A novel automated direct measurement method for total antioxidant capacity using a new generation, more stable ABTS radical cation

Exercise induced irisin mitigates hepatitis in anabolic-androgenic steroids treated rats via modulation of PGC-1-α/PPARγ/Nrf2 and NRF2/NF-κB/TLR4 signaling

Irisin, a myokine released during exercise, has been shown to exert protective effects against metabolic and inflammatory disorders. Its role in mitigating hepatic damage induced by anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) remains largely unexplored. This study was conducted to examine the effects of exercise on irisin level and its capability to prevent hepatotoxicity caused by anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) in rat model. The fifty-two male rats were divided into four groups: control, AAS treated (15 mg/kg/day S.C/8 W), exercised, and exercised- AAS treated. The following procedures were carried out: liver function tests, serum irisin, tissue inflammatory and oxidative stress markers, macro and micromorphological evaluation, and the examination of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) and its coactivator-1α (PGC1α) by immunohistochemistry. The liver tissue's expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4), and Nrf2 mRNA was also assessed. After administering AAS to animals, aerobic exercise was found to significantly improve liver function tests, inflammation, and oxidative stress, reduce liver weight, improve morphological and histological changes, and improve the hepatic injury score. Furthermore, there was a notable rise in serum irisin, hepatic PPARγ, PGC1α, and Nrf2 immune-expressions and Nrf2 mRNA expression, while NF-κB and TLR4 mRNA expressions were significantly decreased. In conclusion, the irisin/PGC1α/PPARγ/Nrf2 and Nrf2/NF-κB/TLR4 signaling pathways may be modulated by aerobic exercise, which also reduces the liver's oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions to AAS treatment.

Effects of Vitamin C Supplementation on Total Antioxidant Status, Inflammation, and Histopathological Changes in Aged Rats

This study aims to determine the effect of orally administered vitamin C (Vit C) supplementation on physiological and histopathological changes in aged rats of different genders. A total of 28 Sprague-Dawley aged male and female rats were randomly divided into four groups of seven animals per group. The study groups included the aged male control (MC), aged male with Vit C (MVC) (500 mg/kg vitamin C, orally) supplementation, female aged control (FC), and female aged with vitamin C (FVC) (500 mg/kg vitamin C, orally) supplementation groups. At the end of the study, which lasted 31 days, blood, brain, heart, liver, and kidney tissues were collected from rats under ketamine (87 mg/kg) and xylazine (13 mg/kg) anesthesia. The results indicated that although Vit C supplementation had no effect on serum Vit C levels, gender had an effect on serum Vit C levels (p < 0.05). However, Vit C supplementation and gender did not affect serum IL-6, IL-1β, TOS, and OSI levels (p > 0.05). Vit C supplementation, without the effect of gender, significantly increased TNF-α levels in MVC groups compared to MC groups (p < 0.05), while it significantly decreased them in FVC groups compared to FC groups (p < 0.05). In addition, Vit C significantly reduced histopathological alterations in brain, heart, and liver tissues associated with aging, including oxidative stress and inflammation. In conclusion, it was observed that orally administered 500 mg/kg Vit C supplementation to old rats is not an effective way to increase the Vit C pool in the body, but gender has an impact on the blood Vit C concentrations.

Paraoxonase 1 polymorphisms and their relationship with gastric cancer risk: a biochemical perspective on oxidative stress

BACKGROUND

Gastric cancer (GC) is a significant global health issue, with oxidative stress playing a pivotal role in its pathogenesis. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1), an enzyme with antioxidant properties, may modulate oxidative stress and cancer susceptibility. This study examined the association between two PON1 polymorphisms, rs662 (Q192R) and rs854560 (L55M), and their effects on GC risk and oxidative stress markers.

METHODS

The study included 250 histopathologically confirmed GC patients and 210 healthy controls. PON1 polymorphisms were genotyped, and biochemical markers-including PON1 and arylesterase (ARE) activities, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI)-were quantified.

RESULTS

The genotype frequencies of rs854560 and rs662 differed significantly between GC patients and controls. The rs854560 polymorphism was linked to GC risk in co-dominant and dominant inheritance models, while rs662 was associated in co-dominant, dominant, and recessive models. PON1 and ARE activities were significantly reduced in GC patients compared to controls (p = 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). TAC was higher in controls (p = 0.006), whereas TOS and OSI showed non-significant trends toward elevation in the GC group (p = 0.093 and p = 0.181, respectively). Genotype stratification revealed significant variations in PON1, ARE, TAC, TOS, and OSI levels across rs854560 and rs662 variants.

CONCLUSION

Our findings indicate that genetic polymorphisms in PON1, specifically rs662 and rs854560, influence susceptibility to gastric cancer by altering oxidative stress markers. These findings provide insights into how PON1 genetic variations affect oxidative stress and contribute to cancer risk.

Effect of autologous cytokine-rich serum and platelet-rich plasma administration on oxidative status, minerals and proinflammatory cytokines in brain and serum in cyclophosphamide-induced ovarian failure

Cyclophosphamide (CP) is one of the most commonly used chemotherapy agents and carries a high risk of ovarian damage. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of autologous cytokine-rich serum (ACRS) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on brain oxidative status, mineral levels, and proinflammatory cytokines in rats with CP-induced ovarian failure. A total of 42 female Wistar rats (12-weeks-old) were used in the study. Six of these rats were allocated as donors, and the remaining 36 rats were randomly distributed into six groups (n = 6 per group). Group 1 received no treatment. On the 1st and 7th days, 75 mg/kg of CP was administered intraperitoneally to Groups 4, 5, and 6. On day 1, PRP was administered intraovarianly to Groups 2 and 5, while ACRS was administered intraovarianly to Groups 3 and 6. Additionally, PRP and ACRS were administered intraperitoneally to the respective groups on 7th and 14th days.The study was terminated at the end of the 31st day. Brain tissue and blood samples were collected for biochemical analyses and ovarian tissue samples were collected for histomorphological examinations. Morphological analysis using Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) staining and immunohistochemical evaluation for AMH, α-SMA, and IL-1β were conducted on the ovaries. Proinflammatory cytokines and insulin levels were measured using ELISA test kits. TAS/TOS levels were assessed using Relassay Diagnostic kits. Biochemical parameters and mineral levels were measured using autoanalyzer. Histopathological evaluation revealed that follicular degeneration, congestion, hemorrhage, edema, and inflammatory cell infiltration, as well as the number of atretic follicles and IL-1β immunoreactivity, were observed at the highest levels in the CP group (Group 4). In contrast, the numbers of primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary follicles, along with AMH and α-SMA immunoreactivity levels, were found to be the lowest in this group. However, positive therapeutic effects were observed in the CP-treated groups (Groups 5 and 6). In the serum, increased levels of AST, ALT, creatinine, glucose, LDL, TOS, Ca, Fe, Mg, IL-1β, IL-1α, TNF-α, and NF-kB were detected in the CP groups (G4, G5, G6) compared to the control groups (G1, G2, and G3). In brain tissue, a decrease of total protein and total cholesterol levels were observed in the CP groups (G4, G5, G6) compared to the control groups, while increases in Na, Cl, Fe, IL-1β, IL-1α, TNF-α, and NF-kB levels were detected. In conclusion, PRP and ACRS therapies from the patient's own blood have a potential as supportive or chemopreventive strategies with reduced side effects and treatment costs.

