1
|
Wu J, Tan S, Zhou Y, Zhao H, Yu H, Zhong B, Yu C, Wang H, Yang Y, Li H, Li Y. Clinical and gonadal transcriptome analysis of 38,XX disorder of sex development pigs†. Biol Reprod 2024; 111:212-226. [PMID: 38531779 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioae046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pigs serve as a robust animal model for the study of human diseases, notably in the context of disorders of sex development (DSD). This study aims to investigate the phenotypic characteristics and molecular mechanisms underlying the reproductive and developmental abnormalities of 38,XX ovotestis-DSD (OT-DSD) and 38,XX testis-DSD (T-DSD) in pigs. Clinical and transcriptome sequencing analyses were performed on DSD and normal female pigs. Cytogenetic and SRY analyses confirmed that OT/T-DSD pigs exhibited a 38,XX karyotype and lacked the SRY gene. The DSD pigs had higher levels of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and progesterone, but lower testosterone levels when compared with normal male pigs. The reproductive organs of OT/T-DSD pigs exhibit abnormal development, displaying both male and female characteristics, with an absence of germ cells in the seminiferous tubules. Sex determination and development-related differentially expressed genes shared between DSD pigs were identified in the gonads, including WT1, DKK1, CTNNB1, WTN9B, SHOC, PTPN11, NRG1, and NXK3-1. DKK1 is proposed as a candidate gene for investigating the regulatory mechanisms underlying gonadal phenotypic differences between OT-DSD and T-DSD pigs. Consequently, our findings provide insights into the molecular pathogenesis of DSD pigs and present an animal model for studying into DSD in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Shuwen Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- College of Basic Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Haiquan Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Hui Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Bingzhou Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Congying Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Haoming Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Yin Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Hua Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Yugu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tolomeo M, Cascio A. The Complex Dysregulations of CD4 T Cell Subtypes in HIV Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7512. [PMID: 39062756 PMCID: PMC11276885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remains an important global public health problem. About 40 million people are infected with HIV, and this infection caused about 630,000 deaths in 2022. The hallmark of HIV infection is the depletion of CD4+ T helper lymphocytes (Th cells). There are at least seven different Th subtypes, and not all are the main targets of HIV. Moreover, the effect of the virus in a specific subtype can be completely different from that of the others. Although the most compromised Th subtype in HIV infection is Th17, HIV can induce important dysregulations in other subtypes, such as follicular Th (Tfh) cells and regulatory Th cells (Treg cells or Tregs). Several studies have shown that HIV can induce an increase in the immunosuppressive activity of Tregs without causing a significant reduction in their numbers, at least in the early phase of infection. The increased activity of this Th subtype seems to play an important role in determining the immunodeficiency status of HIV-infected patients, and Tregs may represent a new target for innovative anti-HIV therapies, including the so-called "Kick and Kill" therapeutic method whose goal is the complete elimination of the virus and the healing of HIV infection. In this review, we report the most important findings on the effects of HIV on different CD4+ T cell subtypes, the molecular mechanisms by which the virus impairs the functions of these cells, and the implications for new anti-HIV therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manlio Tolomeo
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
- Department of Infectious Diseases, A.O.U.P. Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Cascio
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
- Department of Infectious Diseases, A.O.U.P. Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Carbone F, Russo C, Colamatteo A, La Rocca C, Fusco C, Matarese A, Procaccini C, Matarese G. Cellular and molecular signaling towards T cell immunological self-tolerance. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107134. [PMID: 38432631 PMCID: PMC10981134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The binding of a cognate antigen to T cell receptor (TCR) complex triggers a series of intracellular events controlling T cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation. Upon TCR engagement, different negative regulatory feedback mechanisms are rapidly activated to counterbalance T cell activation, thus preventing excessive signal propagation and promoting the induction of immunological self-tolerance. Both positive and negative regulatory processes are tightly controlled to ensure the effective elimination of foreign antigens while limiting surrounding tissue damage and autoimmunity. In this context, signals deriving from co-stimulatory molecules (i.e., CD80, CD86), co-inhibitory receptors (PD-1, CTLA-4), the tyrosine phosphatase CD45 and cytokines such as IL-2 synergize with TCR-derived signals to guide T cell fate and differentiation. The balance of these mechanisms is also crucial for the generation of CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, a cellular subset involved in the control of immunological self-tolerance. This review provides an overview of the most relevant pathways induced by TCR activation combined with those derived from co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules implicated in the cell-intrinsic modulation of T cell activation. In addition to the latter, we dissected mechanisms responsible for T cell-mediated suppression of immune cell activation through regulatory T cell generation, homeostasis, and effector functions. We also discuss how imbalanced signaling derived from TCR and accessory molecules can contribute to autoimmune disease pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fortunata Carbone
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale "G. Salvatore", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Napoli, Italy; Unità di Neuroimmunologia, IRCCS-Fondazione Santa Lucia, Roma, Italy
| | - Claudia Russo
- D.A.I. Medicina di Laboratorio e Trasfusionale, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessandra Colamatteo
- Treg Cell Lab, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudia La Rocca
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale "G. Salvatore", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Clorinda Fusco
- Treg Cell Lab, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessandro Matarese
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Procaccini
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale "G. Salvatore", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Napoli, Italy; Unità di Neuroimmunologia, IRCCS-Fondazione Santa Lucia, Roma, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale "G. Salvatore", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Napoli, Italy; Treg Cell Lab, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Napoli, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Toth KA, Schmitt EG, Cooper MA. Deficiencies and Dysregulation of STAT Pathways That Drive Inborn Errors of Immunity: Lessons from Patients and Mouse Models of Disease. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:1463-1472. [PMID: 37126806 PMCID: PMC10151837 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The STAT family proteins provide critical signals for immune cell development, differentiation, and proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses. Inborn errors of immunity (IEIs) are caused by single gene defects leading to immune deficiency and/or dysregulation, and they have provided opportunities to identify genes important for regulating the human immune response. Studies of patients with IEIs due to altered STAT signaling, and mouse models of these diseases, have helped to shape current understanding of the mechanisms whereby STAT signaling and protein interactions regulate immunity. Although many STAT signaling pathways are shared, clinical and immune phenotypes in patients with monogenic defects of STAT signaling highlight both redundant and nonredundant pathways. In this review, we provide an overview of the shared and unique signaling pathways used by STATs, phenotypes of IEIs with altered STAT signaling, and recent discoveries that have provided insight into the human immune response and treatment of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey A. Toth
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology/Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Erica G. Schmitt
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology/Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Megan A. Cooper
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology/Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Heidary S, Awasthi N, Page N, Allnutt T, Lewis RS, Liongue C, Ward AC. A zebrafish model of growth hormone insensitivity syndrome with immune dysregulation 1 (GHISID1). Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:109. [PMID: 36995466 PMCID: PMC10063521 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04759-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins act downstream of cytokine receptors to facilitate changes in gene expression that impact a range of developmental and homeostatic processes. Patients harbouring loss-of-function (LOF) STAT5B mutations exhibit postnatal growth failure due to lack of responsiveness to growth hormone as well as immune perturbation, a disorder called growth hormone insensitivity syndrome with immune dysregulation 1 (GHISID1). This study aimed to generate a zebrafish model of this disease by targeting the stat5.1 gene using CRISPR/Cas9 and characterising the effects on growth and immunity. The zebrafish Stat5.1 mutants were smaller, but exhibited increased adiposity, with concomitant dysregulation of growth and lipid metabolism genes. The mutants also displayed impaired lymphopoiesis with reduced T cells throughout the lifespan, along with broader disruption of the lymphoid compartment in adulthood, including evidence of T cell activation. Collectively, these findings confirm that zebrafish Stat5.1 mutants mimic the clinical impacts of human STAT5B LOF mutations, establishing them as a model of GHISID1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Somayyeh Heidary
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Nagendra Awasthi
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Nicole Page
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Theo Allnutt
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Rowena S Lewis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Clifford Liongue
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
- IMPACT, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Alister C Ward
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia.
