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Chu GJ, Bailey CG, Nagarajah R, Sagnella SM, Adelstein S, Rasko JEJ. The 4-1BBζ costimulatory domain in chimeric antigen receptors enhances CD8+ T-cell functionality following T-cell receptor stimulation. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:327. [PMID: 38105188 PMCID: PMC10726568 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03171-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells have revolutionized the treatment of CD19- and B-cell maturation antigen-positive haematological malignancies. However, the effect of a CAR construct on the function of T-cells stimulated via their endogenous T-cell receptors (TCRs) has yet to be comprehensively investigated. METHODS Experiments were performed to systematically assess TCR signalling and function in CAR T-cells using anti-mesothelin human CAR T-cells as a model system. CAR T-cells expressing the CD28 or 4-1BB costimulatory endodomains were manufactured and compared to both untransduced T-cells and CAR T-cells with a non-functional endodomain. These cell products were treated with staphylococcal enterotoxin B to stimulate the TCR, and in vitro functional assays were performed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Increased proliferation, CD69 expression and IFNγ production were identified in CD8+ 4-1BBζ CAR T-cells compared to control untransduced CD8+ T-cells. These functional differences were associated with higher levels of phosphorylated ZAP70 after stimulation. In addition, these functional differences were associated with a differing immunophenotype, with a more than two-fold increase in central memory cells in CD8+ 4-1BBζ CAR T-cell products. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that the 4-1BBζ CAR enhances CD8+ TCR-mediated function. This could be beneficial if the TCR targets epitopes on malignant tissues or infectious agents, but detrimental if the TCR targets autoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard J Chu
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Charles G Bailey
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Cancer & Gene Regulation Laboratory Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Rajini Nagarajah
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Sharon M Sagnella
- Cell & Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen Adelstein
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John E J Rasko
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Cell & Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
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Shah AM, Zamora R, Vodovotz Y. Interleukin-17 as a spatiotemporal bridge from acute to chronic inflammation: Novel insights from computational modeling. WIREs Mech Dis 2023; 15:e1599. [PMID: 36710253 PMCID: PMC10176872 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A systematic review of several acute inflammatory diseases ranging from sepsis and trauma/hemorrhagic shock to the relevant pathology of the decade, COVID-19, points to the cytokine interleukin (IL)-17A as being centrally involved in the propagation of inflammation. We summarize the role of IL-17A in acute inflammation, leveraging insights made possible by biological network analysis and novel computational methodologies aimed at defining the spatiotemporal spread of inflammation in both experimental animal models and humans. These studies implicate IL-17A in the cross-tissue spread of inflammation, a process that appears to be in part regulated through neural mechanisms. Although acute inflammatory diseases are currently considered distinct from chronic inflammatory pathologies, we suggest that chronic inflammation may represent repeated, cyclical episodes of acute inflammation driven by mechanisms involving IL-17A. Thus, insights from computational modeling of acute inflammatory diseases may improve diagnosis and treatment of chronic inflammation; in turn, therapeutics developed for chronic/autoimmune disease may be of benefit in acute inflammation. This article is categorized under: Immune System Diseases > Computational Models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashti M Shah
- Physician Scientist Training Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ruben Zamora
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Inflammation and Regeneration Modeling, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yoram Vodovotz
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Inflammation and Regeneration Modeling, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Systems Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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3
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Zamora R, Forsberg JA, Shah AM, Unselt D, Grey S, Lisboa FA, Billiar TR, Schobel SA, Potter BK, Elster EA, Vodovotz Y. Central role for neurally dysregulated IL-17A in dynamic networks of systemic and local inflammation in combat casualties. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6618. [PMID: 37095162 PMCID: PMC10126120 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33623-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic Network Analysis (DyNA) and Dynamic Hypergraphs (DyHyp) were used to define protein-level inflammatory networks at the local (wound effluent) and systemic circulation (serum) levels from 140 active-duty, injured service members (59 with TBI and 81 non-TBI). Interleukin (IL)-17A was the only biomarker elevated significantly in both serum and effluent in TBI vs. non-TBI casualties, and the mediator with the most DyNA connections in TBI wounds. DyNA combining serum and effluent data to define cross-compartment correlations suggested that IL-17A bridges local and systemic circulation at late time points. DyHyp suggested that systemic IL-17A upregulation in TBI patients was associated with tumor necrosis factor-α, while IL-17A downregulation in non-TBI patients was associated with interferon-γ. Correlation analysis suggested differential upregulation of pathogenic Th17 cells, non-pathogenic Th17 cells, and memory/effector T cells. This was associated with reduced procalcitonin in both effluent and serum of TBI patients, in support of an antibacterial effect of Th17 cells in TBI patients. Dysregulation of Th17 responses following TBI may drive cross-compartment inflammation following combat injury, counteracting wound infection at the cost of elevated systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Zamora