Dual blockade of TLR-4 and mu-opioid receptor by very low-dose naltrexone prevents respiratory depression via modulating redox homeostasis and airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), is characterized by poorly irreversible airflow obstruction and abnormal inflammatory response in lungs. It represents an innate and adaptive immune response to long term exposure to noxious particles and gases, particularly cigarette smoke (CS). The current pharmacological treatment of COPD is symptomatic and mainly based on the use of bronchodilators reducing the lung function progression. The present study explores a comprehensive exploration into the therapeutic potential of Naltrexone (NTX), an FDA-approved non-peptide opioid antagonist, in managing COPD pathogenesis. NTX exhibits distinct responses across varying dosages where it implies a dose pharmacological profile, with dose-dependent targets yielding diverse effects. The study aims to uncover its efficacy in experimental mice model of COPD by observing redox homeostasis, inflammatory responses, and apoptosis encompassing variable doses. Our findings reveal promising outcomes, particularly with VLDN (100 μg/kgbw and 50 μg/kgbw), where a significant reduction in ROS, NO and positive impacts on TOS and TAS, was observed which indicates its potential as an oxidative stress modulator. Furthermore, VLDN modulated the antioxidant enzymatic activity thereby reducing the apoptotic phenomenon via caspase-3. VLDN significantly reduced the inflammatory response by inhibiting the inflammatory mediators (histamine, LDH and CRP) and suppressing cytokine production (TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-6). The study also delved into intricate pathway where mechanistically VLDN exerted anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the activation of NF-kB/MAPK signalling via TLR4. These findings collectively highlight VLDN multifaceted impact in mitigating oxidative stress, inflammation influencing apoptosis in COPD management, offering valuable insights for future therapeutic strategies.

Ischemia-Modified Albumin and Oxidative Stress Marker in Acute Appendicitis: A Prospective Study

INTRODUCTION

Acute appendicitis is a common surgical emergency in childhood and adulthood. However, perforated appendicitis is a condition that requires early diagnosis and treatment due to the increased risk of complications. In our study, we aimed to evaluate the clinical values of various biochemical, hematological, and inflammatory parameters in order to distinguish acute appendicitis from perforated appendicitis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 87 participants aged 18-65 y were enrolled in this prospective study. 29 patients with acute appendicitis, 29 patients with perforated appendicitis, and 29 healthy controls were included. Serum urea, creatinine, lactate dehydrogenase, and C-reactive protein concentrations were measured using an automated analyser, and whole blood parameters were measured using a haematological analyser. Total antioxidant status, total oxidant status, total thiol (TT), and native thiol (NT) levels were measured photometrically. Oxidative stress index and disulfide (DIS) level were calculated mathematically. Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) levels were measured photometrically using commercially purchased kits.

RESULTS

The elevated levels of urea, lactate dehydrogenase, C-reactive protein, white blood cell, and platelet count in the acute and perforated appendicitis groups compared to controls, significantly (P < 0.001). Oxidative stress markers (total oxidant status, oxidative stress index, DIS, DIS/TT, DIS/NT, and IMA) were higher, while antioxidant markers (total antioxidant status, TT, NT, and NT/TT) were lower in the appendicitis groups (P < 0.001). Additionally, inflammatory markers IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α were elevated, particularly in the perforated appendicitis group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

IMA is a promising biomarker for distinguishing perforated appendicitis from acute appendicitis. Its role, in conjunction with other oxidative stress and inflammatory markers, may enhance diagnostic precision and aid clinicians in timely intervention, potentially reducing complications associated with delayed or missed diagnoses. Further studies are warranted to validate these findings.

(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate and chlorogenic acid in combination with vitamin D as a therapeutic approach for letrozole-induced polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) rats: Biochemical and hormonal modulation

Treatment with phytochemicals have shown promising results in managing various diseases including Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) which is an endocrine gynecological disorder affecting reproductive aged women. This study has demonstrated that Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and chlorogenic acid (CGA) in combination with vitamin D can significantly reduce PCOS like characteristics including ovarian cysts, hyperandrogenism, fasting blood glucose level, insulin resistance, hyperlipidaemia, ROS formation, oxidative stress, DNA damage, and ovarian histomorphology in letrozole induced PCOS rats. PCOS was induced in female Wistar rats by giving 1 mg/kg/day letrozole for 21 days through oral gavage. EGCG (100 mg/kg/day) and CGA (120 mg/kg/day) in combination with vitamin D (25 mcg/kg/day) was given orally for 15 days, from day 21-35. Metformin treatment was used as a positive control. Histological, microscopic analysis, and chemiluminescent immunoassays were performed to evaluate decrement in PCOS like symptoms. Nitric oxide (RNS) production, antioxidant status, and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were also assessed. Ovary homogenates and plasma samples of rats were also examined for markers of protein, lipid, and DNA oxidation. Activities of enzymatic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, Paraoxonase-1 status) were also evaluated. EGCG + vitamin D and CGA + vitamin D has been found to restore hormonal balance by modulating steroidogenic enzymes, they also improved antioxidant enzyme activity including SOD, catalase, glutathione reductase, PON-1 arylesterase, PON-1 CMPAase, etc. Similarly, EGCG + vitamin D and CGA + vitamin D treatment have shown efficacy in normalizing the estrus cycle, reducing ovarian cysts, and improving ovarian histomorphology. They also assisted in alleviating triglycerides and cholesterol levels and maintained liver function enzymes level. However, EGCG + vitamin D proves to have better therapeutic potential modulates glucose metabolic pathways, by reducing blood glucose levels, advanced glycation end product formation, decreasing ROS generation and oxidative stress; consequently, lowers hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance. Overall, EGCG + vitamin D treatment offers a comprehensive approach in managing PCOS by targeting multiple pathways associated with this disorder, making it a potential alternative to conventional therapies.

Differential Effects of Sphingolipids on Cell Death and Antioxidant Defenses in Type 1 and Type 2 Endometrial Cancer Cells

Endometrial cancer (EC) is classified into two main subtypes with distinct molecular profiles. Sphingolipids, particularly ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), are crucial regulators of cell survival, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. This study examined the impact of sphingolipid metabolism in Ishikawa (type 1) and HEC-1A (type 2) EC cells following the silencing of Sptlc1 and Sptlc2, which encode subunits of serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT), a key enzyme in de novo sphingolipid synthesis. Gene silencing was confirmed by RT-PCR and Western blot, while sphingolipid levels were quantified using UHPLC/MS/MS and the sphingolipid rheostat (S1P/ceramide ratio) was calculated. Cell viability (MTT assay), cell death, ROS levels (ELISA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), catalase and caspase-3 activity, and mitochondrial membrane potential were also assessed. The obtained data showed higher ceramide levels in Ishikawa(CON) cells and higher S1P levels in HEC-1A(CON) cells, resulting in a higher sphingolipid rheostat in HEC-1A cells. SPT knockdown reduced sphingolipid levels, increased cell viability, elevated ROS levels, and decreased cell death, particularly in Ishikawa cells. Furthermore, after gene silencing, these cells exhibited reduced catalase activity and diminished TAC, indicating an impaired redox balance. These findings reveal subtype-specific responses to disrupted sphingolipid synthesis and highlight the importance of sphingolipid homeostasis in the behavior of EC cells.

Use of Fermented Black Tea (Camellia sinensis) Factory Wastes in Standard Rat Diets

Although there are studies on the use of different tea extracts in animal diets, there are no studies on the use of fermented black tea factory production waste (FTFW) in rodent diets. This study aims to evaluate the effects of FTFW, considered an environmentally hazardous waste, in standard rat diets regarding nutritional, histopathological, and biochemical parameters. In this study, 40 male Wistar albino rats (70 days old, with a live weight of 200-250 g) were divided into four groups, each containing 10 rats. They were fed standard rat diets for 63 days, with varying amounts (0%, 3%, 5%, and 10%) of tea production waste. At the end of the experiment, biochemical analysis of blood and histopathological analysis of all organs were performed. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of body weight, internal organ weights, or serum biochemical parameters (p > 0.05). No pathological findings were observed in any of the groups. The group receiving 10% tea waste, which had the highest total polyphenol level (1.42 ppm), also showed the highest serum total antioxidant status (TAS) (p < 0.05). In contrast, this group had the lowest total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) levels (p < 0.05). The study concluded that FTFW can be included in the pellet diet of rats without changing their general health status and that a potential environmental pollutant can be used in rat diets.