- IMPACT, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Catli G, Gao W, Foley C, Özyilmaz B, Edeer N, Diniz G, Losekoot M, van Doorn J, Dauber A, Dundar BN, Wit JM, Hwa V. Atypical STAT5B deficiency, severe short stature and mild immunodeficiency associated with a novel homozygous STAT5B Variant. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 559:111799. [PMID: 36265659 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
STAT5B deficiency, a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by severe growth hormone insensitivity (GHI) and immunodeficiency, can manifest as fatal pulmonary complications. We describe atypical STAT5B deficiency associated with a novel homozygous frame-shift STAT5B variant [c.1453delG, p.(Asp485Thrfs*29)] identified in a young 17.6 yr old female subject who had severe postnatal growth impairment, biochemistries typical of GHI, an immune profile notable for hypergammaglobulinaemia and elevated B lymphocytes, and lack of pulmonary disease. Marked elevation of serum prolactin and pathologically diagnosed eczema were evident. In reconstitution studies, the STAT5B p.(Asp485Thrfs*29) was expressed although expression was reduced compared to wild-type STAT5B and a previously identified STAT5B p.(Gln368Profs*9) variant. Both truncated STAT5B peptides could not be activated by GH, nor mobilize to the nucleus. We conclude that an intact, functional, STAT5B is essential for normal GH-mediated growth, while expressed loss-of-function STAT5B variants may alleviate severe immune and pulmonary issues normally associated with STAT5B deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gonul Catli
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Paediatrics, Istinye University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Wen Gao
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Corinne Foley
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Berk Özyilmaz
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Neslihan Edeer
- Department of Paediatric Immunology, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey.
| | - Gulden Diniz
- Department of Pathology, Izmir Democracy University Medical School, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Monique Losekoot
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Jaap van Doorn
- Department of Genetics, Section Metabolic Diagnostics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Andrew Dauber
- Division of Endocrinology, Children's National Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Bumin N Dundar
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Paediatrics, Izmir Katip Celebi University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Jan M Wit
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Paediatrics, Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Vivian Hwa
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang Y, Yang Y, Guo J, Cui L, Yang L, Li Y, Mou Y, Jia C, Zhang L, Song X. miR-146a enhances regulatory T-cell differentiation and function in allergic rhinitis by targeting STAT5b. Allergy 2022; 77:550-558. [PMID: 34716993 DOI: 10.1111/all.15163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNA (miR)-146a, as an important immune regulatory factor with an anti-inflammatory effect, plays a crucial role in regulatory T-cell (Tregs) differentiation and function in allergic rhinitis (AR). The present study aimed to investigate the regulatory mechanism employed by miR-146a to control Treg differentiation and function in AR. METHODS Expression of miR-146a and STAT5b in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and nasal mucosa from patients with AR was detected by qPCR and Western blotting. Tregs were quantified by flow cytometry in miR-146a knockdown or STAT5b knockdown PBMCs. FOXP3, IL-10, and TGF-β levels were detected by Western blotting or ELISA in miR-146a knockdown or STAT5b overexpressing PBMCs, as well as in STAT5b knockdown PBMCs overexpressing miR-146a. The effect of miR-146a on STAT5b was observed by luciferase assay and knockdown experiments. RESULTS Levels of miR146a and STAT5b in the nasal mucosa or PBMCs were significantly lower in the AR group than in the control group. There were significantly fewer Tregs in miR-146a knockdown or STAT5b knockdown PBMCs compared to control PBMCs. Expression of FOXP3, IL-10, and TGF-β was decreased in the miR-146a knockdown group but increased in the STAT5b overexpression group. In contrast, miR-146a overexpression increased the levels of these factors, but knockdown of STAT5b significantly inhibited this effect. Luciferase assay and knockdown experiments showed that miR-146a bound directly to STAT5b. CONCLUSIONS miR-146a enhances Treg differentiation and function in AR by positively targeting STAT5b.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Qingdao University Yantai China
| | - Yujuan Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Qingdao University Yantai China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Qingdao University Yantai China
| | - Limei Cui
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Qingdao University Yantai China
| | - Liping Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Qingdao University Yantai China
| | - Yumei Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Qingdao University Yantai China
| | - Yakui Mou
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Qingdao University Yantai China
| | - Chuanliang Jia
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Qingdao University Yantai China
| | - Luo Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Beijing Tongren HospitalCapital Medical University Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology Beijing China
| | - Xicheng Song
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Qingdao University Yantai China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Treg-associated monogenic autoimmune disorders and gut microbial dysbiosis. Pediatr Res 2022; 91:35-43. [PMID: 33731809 PMCID: PMC8446091 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01445-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs) caused by a single-gene defect generally are referred to as monogenic autoimmune disorders. For example, mutations in the transcription factor autoimmune regulator (AIRE) result in a condition called autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy; while mutations in forkhead box P3 lead to regulatory T cell (Treg)-deficiency-induced multiorgan inflammation, which in humans is called "immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy with X-linked inheritance" (or IPEX syndrome). Previous studies concluded that monogenic diseases are insensitive to commensal microbial regulation because they develop even in germ-free (GF) animals, a conclusion that has limited the number of studies determining the role of microbiota in monogenic PIDs. However, emerging evidence shows that although the onset of the disease is independent of the microbiota, several monogenic PIDs vary in severity in association with the microbiome. In this review, we focus on monogenic PIDs associated with Treg deficiency/dysfunction, summarizing the gut microbial dysbiosis that has been shown to be linked to these diseases. From limited studies, we have gleaned several mechanistic insights that may prove to be of therapeutic importance in the early stages of life. IMPACT: This review paper serves to refute the concept that monogenic PIDs are not linked to the microbiome. The onset of monogenic PIDs is independent of microbiota; single-gene mutations such as AIRE or Foxp3 that affect central or peripheral immune tolerance produce monogenic diseases even in a GF environment. However, the severity and outcome of PIDs are markedly impacted by the microbial composition. We suggest that future research for these conditions may focus on targeting the microbiome.
