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Chauffier J, Berger de Gallardo H, Chevalier MF, Kante A, Lambert M, Cabrol X, Aldersons E, Mouly S, Champion K, Amador-Borrero B, Burlacu R, Bigot W, Adle-Biassete H, Kaci R, Selvanadin A, Cohen-Solal M, Coudert A, Caillat-Zucman S, Sène D, Comarmond C. Role of mucosal-associated invariant T cells dynamics in pathogenesis of Sjögren syndrome. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17256. [PMID: 39060324 PMCID: PMC11282087 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67901-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Sjögren syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammatory infiltrates in the salivary and lacrimal glands. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a subset of innate-like T-cells, predominantly found in mucosal tissues with crucial role in epithelial homeostasis. Thus, MAIT cells may be implicated in mucosal alterations of SS patients. Activation markers, inflammatory and cytotoxic cytokines were examined in 23 SS patients and compared to 23 healthy controls (HC). Tissular MAIT cells in salivary gland (SG) biopsies were also analyzed. Circulating MAIT cells were decreased in SS patients with a higher expression of CD69 and a higher CD4/CD8 ratio of MAIT cells. MAIT cells showed a higher production of IFNγ, TNFα and GzB in SS compare to HC. Tissular MAIT cells were present within inflamed SG of SS patients, while they were absent in SG of HC. Overall, circulating MAIT cells are decreased in the peripheral blood of SS albeit producing higher amounts of IFNγ, TNFα, and GzB. Tissular MAIT cells are detected in salivary glands from SS with a proinflammatory tissular cytokine environment. MAIT cells with abnormal phenotype, functions and tissular homeostasis may contribute to epithelial damage in SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Chauffier
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpital Lariboisière, Université Paris Cité, 2 Rue Ambroise Paré, 75010, Paris, France
- INSERM UMR 976, Université Paris Cité, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis (IRSL), 75010, Paris, France
| | - Henri Berger de Gallardo
- INSERM UMR 976, Université Paris Cité, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis (IRSL), 75010, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu F Chevalier
- INSERM UMR 976, Université Paris Cité, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis (IRSL), 75010, Paris, France
| | - Aïcha Kante
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpital Lariboisière, Université Paris Cité, 2 Rue Ambroise Paré, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Marion Lambert
- INSERM UMR 976, Université Paris Cité, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis (IRSL), 75010, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Cabrol
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpital Lariboisière, Université Paris Cité, 2 Rue Ambroise Paré, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Elisa Aldersons
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpital Lariboisière, Université Paris Cité, 2 Rue Ambroise Paré, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Mouly
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpital Lariboisière, Université Paris Cité, 2 Rue Ambroise Paré, 75010, Paris, France
- Hôpital Fernand Widal, INSERM UMR-S 1144, Université Paris Cité, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Karine Champion
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpital Lariboisière, Université Paris Cité, 2 Rue Ambroise Paré, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Blanca Amador-Borrero
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpital Lariboisière, Université Paris Cité, 2 Rue Ambroise Paré, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Ruxandra Burlacu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpital Lariboisière, Université Paris Cité, 2 Rue Ambroise Paré, 75010, Paris, France
| | - William Bigot
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpital Lariboisière, Université Paris Cité, 2 Rue Ambroise Paré, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Homa Adle-Biassete
- Department of Pathology, Lariboisière Hospital, Université Paris Cité, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Rachid Kaci
- Department of Pathology, Lariboisière Hospital, Université Paris Cité, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Selvanadin
- Department of Pathology, Lariboisière Hospital, Université Paris Cité, 75010, Paris, France
| | | | - Amélie Coudert
- INSERM U1132 Bioscar Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Caillat-Zucman
- INSERM UMR 976, Université Paris Cité, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis (IRSL), 75010, Paris, France
| | - Damien Sène
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpital Lariboisière, Université Paris Cité, 2 Rue Ambroise Paré, 75010, Paris, France
- INSERM UMR 976, Université Paris Cité, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis (IRSL), 75010, Paris, France
| | - Cloé Comarmond
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpital Lariboisière, Université Paris Cité, 2 Rue Ambroise Paré, 75010, Paris, France.
- INSERM UMR 976, Université Paris Cité, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis (IRSL), 75010, Paris, France.
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Wyatt-Johnson SK, Afify R, Brutkiewicz RR. The immune system in neurological diseases: What innate-like T cells have to say. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 153:913-923. [PMID: 38365015 PMCID: PMC10999338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
The immune system classically consists of 2 lines of defense, innate and adaptive, both of which interact with one another effectively to protect us against any pathogenic threats. Importantly, there is a diverse subset of cells known as innate-like T cells that act as a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems and are pivotal players in eliciting inflammatory immune responses. A growing body of evidence has demonstrated the regulatory impact of these innate-like T cells in central nervous system (CNS) diseases and that such immune cells can traffic into the brain in multiple pathological conditions, which can be typically attributed to the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier. However, until now, it has been poorly understood whether innate-like T cells have direct protective or causative properties, particularly in CNS diseases. Therefore, in this review, our attention is focused on discussing the critical roles of 3 unique subsets of unconventional T cells, namely, natural killer T cells, γδ T cells, and mucosal-associated invariant T cells, in the context of CNS diseases, disorders, and injuries and how the interplay of these immune cells modulates CNS pathology, in an attempt to gain a better understanding of their complex functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Season K Wyatt-Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind
| | - Reham Afify
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind
| | - Randy R Brutkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind.
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3
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Pu X, Bu W, Qin Y, Wang C, Xu L, Fang M, Ji Q, Wang H, Shao M. Activation and functional modification of mucosal-associated invariant T cells in patients with intracranial infection following craniotomy. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 130:111699. [PMID: 38377855 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Intracranial infections are among the most common complications of neurosurgery, with their incidence remaining high despite advancements in current neurosurgical techniques and aseptic technology. While the role of mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, a subset of innate-like T lymphocytes, in bacterial defense is well-established, their involvement in intracranial infections remains unclear. In this study, we utilized flow cytometry to assess the phenotype and function of circulating and CSF MAIT cells. Our findings revealed that MAIT cells were higher in the CSF compared to blood. Notably, a higher percentage of IL-17A + MAIT cells was detected in the CSF of patients with intracranial infections. Moreover, markers indicating activation and exhaustion were significantly upregulated in CSF MAIT cells. Furthermore, elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-12, and IL-18, were detected in the CSF supernatants. We hypothesized that the elevated levels of IL-1β, IL-12, and IL-18 in the inflammatory milieu synergistically activate MAIT cells in the CSF. In particular, CD25 and Tim-3 expression of MAIT cells was increased by stimulation with IL-1β, IL-12, and IL-18 or CSF supernatants of intracranial infection patients. Collectively, these findings provide important information underlying the innate immune response of patients with intracranial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexue Pu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Wei Bu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Yu Qin
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Cui Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Lunbing Xu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Ming Fang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Qiang Ji
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China.
| | - Min Shao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China.