Protective effects of lupeol on pesticides induced testicular and oxidative damage of male rats

Pesticides are used as insecticides in agriculture. Lupeol (LUP) is a dietary triterpene with antioxidant effects. This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of LUP against testicular pesticides toxicity via histological and biochemical findings. Wistar albino rats were used. Control, corn oil, malathion (MAL), chlorpyrifos (CPF), tebuconazole (TEB), LUP, MAL + LUP, CPF + LUP, and TEB + LUP group. Control group rats were given physiological saline. Corn oil is used as a solvent in the preparation of pesticide agents. MAL 50 mg/kg, CPF 10 mg/kg, TEB 50 mg/kg (first 4 days) and 25 mg/kg (last 4 days), LUP 20 mg/kg were given via oral gavage. After 10 days, rats were dissected, and testes were taken for histological analysis. Oxidative stress parameters were determined spectrophotometrically in testicular tissue specimens. In the pesticide group, histological and biochemical damage score increased, morphological sperm smear defects were also detected. These defects were reversed upon the administration of LUP. LUP demonstrated an ameliorative effect on histopathological and biochemical parameters in pesticide induced testicular damage.

Activity assays for flavoprotein oxidases: an overview

Flavoprotein oxidases have found many biotechnological applications. For identifying and improving their characteristics, it is essential to have reliable and robust assay methodology available. The methodologies used to monitor their activity seem to be scattered in the literature and seem often selected based on convenience. Due to the diversity of reactions catalyzed by flavoprotein oxidases, it is virtually impossible to recommend a single activity assay. A literature analysis of 60 recent papers describing flavoprotein oxidases revealed that continuous spectrophotometric assays, in particular colorimetric assays, are the preferred choice, as they are facile, scalable and allow for better interpretation of data than discontinuous assays. Colorimetric assays typically rely on the extinction coefficient of a monitored chromogenic product, which can be highly variable depending on the experimental conditions. Therefore, it is important to determine the extinction coefficient under the specific experimental conditions used, rather than taking it directly from the literature. To provide a guideline and assist in standardization, this review describes the most commonly utilized activity assays for flavoprotein oxidases, along with their respective merits and limitations. KEY POINTS: • Researchers should be more aware of limitations of activity assays. • Extinction coefficients should be determined for the appropriate experimental setup. • New robust activity assays are desired.

Oxidative Stress and Dynamic Thiol/Disulfide Homeostasis in Autism: A Focus on Early Childhood

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition with multifactorial etiopathogenesis, where oxidative stress (OS) has been implicated as a key contributing factor. This study aimed to evaluate the plasma dynamic thiol/disulfide homeostasis (DTDH) parameters-a relatively novel OS biomarker-alongside classical OS biomarkers, including total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), oxidative stress index (OSI), glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), in preschool children diagnosed with ASD. A total of 49 children with ASD and 31 age- and sex-matched typically developing children between the ages of 2 and 6 years were included. In addition to sociodemographic data collection, the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) and Clinical Global Impression-Severity Scale (CGI-S) were administered to assess autism severity. Blood samples were analyzed using automated spectrophotometric techniques to determine OS biomarkers. The results demonstrated that DTDH parameters and classical OS markers exhibited parallel changes; however, no statistically significant differences were detected between the ASD and control groups across all OS markers. Furthermore, no significant association was found between OS biomarkers and autism severity. Moreover, we intentionally restricted our sample to a younger age group to enable a focused examination of OS dynamics during early developmental stages. This study underscores the potential impact of age as a critical determinant in OS-related alterations in autism and highlights the need for further age-stratified investigations to elucidate the role of OS in ASD pathophysiology and its potential diagnostic relevance.

Reduction of Torsion-Detorsion-Induced Testicular Damage With Hawthorn Extract: Oxidative, Hormonal, and Histological Effects

This study aimed to find out how hawthorn extract protects against damage caused by torsion/detorsion (T/D). In the study, four groups were formed, each consisting of eight rats: control, T/D, low-dose hawthorn extract (T/D + LD), and high-dose hawthorn extract (T/D + HD). The effect of testosterone hormone and oxidative stress parameters of total antioxidant level (TAS), total oxidant level (TOS), as well as oxidative stress index (OSI) were evaluated. We examined the histopathological effects of the hawthorn extract. Additionally, sperm count and motility were analyzed. The analyses were conducted using the IBM SPSS v22 program, and a p-value of less than 0.05 was deemed statistically significant. Testosterone, TAS, TOS, and OSI parameters show statistical differences between the groups (p = 0.014, p = 0.009, p = 0.021, p = 0.004, respectively). Group differences in testicular volume are statistically significant (p = 0.001). The sperm count exhibits a statistically significant difference between the groups (p = 0.00). Sperm motility was affected only by groups at a statistically significant level (p = 0.00). Histopathologically, tissue damage decreased in the hawthorn extract groups compared to the T/D groups. Hawthorn extract has the potential to alleviate T/D-induced damage by reducing oxidative stress and protecting testicular tissue. The findings suggest that hawthorn extract may have therapeutic potential in mitigating oxidative damage caused by testicular torsion and providing sustained protective effects. Longer-term studies should explore the effects of hawthorn extract in greater detail, as these findings indicate that it may be a promising treatment option for acute testicular injury.

Evaluation of Anti-Obesity Potential of Isolated Bioactive Fractions From Justicia Adhatoda Leaves: An In Vitro, In Vivo, and 3T3-L1 Cell Line Approach Using High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography Coupled With Mass Spectrometry for Compound Identification

This study was conducted to investigate the anti-obesity effects of bioactive fractions JAF2 and JAF3 from Justicia adhatoda (JA) in vitro using enzymatic assays, 3T3-L1 cells, and in vivo using a monosodium glutamate-high-fat diet (MSG-HFD) model. High-performance thin-layer chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPTLC-MS-MSn) was finally utilized to analyze bioactive fractions for the compounds responsible for the activity. In vitro, the anti-obesity effects of JAF2 and JAF3 were assessed in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, revealing that JAF2 significantly reduced lipid and triglyceride levels. In the in vivo MSG-HFD-induced obesity model, JAF2 improved hepatic profiles, countered oxidative stress, enhanced lipid profiles, and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines. Overall, the assessment revealed a significant reduction in adipose tissue content in the treated groups, keeping other organ profiles safe. As per future perspectives, these cocktail fractions can be used in the context of genetically predisposed obesity in modern days.

The brine shrimp Artemia franciscana as a model for astrobiological studies: Physiological adaptations to Mars-like atmospheric pressure conditions

Understanding the adaptation mechanisms of extremophiles to extreme environments is fundamental to predicting organisms' capacity to survive in space and plan future space exploration missions. This study explores the physiological and metabolic adaptations of nauplii of a eukaryotic organism, Artemia franciscana, hatched from cysts exposed to Mars-like pressure conditions (6 mbar) by analyzing aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, mitochondrial function, and oxidative stress in nauplii. Mars-like pressure did not inhibit nauplii's hatching or in vivo respiration, indicating that the fundamental metabolic functions are preserved but affected cellular metabolism. The lower lactate levels suggested reduced anaerobic metabolism, and the reduction in the activity of Complex I of the electron transport chain, resulting in reduced in vitro respiration supported by pyruvate plus malate, suggested an effect on aerobic metabolism. However, the succinate-supported respiration remained stable according to unchanged Complex II activity. Changes in aerobic metabolism could affect Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production and management. We did not observe changes in ROS levels according to the unchanged activity of NADPH oxidase, a source of ROS in the early development stages of nauplii. A total antioxidant capacity reduction and increased susceptibility to oxidants were observed despite this. However, lipid and protein oxidative stress markers levels remained unchanged, likely due to the increased activity of antioxidant enzymes. Our results underscore the resilience of the cysts to Mars-like pressure conditions, indicating the potential of Artemia franciscana as a model organism in astrobiological research, opening new avenues for exploration in astrobiology.