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, W944 Starzl Biomedical Sciences Tower, 200 Lothrop St., Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Center for Inflammation and Regeneration Modeling, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jonathan A Forsberg
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Ashti M Shah
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, W944 Starzl Biomedical Sciences Tower, 200 Lothrop St., Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Desiree Unselt
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
- Surgical Critical Care Initiative (SC2i), Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
- The Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
| | - Scott Grey
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
- Surgical Critical Care Initiative (SC2i), Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
- The Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
| | - Felipe A Lisboa
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
- Surgical Critical Care Initiative (SC2i), Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
- The Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, W944 Starzl Biomedical Sciences Tower, 200 Lothrop St., Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Center for Inflammation and Regeneration Modeling, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Seth A Schobel
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
- Surgical Critical Care Initiative (SC2i), Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
- The Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
| | - Benjamin K Potter
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
- Surgical Critical Care Initiative (SC2i), Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Eric A Elster
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
- Surgical Critical Care Initiative (SC2i), Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Yoram Vodovotz
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, W944 Starzl Biomedical Sciences Tower, 200 Lothrop St., Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Center for Inflammation and Regeneration Modeling, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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Shah AM, Zamora R, Korff S, Barclay D, Yin J, El-Dehaibi F, Billiar TR, Vodovotz Y. Inferring Tissue-Specific, TLR4-Dependent Type 17 Immune Interactions in Experimental Trauma/Hemorrhagic Shock and Resuscitation Using Computational Modeling. Front Immunol 2022; 13:908618. [PMID: 35663944 PMCID: PMC9160183 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.908618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trauma/hemorrhagic shock followed by resuscitation (T/HS-R) results in multi-system inflammation and organ dysfunction, in part driven by binding of damage-associated molecular pattern molecules to Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4). We carried out experimental T/HS-R (pseudo-fracture plus 2 h of shock followed by 0-22 h of resuscitation) in C57BL/6 (wild type [WT]) and TLR4-null (TLR4-/-) mice, and then defined the dynamics of 20 protein-level inflammatory mediators in the heart, gut, lung, liver, spleen, kidney, and systemic circulation. Cross-correlation and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) on data from the 7 tissues sampled suggested that TLR4-/- samples express multiple inflammatory mediators in a small subset of tissue compartments as compared to the WT samples, in which many inflammatory mediators were localized non-specifically to nearly all compartments. We and others have previously defined a central role for type 17 immune cells in human trauma. Accordingly, correlations between IL-17A and GM-CSF (indicative of pathogenic Th17 cells); between IL-17A and IL-10 (indicative of non-pathogenic Th17 cells); and IL-17A and TNF (indicative of memory/effector T cells) were assessed across all tissues studied. In both WT and TLR4-/- mice, positive correlations were observed between IL-17A and GM-CSF, IL-10, and TNF in the kidney and gut. In contrast, the variable and dynamic presence of both pathogenic and non-pathogenic Th17 cells was inferred in the systemic circulation of TLR4-/- mice over time, suggesting a role for TLR4 in efflux of these cells into peripheral tissues. Hypergraph analysis - used to define dynamic, cross compartment networks - in concert with PCA-suggested that IL-17A was present persistently in all tissues at all sampled time points except for its absence in the plasma at 0.5h in the WT group, supporting the hypothesis that T/HS-R induces efflux of Th17 cells from the circulation and into specific tissues. These analyses suggest a complex, context-specific role for TLR4 and type 17 immunity following T/HS-R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashti M Shah
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ruben Zamora
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Center for Inflammation and Regeneration Modeling, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Sebastian Korff
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Derek Barclay
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jinling Yin
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Fayten El-Dehaibi
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Yoram Vodovotz