Collapse
|
9
|
Jones DM, Read KA, Oestreich KJ. Dynamic Roles for IL-2-STAT5 Signaling in Effector and Regulatory CD4 + T Cell Populations. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 205:1721-1730. [PMID: 32958706 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ Th cells are responsible for orchestrating diverse, pathogen-specific immune responses through their differentiation into a number of subsets, including TH1, TH2, TH9, T follicular helper, T follicular regulatory, and regulatory T cells. The differentiation of each subset is guided by distinct regulatory requirements, including those derived from extracellular cytokine signals. IL-2 has emerged as a critical immunomodulatory cytokine that both positively and negatively affects the differentiation of individual Th cell subsets. IL-2 signals are propagated, in part, via activation of STAT5, which functions as a key regulator of CD4+ T cell gene programs. In this review, we discuss current understanding of the mechanisms that allow IL-2-STAT5 signaling to exert divergent effects across CD4+ T cell subsets and highlight specific roles for this pathway in the regulation of individual Th cell differentiation programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devin M Jones
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210; and.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Kaitlin A Read
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210; and.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Kenneth J Oestreich
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210; and
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zang Y, Dong Q, Lu Y, Dong K, Wang R, Liang Z. Lumican inhibits immune escape and carcinogenic pathways in colorectal adenocarcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:4388-4408. [PMID: 33493133 PMCID: PMC7906189 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lumican (LUM), a small leucine-rich proteoglycan, is a component of the extracellular matrix. Abnormal LUM expression is potentially associated with cancer progression. In the present study, we confirmed high LUM mRNA expression in colorectal adenocarcinoma (COAD) through the UALCAN database. The Kaplan-Meier method, univariate, and multivariate COX analysis showed that high LUM expression is an independent determinant of poor prognosis in COAD. A COX regression model was constructed based on clinical information and LUM expression. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve indicated that this model was highly accurate in monitoring COAD prognosis. The co-expression network of LUM was determined by LinkedOmics, which showed that LUM expression was closely related to immune escape and the miR200 family. Furthermore, we studied the co-expression network of LUM and found that LUM could promote tumor metastasis and invasion. The Tumor Immune Estimation Resource website showed that LUM was closely related to immune infiltration and correlated with regulatory T cells, tumour-associated macrophages, and dendritic cells. We found that LUM cultivated cancer progression by targeting the miR200 family to promote epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. These findings suggest that LUM is a potential target for inhibiting immune escape and carcinogenic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Zang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Qiuping Dong
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Tianjin's Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Kaiti Dong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Zheng Liang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hwa V. Human growth disorders associated with impaired GH action: Defects in STAT5B and JAK2. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 519:111063. [PMID: 33122102 PMCID: PMC7736371 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) promotes postnatal human growth primarily by regulating insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I production through activation of the GH receptor (GHR)-JAK2-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-5B signaling pathway. Inactivating STAT5B mutations, both autosomal recessive (AR) and dominant-negative (DN), are causal of a spectrum of GH insensitivity (GHI) syndrome, IGF-I deficiency and postnatal growth failure. Only AR STAT5B defects, however, confer additional characteristics of immune dysfunction which can manifest as chronic, potentially fatal, pulmonary disease. Somatic activating STAT5B and JAK2 mutations are associated with a plethora of immune abnormalities but appear not to impact human linear growth. In this review, molecular defects associated with STAT5B deficiency is highlighted and insights towards understanding human growth and immunity is emphasized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Hwa
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Foley CL, Al Remeithi SS, Towe CT, Dauber A, Backeljauw PF, Tyzinski L, Kumar AR, Hwa V. Developmental Adaptive Immune Defects Associated with STAT5B Deficiency in Three Young Siblings. J Clin Immunol 2021; 41:136-146. [PMID: 33090292 PMCID: PMC7854992 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-020-00884-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Patients with rare homozygous mutations in signal transducer and activator of transcription 5B (STAT5B) develop immunodeficiency resulting in chronic eczema, chronic infections, autoimmunity, and chronic lung disease. STAT5B-deficient patients are typically diagnosed in the teenage years, limiting our understanding of the development of associated phenotypic immune abnormalities. We report the first detailed chronological account of post-natal immune dysfunction associated with STAT5B deficiency in humans. Annual immunophenotyping of three siblings carrying a novel homozygous nonsense mutation in STAT5B was carried out over 4 years between the ages of 7 months to 8 years. All three siblings demonstrated consistent B cell hyperactivity including elevated IgE levels and autoantibody production, associated with diagnoses of atopy and autoimmunity. Total T cell levels in each sibling remained normal, with regulatory T cells decreasing in the oldest sibling. Interestingly, a skewing toward memory T cells was identified, with the greatest changes in CD8+ effector memory T cells. These results suggest an importance of STAT5B in B cell function and naïve versus memory T cell survival. Progressive dysregulation of FOXP3+ regulatory T cells and CD8+ memory T cell subsets reveal a crucial role of STAT5B in T cell homeostasis. The early diagnosis and focused immune evaluations of these three young STAT5B-deficient siblings support an important role of STAT5B in adaptive immune development and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corinne L Foley
- Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Sareea S Al Remeithi
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of PediatricsSheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Christopher T Towe
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Andrew Dauber
- Division of Endocrinology, Children's National Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Philippe F Backeljauw
- Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Leah Tyzinski
- Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ashish R Kumar
- Bone Marrow Transplantation & Immune Deficiency, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Vivian Hwa
- Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hu Z, Li Y, Du H, Ren J, Zheng X, Wei K, Liu J. Transcriptome analysis reveals modulation of the STAT family in PEDV-infected IPEC-J2 cells. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:891. [PMID: 33317444 PMCID: PMC7734901 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07306-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a causative agent of serious viral enteric disease in suckling pigs. Such diseases cause considerable economic losses in the global swine industry. Enhancing our knowledge of PEDV-induced transcriptomic responses in host cells is imperative to understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the immune response. Here, we analyzed the transcriptomic profile of intestinal porcine epithelial cell line J2 (IPEC-J2) after infection with a classical strain of PEDV to explore the host response. RESULTS In total, 854 genes were significantly differentially expressed after PEDV infection, including 716 upregulated and 138 downregulated genes. Functional annotation analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in the influenza A, TNF signaling, inflammatory response, cytokine receptor interaction, and other immune-related pathways. Next, the putative promoter regions of the 854 differentially expressed genes were examined for the presence of transcription factor binding sites using the MEME tool. As a result, 504 sequences (59.02%) were identified as possessing at least one binding site of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT), and five STAT transcription factors were significantly induced by PEDV infection. Furthermore, we revealed the regulatory network induced by STAT members in the process of PEDV infection. CONCLUSION Our transcriptomic analysis described the host genetic response to PEDV infection in detail in IPEC-J2 cells, and suggested that STAT transcription factors may serve as key regulators in the response to PEDV infection. These results further our understanding of the pathogenesis of PEDV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengzheng Hu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchen Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Heng Du
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Junxiao Ren
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xianrui Zheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kejian Wei