Attenuation of Chronic Oxidative Stress-Induced Testicular and Epididymal Dysfunction by Oral Intake of Lepidium meyenii in New Zealand Rabbits

Lepidium meyenii (Maca) is a plant that has nutritional benefits and increases the effectiveness of male reproduction. In this study, oxidative stress-exposed New Zealand rabbits were used to assess the ameliorative effects of daily Maca ingestion on testicular and epididymal tissues as well as the quality of fresh and frozen/thawed sperm. Twenty-four 40-week-old, healthy New Zealand white male rabbits were divided into four groups. The first group consumed tap water and served as a control. The second group was given 300 mg of Maca daily in capsules. The third group drank water containing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at a concentration of 1%. Finally, the fourth group consumed H2O2 and Maca daily. The ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, vitality, motility and velocity of the H2O2 group were considerably lower than those of the other groups. Frozen/thawed spermatozoa showed more dramatic decreases in motility and velocity as a result of H2O2 consumption. The plasma concentrations of testosterone and total antioxidant capacity were also lowest in the H2O2-treated rabbits, while malondialdehyde levels were highest. Exposure to H2O2 increased collagen deposition between ST and epididymal ducts which induced testicular and epididymis fibrosis. In addition, the spermatogenic and epididymal epithelial cells exhibited signs of apoptosis, degeneration, vacuolation and a reduction in height. Maca intake attenuated most of the damaging effects of H2O2 ingestion-induced oxidative stress. Furthermore, H2O2-treated rabbits had modest nuclear androgen receptor positivity, unlike those in the Maca group. The number of Leydig cells significantly increased with daily Maca intake. In conclusion, daily intake of Maca improved reproductive performance and mitigated the damaging effects of oxidative stress on testicular and epididymal functions in New Zealand rabbits.

Combination of 5-Fluorouracil and Thymoquinone for Enhanced Cytotoxicity, Genotoxicity and Apoptosis In Colorectal Cancer: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

Research on the effects of herbal-derived natural active substances on cancer treatment and their combination with conventional treatments has intensified. This study analyzed the cytotoxic, genotoxic, apoptotic, and anticancer effects of combined treatment with 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) and thymoquinone (TQ) on colorectal cancer. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using the ATP assay, DNA damage was assessed through the comet assay, apoptosis was measured via acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining and annexin V-FITC dye, and the expression of proapoptotic and antiapoptotic proteins was determined by western blot analysis. Transfected LoVo cells were injected subcutaneously into nude mice, and following treatment, oxidative stress and inflammation markers were examined in blood samples, while growth factors and vascularization markers were analyzed in tissue samples. The combination therapy at low concentrations resulted in increased cytotoxicity, DNA damage, apoptosis, and intracellular reactive oxygen species (p < 0.001), while simultaneously decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential and glutathione levels (p < 0.001), in comparison to monotherapy with TQ or 5-FU. Additionally, tissue levels of TGF-β1 and VEGF-α were significantly reduced (p < 0.001). Results demonstrates that while TQ or 5-FU alone have notable anticancer effects, their combination offers greater efficacy in mitigating molecular changes in both In Vitro and In Vivo models. Future studies should focus on optimizing the formulation, understanding the molecular mechanisms, and evaluating the efficacy and safety of the TQ and 5-FU combination across different cancer types.

How does bovine milk-based fortification alter the oxidant-antioxidant profile of breast milk in preterm infants?

OBJECTIVES

Fortification of breast milk (BM) is recommended to enhance protein, vitamin, and mineral content, supporting improved growth in preterm infants. However, the impact of fortification on the oxidant-antioxidant balance in BM has not been previously studied. This study aims to evaluate the effects of fortification with a bovine milk-based fortifier on the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidant status (TOS) in preterm BM.

METHODS

In this prospective cohort study, transitional milk (TM) (6-10 days postpartum) and mature milk (MM) (>15 days postpartum) samples were collected from mothers of preterm infants receiving fortified BM. TAC and TOS were measured in BM samples before and after fortification. The oxidative stress index (OSI), defined as the TOS-to-TAC ratio, was used to assess oxidative stress levels.

RESULTS

Seventy-five BM samples from 59 preterm infants, with a mean gestational age of 31.4 ± 2.8 weeks, were analyzed. TAC levels were consistent between TM and MM of the preterm infants. TOS levels and OSI were lower in TM compared to MM (p = 0.019 and p = 0.033, respectively). Fortification led to increased TAC and TOS in both TM (p < 0.001 each) and MM (p < 0.001 each). The OSI was higher in fortified TM (p = 0.032) compared to unfortified TM, while OSI remained unchanged in fortified MM (p = 0.39).

CONCLUSIONS

Preterm TM exhibits a more favorable oxidant-antioxidant profile compared to MM. Fortification elevates both TAC and TOS in preterm BM. In MM, the oxidant-antioxidant balance is maintained post-fortification; however, in TM, the increase in TOS exceeds that of TAC, resulting in a higher OSI.

Impact of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) pollen supplementation on growth performance, carcass traits, cecal microbial composition, and blood parameters in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix Japonica)

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of date palm pollen (DPP) supplementation in the diet of Japanese quail on growth performance, carcass characteristics, blood biomarkers, and intestinal bacterial load. A total of 360 unsexed one-day-old Japanese quail chicks were randomly assigned to four experimental groups using a completely randomized design. Each group was further subdivided into three replicates, each consisting of 30 chicks. In the experiment, the first group was given control (basal diet); the second group was given the same basal diet plus 3 g/kg of DPP; the third group was given the same basal diet plus 5 g/kg of DPP; and the fourth group was given the same basal diet plus 7 g/kg of DPP. The results revealed significant differences between treatments, with DPP supplementation leading to increased body weight (BW) and body weight gain (BWG) during the initial weeks (P < 0.05), and these differences became more pronounced (P < 0.01) in the later stages of the study. Additionally, the DPP-treated groups demonstrated lower feed intake (FI) and improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) than the control group. Supplementation with DPP significantly (P < 0.05) influenced carcass, liver, spleen, thymus, and bursa percentage. The addition of DPP to the quail diet significantly impacted (P < 0.01) all hematological parameters, except for red blood cell concentration. Biochemical analysis showed a significant increase (P < 0.01) in total protein, albumin, globulin, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels in the DPP groups. In contrast, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), urea, creatinine, cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were significantly reduced (P < 0.01). DPP supplementation had a significant impact on antioxidant enzyme activities, with the 5 g/kg and 7 g/kg DPP groups showing significant increases (P < 0.01) in total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) levels. Furthermore, malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) concentrations were significantly reduced (P < 0.01). According to microbiological tests, the DPP-treated groups had reduced Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus levels. In summary, adding DPP to the diet of Japanese quail enhances their gut microbiota composition, growth performance, carcass characteristics, and biochemical markers.

Evaluation of thiol/disulfide homeostasis and ischemia modified albumin as potential markers for periodontitis

BACKGROUND

The current study aimed to assess the impact of periodontitis on oxidative stress parameters by examining serum total antioxidant capacity (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), thiol/ disulfide homeostasis and ischemia modified albumin (IMA).

METHODS

The study had 90 participants, categorized into 3 groups: Group 1: Periodontally healthy; Group 2: Stage II Grade B periodontitis; Group 3: Stage III and IV Grade B periodontitis. Demographic and periodontal variables were assessed. The levels of serum TAS, TOS, OSI, IMA, and thiol/disulfide were assessed.

RESULTS

No significant differences in sex and age were detected among the groups (p > 0.05). When compared to Group 1, all clinical measurements were statistically significantly greater in Group 3 (p < 0.05). Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in serum TAS, TOS, and OSI levels among the groups (p > 0.05). The highest serum IMA value was observed in Group 3 (p = 0.037), whereas native thiol (p = 0.00), total thiol (p = 0.00) and disulfide values (p = 0.023) were highest in Group 1.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings indicate that thiol/disulfide homeostasis and IMA could hold promise as a potential biomarker of inflammation in periodontitis.

