been recently described that T lymphocytes are involved in the modulation of metabolism of several tissues in health and disease. Diabetes may result mainly from lack of insulin production (type 1 diabetes) or insufficient insulin and insulin resistance (type 2 diabetes), both influenced by genetic and environmental components. Herein, we discuss accumulating data regarding the role of the adaptive arm of the immune system in the pathogenesis of diabetes; including the action of several hormones and neurotransmitters influencing on central and peripheral T lymphocytes development and maturation, particularly under the metabolic burden triggered by diabetes. In addition, we comment on the role of T-effector lymphocytes in adipose and liver tissues during diabetes, which together enhances pancreatic β-cell stress aggravating the disease.
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11
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Buckner JH, Nepom GT. Obstacles and opportunities for targeting the effector T cell response in type 1 diabetes. J Autoimmun 2016; 71:44-50. [PMID: 26948997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Autoreactive lymphocytes display a programmed set of characteristic effector functions and phenotypic markers that, in combination with antigen-specific profiling, provide a detailed picture of the adaptive immune response in Type 1 diabetes (T1D). The CD4+ T cell effector compartment (referred to as "Teff" in this article) has been extensively analyzed, particularly because the HLA genes most strongly associated with T1D are MHC class II alleles that form restriction elements for CD4+ T cell recognition. This "guilt by association" can now be revisited in terms of specific immune mechanisms and specific forms of T cell recognition that are displayed by Teff found in subjects with T1D. In this review, we describe properties of Teff that correlate with T1D, and discuss several characteristics that advance our understanding of disease persistence and progression. Focusing on functional disease-associated immunological pathways within these Teff suggests a rationale for next-generation clinical trials with targeted interventions. Indeed, immune modulation therapies in T1D that do not address these properties of Teff are unlikely to achieve durable clinical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane H Buckner
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, The University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Gerald T Nepom
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, The University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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12
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Walker LSK, von Herrath M. CD4 T cell differentiation in type 1 diabetes. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 183:16-29. [PMID: 26102289 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to type 1 diabetes is associated strongly with human leucocyte antigen (HLA) genes, implicating T cells in disease pathogenesis. In humans, CD8 T cells predominantly infiltrate the islets, yet their activation and propagation probably requires CD4 T cell help. CD4 T cells can select from several differentiation fates following activation, and this choice has profound consequences for their subsequent cytokine production and migratory potential. In turn, these features dictate which other immune cell types T cells interact with and influence, thereby determining downstream effector functions. Obtaining an accurate picture of the type of CD4 T cell differentiation associated with a particular immune-mediated disease therefore constitutes an important clue when planning intervention strategies. Early models of T cell differentiation focused on the dichotomy between T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2 responses, with type 1 diabetes (T1D) being viewed mainly as a Th1-mediated pathology. However, several additional fate choices have emerged in recent years, including Th17 cells and follicular helper T cells. Here we revisit the issue of T cell differentiation in autoimmune diabetes, highlighting new evidence from both mouse models and patient samples. We assess the strengths and the weaknesses of the Th1 paradigm, review the data on interleukin (IL)-17 production in type 1 diabetes and discuss emerging evidence for the roles of IL-21 and follicular helper T cells in this disease setting. A better understanding of the phenotype of CD4 T cells in T1D will undoubtedly inform biomarker development, improve patient stratification and potentially reveal new targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S K Walker
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London Division of Infection and Immunity, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - M von Herrath
- Type 1 Diabetes Center, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA and Novo Nordisk Diabetes Research and Development Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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13