- Shenzhen Kingsino Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Scheinecker C, Göschl L, Bonelli M. Treg cells in health and autoimmune diseases: New insights from single cell analysis. J Autoimmun 2019; 110:102376. [PMID: 31862128 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.102376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases, such as Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) or Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) are characterized by the breakdown of immunological tolerance. Defects of regulatory T cells have been described among the various mechanisms, that are important for the development of autoimmune diseases, due to their critical role as regulators of peripheral immune tolerance and homeostasis. Initially T suppressor cells have been described as one population of peripheral T cells. Based on new technological advances a new understanding of the heterogeneity of different Treg cell populations in the lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissue has evolved over the last years. While initially Foxp3 has been defined as the main master regulator of Treg cells, we have learned that Treg cells from various tissue can be identified by a specific transcriptomic and epigenetic signature. Epigenetic mechanisms allow Treg cell stability, but we have also learned that certain Treg subsets are plastic and can under specific circumstances even enhance autoimmunity and inflammatory processes. Quantitative and functional defects of Treg cells have been observed in a variety of autoimmune diseases. Due to our understanding of the nature of this cell population, Treg cells have been a target of new Treg based therapies, such as low-dose IL-2. In addition, ongoing clinical trials aim to test safety and efficacy of transferred, in vitro expanded Treg cells in patients with autoimmune diseases and transplant patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Scheinecker
- Internal Medicine III, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Lisa Göschl
- Internal Medicine III, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Michael Bonelli
- Internal Medicine III, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Maurer B, Kollmann S, Pickem J, Hoelbl-Kovacic A, Sexl V. STAT5A and STAT5B-Twins with Different Personalities in Hematopoiesis and Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1726. [PMID: 31690038 PMCID: PMC6895831 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factors STAT5A and STAT5B have essential roles in survival and proliferation of hematopoietic cells-which have been considered largely redundant. Mutations of upstream kinases, copy number gains, or activating mutations in STAT5A, or more frequently in STAT5B, cause altered hematopoiesis and cancer. Interfering with their activity by pharmacological intervention is an up-and-coming therapeutic avenue. Precision medicine requests detailed knowledge of STAT5A's and STAT5B's individual functions. Recent evidence highlights the privileged role for STAT5B over STAT5A in normal and malignant hematopoiesis. Here, we provide an overview on their individual functions within the hematopoietic system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Maurer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Sebastian Kollmann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Pickem
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Hoelbl-Kovacic
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Sexl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
The STAT signaling profile at the single cell level reveals novel insights in the association of FOXP3+ T regulatory cells with recurrent spontaneous abortions before and after lymphocyte immunotherapy. Clin Immunol 2019; 210:108261. [PMID: 31689518 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.108261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Foxp3+ T regulatory cell (Tregs) are central in the pathobiology of recurrent spontaneous abortions (RSA). Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins instruct Treg differentiation and polarization, but the STAT signaling architecture of Tregs in RSA and its modifications by lymphocyte immunotherapy (LIT) are yet unknown. By using single-cell phospho-specific flow cytometry we show that the STAT signaling biosignature of Tregs in women with RSA was characterized by marked downregulation of the IFNα/pSTAT1&5, IL-6/pSTAT1&3 and IL-2/pSTAT5 signaling nodes compared to age-matched fertile females. LIT partially restored all of these signaling axes in Tregs only in women who achieved pregnancy after treatment. Both the pretreatment biosignature of Tregs and its modulations by LIT were associated with therapeutic success. We conclude that STAT signaling pathways in Tregs are actively involved in the pathophysiology of RSA and may serve as a predictive tool for selecting patients who may benefit from LIT.
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells expressing the transcription factor forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) play a requisite role in the maintenance of immunological homeostasis and prevention of peripheral self-tolerance breakdown. Although Foxp3 by itself is neither necessary nor sufficient to specify many aspects of the Treg cell phenotype, its sustained expression in Treg cells is indispensable for their phenotypic stability, metabolic fitness, and regulatory function. In this review, we summarize recent advances in Treg cell biology, with a particular emphasis on the role of Foxp3 as a transcriptional modulator and metabolic gatekeeper essential to an effective immune regulatory response. We discuss these findings in the context of human inborn errors of immune dysregulation, with a focus on FOXP3 mutations, leading to Treg cell deficiency. We also highlight emerging concepts of therapeutic Treg cell reprogramming to restore tolerance in the settings of immune dysregulatory disorders.
Collapse
|
18
|
Mao R, Liu H, Yi B, Purohit S, Kuczma M, Kraj P, She JX. Cell-based high throughput screening identified a novel compound that promotes regulatory T cells and prevents autoimmune colitis. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 169:113618. [PMID: 31449782 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (TR) show great promise for treating autoimmune diseases, allergies and preventing transplant rejection; however, their clinical application has been hampered by the lack of efficient ex vivo or in vivo expansion strategies. Here we report screening data on 130,000 low molecular weight (LMW) compounds for their TR promoting potential using a self-developed high-throughput cell-based assay. One of the lead compounds, an isoxazolecarboxamide designated as TRP38, efficiently converts naïve CD4+ T cells to TR cells in vitro and protects mice from autoimmune colitis in vivo. In addition, TRP38 can synergize with other compounds and/or cytokines such as rapamycin and TGFβ for TR conversion, probably via directly inhibiting P70s6 phosphorylation without affecting mTOR expression, underscoring the importance of complementary and coordinated activity of multiple signaling pathways for the increased level of stable TR cell production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Mao
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Haitao Liu
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Bing Yi
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Sharad Purohit
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States; Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Michal Kuczma
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Piotr Kraj
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Jin-Xiong She
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Storr HL, Chatterjee S, Metherell LA, Foley C, Rosenfeld RG, Backeljauw PF, Dauber A, Savage MO, Hwa V. Nonclassical GH Insensitivity: Characterization of Mild Abnormalities of GH Action. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:476-505. [PMID: 30265312 PMCID: PMC6607971 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
GH insensitivity (GHI) presents in childhood with growth failure and in its severe form is associated with extreme short stature and dysmorphic and metabolic abnormalities. In recent years, the clinical, biochemical, and genetic characteristics of GHI and other overlapping short stature syndromes have rapidly expanded. This can be attributed to advancing genetic techniques and a greater awareness of this group of disorders. We review this important spectrum of defects, which present with phenotypes at the milder end of the GHI continuum. We discuss their clinical, biochemical, and genetic characteristics. The objective of this review is to clarify the definition, identification, and investigation of this clinically relevant group of growth defects. We also review the therapeutic challenges of mild GHI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen L Storr
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sumana Chatterjee
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Louise A Metherell
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Corinne Foley
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ron G Rosenfeld
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Philippe F Backeljauw
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Andrew Dauber
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Martin O Savage
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Vivian Hwa
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Azizi G, Yazdani R, Rae W, Abolhassani H, Rojas M, Aghamohammadi A, Anaya JM. Monogenic polyautoimmunity in primary immunodeficiency diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2018; 17:1028-1039. [PMID: 30107266 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs) consist of a large group of genetic disorders that affect distinct components of the immune system. PID patients are susceptible to infection and non-infectious complications, particularly autoimmunity. A specific group of monogenic PIDs are due to mutations in genes that are critical for the regulation of immunological tolerance and immune responses. This group of monogenic PIDs is at high risk of developing polyautoimmunity (i.e., the presence of more than one autoimmune disease in a single patient) because of their impaired immunity. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of autoimmunity in PIDs and the characteristics of polyautoimmunity in the following PIDs: IPEX; monogenic IPEX-like syndrome; LRBA deficiency; CTLA4 deficiency; APECED; ALPS; and PKCδ deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Azizi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Network (PIDNet), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Yazdani