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Center for Inflammation and Regeneration Modeling, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Center for Systems Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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5
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Zamora R, Chavan S, Zanos T, Simmons RL, Billiar TR, Vodovotz Y. Spatiotemporally specific roles of TLR4, TNF, and IL-17A in murine endotoxin-induced inflammation inferred from analysis of dynamic networks. Mol Med 2021; 27:65. [PMID: 34167455 PMCID: PMC8223370 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-021-00333-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces a multi-organ, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-dependent acute inflammatory response. Methods Using network analysis, we defined the spatiotemporal dynamics of 20, LPS-induced, protein-level inflammatory mediators over 0–48 h in the heart, gut, lung, liver, spleen, kidney, and systemic circulation, in both C57BL/6 (wild-type) and TLR4-null mice. Results Dynamic Network Analysis suggested that inflammation in the heart is most dependent on TLR4, followed by the liver, kidney, plasma, gut, lung, and spleen, and raises the possibility of non-TLR4 LPS signaling pathways at defined time points in the gut, lung, and spleen. Insights from computational analyses suggest an early role for TLR4-dependent tumor necrosis factor in coordinating multiple signaling pathways in the heart, giving way to later interleukin-17A—possibly derived from pathogenic Th17 cells and effector/memory T cells—in the spleen and blood. Conclusions We have derived novel, systems-level insights regarding the spatiotemporal evolution acute inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Zamora
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Starzl Biomedical Sciences Tower, 200 Lothrop St., Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Center for Inflammation and Regeneration Modeling, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.,Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Sangeeta Chavan
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Theodoros Zanos
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Richard L Simmons
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Starzl Biomedical Sciences Tower, 200 Lothrop St., Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Starzl Biomedical Sciences Tower, 200 Lothrop St., Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Yoram Vodovotz
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Starzl Biomedical Sciences Tower, 200 Lothrop St., Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,Center for Inflammation and Regeneration Modeling, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA. .,Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA. .,Center for Systems Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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6
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Rudolph ME, McArthur MA, Barnes RS, Magder LS, Chen WH, Sztein MB. Differences Between Pediatric and Adult T Cell Responses to In Vitro Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B Stimulation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:498. [PMID: 29616025 PMCID: PMC5869216 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is capable of inducing life-threatening fever, rash, and systemic organ failure, though the specific mechanisms behind these symptoms remain poorly understood. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) and other superantigens have shown to be important factors in TSS, capable of promoting cross-linking between T cell receptors and major histocompatibility complexes which results in overwhelming T cell activation, proliferation, and cytokine production. The resulting proinflammatory cytokine cascade, often referred to as the “cytokine storm,” seems to be critical to the development of disease. Interestingly, clinical studies have shown that children exhibit less severe TSS-associated morbidity than adults, though the mechanism behind this phenomenon has not been addressed. Indeed, despite the fact that most novel antigen exposure occurs early in life, be it from environmentally acquired pathogens or routine vaccination, normal pediatric T cell immune functions remain critically underexplored. This is largely due to difficulty in obtaining enough samples to explore more than a narrow sliver of the cell-mediated immune compartment. To address this limitation, we optimized a T effector (Teff)/circulating T follicular helper (cTFH) cell mass cytometry panel which allowed us to analyze a wide array of T cell populations and effector functions following in vitro SEB stimulation. We show that T cell activation—as measured by CD69 expression—following SEB stimulation is lower in pediatric participants, increasing throughout childhood, and reaching adult levels by around 15 years old. Further, while individual CD4+ effector memory T cell (TEM) effector molecules show limited age-associated differences following SEB stimulation, multifunctional CD4+ TEM are shown to positively correlate with increasing age through adolescence. Individual CD8+ TEM effectors and multifunctional phenotypes also show very strong age-associated increases following SEB stimulation. SEB stimulation has little impact on cTFH activation or functional cellular markers, regardless of age. These results, coupled with the fact that a robust proinflammatory cytokine response seems critical to developing severe TSS, suggest a possible connection between the significantly reduced T cell activation and multifunctional populations following in vitro SEB stimulation in our pediatric participants and clinical observations relating to reduced TSS mortality in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Rudolph
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Department, University of Maryland Graduate Program in Life Sciences, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Monica A McArthur