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Kenefeck R, Wang CJ, Kapadi T, Wardzinski L, Attridge K, Clough LE, Heuts F, Kogimtzis A, Patel S, Rosenthal M, Ono M, Sansom DM, Narendran P, Walker LS. Follicular helper T cell signature in type 1 diabetes. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:292-303. [PMID: 25485678 PMCID: PMC4382272 DOI: 10.1172/jci76238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The strong genetic association between particular HLA alleles and type 1 diabetes (T1D) indicates a key role for CD4+ T cells in disease; however, the differentiation state of the responsible T cells is unclear. T cell differentiation originally was considered a dichotomy between Th1 and Th2 cells, with Th1 cells deemed culpable for autoimmune islet destruction. Now, multiple additional T cell differentiation fates are recognized with distinct roles. Here, we used a transgenic mouse model of diabetes to probe the gene expression profile of islet-specific T cells by microarray and identified a clear follicular helper T (Tfh) cell differentiation signature. Introduction of T cells with a Tfh cell phenotype from diabetic animals efficiently transferred diabetes to recipient animals. Furthermore, memory T cells from patients with T1D expressed elevated levels of Tfh cell markers, including CXCR5, ICOS, PDCD1, BCL6, and IL21. Defects in the IL-2 pathway are associated with T1D, and IL-2 inhibits Tfh cell differentiation in mice. Consistent with these previous observations, we found that IL-2 inhibited human Tfh cell differentiation and identified a relationship between IL-2 sensitivity in T cells from patients with T1D and acquisition of a Tfh cell phenotype. Together, these findings identify a Tfh cell signature in autoimmune diabetes and suggest that this population could be used as a biomarker and potentially targeted for T1D interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupert Kenefeck
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Division of Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chun Jing Wang
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Division of Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tauseef Kapadi
- University of Birmingham, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lukasz Wardzinski
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Division of Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kesley Attridge
- University of Birmingham, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Louise E. Clough
- University of Birmingham, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Heuts
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Division of Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandros Kogimtzis
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Division of Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sapna Patel
- University of Birmingham, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Miranda Rosenthal
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Division of Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
| | - Masahiro Ono
- Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David M. Sansom
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Division of Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
| | - Parth Narendran
- University of Birmingham, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy S.K. Walker
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Division of Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
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14
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Serum IL-17, IL-23, and TGF-β levels in type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients and age-matched healthy controls. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:718946. [PMID: 24995325 PMCID: PMC4065742 DOI: 10.1155/2014/718946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is recognized as an autoimmune inflammatory disease and low grade inflammation is also observed in type 2 diabetic patients. Interleukin 17 (IL-17) is a new player in inflammation. Th17 cells, as the main source of IL-17, require transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and interleukin 23 (IL-23). The aim of this study was to investigate serum IL-17, IL-23 and TGF-β levels in diabetic patients and controls. In this case-control study, serum levels of IL-17, IL-23, and TGF-β were measured in 24 type 1 diabetic patients and 30 healthy controls using the ELISA method. Simultaneously, the same methodology was used to compare serum concentration of these three cytokines in 38 type 2 diabetic patients and 40 healthy controls. There was no significant difference between serum levels of IL-17 and IL-23 cytokines between cases and controls. However, TGF-β was significantly lower in type 1 diabetic patients (P < 0.001). Serum IL-17 and IL-23 levels demonstrate no association with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, but, in line with previous studies, TGF-β levels were lower in type 1 diabetic patients.