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Wiliam Rae
- Department of Immunology, MP8, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Hassan Abolhassani
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Manuel Rojas
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Asghar Aghamohammadi
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Juan-Manuel Anaya
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Caldirola MS, Rodríguez Broggi MG, Gaillard MI, Bezrodnik L, Zwirner NW. Primary Immunodeficiencies Unravel the Role of IL-2/CD25/STAT5b in Human Natural Killer Cell Maturation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1429. [PMID: 29988287 PMCID: PMC6023967 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play a pivotal role during immunity against viruses and circumstantial evidence also indicates that they can protect the host against developing tumors. Peripheral blood NK cells comprise CD56brightCD16lo/− cells that constitutively express CD25 (IL-2Rα) and CD56dimCD16hi cells that express CD25 upon activation. Using NK cells from two patients, one with a primary immunodeficiency characterized by a homozygous mutation in CD25 (born in year 2007 and studied since she was 3 years old) and one with a homozygous mutation in STAT5b (born in year 1992 and studied since she was 10 years old), we observed that the absence of IL-2 signaling through CD25 promotes the accumulation of CD56brightCD16high NK cells, and that CD56brightCD16lo, CD56brightCD16high, and CD56dimCD16high NK cells of this patient exhibited higher content of perforin and granzyme B, and proliferation capacity, compared to healthy donors. Also, CD56bright and CD56dim NK cells of this patient exhibited a reduced IFN-γ production in response to cytokine stimulation and increased degranulation against K562 cells. Also, the CD25-deficient patient presented a lower frequency of terminally differentiated NK cells in the CD56dimCD16hi NK subpopulation compared to the HD (assessed by CD57 and CD94 expression). Remarkably, CD56dimCD16high NK cells from both patients exhibited notoriously higher expression of CD62L compared to HD, suggesting that in the absence of IL-2 signaling through CD25 and STAT5b, NK cells fail to properly downregulate CD62L during their transition from CD56brightCD16lo/− to CD56dimCD16hi cells. Thus, we provide the first demonstration about the in vivo requirement of the integrity of the IL-2/CD25/STAT5b axis for proper human NK cell maturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - María Isabel Gaillard
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital de Niños "Ricardo Gutiérrez", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Liliana Bezrodnik
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital de Niños "Ricardo Gutiérrez", Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Centro de Inmunología Clínica "Dra. Bezrodnik", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Norberto Walter Zwirner
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Inmunidad Innata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Klammt J, Neumann D, Gevers EF, Andrew SF, Schwartz ID, Rockstroh D, Colombo R, Sanchez MA, Vokurkova D, Kowalczyk J, Metherell LA, Rosenfeld RG, Pfäffle R, Dattani MT, Dauber A, Hwa V. Dominant-negative STAT5B mutations cause growth hormone insensitivity with short stature and mild immune dysregulation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2105. [PMID: 29844444 PMCID: PMC5974024 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04521-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) insensitivity syndrome (GHIS) is a rare clinical condition in which production of insulin-like growth factor 1 is blunted and, consequently, postnatal growth impaired. Autosomal-recessive mutations in signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT5B), the key signal transducer for GH, cause severe GHIS with additional characteristics of immune and, often fatal, pulmonary complications. Here we report dominant-negative, inactivating STAT5B germline mutations in patients with growth failure, eczema, and elevated IgE but without severe immune and pulmonary problems. These STAT5B missense mutants are robustly tyrosine phosphorylated upon stimulation, but are unable to nuclear localize, or fail to bind canonical STAT5B DNA response elements. Importantly, each variant retains the ability to dimerize with wild-type STAT5B, disrupting the normal transcriptional functions of wild-type STAT5B. We conclude that these STAT5B variants exert dominant-negative effects through distinct pathomechanisms, manifesting in milder clinical GHIS with general sparing of the immune system. Severe growth hormone insensitivity syndrome (GHIS) with immunodeficiency is caused by autosomal recessive mutations in STAT5B. Here the authors report heterozygous STAT5B mutations with dominant-negative effects, causing mild GHIS without immune defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Klammt
- Department of Women's and Child Health, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20a, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - David Neumann
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Prague, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Evelien F Gevers
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Royal London Children's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, Whitechapel Road, London, E1 1 BB, UK.,Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, First Floor North, John Vane Building, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Shayne F Andrew
- Division of Endocrinology, 240 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - I David Schwartz
- Mercy Kids Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetes, Mercy Children's Hospital and Mercy Clinic, 1965 S. Fremont, Suite 260, Springfield, MO, 65804, USA
| | - Denise Rockstroh
- Department of Women's and Child Health, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20a, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roberto Colombo
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University and IRCCS Policlinico Agostino Gemelli, Largo Francesco Vito 1, I-00168, Rome, Italy.,Center for the Study of Rare Hereditary Diseases, Niguarda Ca' Granda Metropolitan Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco A Sanchez
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Doris Vokurkova
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Prague, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Julia Kowalczyk
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, First Floor North, John Vane Building, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Louise A Metherell
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, First Floor North, John Vane Building, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Ron G Rosenfeld
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Roland Pfäffle
- Department of Women's and Child Health, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20a, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mehul T Dattani
- Section of Genetics and Epigenetics in Health and Disease, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, University College London, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Andrew Dauber
- Division of Endocrinology, 240 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Vivian Hwa
- Division of Endocrinology, 240 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cesana D, Santoni de Sio FR, Rudilosso L, Gallina P, Calabria A, Beretta S, Merelli I, Bruzzesi E, Passerini L, Nozza S, Vicenzi E, Poli G, Gregori S, Tambussi G, Montini E. HIV-1-mediated insertional activation of STAT5B and BACH2 trigger viral reservoir in T regulatory cells. Nat Commun 2017; 8:498. [PMID: 28887441 PMCID: PMC5591266 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00609-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 insertions targeting BACH2 or MLK2 are enriched and persist for decades in hematopoietic cells from patients under combination antiretroviral therapy. However, it is unclear how these insertions provide such selective advantage to infected cell clones. Here, we show that in 30/87 (34%) patients under combination antiretroviral therapy, BACH2, and STAT5B are activated by insertions triggering the formation of mRNAs that contain viral sequences fused by splicing to their first protein-coding exon. These chimeric mRNAs, predicted to express full-length proteins, are enriched in T regulatory and T central memory cells, but not in other T lymphocyte subsets or monocytes. Overexpression of BACH2 or STAT5B in primary T regulatory cells increases their proliferation and survival without compromising their function. Hence, we provide evidence that HIV-1-mediated insertional activation of BACH2 and STAT5B favor the persistence of a viral reservoir in T regulatory cells in patients under combination antiretroviral therapy. HIV insertions in hematopoietic cells are enriched in BACH2 or MLK2 genes, but the selective advantages conferred are unknown. Here, the authors show that BACH2 and additionally STAT5B are activated by viral insertions, generating chimeric mRNAs specifically enriched in T regulatory cells favoring their persistence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Cesana
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy.