Extracellular DNA and Deoxyribonuclease Activity as Potential Biomarkers of Inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis

Neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis (MS), involving complex interactions between reactive oxygen species (ROS), cytokines, chemokines, and immune cells. Among these, neutrophils contribute to sustained inflammation through degranulation, ROS production, and the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Extracellular DNA (ecDNA), a key component of NETs, may act as an autoantigen, promoting chronic inflammation and tissue damage. Additionally, impaired NETs and ecDNA degradation by deoxyribonucleases (DNases) may contribute to persistence of inflammation. The aim of the present study was to determine the levels of ecDNA and DNase activity in both blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in newly diagnosed, treatment-naïve adult patients with relapsing-remitting MS and whether it correlates with disease severity and inflammatory activity in MS. Fifty-one treatment-naïve relapsing-remitting MS patients without disease-modifying therapy and 16 healthy controls (HC) were included in our study. Blood and CSF samples were analyzed for ecDNA, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) levels, and DNase activity. Correlations with inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, MRI lesion burden, and the expanded disability status scale (EDSS) were analyzed. MS patients exhibited significantly elevated ecDNA levels and reduced DNase activity in blood plasma compared to HC. EcDNA levels positively correlated with inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and disease severity (EDSS). Furthermore, ecDNA and mtDNA levels in CSF positively correlated with inflammatory gadolinium-enhancing MRI lesions. Interestingly, no DNase activity was detected in CSF in both MS patients and HC. Our findings demonstrate that MS patients exhibit significantly elevated ecDNA levels and reduced DNase activity in blood plasma, which correlate with inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and disease severity (EDSS). Additionally, increased ecDNA and mtDNA levels in CSF are associated with higher inflammatory activity, as reflected by gadolinium-enhancing MRI lesions. Considering the pro-inflammatory nature of ecDNA in perpetuating sterile inflammation, these results suggest a potential role of circulating nucleic acids in MS pathogenesis. Furthermore, impaired DNase activity may contribute to the persistence of ecDNA, potentially sustaining pro-inflammatory state in MS. Nevertheless, it remains unclear whether elevated ecDNA actively contributes to neuroinflammation or simply reflects ongoing immune activation. Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying ecDNA release and degradation and its implications in MS progression.

Antibiotic-derived approaches in cancer therapy: effectiveness of ikarugamycin in hexokinase-2 inhibition, tissue factor modulation, and metabolic regulation in breast cancer

We aimed to explore the role of ikarugamycin (IKA) in breast cancer, its connection with hexokinase-2 (HK-2) repression, and tissue factor (TF). This study sought to extend the role of HK-2 as a TF activator in a comprehensive analysis of these interactions from the enzyme, gene, and protein levels. The investigation was performed with MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer lines. The oxidative stress index (OSI), lactate production, and HK activity were assessed using colorimetric assays. Western blot and quantitative PCR analyses were performed to determine HK-2 and TF expressions. Prothrombin time Tests additionally assessed the effect of IKA therapy on TF activation. Three over four significantly downregulated genes were identified after a specific analysis of the IKA's effect on HK-2 and TF in breast cancer cell lines. In the IKA treatment group, lactate production was markedly reduced ( P  < 0.05) and hexokinase activity was found to be reduced in all groups ( P  < 0.05, <0.01). Paclitaxel cytotoxicity independently causes lower OSI in all IKA-treated groups as compared to controls even though OSI is elevated in IKA groups compared to control. Molecular analysis results demonstrated significantly downregulated HK-2 and TF expressions at the protein level ( P  < 0.05, P  < 0.01). Partial thromboplastin time results also showed that IKA-treated cells had longer TF activation duration. A potential indirect association of HK-2 inhibition and TF regulation in breast cancer cells is put forward in this study by presenting IKA's bioactivation of breast cancer in all gene, protein, and enzyme levels.

Melatonin and Methylprednisolone Combination Ameliorates Inflammation and Enhances Recovery After Sciatic Nerve Crush Injury

This sham-controlled animal study aimed to investigate the effects of melatonin and methylprednisolone combination on motor function, nerve conduction and histopathological and biochemical findings in rats with sciatic nerve crush injury. Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 6 groups (n = 8): CT: control, VEH: sciatic nerve injury, LMP: 15-mg/kg methylprednisolone, high-dose methylprednisolone (HMP): 30-mg/kg methylprednisolone, MEL: 15-mg/kg melatonin, MMP: 15-mg/kg methylprednisolone+15-mg/kg melatonin. The rats were evaluated with Sciatic Functional Index (SFI), nerve conduction study, interleukin-1β (IL-1ß), nerve growth factor (NGF), total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and histopathological scores. There were no significant intergroup differences in baseline tests. SFI significantly improved in all treated groups with no significant intergroup differences. Motor amplitude improved most in MMP, LMP and MEL, respectively. Nerve conduction velocity significantly improved in MMP compared to VEH. There were no significant intergroup differences regarding serum NGF, TAS and TOS. Tissue NGF levels were higher in LMP, HMP and MEL. IL-1ß levels were significantly lower in CT and MMP. Tissue oxidative stress levels were significantly lower in treated groups compared to VEH, with no significant difference among them. MMP showed greater histopathological improvement. Melatonin combination therapy in sciatic nerve crush injury provided adequate functional improvement, superior electrophysiological and histopathological recovery compared to high-dose methylprednisolone and exhibited better anti-inflammatory activity through IL-1ß.

Enoxaparin Protects C6 Glioma Cells from Glutamate-Induced Cytotoxicity by Reducing Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis

Recent studies suggest enoxaparin may protect the central nervous system (CNS) from damage. However, its specific effects on glial cells and the underlying mechanisms involving cell death and oxidative stress require further investigation. Therefore, this research investigated enoxaparin's potential to safeguard C6 glioma cells against glutamate-induced cytotoxicity, specifically focusing on its influence on oxidative stress and apoptotic mechanisms. To investigate the neuroprotective effects of enoxaparin against glutamate-induced cytotoxicity in C6 cells, four groups were established: a control group, a group exposed to 10 mM glutamate, a group treated with enoxaparin at concentrations ranging from 25 to 200 µM, and a group receiving both 10 mM glutamate and enoxaparin at concentrations ranging from 25 to 200 µM. Cell viability was measured using an XTT assay. To evaluate the effects of enoxaparin on oxidative stress, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured using ELISA, along with total antioxidant status (TAS) and total oxidant status (TOS). Apoptosis was evaluated using flow cytometry, and caspase-3 activity, a key marker of apoptosis, was assessed using caspase-3 immunofluorescence staining. Enoxaparin at 50, 100, and 200 µM markedly increased cell viability in the enoxaparin + glutamate group. Enoxaparin treatment in the enoxaparin + glutamate group also significantly elevated levels of SOD and TAS, while concurrently decreasing MDA and TOS levels. These changes indicate a reduction in oxidative stress. Enoxaparin treatment further resulted in a significant decline in cleaved caspase-3 levels, a marker of apoptosis. Enoxaparin pre-treatment reduced cell death according to flow cytometry analysis. This study suggests enoxaparin's potential to shield C6 glioma cells from glutamate-induced cell death by mitigating both oxidative stress and apoptotic pathways. More research is needed to confirm this effect.

Extract optimization and biological activities of Otidea onotica using Artificial Neural Network-Genetic Algorithm and response surface methodology techniques

In this study, the biological activities of Otidea onotica were investigated using two optimization methods, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Artificial Neural Network-Genetic Algorithm (ANN-GA). The extracts were tested for phenolic content, antioxidant potential, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activities and antiproliferative effects against A549 lung cancer cell line. The results show that the extracts obtained by ANN-GA optimization exhibited higher antioxidant activity compared to RSM extracts and had higher total antioxidant status (TAS), DPPH and FRAP values. Phenolic content analysis revealed eight phenolic compounds and the compounds with the highest concentrations were caffeic acid (in RSM extract) and gallic acid (in ANN-GA extract), respectively. Both extracts showed strong cytotoxic effects against A549 cells depending on the concentration, with ANN-GA extract showing higher antiproliferative activity. Our study provides important findings on the biological activities and therapeutic potential of O. onotica and particularly reveals that the ANN-GA optimization method plays an important role in increasing biological activity. The findings show that O. onotica extracts can be used in the treatment of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases in the future and that optimization techniques offer an effective strategy for enriching phenolic contents.