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15
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Evangelista AF, Collares CVA, Xavier DJ, Macedo C, Manoel-Caetano FS, Rassi DM, Foss-Freitas MC, Foss MC, Sakamoto-Hojo ET, Nguyen C, Puthier D, Passos GA, Donadi EA. Integrative analysis of the transcriptome profiles observed in type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes mellitus reveals the role of inflammation. BMC Med Genomics 2014; 7:28. [PMID: 24885568 PMCID: PMC4066312 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-7-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease, while type 2 (T2D) and gestational diabetes (GDM) are considered metabolic disturbances. In a previous study evaluating the transcript profiling of peripheral mononuclear blood cells obtained from T1D, T2D and GDM patients we showed that the gene profile of T1D patients was closer to GDM than to T2D. To understand the influence of demographical, clinical, laboratory, pathogenetic and treatment features on the diabetes transcript profiling, we performed an analysis integrating these features with the gene expression profiles of the annotated genes included in databases containing information regarding GWAS and immune cell expression signatures. METHODS Samples from 56 (19 T1D, 20 T2D, and 17 GDM) patients were hybridized to whole genome one-color Agilent 4x44k microarrays. Non-informative genes were filtered by partitioning, and differentially expressed genes were obtained by rank product analysis. Functional analyses were carried out using the DAVID database, and module maps were constructed using the Genomica tool. RESULTS The functional analyses were able to discriminate between T1D and GDM patients based on genes involved in inflammation. Module maps of differentially expressed genes revealed that modulated genes: i) exhibited transcription profiles typical of macrophage and dendritic cells; ii) had been previously associated with diabetic complications by association and by meta-analysis studies, and iii) were influenced by disease duration, obesity, number of gestations, glucose serum levels and the use of medications, such as metformin. CONCLUSION This is the first module map study to show the influence of epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, immunopathogenic and treatment features on the transcription profiles of T1D, T2D and GDM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriane F Evangelista
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristhianna VA Collares
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Division Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, (USP), 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Danilo J Xavier
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudia Macedo
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda S Manoel-Caetano
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Diane M Rassi
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria C Foss-Freitas
- Division Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, (USP), 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Milton C Foss
- Division Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, (USP), 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Elza T Sakamoto-Hojo
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters, (USP), 14040-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Catherine Nguyen
- INSERM U1090, TAGC, Aix-Marseille Université IFR137, 13100 Marseille, France
| | - Denis Puthier
- INSERM U1090, TAGC, Aix-Marseille Université IFR137, 13100 Marseille, France
| | - Geraldo A Passos
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Disciplines of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, USP, 14040-904 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A Donadi
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Division Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, (USP), 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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16
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Jin Y, Sharma A, Carey C, Hopkins D, Wang X, Robertson DG, Bode B, Anderson SW, Reed JC, Steed RD, Steed L, She JX. The expression of inflammatory genes is upregulated in peripheral blood of patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2013; 36:2794-802. [PMID: 23637351 PMCID: PMC3747909 DOI: 10.2337/dc12-1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our previous gene expression microarray studies identified a number of genes differentially expressed in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and islet autoantibody-positive subjects. This study was designed to validate these gene expression changes in T1D patients and to identify gene expression changes in diabetes complications. RESEARCH DESIGH AND METHODS: We performed high-throughput real-time RT-PCR to validate gene expression changes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from a large sample set of 928 T1D patients and 922 control subjects. RESULTS Of the 18 genes analyzed here, eight genes (S100A8, S100A9, MNDA, SELL, TGFB1, PSMB3, CD74, and IL12A) had higher expression and three genes (GNLY, PSMA4, and SMAD7) had lower expression in T1D patients compared with control subjects, indicating that genes involved in inflammation, immune regulation, and antigen processing and presentation are significantly altered in PBMCs from T1D patients. Furthermore, one adhesion molecule (SELL) and three inflammatory genes mainly expressed by myeloid cells (S100A8, S100A9, and MNDA) were significantly higher in T1D patients with complications (odds ratio [OR] 1.3-2.6, adjusted P value = 0.005-10(-8)), especially those patients with neuropathy (OR 4.8-7.9, adjusted P value <0.005). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that inflammatory mediators secreted mainly by myeloid cells are implicated in T1D and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulan Jin