| | - Francesca R Santoni de Sio
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Laura Rudilosso
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Pierangela Gallina
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Andrea Calabria
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Stefano Beretta
- Department of Informatics, Systems and Communication, University of Milano-Bicocca, Viale Sarca 336, Milan, 20126, Italy.,National Research Council, Institute for Biomedical Technologies, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, Segrate, 20090, Italy
| | - Ivan Merelli
- National Research Council, Institute for Biomedical Technologies, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, Segrate, 20090, Italy
| | - Elena Bruzzesi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Laura Passerini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Silvia Nozza
- Department of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Elisa Vicenzi
- Viral Pathogens and Biosafety Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Guido Poli
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University School of Medicine, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Silvia Gregori
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Tambussi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Eugenio Montini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Santarlasci V, Mazzoni A, Capone M, Rossi MC, Maggi L, Montaini G, Rossettini B, Cimaz R, Ramazzotti M, Barra G, De Palma R, Maggi E, Liotta F, Cosmi L, Romagnani S, Annunziato F. Musculin inhibits human T-helper 17 cell response to interleukin 2 by controlling STAT5B activity. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1427-1442. [PMID: 28612433 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201746996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that human T-helper (Th) 17 cells, unlike Th1 cells, do not proliferate in response to T-cell receptor stimulation, mainly because of their reduced capacity to produce and respond to IL-2. In this study, we show that their lower responsiveness to IL-2 is due to the selective expression of Musculin (MSC), a member of the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors. We show that MSC expression in human Th17 cells is retinoic acid orphan receptor (ROR)γt-dependent, and allows the upregulation of PPP2R2B, a regulatory member of the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) enzyme. High PPP2R2B levels in human Th17 cells were responsible for the reduced STAT5B Ser-193 phosphorylation upon IL-2 signalling and, therefore, impaired STAT5B DNA binding and transcriptional activity on IL-2 target genes. PP2A, observed in Th17 cells, controls also STAT3, dephosphorylating Ser727, thus increasing its activity that plays a crucial role in Th17 development and/or maintenance. Thus, our findings identify an additional mechanism responsible for the limited expansion of human Th17 cells, and could provide a further explanation for the rarity of these cells in inflamed tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Santarlasci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Center, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Alessio Mazzoni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Center, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Manuela Capone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Center, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Maria Caterina Rossi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Center, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Laura Maggi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Center, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Gianni Montaini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Center, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Beatrice Rossettini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Center, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Rolando Cimaz
- Anna Meyer Children's Hospital and University of Florence, Italy
| | - Matteo Ramazzotti
- Department of Biomedical Experimental and Clinical Sciences "Mario Serio" University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Giusi Barra
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Università della Campania "L. Vanvitelli,", Napoli, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Palma
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Università della Campania "L. Vanvitelli,", Napoli, Italy.,Institute of Protein Biochemistry, CNR, Napoli
| | - Enrico Maggi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Center, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Francesco Liotta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Center, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cosmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Center, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Sergio Romagnani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Center, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Francesco Annunziato
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Center, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy.,Regenerative Medicine Unit and Immunology and Cellular Therapy Unit of Azienda Ospedaliera Careggi, Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mullins JI, Frenkel LM. Clonal Expansion of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Cells and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Persistence During Antiretroviral Therapy. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:S119-S127. [PMID: 28520966 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The latent HIV-1 reservoir in blood decays very slowly, even during prolonged suppression of viral replication by antiretroviral therapy (ART). Mechanisms for reservoir persistence include replenishment through low-level viral replication, longevity and homeostatic proliferation of memory T cells, and most recently appreciated, clonal expansion of HIV-infected cells. Clonally expanded cells make up a large and increasing fraction of the residual infected cell population on ART, and insertion of HIV proviruses into certain host cellular genes has been associated with this proliferation. That the vast majority of proviruses are defective clouds our assessment of the degree to which clonally expanded cells harbor infectious viruses, and thus the extent to which they contribute to reservoirs relevant to curing infection. This review summarizes past studies that have defined our current understanding and the gaps in our knowledge of the mechanisms by which proviral integration and clonal expansion sustain the HIV reservoir.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James I Mullins
- Departments of Microbiology, Medicine, Global Health and Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, US
| | - Lisa M Frenkel
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Global Health and Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, US.,Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, US
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Scalco RC, Gonçalves FT, Santos HC, Cardena MMSG, Tonelli CA, Funari MFA, Aracava RM, Pereira AC, Fridman C, Jorge AAL. Growth hormone insensitivity with immune dysfunction caused by a STAT5B mutation in the south of Brazil: evidence for a founder effect. Genet Mol Biol 2017; 40:436-441. [PMID: 28590503 PMCID: PMC5488464 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2016-0231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Homozygous STAT5B mutations causing growth hormone insensitivity
with immune dysfunction were described in 10 patients since 2003, including two
Brazilian brothers from the south of Brazil. Our objectives were to evaluate the
prevalence of their STAT5B mutation in this region and to analyze
the presence of a founder effect. We obtained DNA samples from 1,205 local
inhabitants, 48 relatives of the homozygous patients and four individuals of another
affected family. Genotyping for STAT5B c.424_427del mutation and for
two polymorphic markers around it was done through fragment analysis technique. We
also determined Y-chromosome and mtDNA haplotypes and genomic ancestry in
heterozygous carriers. We identified seven families with STAT5B
c.424_427del mutation, with 33 heterozygous individuals. The minor allelic frequency
of this mutation was 0.29% in this population (confidence interval 95% 0.08-0.5%),
which is significantly higher than the frequency of other pathogenic
STAT5B allele variants observed in public databases (p <
0.001). All heterozygous carriers had the same haplotype present in the homozygous
patients, found in only 9.4% of non-carriers (p < 0.001), supporting the existence
of a founder effect. The Y-chromosome haplotype, mtDNA and genomic ancestry analysis
indicated a European origin of this mutation. Our results provide compelling evidence
for a founder effect of STAT5B c.424_427del mutation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renata C Scalco
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética (LIM25), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular (LIM42), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda T Gonçalves
- Departamento de Medicina Legal, Ética Médica e Medicina Social e do Trabalho, Laboratório de Imunohematologia e Hematologia Forense (LIM40), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HC da FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Hadassa C Santos
- Laboratório de Cardiologia Genética e Molecular, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mari M S G Cardena
- Departamento de Medicina Legal, Ética Médica e Medicina Social e do Trabalho, Laboratório de Imunohematologia e Hematologia Forense (LIM40), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HC da FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Tonelli
- Universidade do Extremo Sul de Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Mariana F A Funari
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular (LIM42), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rosana M Aracava
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular (LIM42), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre C Pereira
- Laboratório de Cardiologia Genética e Molecular, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cintia Fridman
- Departamento de Medicina Legal, Ética Médica e Medicina Social e do Trabalho, Laboratório de Imunohematologia e Hematologia Forense (LIM40), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HC da FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexander A L Jorge
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética (LIM25), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Azizi G, Pouyani MR, Abolhassani H, Sharifi L, dizaji MZ, Mohammadi J, Mirshafiey A, Aghamohammadi A. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of immune dysregulation and autoimmunity. Cell Immunol 2016; 310:14-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
28
|