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Peng Y, Zhang X, Tang Y, He S, Rao G, Chen Q, Xue Y, Jin H, Liu S, Zhou Z, Xiang Y. Role of autoreactive Tc17 cells in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. NEUROPROTECTION 2024; 2:49-59. [DOI: 10.1002/nep3.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundThe pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE—an animal model of MS) is primarily mediated by T cells. However, recent studies have only focused on interleukin (IL)‐17‐secreting CD4+ T‐helper cells, also known as Th17 cells. This study aimed to compare Th17 cells and IL‐17‐secreting CD8+ T‐cytotoxic cells (Tc17) in the context of MS/EAE.MethodsFemale C57BL/6 mice were immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptides 35–55 (MOG35–55), pertussis toxin, and complete Freund's adjuvant to establish the EAE animal model. T cells were isolated from the spleen (12–14 days postimmunization). CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were purified using isolation kit and then differentiated into Th17 and Tc17, respectively, using MOG35–55 and IL‐23. The secretion levels of interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) and IL‐17 were measured via enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay using cultured CD4+ and CD8+ T cell supernatants. The pathogenicity of Tc17 and Th17 cells was assessed through adoptive transfer (tEAE), with the clinical course assessed using an EAE score (0–5). Hematoxylin and eosin as well as Luxol fast blue staining were used to examine the spinal cord. Purified CD8+ CD3+ and CD4+ CD3+ cells differentiated into Tc17 and Th17 cells, respectively, were stimulated with MOG35–55 peptide for proliferation assays.ResultsThe results showed that Tc17 cells (15,951 ± 1985 vs. 55,709 ± 4196 cpm; p < 0.050) exhibited a weaker response to highest dose (20 μg/mL) MOG35–55 than Th17 cells. However, this response was not dependent on Th17 cells. After the 48 h stimulation, at the highest dose (20 μg/mL) of MOG35–55. Tc17 cells secreted lower levels of IFN‐γ (280.00 ± 15.00 vs. 556.67 ± 15.28 pg/mL, p < 0.050) and IL‐17 (102.67 ± 5.86 pg/mL vs. 288.33 ± 12.58 pg/mL; p < 0.050) than Th17 cells. Similar patterns were observed for IFN‐γ secretion at 96 and 144 h. Furthermore, Tc17 cell‐induced tEAE mice exhibited similar EAE scores to Th17 cell‐induced tEAE mice and also showed similar inflammation and demyelination.ConclusionThe degree of pathogenicity of Tc17 cells in EAE is lower than that of Th17 cells. Future investigation on different immune cells and EAE models is warranted to determine the mechanisms underlying MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Peng
- Department of Neurology Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College Zhuzhou Hunan China
- Department of Neurology The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine Zhuzhou Hunan China
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center Hunan University of Chinese Medicine Changsha Hunan China
| | - Yandan Tang
- Department of Neurology Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College Zhuzhou Hunan China
- Department of Neurology The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine Zhuzhou Hunan China
| | - Shunqing He
- Department of Neurology Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College Zhuzhou Hunan China
- Department of Neurology The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine Zhuzhou Hunan China
| | - Guilan Rao
- Department of Neurology Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College Zhuzhou Hunan China
- Department of Neurology The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine Zhuzhou Hunan China
| | - Quan Chen
- Department of Neurology Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College Zhuzhou Hunan China
- Department of Neurology The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine Zhuzhou Hunan China
| | - Yahui Xue
- Department of Neurology Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College Zhuzhou Hunan China
- Department of Neurology The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine Zhuzhou Hunan China
| | - Hong Jin
- Department of Neurology Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College Zhuzhou Hunan China
- Department of Neurology The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine Zhuzhou Hunan China
| | - Shu Liu
- Department of Neurology Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College Zhuzhou Hunan China
- Department of Neurology The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine Zhuzhou Hunan China
| | - Ziyang Zhou
- Science and Technology Innovation Center Hunan University of Chinese Medicine Changsha Hunan China
| | - Yun Xiang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center Hunan University of Chinese Medicine Changsha Hunan China
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Shrinivasan R, Wyatt-Johnson SK, Brutkiewicz RR. The MR1/MAIT cell axis in CNS diseases. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 116:321-328. [PMID: 38157945 PMCID: PMC10842441 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a subpopulation of innate-like T cells that can be found throughout the body, predominantly in mucosal sites, the lungs and in the peripheral blood. MAIT cells recognize microbial-derived vitamin B (e.g., riboflavin) metabolite antigens that are presented by the major histocompatibility complex class I-like protein, MR1, found on a variety of cell types in the periphery and the CNS. Since their original discovery, MAIT cells have been studied predominantly in their roles in diseases in the periphery; however, it was not until the early 2000s that these cells were first examined for their contributions to disorders of the CNS, with the bulk of the work being done within the past few years. Currently, the MR1/MAIT cell axis has been investigated in only a few neurological diseases including, multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, brain cancer/tumors, ischemia, cerebral palsy, general aging and, most recently, Alzheimer's disease. Each of these diseases demonstrates a role for this under-studied innate immune axis in its neuropathology. Together, they highlight the importance of studying the MR1/MAIT cell axis in CNS disorders. Here, we review the contributions of the MR1/MAIT cell axis in the progression or remission of these neurological diseases. This work has shed some light in terms of potentially exploiting the MR1/MAIT cell axis in novel therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Shrinivasan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Season K Wyatt-Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Randy R Brutkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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6
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Sarkar SK, Willson AML, Jordan MA. The Plasticity of Immune Cell Response Complicates Dissecting the Underlying Pathology of Multiple Sclerosis. J Immunol Res 2024; 2024:5383099. [PMID: 38213874 PMCID: PMC10783990 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5383099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of the myelin sheath of the neuronal axon in the central nervous system. Many risk factors, including environmental, epigenetic, genetic, and lifestyle factors, are responsible for the development of MS. It has long been thought that only adaptive immune cells, especially autoreactive T cells, are responsible for the pathophysiology; however, recent evidence has indicated that innate immune cells are also highly involved in disease initiation and progression. Here, we compile the available data regarding the role immune cells play in MS, drawn from both human and animal research. While T and B lymphocytes, chiefly enhance MS pathology, regulatory T cells (Tregs) may serve a more protective role, as can B cells, depending on context and location. Cells chiefly involved in innate immunity, including macrophages, microglia, astrocytes, dendritic cells, natural killer (NK) cells, eosinophils, and mast cells, play varied roles. In addition, there is evidence regarding the involvement of innate-like immune cells, such as γδ T cells, NKT cells, MAIT cells, and innate-like B cells as crucial contributors to MS pathophysiology. It is unclear which of these cell subsets are involved in the onset or progression of disease or in protective mechanisms due to their plastic nature, which can change their properties and functions depending on microenvironmental exposure and the response of neural networks in damage control. This highlights the need for a multipronged approach, combining stringently designed clinical data with carefully controlled in vitro and in vivo research findings, to identify the underlying mechanisms so that more effective therapeutics can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujan Kumar Sarkar
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Physiology, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Annie M. L. Willson
- Biomedical Sciences and Molecular Biology, CPHMVS, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Margaret A. Jordan
- Biomedical Sciences and Molecular Biology, CPHMVS, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
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7
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Lv M, Zhang Z, Cui Y. Unconventional T cells in brain homeostasis, injury and neurodegeneration. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1273459. [PMID: 37854609 PMCID: PMC10579804 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1273459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between peripheral immune cells and the brain is an important component of the neuroimmune axis. Unconventional T cells, which include natural killer T (NKT) cells, mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, γδ T cells, and other poorly defined subsets, are a special group of T lymphocytes that recognize a wide range of nonpolymorphic ligands and are the connection between adaptive and innate immunity. Recently, an increasing number of complex functions of these unconventional T cells in brain homeostasis and various brain disorders have been revealed. In this review, we describe the classification and effector function of unconventional T cells, review the evidence for the involvement of unconventional T cells in the regulation of brain homeostasis, summarize the roles and mechanisms of unconventional T cells in the regulation of brain injury and neurodegeneration, and discuss immunotherapeutic potential as well as future research goals. Insight of these processes can shed light on the regulation of T cell immunity on brain homeostasis and diseases and provide new clues for therapeutic approaches targeting brain injury and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfei Lv
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhaolong Zhang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yu Cui
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Wang NI, Ninkov M, Haeryfar SMM. Classic costimulatory interactions in MAIT cell responses: from gene expression to immune regulation. Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 213:50-66. [PMID: 37279566 PMCID: PMC10324557 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxad061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are evolutionarily conserved, innate-like T lymphocytes with enormous immunomodulatory potentials. Due to their strategic localization, their invariant T cell receptor (iTCR) specificity for major histocompatibility complex-related protein 1 (MR1) ligands of commensal and pathogenic bacterial origin, and their sensitivity to infection-elicited cytokines, MAIT cells are best known for their antimicrobial characteristics. However, they are thought to also play important parts in the contexts of cancer, autoimmunity, vaccine-induced immunity, and tissue repair. While cognate MR1 ligands and cytokine cues govern MAIT cell maturation, polarization, and peripheral activation, other signal transduction pathways, including those mediated by costimulatory interactions, regulate MAIT cell responses. Activated MAIT cells exhibit cytolytic activities and secrete potent inflammatory cytokines of their own, thus transregulating the biological behaviors of several other cell types, including dendritic cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, conventional T cells, and B cells, with significant implications in health and disease. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of how costimulatory pathways control MAIT cell responses may introduce new targets for optimized MR1/MAIT cell-based interventions. Herein, we compare and contrast MAIT cells and mainstream T cells for their expression of classic costimulatory molecules belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily and the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)/TNF receptor superfamily, based not only on the available literature but also on our transcriptomic analyses. We discuss how these molecules participate in MAIT cells' development and activities. Finally, we introduce several pressing questions vis-à-vis MAIT cell costimulation and offer new directions for future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole I Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marina Ninkov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - S M Mansour Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Wyatt-Johnson SK, Kersey HN, Codocedo JF, Newell KL, Landreth GE, Lamb BT, Oblak AL, Brutkiewicz RR. Control of the temporal development of Alzheimer's disease pathology by the MR1/MAIT cell axis. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:78. [PMID: 36944969 PMCID: PMC10029194 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02761-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation is an important feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Understanding which aspects of the immune system are important in AD may lead to new therapeutic approaches. We study the major histocompatibility complex class I-related immune molecule, MR1, which is recognized by an innate-like T cell population called mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. METHODS Having found that MR1 gene expression is elevated in the brain tissue of AD patients by mining the Agora database, we sought to examine the role of the MR1/MAIT cell axis in AD pathology. Brain tissue from AD patients and the 5XFAD mouse model of AD were used to analyze MR1 expression through qPCR, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry. Furthermore, mice deficient in MR1 and MAIT cells were crossed with the 5XFAD mice to produce a model to study how the loss of this innate immune axis alters AD progression. Moreover, 5XFAD mice were also used to study brain-resident MAIT cells over time. RESULTS In tissue samples from AD patients and 5XFAD mice, MR1 expression was substantially elevated in the microglia surrounding plaques vs. those that are further away (human AD: P < 0.05; 5XFAD: P < 0.001). In 5XFAD mice lacking the MR1/MAIT cell axis, the development of amyloid-beta plaque pathology occurred at a significantly slower rate than in those mice with MR1 and MAIT cells. Furthermore, in brain tissue from 5XFAD mice, there was a temporal increase in MAIT cell numbers (P < 0.01) and their activation state, the latter determined by detecting an upregulation of both CD69 (P < 0.05) and the interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain (P < 0.05) via flow cytometry. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data reveal a previously unknown role for the MR1/MAIT cell innate immune axis in AD pathology and its potential utility as a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Season K Wyatt-Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Holly N Kersey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Juan F Codocedo
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Kathy L Newell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Gary E Landreth
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Bruce T Lamb
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Adrian L Oblak
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Randy R Brutkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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10
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New insights into MAIT cells in autoimmune diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 159:114250. [PMID: 36652733 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are resident T cells that express semi-invariant TCR chains and are restricted by monomorphic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-related molecules (MR1). MAIT cells can be activated by microbial-specific metabolites (MR1-dependent mode) or cytokines (MR1-independent mode). Activated MAIT cells produce chemokines, cytotoxic molecules (granzyme B and perforin), and proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17), to clear pathogens and target infected cells involved in the pro-inflammatory, migratory, and cytolytic properties of MAIT cells. MAIT cells produce pro-inflammatory cytokines in the target organs of autoimmune diseases and contribute to the development and progression of autoimmune diseases. This article reviews the biological characteristics, activation mechanism, dynamic migration, and dual functions of MAIT cells, and focuses on the mechanism and potential application of MAIT cells in the early diagnosis, disease activity monitoring, and therapeutic targets of autoimmune diseases, to lay a foundation for future research.