Effect of dexpanthenol on glycerol-induced acute kidney injury by targeting the PGC-1α/SIRT3 pathway

Rhabdomyolysis (RM) can lead to life-threatening myoglobinuric acute kidney injury (AKI). Despite various treatment modalities for AKI, their effectiveness remains limited. Dexpanthenol (DEX) is an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic agent with demonstrated protective effects on various tissues. The current study aimed to investigate the protective effects and genetic mechanisms of DEX in AKI due to glycerol-induced RM. Thirty-two female Wistar Albino rats weighing between 250-300 g were allocated into four groups of eight rats each. The control group was given five days of intraperitoneal saline. The RM group was treated with an intramuscular injection of 8 ml/kg of 50% glycerol solution. The RM + DEX group was administered an intramuscular injection of 8 ml/kg of 50% glycerol solution and an intraperitoneal injection of 500 mg/kg DEX for five days, starting one hour after glycerol administration. The DEX group was treated with an intraperitoneal injection of 500 mg/kg DEX for five days. On the sixth day, rats were sacrificed and kidney tissues were taken. Histopathological analyses were performed on kidney tissue. Biochemical analyses were performed on kidney tissue and blood to evaluate kidney function and oxidative stress (BUN, creatinine, urea, CK, LDH, cystatin C, TAS, TOS, MDA, and CAT). Additionally, PGC-1α and SIRT-3 gene expression levels in kidney tissue were determined by qRT-PCR. All biomarkers significantly increased in the RM group. DEX treatment significantly reduced urea and creatinine levels. The increase in TOS levels and OSI in the RM group was significant compared to the control group, DEX treatment significantly reversed these effects. The RM and RM + DEX groups exhibited RM and nephropathy. Histopathological analysis revealed improvements in the RM + DEX group compared to the RM group. DEX treatment increased the expression of PGC-1α and SIRT-3 in the RM + DEX group. Histopathological and biochemical improvements, including reduced kidney damage and oxidative stress, were observed with DEX treatment and was associated with increased expression of the PGC-1α and SIRT-3 genes.

Optimization of Phellinus hartigii extracts: Biological activities, and phenolic content analysis

BACKGROUND

Medicinal mushrooms are sources of natural substances with diverse biological functions. The study evaluated the biological activity of Phellinus hartigii (Allesch. & Schnabl) Pat. and optimized extraction conditions to the maximize its bioactive potential.

METHODS

Extraction was performed using a Soxhlet apparatus under varying conditions: temperatures (30, 50, and 70 °C), durations (1, 5.5, and 10 h), and ethanol/water ratios (0%, 50%, and 100%). Total antioxidant status (TAS) was analyzed across 17 experiments, and the optimal conditions were identified using response surface methodology (RSM). Extracts from optimal conditions were further analyzed for antioxidant capacity (Rel assay kits, DPPH, FRAP), anticholinesterase activity (acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase inhibition), antiproliferative activity (A549 lung cancer cell line), total phenolic content (Folin-Ciocalteu method), and phenolic compound profile (LC-MS/MS).

RESULTS

Optimal extraction conditions were determined to be 48.22 ˚C, 9.04 h, and an ethanol/water ratio of 52.22%. The extract exhibited significant antiproliferative effects against the A549 lung cancer cells, with activity increasing in a concentration-dependent manner. The inhibition values (IC50) of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase were 21.29 ± 0.41 and 35.51 ± 0.53 μg/mL, respectively. The TPC (total phenolic content) value of the optimized extract was determined as 88.21 ± 1.50 mg/g, FRAP value as 137.81 ± 1.72 mg/g, DPPH value as 106.07 ± 2.44 mg/g, TOS (total oxidant status) value as 9.27 ± 0.06 µmol/L, TAS value as 4.98 ± 0.03 mmol/L and OSI (oxidative stress index) value as 0.19 ± 0.002. LC-MS/MS analysis identified nine phenolic compounds, with gallic acid and catechin hydrate as the most abundant.

CONCLUSIONS

The extract of P. hartigii obtained under optimal conditions demonstrated substantial antioxidant, anticholinesterase, and antiproliferative activities, highlighting its therapeutic potential.

The Effects of Different Probiotic Administration on Dexamethasone-Associated Metabolic Effects

Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones used in clinical practice as an effective therapeutic option for their effects regarding the dysregulated immune reactions and hyperactive immune system. Their administration in the short- and long-term exposure has been associated with numerous metabolic side effects. Probiotics have been shown to modulate basal metabolism, inflammation, and oxidative stress through the regulation of composition and function of the gut microbial environment. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of Saccharomyces boulardii and Lactobacillus paracasei probiotics in dexamethasone-treated rats. The study comprised four groups, with 6 Charles River Wistar albino male rats/group; group 1 represented the negative control, rats from group 2 were administered dexamethasone, rats from group 3 were administered dexamethasone and probiotics containing the strain Saccharomyces boulardii, and rats from group 4 were administered dexamethasone and probiotics containing the strain Lactobacillus paracasei. We have assessed the plasmatic levels of glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-10, catalase activity, and total antioxidant capacity. The administration of dexamethasone led to elevated serum concentrations of glycolipid metabolism parameters and cytokines and resulted in hepatic steatosis at the morphological level. Administration of probiotics containing Saccharomyces boulardii or Lactobacillus paracasei reduced glucose and tumor necrosis factor-alpha serum concentration in dexamethasone-treated rats. Moreover, the administration of Lactobacillus paracasei probiotics in rats that received dexamethasone increased interleukin-10 and reduced catalase activity. Regarding the liver tissue morphology, the rats that received probiotics showed improved liver histological aspects compared to the dexamethasone-treated group, suggesting that probiotics could provide positive effects regarding the metabolic and histological disturbances induced by glucocorticoids.

Oxidative stress and anti-oxidant status in children with sepsis

BACKGROUND

Sepsis is a life-threating cause in childhood ages. The recognition and treatment early are significant for decreasing mortality. Sepsis has many factors and various biomarkers function in the pathogenesis, the stress indicators oxidants increased and antioxidants decreased. The objective of our study was to investigate the levels of thiol disulfides with and without sepsis in a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A cohort study was conducted between October 2022 and March 2023 at the PICU, comprising 64 with sepsis and 62 children without sepsis. Blood samples from sepsis and the control group were collected and centrifuged. Subsequently, the samples were stored at -80 °C until the day of the experiment. Once the requisite number of patients had been enrolled, the thiol-disulfide values in the collected samples were analysed in accordance with the ELISA kit method.

RESULTS

The research parameters investigated, namely total oxidant status, plasma 8-OHdG, total-native thiol and native/total thiol percent ratio, were found to be considerably elevated in the sepsis group in comparison to the control (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the oxidative stress parameters investigated (total antioxidant status, paraoxonase 1 activity, disulfide, disulfide/native thiol percent ratio, disulfide/total thiol percent ratio) were found to be significantly lower in the sepsis group than in control (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

In our study as well, we detected all antioxidant parameters are low and oxidant parameters are statistically significantly higher in sepsis. Our study posits that thiol-disulfide levels have the potential to serve as a diagnostic tool in conjunction with traditional established biomarkers of inflammation in critically ill children in the PICU who are being treated for sepsis.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION

Not applicable.