Hwa V. STAT5B deficiency: Impacts on human growth and immunity. Growth Horm IGF Res 2016; 28:16-20. [PMID: 26703237 PMCID: PMC4846566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) promotes postnatal human growth primarily by regulating insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I production through activation of the GH receptor (GHR)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-5B signaling cascade. The critical importance of STAT5B in human IGF-I production was confirmed with the identification of the first homozygous, autosomal recessive, STAT5B mutation in a young female patient who phenotypically resembled patients with classical growth hormone insensitivity (GHI) syndrome (Laron syndrome) due to mutations in the GHR gene, presenting with severe postnatal growth failure and marked IGF-I deficiency. Of note, the closely related STAT5A, which shares >95% amino acid identity with STAT5B, could not compensate for loss of functional STAT5B. To date, 7 homozygous, inactivating, STAT5B mutations in 10 patients have been reported. STAT5B deficient patients, unlike patients deficient in GHR, can also present with a novel, potentially fatal, primary immunodeficiency, which can manifest as chronic pulmonary disease. STAT5B deficiency may be underestimated in endocrine, immunology and pulmonary clinics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Hwa
- Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Goropevšek A, Holcar M, Avčin T. The Role of STAT Signaling Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2016; 52:164-181. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-016-8550-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
30
|
Azizi G, Ghanavatinejad A, Abolhassani H, Yazdani R, Rezaei N, Mirshafiey A, Aghamohammadi A. Autoimmunity in primary T-cell immunodeficiencies. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2016; 12:989-1006. [PMID: 27063703 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2016.1177458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PID) are a genetically heterogeneous group of more than 270 disorders that affect distinct components of both humoral and cellular arms of the immune system. Primary T cell immunodeficiencies affect subjects at the early age of life. In most cases, T-cell PIDs become apparent as combined T- and B-cell deficiencies. Patients with T-cell PID are prone to life-threatening infections. On the other hand, non-infectious complications such as lymphoproliferative diseases, cancers and autoimmunity seem to be associated with the primary T-cell immunodeficiencies. Autoimmune disorders of all kinds (organ specific or systemic ones) could be subjected to this class of PIDs; however, the most frequent autoimmune disorders are immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA). In this review, we discuss the proposed mechanisms of autoimmunity and review the literature reported on autoimmune disorder in each type of primary T-cell immunodeficiencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Azizi
- a Department of Laboratory Medicine , Imam Hassan Mojtaba Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences , Karaj , Iran.,b Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Alireza Ghanavatinejad
- c Department of Immunology, School of Public Health , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Hassan Abolhassani
- b Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,d Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine , Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Reza Yazdani
- e Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan , Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- b Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Abbas Mirshafiey
- c Department of Immunology, School of Public Health , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Asghar Aghamohammadi
- b Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Villarino A, Laurence A, Robinson GW, Bonelli M, Dema B, Afzali B, Shih HY, Sun HW, Brooks SR, Hennighausen L, Kanno Y, O'Shea JJ. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) paralog dose governs T cell effector and regulatory functions. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 26999798 PMCID: PMC4856466 DOI: 10.7554/elife.08384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor STAT5 is fundamental to the mammalian immune system. However, the relationship between its two paralogs, STAT5A and STAT5B, and the extent to which they are functionally distinct, remain uncertain. Using mouse models of paralog deficiency, we demonstrate that they are not equivalent for CD4+ 'helper' T cells, the principal orchestrators of adaptive immunity. Instead, we find that STAT5B is dominant for both effector and regulatory (Treg) responses and, therefore, uniquely necessary for immunological tolerance. Comparative analysis of genomic distribution and transcriptomic output confirm that STAT5B has fargreater impact but, surprisingly, the data point towards asymmetric expression (i.e. paralog dose), rather than distinct functional properties, as the key distinguishing feature. Thus, we propose a quantitative model of STAT5 paralog activity whereby relative abundance imposes functional specificity (or dominance) in the face of widespread structural homology. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08384.001 The immune system in mammals is one of the most complex networks in the animal kingdom. One way that its many components communicate is via proteins called cytokines, which are released by cells and detected by receptors on the surface of other cells. This leads to the activation of signals inside the responding cells that alter the activity of genes and, ultimately, direct how they behave. STAT5 is a signal protein that is activated when certain cytokines bind to receptors on the cell surface. Consequently, it is an attractive target for drug therapies that seek to alter immune responses and there is keen interest in understanding how it works. It is an unusual protein in that there are two versions – termed STAT5A and STAT5B – that are produced by two separate genes. Together, STAT5A and STAT5B are fundamental to the immune system but there is considerable debate about whether they perform the same job or have distinct roles. Villarino et al. used a combination of genetic and genomic approaches to investigate how both versions of STAT5 work in mice. The experiments show that STAT5B plays a much bigger role in immune cells than STAT5A. Unexpectedly, the experiments indicate that the disparity is not due to differences in protein activity, but is caused by differences in the amount of these proteins in cells. Villarino et al.’s findings resolve longstanding questions about the relationship between STAT5A and STAT5B within the immune system. A logical next step is to find the molecular mechanisms responsible for causing different amounts of STAT5A and STAT5B to be produced in immune cells. Future work will also compare the roles of STAT5A and STAT5B in non-immune cells and explore whether it might be possible to develop therapies that specifically target one version and not the other. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08384.002
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Villarino
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Arian Laurence
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Gertraud W Robinson
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Michael Bonelli
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Barbara Dema
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Behdad Afzali
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Han-Yu Shih
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Hong-Wei Sun
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Stephen R Brooks
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Lothar Hennighausen
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Yuka Kanno
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - John J O'Shea
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Long-term follow-up of STAT5B deficiency in three argentinian patients: clinical and immunological features. J Clin Immunol 2015; 35:264-72. [PMID: 25753012 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-015-0145-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family of proteins regulate gene transcription in response to a variety of cytokines. STAT5B, in particular, plays an important role in T cells, where it is a key mediator of interleukin-2 (IL-2) induced responses. STAT5B deficiency causes a rare autosomal recessive disorder reported in only a handful of individuals. There are currently ten published cases of STAT5B deficiency, four of which are Argentinians. AIM This is a report of more than 10 years follow up of the clinical and immunological features of three Argentinian STAT5B deficient patients. CONCLUSION More than a decade of follow-up demonstrates that STAT5B deficiency is associated with various clinical pathologies that cause significant morbidity. Early diagnosis is critical for the prevention and improvement of clinical outcomes for STAT5B deficient patients.
Collapse
|
33
|
Elgizouli M, Logan C, Nieters A, Brenner H, Rothenbacher D. Cord blood PRF1 methylation patterns and risk of lower respiratory tract infections in infants: findings from the Ulm Birth Cohort. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e332. [PMID: 25569648 PMCID: PMC4602833 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) are a major cause of morbidity in children. DNA methylation provides a mechanism for transmitting environmental effects on the genome, but its potential role in LRTIs is not well studied. We investigated the methylation pattern of an enhancer region of the immune effector gene perforin-1 (PRF1), which encodes a cytolytic molecule of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer cells (NK), in cord blood DNA of children recruited in a German birth cohort in association with LRTIs in the first year of life.Pyrosequencing was used to determine the methylation levels of target cytosine-phosphate-guanines (CpGs) in a 2-stage case-control design. Cases were identified as children who developed ≥2 episodes of physician-recorded LRTIs during the first year of life and controls as children who had none. Discovery (n = 87) and replication (n = 90) sets were arranged in trios of 1 case and 2 controls matched for sex and season of birth.Logistic regression analysis revealed higher levels of methylation at a CpG that corresponds to a signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) responsive enhancer in the discovery (odds ratio [OR] per 1% methylation difference 1.24, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-1.50) and replication (OR per 1% methylation difference 1.25, 95% CI 1.04-1.50) sets. Adjustment for having siblings <5 years old in the discovery and replication sets produced ORs of 1.19 (95% CI 0.98-1.45) and 1.25 (95% CI 1.04-1.50), respectively. Adjustment for gestational age in the replication set had no influence on the results. Methylation levels at adjacent CpGs varied with maternal age, smoking, education, and having siblings <5 years old.Our data support an association between cord blood PRF1 enhancer methylation patterns and subsequent risk of LRTIs in infants. Methylation levels at specific CpGs of the PRF1 enhancer varied according to maternal and family environmental factors suggesting a role for DNA methylation in mediating environmental influences on gene function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdeldin Elgizouli