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Attfield KE, Jensen LT, Kaufmann M, Friese MA, Fugger L. The immunology of multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Immunol 2022; 22:734-750. [PMID: 35508809 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-022-00718-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Our incomplete understanding of the causes and pathways involved in the onset and progression of multiple sclerosis (MS) limits our ability to effectively treat this complex neurological disease. Recent studies explore the role of immune cells at different stages of MS and how they interact with cells of the central nervous system (CNS). The findings presented here begin to question the exclusivity of an antigen-specific cause and highlight how seemingly distinct immune cell types can share common functions that drive disease. Innovative techniques further expose new disease-associated immune cell populations and reinforce how environmental context is critical to their phenotype and subsequent role in disease. Importantly, the differentiation of immune cells into a pathogenic state is potentially reversible through therapeutic manipulation. As such, understanding the mechanisms that provide plasticity to causal cell types is likely key to uncoupling these disease processes and may identify novel therapeutic targets that replace the need for cell ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrine E Attfield
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University Hospitals, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lise Torp Jensen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Max Kaufmann
- Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manuel A Friese
- Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lars Fugger
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University Hospitals, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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12
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Single-Cell Analysis to Better Understand the Mechanisms Involved in MS. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012142. [PMID: 36292995 PMCID: PMC9602568 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic and inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. Although this disease is widely studied, many of the precise mechanisms involved are still not well known. Numerous studies currently focusing on multiple sclerosis highlight the involvement of many major immune cell subsets, such as CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and more recently B cells. However, our vision of its pathology has remained too broad to allow the proper use of targeted therapeutics. This past decade, new technologies have emerged, enabling deeper research into the different cell subsets at the single-cell level both in the periphery and in the central nervous system. These technologies could allow us to identify new cell populations involved in the disease process and new therapeutic targets. In this review, we briefly introduce the major single-cell technologies currently used in studies before diving into the major findings from the multiple sclerosis research from the past 5 years. We focus on results that were obtained using single-cell technologies to study immune cells and cells from the central nervous system.
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Abstract
ABSTRACT Multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a pathologically similar disease used to model MS in rodents, are typical CD4+ T cell-dominated autoimmune diseases. CD4+ interleukin (IL)17+ T cells (Th17 cells) have been well studied and have shown that they play a critical role in the pathogenesis of MS/EAE. However, studies have suggested that CD8+IL17+ T cells (Tc17 cells) have a similar phenotype and cytokine and transcription factor profiles to those of Th17 cells and have been found to be crucial in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, including MS/EAE, psoriasis, type I diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. However, the evidence for this is indirect and insufficient. Therefore, we searched for related publications and attempted to summarize the current knowledge on the role of Tc17 cells in the pathogenesis of MS/EAE, as well as in the pathogenesis of other autoimmune diseases, and to find out whether Tc17 cells or Th17 cells play a more critical role in autoimmune disease, especially in MS and EAE pathogenesis, or whether the interaction between these two cell types plays a critical role in the development of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Peng
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, Hunan 412000, China
| | - Xiang Deng
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, Hunan 412000, China
| | - Qiuming Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yandan Tang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, Hunan 412000, China
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14
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Johnson DN, Ruan Z, Petley EV, Devi S, Holz LE, Uldrich AP, Mak JYW, Hor JL, Mueller SN, McCluskey J, Fairlie DP, Darcy PK, Beavis PA, Heath WR, Godfrey DI. Differential location of NKT and MAIT cells within lymphoid tissue. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4034. [PMID: 35260653 PMCID: PMC8904549 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07704-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer T (NKT) cells and Mucosal-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells that express semi-invariant αβ T cell receptors (TCRs) through which they recognise CD1d and MR1 molecules, respectively, in complex with specific ligands. These cells play important roles in health and disease in many organs, but their precise intra-organ location is not well established. Here, using CD1d and MR1 tetramer staining techniques, we describe the precise location of NKT and MAIT cells in lymphoid and peripheral organs. Within the thymus, NKT cells were concentrated in the medullary side of the corticomedullary junction. In spleen and lymph nodes, NKT cells were mainly localised within T cell zones, although following in vivo activation with the potent NKT-cell ligand α-GalCer, they expanded throughout the spleen. MAIT cells were clearly detectable in Vα19 TCR transgenic mice and were rare but detectable in lymphoid tissue of non-transgenic mice. In contrast to NKT cells, MAIT cells were more closely associated with the B cell zone and red pulp of the spleen. Accordingly, we have provided an extensive analysis of the in situ localisation of NKT and MAIT cells and suggest differences between the intra-organ location of these two cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryl N Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Zheng Ruan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Emma V Petley
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Sapna Devi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Lauren E Holz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Adam P Uldrich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Y W Mak
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Jyh Liang Hor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Scott N Mueller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Phillip K Darcy
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Paul A Beavis
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - William R Heath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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15
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Zhu M, Xu Y, Li C, Lu Z, Bi K, Wang K, Guo P, Jiang H, Cao Y. Involvement of impaired CD8 + mucosal-associated invariant T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells in polycystic ovary syndrome. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2021; 19:175. [PMID: 34847942 PMCID: PMC8630849 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-021-00861-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune dysfunction is one of the mechanisms to promote polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Various immune cells have been reported to be involved in the development of PCOS. Meanwhile, the disturbance of metabolism is closely related to PCOS. The aim of this study is to explore the association of mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) with the metabolic dysfunction in PCOS. METHODS 68 PCOS patients and 40 controls were recruited in this study and we collected the peripheral blood of participants' during their follicular phase. The frequencies of MAIT cells and MDSCs were determined by flow cytometry after being stained with different monoclonal antibodies. And the concentrations of cytokines were determined by ELISA. RESULTS Compared to controls with normal metabolism, the frequency of MDSCs, CD8+MAIT cells and CD38+CD8+MAIT cells were significantly decreased in PCOS patients with normal metabolism, however, proportion of CD4+MAIT cells exhibited a noticeable increase. Similar results of CD8+MAIT, CD38+CD8+MAIT cells and reduced expression of IL-17 were observed in PCOS patients with metabolic dysfunction as compared to controls with metabolic disorders. PCOS patients with excessive testosterone levels displayed significantly decreased levels of CD8+MAIT, CD38+CD8+MAIT cells, MDSCs and Mo-MDSCs as compared to PCOS patients with normal testosterone concentrations. PCOS patients with abnormal weight showed a lower level and activation of CD8+MAIT cells. On the contrary, they displayed an enrichment of CD4+MAIT cells. PCOS patients with glucose metabolic disorder displayed a remarkable dysregulation of MDSCs and Mo-MDSCs. MDSCs were positively correlated with MAIT cells. Negative correlations between the frequency of CD8+MAIT cells, CD38+CD8+MAIT cells and body mass index were revealed. CD4+MAIT cells positively correlated with BMI. Mo-MDSCs were found to be negatively related to the levels of 2hour plasma glucose and HOMA-IR index. CONCLUSION The impairment of CD8+MAIT cells and MDSCs is involved in the metabolic dysfunction of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Zhu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of study on abnormal gametes and reproductive tract (Anhui Medical University), No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Yuping Xu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of study on abnormal gametes and reproductive tract (Anhui Medical University), No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Caihua Li
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of study on abnormal gametes and reproductive tract (Anhui Medical University), No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Zhimin Lu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Genetics, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Kaihuan Bi
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Genetics, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Kangxia Wang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Genetics, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Peipei Guo
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Genetics, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Huanhuan Jiang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of study on abnormal gametes and reproductive tract (Anhui Medical University), No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Genetics, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
- Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Wanshui Road Nr.120, Hefei, 230000, China.
| | - Yunxia Cao
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of study on abnormal gametes and reproductive tract (Anhui Medical University), No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Genetics, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
- Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Wanshui Road Nr.120, Hefei, 230000, China.