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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17
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Pham MN, Kolb H, Battelino T, Ludvigsson J, Pozzilli P, Zivehe F, Roden M, Mandrup-Poulsen T, Schloot NC. Fasting and meal-stimulated residual beta cell function is positively associated with serum concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines and negatively associated with anti-inflammatory and regulatory cytokines in patients with longer term type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2013; 56:1356-63. [PMID: 23494449 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-2883-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Cytokines may promote or inhibit disease progression in type 1 diabetes. We investigated whether systemic proinflammatory, anti-inflammatory and regulatory cytokines associated differently with fasting and meal-stimulated beta cell function in patients with longer term type 1 diabetes. METHODS The beta cell function of 118 patients with type 1 diabetes of duration of 0.75-4.97 years was tested using a standardised liquid mixed meal test (MMT). Serum samples obtained at -5 to 120 min were analysed by multiplex bead-based technology for proinflammatory (IL-6, TNF-α), anti-inflammatory (IL-1 receptor antagonist [IL-1RA]) and regulatory (IL-10, TGF-β1-3) cytokines, and by standard procedures for C-peptide. Differences in beta cell function between patient groups were assessed using stepwise multiple regression analysis adjusting for sex, age, duration of diabetes, BMI, HbA1c and fasting blood glucose. RESULTS High fasting systemic concentrations of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α were associated with increased fasting and stimulated C-peptide concentrations even after adjustment for confounders (p < 0.03). Interestingly, increased concentrations of anti-inflammatory/regulatory IL-1RA, IL-10, TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 were associated with lower fasting and stimulated C-peptide levels (p < 0.04), losing significance on adjustment for anthropometric variables. During the MMT, circulating concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α increased (p < 0.001) while those of IL-10 and TGF-β1 decreased (p < 0.02) and IL-1RA and TGF-β2 remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The association between better preserved beta cell function in longer term type 1 diabetes and increased systemic proinflammatory cytokines and decreased anti-inflammatory and regulatory cytokines is suggestive of ongoing inflammatory disease activity that might be perpetuated by the remaining beta cells. These findings should be considered when designing immune intervention studies aimed at patients with longer term type 1 diabetes and residual beta cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Pham
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology at the German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Auf'm Hennekamp 65, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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18
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Capasso F, Rapini N, Di Matteo G, Testi M, Arcano S, Lidano R, Petrelli A, Rossi P, Piccinini S, Manca Bitti ML, Angelini F. A variable degree of autoimmunity in the pedigree of a patient with type 1 diabetes homozygous for the PTPN22 1858T variant. Pediatr Diabetes 2013; 14:304-10. [PMID: 22809281 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5448.2012.00891.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether the PTPN22 C1858T polymorphism is associated with the autoimmune conditions present in the family of a child affected by type 1 diabetes (T1D) carrying the TT genotype (index patient) and the potential immunological effect of the variant. We found that nine family members carried the CT genotype and five suffered from autoimmunity. Interestingly, anti-ZnT8 antibodies were detected in T1D patients and in three healthy relatives. In the TT patient, we showed diminished T-cell proliferation and reduced interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production. A marked reduction of IL-2 was also observed for all CT relatives with autoimmunity and a lack of IFN-γ production was observed for the younger brother of the index patient, heterozygous for the polymorphism. In this family, the C1858T variant might confer a high risk of autoimmunity. Moreover, our data confirm that impaired IL-2 production upon T-cell receptor stimulation is associated with autoimmunity in the carriers of the polymorphism. This study might prompt to extend the panel of risk markers in relatives of subjects affected by T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Capasso
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Public Health and Cell Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
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19