Determination of optimum extract conditions and evaluation of biological activity potential of Salvia cilicica Boiss

Plants are important natural resources used for many purposes. They especially stand out with their medical potential. In this study, the extract conditions showing the highest biological activity were optimized using the artificial intelligence application of Salvia cilicica Boiss. Then, the biological activities of the optimized extract were determined. Response Surface Method was used for optimization. Using the Box-Behnken experimental design, antioxidant capacities of the optimized extracts were evaluated through Rel Assay TAS and TOS kits, as well as DPPH and FRAP methods. Anticholinesterase activity was assessed by measuring acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase enzyme activities. Total phenolic content was quantified using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, while total flavonoid content was analyzed via the aluminum chloride assay. The antiproliferative potential was examined against the A549 lung cancer cell line, and phenolic compounds were identified using an LC-MS/MS system. Optimization results indicated that the ideal extraction parameters were 45.890 °C, 7.730 h, and a 96.431 ethanol-to-water ratio. The extract obtained under these conditions exhibited a TAS value of 7.461 ± 0.065 mmol/L, a TOS value of 5.630 ± 0.163 µmol/L, and an OSI value of 0.075 ± 0.002. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were measured as 97.681 ± 1.076 mg/g and 113.067 ± 0.621 mg/g, respectively. The FRAP value reached 70.669 ± 0.199 mg/g, while the DPPH value was determined as 53.208 ± 0.427 mg/g. Furthermore, anti-AChE and anti-BChE activities were recorded at 12.93 ± 0.72 µg/mL and 25.87 ± 1.44 µg/mL, respectively. The extract demonstrated notable cytotoxicity against the A549 cancer cell line. Additionally, 10 distinct phenolic compounds were identified in the plant. These findings highlight the significant biological potential of S. cilicica extract obtained under optimal conditions, suggesting its potential as a valuable natural resource in pharmacological applications.

Bioactivity of Juglans regia kernel extracts optimized using response surface method and artificial neural Network-Genetic algorithm integration

In this study, the biological activities of the extracts obtained under optimum extraction conditions of the kernel part of Juglans regia L. were determined. Two different methods, Response Surface Method (RSM) and Artificial Neural Network-Genetic Algorithm (ANN-GA) integration, were used for optimization. The antioxidant capacity of the extracts obtained under the extract conditions suggested by the two methods was evaluated by Rel Assay kits, DPPH and FRAP methods. Anticholinesterase activities of the optimized extracts were measured by the action of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes. Antiproliferative effects of the extracts were tested on A549 lung cancer cell line. Phenolic compounds were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. It was determined that both extracts exhibited strong activities against A549 lung cancer cell line depending on the concentration increase. In addition, it was determined that both extracts exhibited acetyl and butyrylcholinesterase inhibition activity close to galantamine used as a standard. In both extracts, 13 compounds including gallic acid, catechinhyrate, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, 2-hydoxycinamic acid, resveratrol, myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, protocatechuic acid and 2-hyroxy1,4 naphthaquinone were identified. It was determined that the extract obtained under the conditions predicted by ANN-GA exhibited higher activities in general.

Evaluation of the Apoptotic, Prooxidative and Therapeutic Effects of Odoroside A on Lung Cancer: An In Vitro Study Extended with In Silico Analyses of Human Lung Cancer Datasets

OBJECTIVE

The apoptotic effects of odoroside A on lung cancer cells were studied in our project. We also supported and extended our experimentally-proven results via bioinformatics analysis on human lung cancer tissues.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In vitro studies were conducted using the A549 cell line. Cell proliferation was evaluated through a CCK-8 assay. For gene expression analysis, the qRT-PCR method was used, while CASP3 protein levels were detected using Western blotting and ELISA. Moreover, the oxidant status of cells was determined by measuring TAS and TOS levels. To construct a protein-protein interaction network, STRING analysis was performed. For the determination of differential expression of apoptosis-related genes, the GEPIA tool was utilized. Kaplan-Meier plots with overall survival, disease-specific survival and progression free intervals were obtained from UCSC Xena to evaluate the prognostic value of caspases.

RESULTS

The gene expression levels of CASP3, CASP7, CASP8, CASP9, FAS, and FADD were elevated between 4-16 fold in Odo A-treated lung cancer cells compared to controls. CASP3 protein expression was significantly higher in Odo A-treated cancerous cells than the control group. Low TAS (0.5700 ± 0.0067 in Odo A vs. 0.6437 ± 0.0151 in control) and high TOS (0.82800 ± 0.0208 in Odo A vs. 0.6263 ± 0.0258 in control) levels as well as high OSI values (1.4531 ± 0.0414 in Odo A vs. 0.9748 ± 0.0539 in control) were obtained. Correlogram and protein-protein network analyses suggested strong correlations and interactions among target genes. Lastly, Kaplan-Meier analysis showed no prognostic value of caspases, but potential therapeutic targets in lung cancer.

CONCLUSIONS

Anti-cancer, prooxidative and therapeutic effects of Odo A on lung cancer cells were shown in our study. These data were supported and extended via computational analyses that we performed. In conclusion, Odo A could be used in clinics to treat patients with lung cancer.

Fish Protein Hydrolysates Mitigate the Adverse Effects of No-Fishmeal Diets in Gilthead Seabream Juveniles

The aquaculture industry must continue to reduce its reliance on finite marine ingredients and promote biocircularity to enhance sustainability. This study evaluated the effects of no-fishmeal (FM) diets and fish protein hydrolysates (FPHs) on the growth performance, antioxidant status, and immune responses of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Following established conditions, two FPHs were prepared from the enzymatic hydrolysis of discards from whole-body blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) and gurnard heads (Trigla spp.); the former contained a higher proportion of large peptides (LPs), while the latter had more small peptides (SPs). Four isoproteic (48%) and isolipic (16%) diets were tested: a commercial (COM)-like diet with 35% FM, 10% poultry meal, and 5% soy protein concentrate; a FUTURE (FUT) diet, without FM or soy protein concentrate, containing 25% poultry meal; and two FUT diets supplemented with FPH (FUTLP and FUTSP). Gilthead seabream (initial weight ± 8.0 g) was distributed into 500 L tanks at an initial density of 1.4 kg m-3 and fed the experimental diets to apparent satiety for 8 weeks. Sampling was performed at the end of the growth trial, followed by a digestibility trial. Nutrient and energy digestibilities were significantly lower in the FUT than in the COM diet, with protein and energy digestibilities being 7% and 16% lower, respectively, in the FUT treatment, leading to higher nitrogen losses. Growth performance and feed utilization were negatively impacted in the FUT treatment, with weight gain of only 310 ± 33% compared to 482 ± 22% in the COM treatment. Additionally, immune responses in plasma and antioxidant status in the liver were slightly impaired in the FUT treatment. Supplementation of FPH to the FUT diet mitigated or even reversed these negative effects. The results confirmed that including small- and medium-sized peptides in no-FM diets is more beneficial than using larger ones.

Expression Analysis of Circulating miR-21, miR-34a and miR-122 and Redox Status Markers in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease Patients with and Without Type 2 Diabetes

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), a hepatic form of metabolic syndrome, often co-occurs with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and now affects approximately 30% of the global population. MASLD encompasses conditions from simple steatosis to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis, with oxidative stress (OS) driving progression through inflammation. This study analyzes the expression levels of circulating miRNAs and redox status markers in MASLD patients with and without T2D, exploring their potential as disease biomarkers. The expressions of miR-21, miR-34a, and miR-122 were analyzed in the platelet-poor plasma of 147 participants, divided into three groups: MASLD + T2D (48), MASLD (50), and a control group (49). Total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), ischemia-modified albumin (IMA), and superoxide anion radical (O2•-) were measured in serum and plasma. Logistic regression showed that miR-21, miR-34a, TOS, TAS, O2•-, and IMA were positive predictors of MASLD, while miR-21 and TAS were negative predictors of T2D in MASLD. Although miR-122 did not show a significant association with either condition, in combination with miR-34a and other markers such as lipid status and liver enzymes, a new significant predictor of MASLD was identified. Circulating miRNAs in combination with redox status markers, lipid status and liver enzymes show potential as MASLD biomarkers.