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16
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Veroni C, Aloisi F. The CD8 T Cell-Epstein-Barr Virus-B Cell Trialogue: A Central Issue in Multiple Sclerosis Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:665718. [PMID: 34305896 PMCID: PMC8292956 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.665718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cause and the pathogenic mechanisms leading to multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS), are still under scrutiny. During the last decade, awareness has increased that multiple genetic and environmental factors act in concert to modulate MS risk. Likewise, the landscape of cells of the adaptive immune system that are believed to play a role in MS immunopathogenesis has expanded by including not only CD4 T helper cells but also cytotoxic CD8 T cells and B cells. Once the key cellular players are identified, the main challenge is to define precisely how they act and interact to induce neuroinflammation and the neurodegenerative cascade in MS. CD8 T cells have been implicated in MS pathogenesis since the 80's when it was shown that CD8 T cells predominate in MS brain lesions. Interest in the role of CD8 T cells in MS was revived in 2000 and the years thereafter by studies showing that CNS-recruited CD8 T cells are clonally expanded and have a memory effector phenotype indicating in situ antigen-driven reactivation. The association of certain MHC class I alleles with MS genetic risk implicates CD8 T cells in disease pathogenesis. Moreover, experimental studies have highlighted the detrimental effects of CD8 T cell activation on neural cells. While the antigens responsible for T cell recruitment and activation in the CNS remain elusive, the high efficacy of B-cell depleting drugs in MS and a growing number of studies implicate B cells and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a B-lymphotropic herpesvirus that is strongly associated with MS, in the activation of pathogenic T cells. This article reviews the results of human studies that have contributed to elucidate the role of CD8 T cells in MS immunopathogenesis, and discusses them in light of current understanding of autoreactivity, B-cell and EBV involvement in MS, and mechanism of action of different MS treatments. Based on the available evidences, an immunopathological model of MS is proposed that entails a persistent EBV infection of CNS-infiltrating B cells as the target of a dysregulated cytotoxic CD8 T cell response causing CNS tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesca Aloisi
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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17
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Czaja AJ. Incorporating mucosal-associated invariant T cells into the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:3705-3733. [PMID: 34321839 PMCID: PMC8291028 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i25.3705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells have been described in liver and non-liver diseases, and they have been ascribed antimicrobial, immune regulatory, protective, and pathogenic roles. The goals of this review are to describe their biological properties, indicate their involvement in chronic liver disease, and encourage investigations that clarify their actions and therapeutic implications. English abstracts were identified in PubMed by multiple search terms, and bibliographies were developed. MAIT cells are activated by restricted non-peptides of limited diversity and by multiple inflammatory cytokines. Diverse pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and immune regulatory cytokines are released; infected cells are eliminated; and memory cells emerge. Circulating MAIT cells are hyper-activated, immune exhausted, dysfunctional, and depleted in chronic liver disease. This phenotype lacks disease-specificity, and it does not predict the biological effects. MAIT cells have presumed protective actions in chronic viral hepatitis, alcoholic hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and decompensated cirrhosis. They have pathogenic and pro-fibrotic actions in autoimmune hepatitis and mixed actions in primary biliary cholangitis. Local factors in the hepatic microenvironment (cytokines, bile acids, gut-derived bacterial antigens, and metabolic by-products) may modulate their response in individual diseases. Investigational manipulations of function are warranted to establish an association with disease severity and outcome. In conclusion, MAIT cells constitute a disease-nonspecific, immune response to chronic liver inflammation and infection. Their pathological role has been deduced from their deficiencies during active liver disease, and future investigations must clarify this role, link it to outcome, and explore therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Czaja
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
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18
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MAIT Cells and Microbiota in Multiple Sclerosis and Other Autoimmune Diseases. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061132. [PMID: 34074025 PMCID: PMC8225125 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The functions of mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells in homeostatic conditions include the interaction with the microbiota and its products, the protection of body barriers, and the mounting of a tissue-repair response to injuries or infections. Dysfunction of MAIT cells and dysbiosis occur in common chronic diseases of inflammatory, metabolic, and tumor nature. This review is aimed at analyzing the changes of MAIT cells, as well as of the microbiota, in multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune disorders. Common features of dysbiosis in these conditions are the reduced richness of microbial species and the unbalance between pro-inflammatory and immune regulatory components of the gut microbiota. The literature concerning MAIT cells in these disorders is rather complex, and sometimes not consistent. In multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune conditions, several studies have been done, or are in progress, to find correlations between intestinal permeability, dysbiosis, MAIT cell responses, and clinical biomarkers in treated and treatment-naïve patients. The final aims are to explain what activates MAIT cells in diseases not primarily infective, which interactions with the microbiota are potentially pathogenic, and their dynamics related to disease course and disease-modifying treatments.
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19
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Bar-Or A, Li R. Cellular immunology of relapsing multiple sclerosis: interactions, checks, and balances. Lancet Neurol 2021; 20:470-483. [PMID: 33930317 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(21)00063-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Novel insights from basic and translational studies are reshaping concepts of the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and understanding of the different inflammatory responses throughout the disease course. Previously, the cellular immunology of relapsing multiple sclerosis was considered to be principally T-cell driven; however, this process is now understood to involve multiple cell types and their functionally distinct subsets. Particularly, relapsing multiple sclerosis appears to involve imbalanced interactions between T cells, myeloid cells, B cells, and their effector and regulatory subpopulations. The major contributors to such imbalances differ across patients. Several emerging techniques enable comprehensive immune cell profiling at the single-cell level, revealing substantial functional heterogeneity and plasticity that could influence disease state and response to treatment. Findings from clinical trials with agents that successfully limit new multiple sclerosis disease activity and trials of agents that inadvertently exacerbate CNS inflammation have helped to elucidate disease mechanisms, better define the relevant modes of action of current immune therapies, and pave the way for new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Bar-Or
- Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Rui Li
- Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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20
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Gazali AM, Schroderus AM, Näntö-Salonen K, Rintamäki R, Pihlajamäki J, Knip M, Veijola R, Toppari J, Ilonen J, Kinnunen T. Mucosal-associated invariant T cell alterations during the development of human type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2020; 63:2396-2409. [PMID: 32880687 PMCID: PMC7527319 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05257-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells that recognise derivatives of bacterial riboflavin metabolites presented by MHC-Ib-related protein 1 (MR1) molecules and are important effector cells for mucosal immunity. Their development can be influenced by the intestinal microbiome. Since the development of type 1 diabetes has been associated with changes in the gut microbiome, this can be hypothesised to lead to alterations in circulating MAIT cells. Accordingly, peripheral blood MAIT cell alterations have been reported previously in patients with type 1 diabetes. However, a comprehensive analysis of the frequency and phenotype of circulating MAIT cells at different stages of type 1 diabetes progression is currently lacking. METHODS We analysed the frequency, phenotype and functionality of peripheral blood MAIT cells, as well as γδ T cells, invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and natural killer (NK) cells with flow cytometry in a cross-sectional paediatric cohort (aged 2-15) consisting of 51 children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes, 27 autoantibody-positive (AAb+) at-risk children, and 113 healthy control children of similar age and HLA class II background. The frequency of MAIT cells was also assessed in a separate cross-sectional adult cohort (aged 19-39) of 33 adults with established type 1 diabetes and 37 healthy individuals of similar age. RESULTS Children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes displayed a proportional increase of CD8-CD27- MAIT cells compared with healthy control children (median 4.6% vs 3.1% of MAIT cells, respectively, p = 0.004), which was associated with reduced expression of C-C chemokine receptor (CCR)5 (median 90.0% vs 94.3% of MAIT cells, p = 0.02) and β7 integrin (median 73.5% vs 81.7% of MAIT cells, p = 0.004), as well as decreased production of IFN-γ (median 57.1% vs 69.3% of MAIT cells, p = 0.04) by the MAIT cells. The frequency of MAIT cells was also decreased in AAb+ children who later progressed to type 1 diabetes compared with healthy control children (median 0.44% vs 0.96% of CD3+ T cells, p = 0.04), as well as in adult patients with a short duration of type 1 diabetes (less than 6 years after diagnosis) compared with control individuals (median 0.87% vs 2.19% of CD3+ T cells, p = 0.007). No alterations in γδ T cell, iNKT cell or NK cell frequencies were observed in children with type 1 diabetes or in AAb+ children, with the exception of an increased frequency of IL-17A+ γδ T cells in children with newly diagnosed diabetes compared with healthy control children (median 1.58% vs 1.09% of γδ T cells, p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Changes in the frequency and phenotype of circulating MAIT cells were detectable before, at the onset and after diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in cross-sectional cohorts. Our results suggest a possible temporal association between peripheral blood MAIT cell alterations and the clinical onset of type 1 diabetes. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad M Gazali
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Anna-Mari Schroderus
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Reeta Rintamäki
- Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jussi Pihlajamäki
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Clinical Nutrition and Obesity Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikael Knip
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riitta Veijola
- PEDEGO Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma Ilonen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuure Kinnunen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
- Eastern Finland Laboratory Centre (ISLAB), Kuopio, Finland.