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Robin S Barnes
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Laurence S Magder
- Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Wilbur H Chen
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Marcelo B Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Department, University of Maryland Graduate Program in Life Sciences, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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7
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Szabo PA, Goswami A, Mazzuca DM, Kim K, O'Gorman DB, Hess DA, Welch ID, Young HA, Singh B, McCormick JK, Haeryfar SMM. Rapid and Rigorous IL-17A Production by a Distinct Subpopulation of Effector Memory T Lymphocytes Constitutes a Novel Mechanism of Toxic Shock Syndrome Immunopathology. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2017; 198:2805-2818. [PMID: 28219889 PMCID: PMC6635948 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is caused by staphylococcal and streptococcal superantigens (SAgs) that provoke a swift hyperinflammatory response typified by a cytokine storm. The precipitous decline in the host's clinical status and the lack of targeted therapies for TSS emphasize the need to identify key players of the storm's initial wave. Using a humanized mouse model of TSS and human cells, we herein demonstrate that SAgs elicit in vitro and in vivo IL-17A responses within hours. SAg-triggered human IL-17A production was characterized by remarkably high mRNA stability for this cytokine. A distinct subpopulation of CD4+ effector memory T (TEM) cells that secrete IL-17A, but not IFN-γ, was responsible for early IL-17A production. We found mouse "TEM-17" cells to be enriched within the intestinal epithelium and among lamina propria lymphocytes. Furthermore, interfering with IL-17A receptor signaling in human PBMCs attenuated the expression of numerous inflammatory mediators implicated in the TSS-associated cytokine storm. IL-17A receptor blockade also abrogated the secondary effect of SAg-stimulated PBMCs on human dermal fibroblasts as judged by C/EBP δ expression. Finally, the early IL-17A response to SAgs was pathogenic because in vivo neutralization of IL-17A in humanized mice ameliorated hepatic and intestinal damage and reduced mortality. Together, our findings identify CD4+ TEM cells as a key effector of TSS and reveal a novel role for IL-17A in TSS immunopathogenesis. Our work thus elucidates a pathogenic, as opposed to protective, role for IL-17A during Gram-positive bacterial infections. Accordingly, the IL-17-IL-17R axis may provide an attractive target for the management of SAg-mediated illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Szabo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Ankur Goswami
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Delfina M Mazzuca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Kyoungok Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - David B O'Gorman
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Roth | McFarlane Hand and Upper Limb Centre, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 4V2, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario N6C 2R5, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 4V2, Canada
| | - David A Hess
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
- Krembil Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Molecular Medicine Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Ian D Welch
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Howard A Young
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Bhagirath Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario N6C 2R5, Canada
- Centre for Human Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada; and
| | - John K McCormick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario N6C 2R5, Canada
- Centre for Human Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada; and
| | - S M Mansour Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada;
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario N6C 2R5, Canada
- Centre for Human Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada; and
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5A5, Canada
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8
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Dorfman DM, LaPlante CD, Li B. FLOCK cluster analysis of plasma cell flow cytometry data predicts bone marrow involvement by plasma cell neoplasia. Leuk Res 2016; 48:40-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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9
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Dorfman DM, LaPlante CD, Pozdnyakova O, Li B. FLOCK cluster analysis of mast cell event clustering by high-sensitivity flow cytometry predicts systemic mastocytosis. Am J Clin Pathol 2015; 144:764-70. [PMID: 26486741 DOI: 10.1309/ajcp87eymcyusdzv] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In our high-sensitivity flow cytometric approach for systemic mastocytosis (SM), we identified mast cell event clustering as a new diagnostic criterion for the disease. METHODS To objectively characterize mast cell gated event distributions, we performed cluster analysis using FLOCK, a computational approach to identify cell subsets in multidimensional flow cytometry data in an unbiased, automated fashion. RESULTS FLOCK identified discrete mast cell populations in most cases of SM (56/75 [75%]) but only a minority of non-SM cases (17/124 [14%]). FLOCK-identified mast cell populations accounted for 2.46% of total cells on average in SM cases and 0.09% of total cells on average in non-SM cases (P < .0001) and were predictive of SM, with a sensitivity of 75%, a specificity of 86%, a positive predictive value of 76%, and a negative predictive value of 85%. CONCLUSIONS FLOCK analysis provides useful diagnostic information for evaluating patients with suspected SM, and may be useful for the analysis of other hematopoietic neoplasms.