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Akerman L, Ludvigsson J, Casas R. Low C-peptide levels and decreased expression of TNF and CD45 in children with high risk of type 1 diabetes. Clin Immunol 2013; 148:4-15. [PMID: 23644451 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients have numeral and functional defects in peripheral immune cells, but the pre-diabetic period is fairly uncharacterized. Our aim was to analyze expression of immunological markers in T1D high risk children and relate it to clinical/immunological parameters. Children from ABIS (All Babies in Southeast Sweden) with ≥2 diabetes related autoantibodies were considered at high risk. Age-matched controls and new-onset T1D patients were included. Expression of genes related to immune cell function and different arms of the immune system was assessed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells using PCR array. Risk children had lower TNF and CD45, and although there were few differences between the groups, expression of many genes differed when comparing children with regard to residual insulin secretion. Hence, expression of immune related genes seemed related not only to the autoimmune process but rather to residual β-cell function, which was decreased already during the pre-diabetic phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Akerman
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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20
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Han D, Cai X, Wen J, Matheson D, Skyler JS, Kenyon NS, Chen Z. Innate and adaptive immune gene expression profiles as biomarkers in human type 1 diabetes. Clin Exp Immunol 2012; 170:131-8. [PMID: 23039883 PMCID: PMC3482359 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2012.04650.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mRNA levels of a set of immune-related genes were analysed with peripheral blood samples from at-risk, new-onset and long-term type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients, in comparison to those from healthy controls. The selected set includes T lymphocyte genes [CD3G and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4)], B lymphocyte genes (CD19 and CD20) and myeloid cell-related genes [CD11b, Toll-like receptor (TLR)-9, arginase (ARG1)]. Also included is a subset of the S100 family members that has been documented recently as regulatory elements of innate immunity. Samples from patients with long-term T1D had a reduced level of mRNA for most of selected innate and adaptive immune genes. No such reduction was detected in samples collected from at-risk or new-onset T1D patients. Analyses of regulatory gene expression ratios revealed a dynamic disproportion of CTLA4 versus CD3G expression in samples from at-risk, new-onset and long-term T1D patients. These changes could serve as immunological biomarkers for the status of the immune system during T1D progression and therapeutic interventions.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptive Immunity/genetics
- Adaptive Immunity/immunology
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Antigens, CD/blood
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Arginase/blood
- Arginase/genetics
- Arginase/immunology
- Arginase/metabolism
- Biomarkers/blood
- CTLA-4 Antigen/blood
- CTLA-4 Antigen/genetics
- CTLA-4 Antigen/immunology
- CTLA-4 Antigen/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- Gene Expression Regulation/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Immunity, Innate/immunology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/immunology
- S100 Proteins/blood
- S100 Proteins/genetics
- S100 Proteins/immunology
- S100 Proteins/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Toll-Like Receptor 9/blood
- Toll-Like Receptor 9/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptor 9/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptor 9/metabolism
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- D Han
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, RMSB 3035, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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21
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Han D, Cai X, Wen J, Kenyon NS, Chen Z. From biomarkers to a clue of biology: a computation-aided perspective of immune gene expression profiles in human type 1 diabetes. Front Immunol 2012; 3:320. [PMID: 23112798 PMCID: PMC3480653 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated expression of key immune genes may cause breakdown of immunological tolerance and development of autoimmune disorders such as type 1 diabetes (T1D). General immune insufficiencies have also been implicated as a trigger of autoimmunity, due to their potential impact on immune homeostasis. Recent studies have detected evidence of systemic reduction in immune gene expression in long-term diabetic patients but the changes were not present before or at T1D onset. The changes could not be merely correlated with alteration in metabolic parameters. The studies also identified a dynamic expression pattern of several well-known as well as little-studied, immune-related genes during the course of T1D. An intriguing “ratio profile” of immune regulatory genes, such as CTLA4 and members of the S100 family, versus “baseline” immune genes, such as CD3G, prompted us to further examine immune gene expression relationships for a set of molecules representing T cells, B cells, and myeloid cells. No evidence was found to suggest an overall breach of tolerance equilibrium in T1D. Perplexingly, patients with long-term T1D presented a gene expression profile that was surprisingly more coordinated in analyses of “networking” relationship. Computational analyses of the “ratio profiles” or “relationship profiles” of immune gene expression might provide a clue for further studies of immunobiology in human T1D and other autoimmune diseases, as to how the profiles may be related to the pathogenic cause of the disease, to the effect of the diseases on immune homeostasis, or to an immunological process associated with the course of the diseases but is neither a direct cause nor a direct effect of the diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Han
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami, FL, USA
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