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21
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Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells have been attracting increasing attention over the last few years as a potent unconventional T cell subset. Three factors largely account for this emerging interest. Firstly, these cells are abundant in humans, both in circulation and especially in some tissues such as the liver. Secondly is the discovery of a ligand that has uncovered their microbial targets, and also allowed for the development of tools to accurately track the cells in both humans and mice. Finally, it appears that the cells not only have a diverse range of functions but also are sensitive to a range of inflammatory triggers that can enhance or even bypass T cell receptor–mediated signals—substantially broadening their likely impact in health and disease. In this review we discuss how MAIT cells display antimicrobial, homeostatic, and amplifier roles in vivo, and how this may lead to protection and potentially pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M. Provine
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
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22
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Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are unique innate-like T cells that bridge innate and adaptive immunity. They are activated by conserved bacterial ligands derived from vitamin B biosynthesis and have important roles in defence against bacterial and viral infections. However, they can also have various deleterious and protective functions in autoimmune, inflammatory and metabolic diseases. MAIT cell involvement in a large spectrum of pathological conditions makes them attractive targets for potential therapeutic approaches.
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23
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Mexhitaj I, Nyirenda MH, Li R, O'Mahony J, Rezk A, Rozenberg A, Moore CS, Johnson T, Sadovnick D, Collins DL, Arnold DL, Gran B, Yeh EA, Marrie RA, Banwell B, Bar-Or A. Abnormal effector and regulatory T cell subsets in paediatric-onset multiple sclerosis. Brain 2020; 142:617-632. [PMID: 30759186 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidation of distinct T-cell subsets involved in multiple sclerosis immune-pathophysiology continues to be of considerable interest since an ultimate goal is to more selectively target the aberrant immune response operating in individual patients. While abnormalities of both effector (Teff) and regulatory (Treg) T cells have been reported in patients with multiple sclerosis, prior studies have mostly assessed average abnormalities in either limb of the immune response, rather than both at the same time, which limits the ability to evaluate the balance between effectors and regulators operating in the same patient. Assessing both phenotypic and functional responses of Teffs and Tregs has also proven important. In studies of adults with multiple sclerosis, in whom biological disease onset likely started many years prior to the immune assessments, an added challenge for any reported abnormality is whether the abnormality indeed contributes to the disease (and hence of interest to target therapeutically) or merely develops consequent to inflammatory injury (in which case efforts to develop targeted therapies are unlikely to be beneficial). Paediatric-onset multiple sclerosis, though rare, offers a unique window into early disease mechanisms. Here, we carried out a comprehensive integrated study, simultaneously assessing phenotype and functional responses of both effector and regulatory T cells in the same children with multiple sclerosis, monophasic inflammatory CNS disorders, and healthy controls, recruited as part of the multicentre prospective Canadian Pediatric Demyelinating Disease Study (CPDDS). Stringent standard operating procedures were developed and uniformly applied to procure, process and subsequently analyse peripheral blood cells using rigorously applied multi-parametric flow cytometry panels and miniaturized functional assays validated for use with cryopreserved cells. We found abnormally increased frequencies and exaggerated pro-inflammatory responses of CD8+CD161highTCR-Vα7.2+ MAIT T cells and CD4+CCR2+CCR5+ Teffs in paediatric-onset multiple sclerosis, compared to both control groups. CD4+CD25hiCD127lowFOXP3+ Tregs of children with multiple sclerosis exhibited deficient suppressive capacity, including diminished capacity to suppress disease-implicated Teffs. In turn, the implicated Teffs of multiple sclerosis patients were relatively resistant to suppression by normal Tregs. An abnormal Teff/Treg ratio at the individual child level best distinguished multiple sclerosis children from controls. We implicate abnormalities in both frequencies and functional responses of distinct pro-inflammatory CD4 and CD8 T cell subsets, as well as Treg function, in paediatric-onset multiple sclerosis, and suggest that mechanisms contributing to early multiple sclerosis development differ across individuals, reflecting an excess abnormality in either Teff or Treg limbs of the T cell response, or a combination of lesser abnormalities in both limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Mexhitaj
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Suite # 111, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics and the Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mukanthu H Nyirenda
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Suite # 111, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rui Li
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Suite # 111, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics and the Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Julia O'Mahony
- Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, SickKids Research Institute, Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ayman Rezk
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Suite # 111, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics and the Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ayal Rozenberg
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Suite # 111, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Craig S Moore
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Suite # 111, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Trina Johnson
- Experimental Therapeutics Program, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dessa Sadovnick
- Department of Medical Genetics and Division of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - D Louis Collins
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Douglas L Arnold
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Suite # 111, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bruno Gran
- Clinical Neurology Research Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, Nottingham, UK
| | - E Ann Yeh
- Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, SickKids Research Institute, Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ruth Ann Marrie
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Community Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 820 Sherbrook Street, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Brenda Banwell
- Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, SickKids Research Institute, Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amit Bar-Or
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Suite # 111, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics and the Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Philadelphia, PA, USA
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24
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Carnero Contentti E, Farez MF, Correale J. Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cell Features and TCR Repertoire Characteristics During the Course of Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2690. [PMID: 31824489 PMCID: PMC6880779 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the frequency, phenotype, function, and longitudinal repertoire of mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) patients. Methods: Forty-five RRMS patients in remission, 20 RRMS patients experiencing exacerbations, 15 PPMS patients, and 30 healthy controls (HCs) were included in the study. MAIT cells were identified phenotypically as CD3+ TCRγδ− Vα7.2 + CD161high. In 15 patients, MAIT cell number and MRI lesions were evaluated every 6 months, for 36 months. MAIT cell TCRVβ repertoire was defined using single-cell cloning and mRNA sequencing. Results: Circulating MAIT cells were significantly reduced in both RRMS and PPMS patients, particularly during exacerbations, compared to healthy subjects. This decrease was accompanied by pro-inflammatory cytokine production (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-17, and GM-CSF). Three months post-exacerbation, peripheral blood MAIT cell percentages increased significantly along with clinical recovery. Likewise, we observed inverse correlation between MRI lesions and peripheral blood MAIT cell numbers. In paired samples, MAIT cell percentage was significantly higher in CSF than in peripheral blood, suggesting MAIT cell migration through the blood–brain barrier. Finally, MAIT cells showed limited TCRVβ repertoires, in both CSF and peripheral blood, which remained stable over time. Conclusions: MAIT cell levels correlated with MS course both clinically and radiologically, showing marked and sustained oligoclonality. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of pathophysiological phenomena underlying the course of MS, and discovery of MAIT cell inhibitors could pave the way for the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mauricio F Farez
- Centro para el Estudio de Enfermedades Neuroinmunologicas (CIEN), Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge Correale
- Centro para el Estudio de Enfermedades Neuroinmunologicas (CIEN), Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Department of Neurology, Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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25
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Li C, Lu Z, Bi K, Wang K, Xu Y, Guo P, Chen Y, Zhou P, Wei Z, Jiang H, Cao Y. CD4 +/CD8 + mucosa-associated invariant T cells foster the development of endometriosis: a pilot study. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2019; 17:78. [PMID: 31615517 PMCID: PMC6794756 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-019-0524-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune dysregulation is one of the mechanisms to promote endometriosis (EMS). Various T cell subpopulations have been reported to play different roles in the development of EMS. The mucosa-associated invariant T cell (MAIT) is an important T cell subset in the pathogenesis of various autoimmune diseases. Evidence has indicated that there are three functionally distinct MAIT subsets: CD4+, CD8+ and CD4/CD8-/- (double negative, DN) MAIT cells. Till now, the associations between endometriosis and MAIT have not been studied. Our research investigates different MAIT subpopulations in peripheral blood (PB) and peritoneal fluid (PF) from EMS patients. METHODS Thirty-two EMS patients and eighteen controls were included. PB and PF were collected. Tests of cytokines in plasma and PF were performed by ELISA kit. Characterisations of MAIT were done by flow cytometry. MAIT cells have been defined as CD3 + CD161 + Vα7.2+ cells. Based on CD4 and CD8 expression, they were divided into CD8+MAIT, CD4+MAIT and DN MAIT. RESULTS Enrichments of MAIT cells, especially CD4 and CD8 MAIT subsets were found. Moreover, CD8 MAIT cells had a high activation in the EMS group. EMS patients produced higher level of IL-8/12/17 as compared to these from controls. On the contrary, control patients exhibited an impressive upregulation of DN MAIT cells, however, these DN MAIT cells from controls showed a higher expression of PD-1. Lastly, we performed the relevance analysis, and discovered that the accumulation of PB MAIT cells positively correlated with an elevated level of serum CA125 production in EMS group. CONCLUSION These results suggest that different MAIT subsets play distinct roles in the progression of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihua Li
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Wanshui Road Nr.120, 230000, Hefei, People's Republic of China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Genetics, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhimin Lu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Wanshui Road Nr.120, 230000, Hefei, People's Republic of China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Genetics, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaihuan Bi
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Wanshui Road Nr.120, 230000, Hefei, People's Republic of China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Genetics, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Kangxia Wang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Wanshui Road Nr.120, 230000, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuping Xu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Wanshui Road Nr.120, 230000, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Peipei Guo
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Wanshui Road Nr.120, 230000, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Chen
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Wanshui Road Nr.120, 230000, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Wanshui Road Nr.120, 230000, Hefei, People's Republic of China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Genetics, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaolian Wei
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Wanshui Road Nr.120, 230000, Hefei, People's Republic of China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Genetics, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanhuan Jiang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Wanshui Road Nr.120, 230000, Hefei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yunxia Cao
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Wanshui Road Nr.120, 230000, Hefei, People's Republic of China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Genetics, Hefei, People's Republic of China.