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Multidimensional Clusters of CD4+ T Cell Dysfunction Are Primarily Associated with the CD4/CD8 Ratio in Chronic HIV Infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137635. [PMID: 26402620 PMCID: PMC4581870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection provokes a myriad of pathological effects on the immune system where many markers of CD4+ T cell dysfunction have been identified. However, most studies to date have focused on single/double measurements of immune dysfunction, while the identification of pathological CD4+ T cell clusters that is highly associated to a specific biomarker for HIV disease remain less studied. Here, multi-parametric flow cytometry was used to investigate immune activation, exhaustion, and senescence of diverse maturation phenotypes of CD4+ T cells. The traditional method of manual data analysis was compared to a multidimensional clustering tool, FLOw Clustering with K (FLOCK) in two cohorts of 47 untreated HIV-infected individuals and 21 age and sex matched healthy controls. In order to reduce the subjectivity of FLOCK, we developed an "artificial reference", using 2% of all CD4+ gated T cells from each of the HIV-infected individuals. Principle component analyses demonstrated that using an artificial reference lead to a better separation of the HIV-infected individuals from the healthy controls as compared to using a single HIV-infected subject as a reference or analyzing data manually. Multiple correlation analyses between laboratory parameters and pathological CD4+ clusters revealed that the CD4/CD8 ratio was the preeminent surrogate marker of CD4+ T cells dysfunction using all three methods. Increased frequencies of an early-differentiated CD4+ T cell cluster with high CD38, HLA-DR and PD-1 expression were best correlated (Rho = -0.80, P value = 1.96×10-11) with HIV disease progression as measured by the CD4/CD8 ratio. The novel approach described here can be used to identify cell clusters that distinguish healthy from HIV infected subjects and is biologically relevant for HIV disease progression. These results further emphasize that a simple measurement of the CD4/CD8 ratio is a useful biomarker for assessment of combined CD4+ T cell dysfunction in chronic HIV disease.
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Nasrallah M, Pouliot Y, Hartmann B, Dunn P, Thomson E, Wiser J, Butte AJ. Reanalysis of the Rituximab in ANCA-Associated Vasculitis trial identifies granulocyte subsets as a novel early marker of successful treatment. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:262. [PMID: 26387933 PMCID: PMC4576403 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0778-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In the present study, we sought to identify markers in patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) that distinguish those achieving remission at 6 months following rituximab or cyclophosphamide treatment from those for whom treatment failed in the Rituximab in ANCA-Associated Vasculitis (RAVE) trial. Methods Clinical and flow cytometry data from the RAVE trial were downloaded from the Immunology Database and Analysis Portal and Immune Tolerance Network TrialShare public repositories. Flow cytometry data were analyzed using validated automated gating and joined with clinical data. Lymphocyte and granulocyte populations were measured in patients who achieved or failed to achieve remission. Results There was no difference in lymphocyte subsets and treatment outcome with either treatment. We defined a Granularity Index (GI) that measures the difference between the percentage of hypergranular and hypogranular granulocytes. We found that rituximab-treated patients who achieved remission had a significantly higher GI at baseline than those who did not (p = 0.0085) and that this pattern was reversed in cyclophosphamide-treated patients (p = 0.037). We defined optimal cutoff values of the GI using the Youden index. Cyclophosphamide was superior to rituximab in inducing remission in patients with GI below −9.25 % (67 % vs. 30 %, respectively; p = 0.033), whereas rituximab was superior to cyclophosphamide for patients with GI greater than 47.6 % (83 % vs. 33 %, respectively; p = 0.0002). Conclusions We identified distinct subsets of granulocytes found at baseline in patients with AAV that predicted whether they were more likely to achieve remission with cyclophosphamide or rituximab. Profiling patients on the basis of the GI may lead to more successful trials and therapeutic courses in AAV. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier (for original study from which data were obtained): NCT00104299. Date of registration: 24 February 2005. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-015-0778-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen Nasrallah
- Institute for Computational Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, Box 0110, Mission Hall 4733, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA. .,Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Yannick Pouliot
- Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Bjoern Hartmann
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Patrick Dunn
- Northrop Grumman Information Systems Health IT, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Thomson
- Northrop Grumman Information Systems Health IT, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
| | - Jeffrey Wiser
- Northrop Grumman Information Systems Health IT, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
| | - Atul J Butte