- From the Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI) (ME, AN), University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg; Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry (CL, DR), Ulm University, Ulm; and Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research (HB, DR), German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Saleiro D, Platanias LC. Intersection of mTOR and STAT signaling in immunity. Trends Immunol 2014; 36:21-9. [PMID: 25592035 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Optimal regulation of immune networks is essential for the generation of effective immune responses, and defects in such networks can lead to immunodeficiency while uncontrolled responses can result in autoimmune disorders. mTOR and STAT signaling cascades are key regulators of the differentiation and function of cells of the immune system. Both pathways act as sensors and transducers of environmental stimuli, and recent evidence has revealed points of crosstalk between these pathways, highlighting synergistic regulation of immune cell differentiation and function. We review here the current understanding of mTOR and STAT interactions in T cells and innate immune cells, and discuss potential mechanisms underlying these events. We further outline models for the intersection of these pathways in the regulation of immunity and highlight important areas for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Saleiro
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Leonidas C Platanias
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL, USA; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Murase K, Kim HT, Bascug ORG, Kawano Y, Ryan J, Matsuoka KI, Davids MS, Koreth J, Ho VT, Cutler C, Armand P, Alyea EP, Blazar BR, Antin JH, Soiffer RJ, Letai A, Ritz J. Increased mitochondrial apoptotic priming of human regulatory T cells after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Haematologica 2014; 99:1499-508. [PMID: 24859877 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2014.104166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4 regulatory T cells play a critical role in establishment of immune tolerance and prevention of graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The recovery and maintenance of regulatory T cells is dependent on homeostatic factors including the generation of naïve regulatory T cells from hematopoietic precursor cells, the proliferation and expansion of mature regulatory T cells, and the survival of regulatory T cells in vivo. In this study, quantitation of mitochondrial apoptotic priming was used to compare susceptibility of regulatory T cells, conventional CD4 T cells and CD8 T cells to intrinsic pathway apoptosis in 57 patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and 25 healthy donors. In healthy donors, regulatory T cells are more susceptible to mitochondrial priming than conventional T cells. Mitochondrial priming is increased after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in all T-cell subsets and particularly in patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease. Regulatory T cells express high levels of CD95 and are also more susceptible than conventional T cells to apoptosis through the extrinsic pathway. However, CD95 expression and extrinsic pathway apoptosis is not increased after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Decreased expression of BCL2 and increased expression of BIM, a mitochondrial cell death activator protein, in regulatory T cells contributes to increased mitochondrial priming in this T-cell subset but additional factors likely contribute to increased mitochondrial priming following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Murase
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Haesook T Kim
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - O R Gregory Bascug
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yutaka Kawano
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeremy Ryan
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Matthew S Davids
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John Koreth
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vincent T Ho
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Corey Cutler
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Philippe Armand
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edwin P Alyea
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Joseph H Antin
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert J Soiffer
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anthony Letai
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jerome Ritz
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Pellerin L, Jenks JA, Bégin P, Bacchetta R, Nadeau KC. Regulatory T cells and their roles in immune dysregulation and allergy. Immunol Res 2014; 58:358-68. [PMID: 24781194 PMCID: PMC4161462 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-014-8512-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The main function of the immune system is to fight off potential infections, but also to maintain its activity below a level that would trigger self-reactivity. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) such as forkhead box P3(+) (FOXP3) Tregs and type 1 regulatory T cells (Tr1) play an essential role in this active process, using several distinct suppressive mechanisms. A wide range of pathologies have been associated with altered Treg cell function. This is best exemplified by the impact of mutations of genes essential for Treg function and the associated autoimmune syndromes. This review summarizes the main features of different subtypes of Tregs and focuses on the clinical implications of their altered function in human studies. More specifically, we discuss abnormalities affecting FOXP3(+) Tregs and Tr1 cells that will lead to autoimmune manifestations and/or allergic reactions, and the potential therapeutic use of Tregs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Pellerin
- Division of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Jenks
- Division of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Philippe Bégin
- Division of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rosa Bacchetta
- Division of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kari C. Nadeau
- Division of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kanai T, Seki S, Jenks JA, Kohli A, Kawli T, Martin DP, Snyder M, Bacchetta R, Nadeau KC. Identification of STAT5A and STAT5B target genes in human T cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86790. [PMID: 24497979 PMCID: PMC3907443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) comprises a family of universal transcription factors that help cells sense and respond to environmental signals. STAT5 refers to two highly related proteins, STAT5A and STAT5B, with critical function: their complete deficiency is lethal in mice; in humans, STAT5B deficiency alone leads to endocrine and immunological problems, while STAT5A deficiency has not been reported. STAT5A and STAT5B show peptide sequence similarities greater than 90%, but subtle structural differences suggest possible non-redundant roles in gene regulation. However, these roles remain unclear in humans. We applied chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by DNA sequencing using human CD4+ T cells to detect candidate genes regulated by STAT5A and/or STAT5B, and quantitative-PCR in STAT5A or STAT5B knock-down (KD) human CD4+ T cells to validate the findings. Our data show STAT5A and STAT5B play redundant roles in cell proliferation and apoptosis via SGK1 interaction. Interestingly, we found a novel, unique role for STAT5A in binding to genes involved in neural development and function (NDRG1, DNAJC6, and SSH2), while STAT5B appears to play a distinct role in T cell development and function via DOCK8, SNX9, FOXP3 and IL2RA binding. Our results also suggest that one or more co-activators for STAT5A and/or STAT5B may play important roles in establishing different binding abilities and gene regulation behaviors. The new identification of these genes regulated by STAT5A and/or STAT5B has major implications for understanding the pathophysiology of cancer progression, neural disorders, and immune abnormalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kanai
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Scott Seki
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer A Jenks
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Arunima Kohli
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Trupti Kawli
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Dorrelyn Patacsil Martin
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Michael Snyder
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Rosa Bacchetta
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America ; San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (HSR-TIGET), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Kari C Nadeau
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Wang Z, Bunting KD. STAT5 in hematopoietic stem cell biology and transplantation. JAKSTAT 2013; 2:e27159. [PMID: 24498540 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.27159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) regulates normal lympho-myeloid development through activation downstream of early-acting cytokines, their receptors, and Janus kinases (JAKs). Despite a general understanding of the role of STAT5 in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) proliferation, survival, and self-renewal, the transcriptional targets and mechanisms of gene regulation that control multi-lineage engraftment following transplantation for the most part remain to be understood. In this review, we focus on the role of STAT5 in HSC transplantation and recent developments toward identifying the relevant downstream target genes and their role as part of a pleiotropic STAT5 mediated signaling response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqi Wang
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta; Department of Pediatrics; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Kevin D Bunting
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta; Department of Pediatrics; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
IgA is the most abundant immunoglobulin in the human body, and performs a very specialized role which involves mucosal immunity, development of tolerance and protection against infection. IgA is the key immunoglobulin in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, which provide the most intimate interface between the environment and self. Normal levels of IgA are based on early studies consisting of only small numbers of patients. The international consensus definition of IgA deficiency is a level of 0.07g/l after the age of four years in the absence of IgG and IgM deficiencies. The epidemiology of IgA deficiency reveals interesting variances between geographical regions - the incidence in Caucasians being much higher than that in Asians. IgA deficiency has also been found to co-exist with autoimmune diseases, allergies and malignancies. The association with autoimmunity is particularly interesting because it suggests a common genetic linkage that could potentially also explain the diversity in geoepidemiology. Both MHC and non-MHC associations have been described and the 8.1 haplotype has been significantly associated with autoimmunity in IgA deficiency patients over controls. Non-MHC genetic associations include IFIH1 and CLEC16A. The mutations leading to IgA deficiency have not been defined, but in some cases of IgA deficiency it has been suggested that the pathogenesis involves a failure in switched memory B cells that can lead to this cohort experiencing an increased incidence of recurrent bacterial infections or autoimmune diseases. Attempts to investigate the role of cytokines that can induce IgA synthesis in cells of patients with IgA deficiency, such as IL21 or the combination of CD40L/anti-CD40, IL-4 and IL10, are underway.
Collapse
|