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26
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Godfrey DI, Koay HF, McCluskey J, Gherardin NA. The biology and functional importance of MAIT cells. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:1110-1128. [PMID: 31406380 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0444-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, a population of unconventional T cells called 'mucosal-associated invariant T cells' (MAIT cells) has captured the attention of immunologists and clinicians due to their abundance in humans, their involvement in a broad range of infectious and non-infectious diseases and their unusual specificity for microbial riboflavin-derivative antigens presented by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-like protein MR1. MAIT cells use a limited T cell antigen receptor (TCR) repertoire with public antigen specificities that are conserved across species. They can be activated by TCR-dependent and TCR-independent mechanisms and exhibit rapid, innate-like effector responses. Here we review evidence showing that MAIT cells are a key component of the immune system and discuss their basic biology, development, role in disease and immunotherapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Hui-Fern Koay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Gherardin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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27
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Acquaviva M, Bassani C, Sarno N, Dalla Costa G, Romeo M, Sangalli F, Colombo B, Moiola L, Martinelli V, Comi G, Farina C. Loss of Circulating CD8+ CD161 high T Cells in Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1922. [PMID: 31474991 PMCID: PMC6702304 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that the primary progressive form of multiple sclerosis (PP-MS) may present with specific immunological alterations. In this study we focused our attention on CD161, an NK and T cell marker upregulated in relapsing-remitting MS, and investigated its transcript and protein levels in blood cells from PP-MS and healthy individuals. We demonstrated transcriptional downregulation of CD161 in PP-MS and described concomitant mRNA reduction for RORgt, CCR6, CXCR6, KLRK1/NKG2D and many other markers typical of mucosa associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. Targeted multiparametric flow cytometry on fresh blood cells from an independent cohort of case-control subjects confirmed the selective loss of circulating CD8 CD161high T cells, which consist mainly of MAIT cells, and not of CD8 CD161int T cells in PP-MS. These data demonstrate alterations in a specific circulating immune cell subset in MS patients with progressive onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Acquaviva
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Bassani
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicole Sarno
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Gloria Dalla Costa
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marzia Romeo
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Sangalli
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Bruno Colombo
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Moiola
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Vittorio Martinelli
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Comi
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Cinthia Farina
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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28
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Van Kaer L, Postoak JL, Wang C, Yang G, Wu L. Innate, innate-like and adaptive lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of MS and EAE. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 16:531-539. [PMID: 30874627 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0221-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) in which the immune system damages the protective insulation surrounding the nerve fibers that project from neurons. A hallmark of MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), is autoimmunity against proteins of the myelin sheath. Most studies in this field have focused on the roles of CD4+ T lymphocytes, which form part of the adaptive immune system as both mediators and regulators in disease pathogenesis. Consequently, the treatments for MS often target the inflammatory CD4+ T-cell responses. However, many other lymphocyte subsets contribute to the pathophysiology of MS and EAE, and these subsets include CD8+ T cells and B cells of the adaptive immune system, lymphocytes of the innate immune system such as natural killer cells, and subsets of innate-like T and B lymphocytes such as γδ T cells, natural killer T cells, and mucosal-associated invariant T cells. Several of these lymphocyte subsets can act as mediators of CNS inflammation, whereas others exhibit immunoregulatory functions in disease. Importantly, the efficacy of some MS treatments might be mediated in part by effects on lymphocytes other than CD4+ T cells. Here we review the contributions of distinct subsets of lymphocytes on the pathogenesis of MS and EAE, with an emphasis on lymphocytes other than CD4+ T cells. A better understanding of the distinct lymphocyte subsets that contribute to the pathophysiology of MS and its experimental models will inform the development of novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Joshua L Postoak
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Chuan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Guan Yang
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Lan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
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29
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Renand A, Habes S, Mosnier JF, Aublé H, Judor JP, Vince N, Hulin P, Nedellec S, Métairie S, Archambeaud I, Brouard S, Gournay J, Conchon S. Immune Alterations in Patients With Type 1 Autoimmune Hepatitis Persist Upon Standard Immunosuppressive Treatment. Hepatol Commun 2018; 2:968-981. [PMID: 30094407 PMCID: PMC6078209 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a rare disease characterized by an immune attack of the liver. This study consists of a comprehensive analysis of immune alterations related to AIH at diagnosis, and during remission phase under treatment. A total of 37 major lymphocyte populations were analyzed from the peripheral blood of new‐onset AIH patients (AIHn; n = 14), AIH patients with controlled disease (n = 11), and healthy subjects (n = 14). Liver biopsy analyses were performed to complete the blood phenotypic analysis. Four blood lymphocyte populations were significantly altered in AIHn patients at diagnosis compared with healthy subjects. Levels of mucosal‐associated invariant T cells (MAIT), Type 1/Type 17 helper (Th1/ Th17) cells, clusters of differentiation (CD4) T cells, and invariant natural killer T cells were decreased, whereas MAIT granzyme B+ (GrB) cells were increased. A trend toward an increase of CD8+CD161+GrB+ cells was also observed. These alterations were not restored with standard immunosuppressive treatments. In the liver of AIHn patients, CD4, forkhead box P3 (Foxp3), and MAIT cell markers were enriched in the portal tract, and CD8, CD161, and GrB markers were enriched in the hepatic lobule. During remission, the hepatic lobule was clear of infiltrating T cells, but residual CD4 and MAIT cells were found in the portal tract, where Foxp3 was decreased, as previously described. In vitro, MAIT cells were functionally altered in AIH patients. Ex vivo MAIT cell activity (GrB) was linked to severe fibrosis. Conclusion: Our work proposes a global view of the lymphocyte alterations from diagnosis to remission phase in AIH patients. The absence of blood immune homeostasis restoration and the persistence of a CD4 infiltrate in the liver under standard immunosuppression could form the basis of the high risk of relapse observed in AIH. (Hepatology Communications 2018; 00:000‐000)
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Affiliation(s)
- Amédée Renand
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM Université de Nantes Nantes France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie CHU de Nantes Nantes France
| | - Sarah Habes
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM Université de Nantes Nantes France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie CHU de Nantes Nantes France.,Service Hépato-Gastro-entérologie et Assistance Nutritionnelle CHU Nantes Nantes France
| | - Jean-François Mosnier
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM Université de Nantes Nantes France.,Service Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques CHU Nantes Nantes France
| | - Hélène Aublé
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique gastro-nutrition CHU Nantes Nantes France
| | - Jean-Paul Judor
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM Université de Nantes Nantes France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie CHU de Nantes Nantes France
| | - Nicolas Vince
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM Université de Nantes Nantes France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie CHU de Nantes Nantes France
| | - Philippe Hulin
- MicroPICell Imaging Core Facility, SFR Santé F. Bonamy UMS016, INSERM, CNRS Université de Nantes Nantes France
| | - Steven Nedellec
- MicroPICell Imaging Core Facility, SFR Santé F. Bonamy UMS016, INSERM, CNRS Université de Nantes Nantes France
| | - Sylvie Métairie
- Service Chirurgie Digestive et Endocrinienne CHU Nantes Nantes France
| | - Isabelle Archambeaud
- Service Hépato-Gastro-entérologie et Assistance Nutritionnelle CHU Nantes Nantes France.,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, IMAD CHU Nantes Nantes France
| | - Sophie Brouard
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM Université de Nantes Nantes France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie CHU de Nantes Nantes France
| | - Jérôme Gournay
- Service Hépato-Gastro-entérologie et Assistance Nutritionnelle CHU Nantes Nantes France.,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, IMAD CHU Nantes Nantes France
| | - Sophie Conchon
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM Université de Nantes Nantes France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie CHU de Nantes Nantes France
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Trottein F, Paget C. Natural Killer T Cells and Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in Lung Infections. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1750. [PMID: 30116242 PMCID: PMC6082944 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system has been traditionally divided into two arms called innate and adaptive immunity. Typically, innate immunity refers to rapid defense mechanisms that set in motion within minutes to hours following an insult. Conversely, the adaptive immune response emerges after several days and relies on the innate immune response for its initiation and subsequent outcome. However, the recent discovery of immune cells displaying merged properties indicates that this distinction is not mutually exclusive. These populations that span the innate-adaptive border of immunity comprise, among others, CD1d-restricted natural killer T cells and MR1-restricted mucosal-associated invariant T cells. These cells have the unique ability to swiftly activate in response to non-peptidic antigens through their T cell receptor and/or to activating cytokines in order to modulate many aspects of the immune response. Despite they recirculate all through the body via the bloodstream, these cells mainly establish residency at barrier sites including lungs. Here, we discuss the current knowledge into the biology of these cells during lung (viral and bacterial) infections including activation mechanisms and functions. We also discuss future strategies targeting these cell types to optimize immune responses against respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Trottein
- Univ. Lille, U1019 – UMR 8204 – CIIL – Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1019, Lille, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Christophe Paget
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1100, Centre d’Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Tours, France
- Université de Tours, Tours, France