- Institute for Computational Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, Box 0110, Mission Hall 4733, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
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Booth JS, Toapanta FR, Salerno-Goncalves R, Patil S, Kader HA, Safta AM, Czinn SJ, Greenwald BD, Sztein MB. Characterization and functional properties of gastric tissue-resident memory T cells from children, adults, and the elderly. Front Immunol 2014; 5:294. [PMID: 24995010 PMCID: PMC4062881 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells are the main orchestrators of protective immunity in the stomach; however, limited information on the presence and function of the gastric T subsets is available mainly due to the difficulty in recovering high numbers of viable cells from human gastric biopsies. To overcome this shortcoming we optimized a cell isolation method that yielded high numbers of viable lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMC) from gastric biopsies. Classic memory T subsets were identified in gastric LPMC and compared to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained from children, adults, and the elderly using an optimized 14 color flow cytometry panel. A dominant effector memory T (TEM) phenotype was observed in gastric LPMC CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in all age groups. We then evaluated whether these cells represented a population of gastric tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells by assessing expression of CD103 and CD69. The vast majority of gastric LPMC CD8+ T cells either co-expressed CD103/CD69 (>70%) or expressed CD103 alone (~20%). Gastric LPMC CD4+ T cells also either co-expressed CD103/CD69 (>35%) or expressed at least one of these markers. Thus, gastric LPMC CD8+ and CD4+ T cells had the characteristics of TRM cells. Gastric CD8+ and CD4+ TRM cells produced multiple cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α, IL-17A, MIP-1β) and up-regulated CD107a upon stimulation. However, marked differences were observed in their cytokine and multi-cytokine profiles when compared to their PBMC TEM counterparts. Furthermore, gastric CD8+ TRM and CD4+ TRM cells demonstrated differences in the frequency, susceptibility to activation, and cytokine/multi-cytokine production profiles among the age groups. Most notably, children’s gastric TRM cells responded differently to stimuli than gastric TRM cells from adults or the elderly. In conclusion, we demonstrate the presence of gastric TRM, which exhibit diverse functional characteristics in children, adults, and the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayaum S Booth
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Franklin R Toapanta
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Rosangela Salerno-Goncalves
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Seema Patil
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Howard A Kader
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Anca M Safta
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Steven J Czinn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Bruce D Greenwald
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Marcelo B Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
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Yang H, Li T, Wei J, Zhang H, He S. Induction of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) release from subtypes of T cells by agonists of proteinase activated receptors. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:165453. [PMID: 24453410 PMCID: PMC3876890 DOI: 10.1155/2013/165453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Serine proteinases have been recognized as playing an important role in inflammation via proteinase activated receptors (PARs). However, little is known about the influence of serine proteinases and PARs on TNF secretion from highly purified T cells. We challenged T cells from human peripheral blood with serine proteinases and agonist peptides of PARs and measured the levels of TNF in culture supernatants by ELISA. The results showed that thrombin and trypsin, but not tryptase, stimulated approximately up to 2.5-fold increase in TNF release from T cells following 16 h incubation. Proteinase inhibitors and PAR-1 antagonist SCH 79797 almost completely abolished thrombin- and trypsin-induced TNF release from T cells. Agonist peptides of PAR-1, but not PAR-2 induced TNF release from T cells. Moreover, trypsin- and thrombin-induced upregulated expression of TNF was observed in CD4+, IL-4+, or CD25+ T cells, but not in IFN+ or IL-17+ T cells. The signaling pathways MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt are involved in the thrombin- and trypsin-induced TNF release from T cells. In conclusion, thrombin and trypsin can induce TNF release from IL-4+ and CD25+ T cells through activation of PAR-1 and therefore contribute to regulation of immune response and inflammation of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwei Yang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 300 Guangzhou Road, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Jifu Wei
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 300 Guangzhou Road, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Huiyun Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Shaoheng He
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 300 Guangzhou Road, Jiangsu 210029, China
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, China
- *Shaoheng He:
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