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Böttcher K, Rombouts K, Saffioti F, Roccarina D, Rosselli M, Hall A, Luong T, Tsochatzis EA, Thorburn D, Pinzani M. MAIT cells are chronically activated in patients with autoimmune liver disease and promote profibrogenic hepatic stellate cell activation. Hepatology 2018; 68:172-186. [PMID: 29328499 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Autoimmune liver diseases (AILDs) are chronic liver pathologies characterized by fibrosis and cirrhosis due to immune-mediated liver damage. In this study, we addressed the question whether mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, innate-like T cells, are functionally altered in patients with AILD and whether MAIT cells can promote liver fibrosis through activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). We analyzed the phenotype and function of MAIT cells from AILD patients and healthy controls by multicolor flow cytometry and investigated the interaction between human MAIT cells and primary human hepatic stellate cells (hHSCs). We show that MAIT cells are significantly decreased in peripheral blood and liver tissue of patients with AILD. Notably, MAIT cell frequency tended to decrease with increasing fibrosis stage. MAIT cells from AILD patients showed signs of exhaustion, such as impaired interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production and high ex vivo expression of the activation and exhaustion markers CD38, HLA-DR, and CTLA-4. Mechanistically, this exhausted state could be induced by repetitive stimulation of MAIT cells with the cytokines interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-18, leading to decreased IFN-γ and increased exhaustion marker expression. Of note, repetitive stimulation with IL-12 further resulted in expression of the profibrogenic cytokine IL-17A by otherwise exhausted MAIT cells. Accordingly, MAIT cells from both healthy controls and AILD patients were able to induce an activated, proinflammatory and profibrogenic phenotype in hHSCs in vitro that was partly mediated by IL-17. CONCLUSION Our data provide evidence that MAIT cells in AILD patients have evolved towards an exhausted, profibrogenic phenotype and can contribute to the development of HSC-mediated liver fibrosis. These findings reveal a cellular and molecular pathway for fibrosis development in AILD that could be exploited for antifibrotic therapy. (Hepatology 2018;68:172-186).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Böttcher
- Regenerative Medicine and Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus London, United Kingdom.,Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Krista Rombouts
- Regenerative Medicine and Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Saffioti
- Regenerative Medicine and Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus London, United Kingdom.,Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Davide Roccarina
- Regenerative Medicine and Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus London, United Kingdom.,Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matteo Rosselli
- Regenerative Medicine and Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus London, United Kingdom.,Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Hall
- Regenerative Medicine and Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus London, United Kingdom
| | - TuVinh Luong
- Regenerative Medicine and Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus London, United Kingdom.,Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuel A Tsochatzis
- Regenerative Medicine and Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus London, United Kingdom.,Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas Thorburn
- Regenerative Medicine and Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus London, United Kingdom.,Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Massimo Pinzani
- Regenerative Medicine and Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus London, United Kingdom.,Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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32
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Chiba A, Murayama G, Miyake S. Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1333. [PMID: 29942318 PMCID: PMC6004381 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate T cells restricted by MHC-related molecule 1 (MR1). MAIT cells express semi-invariant T-cell receptors TRAV1-2-TRAJ33/12/20 in humans and TRAV1-TRAJ33 in mice. MAIT cells recognize vitamin B2 biosynthesis derivatives presented by MR1. Similar to other innate lymphocytes, MAIT cells are also activated by cytokines in the absence of exogenous antigens. MAIT cells have the capacity to produce cytokines, such as IFNγ, TNFα, and IL-17, and cytotoxic proteins, including perforin and granzyme B. MAIT cells were originally named after their preferential location in the mucosal tissue of the gut, but they are also abundant in other peripheral organs, including the liver and lungs. In humans, the frequency of MAIT cells is high in peripheral blood, and these cells constitute approximately 5% of circulating CD3+ cells. Their abundance in tissues and rapid activation following stimulation have led to great interest in their function in various types of immune diseases. In this review, first, we will briefly introduce key information of MAIT cell biology required for better understating their roles in immune responses, and then describe how MAIT cells are associated with autoimmune and other immune diseases in humans. Moreover, we will discuss their functions based on information from animal models of autoimmune and immunological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asako Chiba
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Goh Murayama
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sachiko Miyake
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Kurioka A, Klenerman P, Willberg CB. Innate-like CD8+ T-cells and NK cells: converging functions and phenotypes. Immunology 2018; 154:547-556. [PMID: 29542114 PMCID: PMC6050209 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
New data in the worlds of both innate-like CD8+ T-cells and natural killer (NK) cells have, in parallel, clarified some of the phenotypes of these cells and also their associated functions. While these cells are typically viewed entirely separately, the emerging innate functions of T-cells and, similarly, the adaptive functions of NK cells suggest that many behaviours can be considered in parallel. In this review we compare the innate functions of CD8+ T-cells (especially mucosal-associated invariant T-cells) and those of NK cells, and how these relate to expression of phenotypic markers, especially CD161 and CD56.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Kurioka
- Nuffield Department of MedicinePeter Medawar Building for Pathogen ResearchUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- NIHR Biomedical Research CentreTranslational Gastroenterology UnitJohn Radcliffe HospitalOxfordUK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Nuffield Department of MedicinePeter Medawar Building for Pathogen ResearchUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- NIHR Biomedical Research CentreTranslational Gastroenterology UnitJohn Radcliffe HospitalOxfordUK
| | - Christian B. Willberg
- Nuffield Department of MedicinePeter Medawar Building for Pathogen ResearchUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- NIHR Biomedical Research CentreTranslational Gastroenterology UnitJohn Radcliffe HospitalOxfordUK
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Rouxel O, Lehuen A. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells in autoimmune and immune-mediated diseases. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 96:618-629. [DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ophélie Rouxel
- INSERM U1016; Institut Cochin; Paris France
- Université Paris Descartes; Paris France
- CNRS; UMR8104; Paris France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX; Sorbonne Paris Cité France
| | - Agnès Lehuen
- INSERM U1016; Institut Cochin; Paris France
- Université Paris Descartes; Paris France
- CNRS; UMR8104; Paris France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX; Sorbonne Paris Cité France
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35
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Wakao H, Sugimoto C, Kimura S, Wakao R. Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in Regenerative Medicine. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1711. [PMID: 29250077 PMCID: PMC5717033 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although antibiotics to inhibit bacterial growth and small compounds to interfere with the productive life cycle of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have successfully been used to control HIV infection, the recent emergence of the drug-resistant bacteria and viruses poses a serious concern for worldwide public health. Despite intensive scrutiny in developing novel antibiotics and drugs to overcome these problems, there is a dilemma such that once novel antibiotics are launched in markets, sooner or later antibiotic-resistant strains emerge. Thus, it is imperative to develop novel methods to avoid this vicious circle. Here, we discuss the possibility of using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived, innate-like T cells to control infection and potential application of these cells for cancer treatment. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells belong to an emerging family of innate-like T cells that link innate immunity to adaptive immunity. MAIT cells exert effector functions without priming and clonal expansion like innate immune cells and relay the immune response to adaptive immune cells through production of relevant cytokines. With these characteristics, MAIT cells are implicated in a wide range of human diseases such as autoimmune, infectious, and metabolic diseases, and cancer. Circulating MAIT cells are often depleted by these diseases and often remain depleted even after appropriate remedy because MAIT cells are susceptible to activation-induced cell death and poor at proliferation in vivo, which threatens the integrity of the immune system. Because MAIT cells have a pivotal role in human immunity, supplementation of MAIT cells into immunocompromised patients suffering from severe depletion of these cells may help recapitulate or recover immunocompetence. The generation of MAIT cells from human iPSCs has made it possible to procure MAIT cells lost from disease. Such technology creates new avenues for cell therapy and regenerative medicine for difficult-to-cure infectious diseases and cancer and contributes to improvement of our welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Wakao
- International Epidemiology, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Japan
| | - Chie Sugimoto
- International Epidemiology, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Japan
| | - Shinzo Kimura
- International Epidemiology, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Japan
| | - Rika Wakao
- Office of Regulatory Science, Pharmaceutical and Medical Device Agency (PMDA), Tokyo, Japan
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36
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Kumar V, Ahmad A. Role of MAIT cells in the immunopathogenesis of inflammatory diseases: New players in old game. Int Rev Immunol 2017; 37:90-110. [PMID: 29106304 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2017.1380199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Current advances in immunology have led to the identification of a population of novel innate immune T cells, called mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. The cells in humans express an invariant TCRα chain (Vα7.2-Jα33) paired with a limited subset of TCRβ chains (Vβ2, 13 and 22), are restricted by the MHC class I (MH1)-related (MR)-1, and recognize molecules that are produced in the bacterial riboflavin (vitamin B2) biosynthetic pathway. They are present in the circulation, liver and at various mucosal sites (i.e. intestine, lungs and female reproductive tract, etc.). They kill host cells infected with bacteria and yeast, and secrete soluble mediators such as TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-17, etc. The cells regulate immune responses and inflammation associated with a wide spectrum of acute and chronic diseases in humans. Since their discovery in 1993, significant advances have been made in understanding biology of MAIT cells and the potential role of these cells in the pathogenesis of autoimmune, inflammatory and infectious diseases as well as cancer in humans. The purpose of this review is to provide a current state of our knowledge about MAIT cell biology and delineate their role in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases (sterile or caused by infectious agents) and cancer in humans. A better understanding of the role of MAIT cells in human diseases may lead to novel ways of immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- a Department of Paediatrics and Child Care , Children's Health Queensland Clinical unit School of Medicine, Mater Research, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland , ST Lucia, Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| | - Ali Ahmad
- b Laboratory of Innate Immunity, CHU Ste-Justine/Department of Microbiology , Infectious Diseases & Immunology, University of Montreal , Montreal , Quebec , Canada
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37
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Salou M, Franciszkiewicz K, Lantz O. MAIT cells in infectious diseases. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 48:7-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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38
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Fleck AK, Schuppan D, Wiendl H, Klotz L. Gut-CNS-Axis as Possibility to Modulate Inflammatory Disease Activity-Implications for Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1526. [PMID: 28708108 PMCID: PMC5536015 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade the role of environmental factors as modulators of disease activity and progression has received increasing attention. In contrast to classical environmental modulators such as exposure to sun-light or fine dust pollution, nutrition is an ideal tool for a personalized human intervention. Various studies demonstrate a key role of dietary factors in autoimmune diseases including Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS). In this review we discuss the connection between diet and inflammatory processes via the gut-CNS-axis. This axis describes a bi-directional communication system and comprises neuronal signaling, neuroendocrine pathways and modulation of immune responses. Therefore, the gut-CNS-axis represents an emerging target to modify CNS inflammatory activity ultimately opening new avenues for complementary and adjunctive treatment of autoimmune diseases such as MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Katrin Fleck
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
| | - Luisa Klotz
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
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Paquin-Proulx D, Greenspun BC, Costa EAS, Segurado AC, Kallas EG, Nixon DF, Leal FE. MAIT cells are reduced in frequency and functionally impaired in human T lymphotropic virus type 1 infection: Potential clinical implications. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175345. [PMID: 28384290 PMCID: PMC5383303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HTLV-1 infection is associated with several inflammatory disorders, including the neurodegenerative condition HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). It is unclear why a minority of infected subjects develop HAM/TSP. The cellular immune response has been implicated in the development of inflammatory alterations in these patients; however the pathogenic mechanisms for disease progression remain unclear. Furthermore, HTLV-1-infected individuals have an increase incidence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, suggesting that immunological defect are associated with HTLV-1 infection. Evidence suggests an important role for Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells in the early control of Mtb infection. Chronic viral infections like HIV and HCV have been associated with decreased frequency and functionality of MAIT cells. We hypothesized that HTLV-1 infection is associated with similar perturbations in MAIT cells. We investigated MAIT cell frequency, phenotype, and function by flow cytometry in a cohort of 10 asymptomatic and 10 HAM/TSP HTLV-1 infected patients. We found that MAIT cells from HTLV-1-infected subjects were reduced and showed high co-expression of the activation markers CD38 and HLA-DR but normal levels of CCR6 and CD127. MAIT cells had a lower expression of the transcription factor PLZF in HAM/TSP patients. Unlike Tax-specific CD8+T cells, which are hyperfunctional, MAIT cells from HTLV-1-infected subjects had a poor IFNγ response following antigen stimulation. MAIT cell perturbations in HTLV-1 infection were not associated with HTLV-1 proviral load and MAIT cells were not infected by HTLV-1 in vivo. Rather, MAIT cells loss was associated with immune activation. Overall, our results do not support a role for MAIT cells in HAM/TSP pathogenesis but reduced numbers of MAIT cells, together with their poor functionality, could contribute to the increased susceptibility of HTLV-1-infected individuals to other infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Paquin-Proulx
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Benjamin C. Greenspun
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Emanuela A. S. Costa
- Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Aluisio C. Segurado
- Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Esper G. Kallas
- Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Douglas F. Nixon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Fabio E. Leal
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
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40
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Bianchini E, De Biasi S, Simone AM, Ferraro D, Sola P, Cossarizza A, Pinti M. Invariant natural killer T cells and mucosal-associated invariant T cells in multiple sclerosis. Immunol Lett 2017; 183:1-7. [PMID: 28119072 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic progressive inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system, and in several countries is a leading cause of permanent neurological disability in young adults, particularly women. MS is considered an autoimmune disease, caused by an aberrant immune response to environmental triggers in genetically susceptible subjects. However, the contribution of the innate or of the adaptive immune system to the development and progression of the disease has not yet been fully elucidated. Innate-like T lymphocytes are unconventional T cells that bridge the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system, because they use a T cell receptor to sense external ligands, but behave like innate cells when they rapidly respond to stimuli. These cells could play an important role in the pathogenesis of MS. Here, we focus on invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, and we review the current knowledge on their biology and possible involvement in MS. Although several studies have evaluated the frequency and functions of iNKT and MAIT cells both in MS patients and in experimental mouse models, contradictory observations have been reported, and it is not clear whether they exert a protective or a pro-inflammatory and harmful role. A better understanding of how immune cells are involved in MS, and of their interactions could be of great interest for the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bianchini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Sara De Biasi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Simone
- Neurology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neurosciences, Nuovo Ospedale Civile Sant'Agostino Estense, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Diana Ferraro
- Neurology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neurosciences, Nuovo Ospedale Civile Sant'Agostino Estense, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Patrizia Sola
- Neurology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neurosciences, Nuovo Ospedale Civile Sant'Agostino Estense, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences of Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Marcello Pinti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
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Sugimoto C, Hirotani M, Yoshikiyo K, Koshimizu U, Wakao R, Horinouchi T, Mazaki Y, Higashi T, Fukazawa T, Fujita H, Sasaki H, Wakao H. The dynamics of mucosal-associated invariant T cells in multiple sclerosis. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:1259. [PMID: 27536542 PMCID: PMC4974206 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2923-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammatory demyelination, gliosis and axonal loss in the Central Nervous System. Although the etiology of the disease has remained enigmatic, recent studies have suggested a role of the innate-like T cells, called Mucosal Associated Invariant T cells (MAITs) in the pathophysiology. In the present study, we have analyzed the relative frequency of MAITs and the expression of the cell surface antigens in MAITs to seek a possible link to the disease. Results There was little difference in the frequency of total MAITs between healthy donors (HDs) and untreated MS patients, whereas the latter harbored more CD8lo/neg (DN) MAITs concomitant with a decrease in CD8high MAITs and in CD4 MAITs compared with those in HDs. While the expression of CCR5, CCR6, CD95, CD127, and CD150 has increased in untreated subjects compared with that in HDs, CD45RO has declined in untreated subjects in both DN MAITs and CD8hi MAITs. FTY720 therapy has increased the relative frequency of total MAITs in a time-dependent fashion up to 2 years. Intriguingly, FTY720 therapy for 3 years reversed the above phenotype, engendering more CD8high MAITs accompanied with decreased DN MAITs. FTY720 therapy affected the cytokine production from CD4 T cells and also enhanced the relative frequency of cells producing both TNF-α and IFN-γ from MAITs, CD8 T cells, and CD4 T cells compared with that in untreated subjects. Conclusions FTY 720 therapy enhanced the relative frequency of MAITs in MS patients in a time-dependent manner. Although the expression of CD8 in MAITs has been affected early by FTY720, longer treatment has reversed the phenotypic change. These data demonstrated that FTY720 induced dynamic change in the relative frequency and in the phenotype of MAITs in MS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40064-016-2923-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Sugimoto
- Department of Hygiene & Cellular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Makoto Hirotani
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | | - Rika Wakao
- Pharmaceutical and Medical Device Agency (PMDA), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Horinouchi
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Mazaki
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tsunehiko Higashi
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Hiroyoshi Fujita
- Department of Hygiene & Cellular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hidenao Sasaki
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Wakao
- Department of Hygiene & Cellular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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42
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Kurioka A, Walker LJ, Klenerman P, Willberg CB. MAIT cells: new guardians of the liver. Clin Transl Immunology 2016; 5:e98. [PMID: 27588203 PMCID: PMC5007630 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2016.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is an important immunological organ that remains sterile and tolerogenic in homeostasis, despite continual exposure to non-self food and microbial-derived products from the gut. However, where intestinal mucosal defenses are breached or in the presence of a systemic infection, the liver acts as a second 'firewall', because of its enrichment with innate effector cells able to rapidly respond to infections or tissue dysregulation. One of the largest populations of T cells within the human liver are mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, a novel innate-like T-cell population that can recognize a highly conserved antigen derived from the microbial riboflavin synthesis pathway. MAIT cells are emerging as significant players in the human immune system, associated with an increasing number of clinical diseases of bacterial, viral, autoimmune and cancerous origin. As reviewed here, we are only beginning to investigate the potential role of this dominant T-cell subset in the liver, but the reactivity of MAIT cells to both inflammatory cytokines and riboflavin derivatives suggests that MAIT cells may have an important role in first line of defense as part of the liver firewall. As such, MAIT cells are promising targets for modulating the host defense and inflammation in both acute and chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Kurioka
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lucy J Walker
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christian B Willberg
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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