Extract optimization of Ulva lactuca L. and biological activities of optimized extracts

BACKGROUND

Algae are microscopic or macroscopic organisms that can photosynthesize and are found in both freshwater and saltwater ecosystems and are considered one of the cornerstones of life. In our study, the biological activities of extracts produced under the extract conditions that provided the highest biological activity of Ulva lactuca L. were determined.

METHODS

Two different methods, Response Surface Method (RSM) and Artificial Neural Network-Genetic Algorithm (ANN-GA) integration were used for optimization. In this context, the optimum extract conditions were determined as 54.940 ˚C temperature, 6.513 h, 42.109 ethanol/water ratio according to the RSM method and 56.286 ˚C temperature, 7.2793 h, 36.8625 ethanol/water ratio according to ANN-GA. The antioxidant activities of the optimized extracts were evaluated by Rel Assay kits, DPPH and FRAP methods. Anticholinesterase activities were determined by testing against acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes. In addition, antiproliferative effects were examined in A549 lung cancer cell line and phenolic compound contents were analyzed by LC-MS/MS.

RESULTS

As a result of the analyzes, it was seen that the extract obtained from the conditions recommended by ANN-GA exhibited higher activities. Optimized extracts of U. lactuca were found to have potential in terms of antioxidant activities. The highest total antioxidant value was determined as 6.272 ± 0.024 mmol/L. In addition, it was determined that extracts of U. lactuca produced under optimum conditions showed strong cytotoxic effects against A549 lung cancer cell line. In addition, gallic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, quercetin and kaempferol were found in the extracts of the algae produced under optimum conditions. The highest detected compound was caffeic acid. In addition to all these properties, it was seen that U. lactuca has anticholinesterase potential in our study.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, optimized extracts of U. lactuca attract attention with their antioxidant and cytotoxic activities as well as anticholinesterase potential and can be considered as a potential source for cancer treatment and management of neurological diseases.

Effects of Boric Acid on Oxidative Stress Parameters, Growth Performance and Blood Parameters of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss)

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with a starting weight of 397.28 ± 3.21 g were fed different ratios (G1-0.00%, G2-0.010%, G3-0.025%, and G4-0.050%) of boric acid-supplemented feed for 140 days. The effects of dietary boric acid on oxidative stress parameters, growth performance, haematology and some biochemical parameters were investigated after the feeding period. The addition of boric acid to trout feed positively affected growth performance; the final weights of the groups were 928.15 ± 5.73 g, 955.87 ± 8.67 g, 994.24994,75 ± 7.46 g, and 976.80976,80 ± 6.26 g for the control group and the three experimental groups, respectively. The lowest feed conversation ratio (FCR) was 1.19 (G3) whereas the highest was 1.42 (G1). The lowest protein efficiency ratio was 1.63 (G1), while the highest was 1.95 (G3). In this study, it was observed that boric acid added to the feed changed muscle and blood oxidative stress parameters in rainbow trout, increased the growth performance of rainbow trout, and affected blood and biochemistry values.

Certolizumab enhances spinal cord injury recovery in rats through inhibition of the TNF-α signaling pathway and neuronal apoptosis

OBJECTIVE

Spinal cord injury (SCI), which is characterized by motor and/or sensory dysfunction, presents a significant health challenge resulting from mechanical trauma. Secondary injury, which follows the mechanical trauma and is driven by factors such as inflammation, plays a critical role in the SCI pathophysiology. Scientific evidence indicates that treatment strategies aimed at modulating inflammation during the acute phase of SCI alleviate the seconder injury. In this regard, the present study seeks to evaluate the effectiveness of certolizumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting TNF-α that is widely used in the treatment of various inflammatory diseases, in a SCI model.

METHODS

In this study, Control, Trauma, and Trauma + Certolizumab groups were established, each comprising eight male rats. One hour after SCI induction, rats in the Trauma + Certolizumab group were administered 10 µg Certolizumab dissolved in saline intraperitoneally, while rats in the Control and Trauma groups received an equivalent volume of saline. After Modified Tarlov Scoring was performed on the seventh day of the experiment, all rats were sacrificed. The effects of certolizumab on neuroinflammation and apoptosis in the SCI model were evaluated using histological, biochemical, and molecular analyses of blood and tissue samples obtained from the rats.

RESULTS

Certolizumab downregulated the expression of TNF-α, NF-κB, and IL-6. In addition, as evidenced by the TUNEL assay, Caspase-3 expression (an apoptotic marker), and Modified Tarlov Score results, certolizumab effectively suppressed inflammation-induced neural apoptosis and alleviated locomotor deficits.

CONCLUSION

Certolizumab treatment exerts a neuroprotective effect against secondary damage in SCI through the inhibition of neuroinflammation and apoptosis.

Effect of Butaphosphan and Cyanocobalamin on the Metabolic Profile, Oxidative Stress and Prophylaxis of Ovine Pregnancy Toxemia

The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of butaphosphan and cyanocobalamin (BC) on the metabolic profile, oxidative stress in Kashmiri merino ewes and its effect on the prophylaxis of Ovine pregnancy toxemia (PT). A total of 48 ewes were randomly divided into three groups, each consisting of 16 ewes. High dose BC (HBC): Ewes were given 0.2 mL BC/kg body weight, subcutaneously (SC) weekly from 6 weeks pre-lambing to lambing. Low dose BC (LBC): Ewes were given 0.1 mL BC/kg body weight, SC weekly from 6 weeks pre-lambing to lambing. No BC (CON): Ewes were given 0.2 mL normal saline/kg body weight, SC. Weekly from six pre-lambing to lambing. A significant effect of treatment was observed on non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA; p = 0.06), beta hydroxybutyric acid (β-HBA, p = 0.008), fructosamine (p = 0.034) and oxidative stress indices (OSI; p = 0.026) with less NEFA, β-HBA, OSI and more fructosamine levels in HBC followed by LBC. The BC did not affect glucose, cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, total antioxidant capacity, calcium and phosphorus however a significant difference was observed along the sampling time in all the three groups. Plasma triglyceride, aspartate aminotransferase and total oxidant status levels showed a significant treatment-time interaction. Taking 0.8 mmol/L β-HBA as the cutoff limit for subclinical PT, only HBC was able to significantly control PT at 3 weeks pre-lambing (OR; 5.57; p = 0.035), at 2 weeks pre-lambing (OR: 9.53; p = 0.007), at 1-week pre-lambing (OR: 6.60; p = 0.017) and at lambing (OR: 5.57; p = 0.035). In conclusion, there was a positive effect of BC treatment on the energy metabolism in pregnant ewes and it helped in the amelioration of oxidative stress and hence can be used in the prophylaxis of PT.

Nebivolol attenuates acute systemic inflammation induced testicular dysfunction by decreasing transendothelial migration via VCAM-1/MMP-9 signaling

Nebivolol (NB), which is a commonly used β1 adrenoreceptor blocker, shows protective effects against oxidative stress and inflammation-related processes. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the possible protective effects of NB via the vascular cell adhesion molecule-1/matrix metalloproteinases-9 (VCAM-1/MMP-9) signaling pathway on systemic inflammation induced testicular dysfunction. Four groups of 32 male Wistar Albino rats were divided as (n = 8 for each) the control; lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 5 mg/kg on the third day); LPS + NB (NB: 10 mg/kg for three days and 5 mg/kg LPS 30 min following the last NB dose); NB (10 mg/kg for three days). Six hours following the LPS administration, rats were sacrificed, then testicular tissues were collected for evaluating total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status and oxidative stress index (OSI) levels biochemically, VCAM-1 and MMP-9 mRNA expression levels, caspase-3 (cas-3), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) expressions by immunohistochemically. Systemic inflammation caused significant increases in TOS and OSI levels, VCAM-1, MMP-9, cas-3, TNF-α expressions, and a decrease of the spermatozoa count compared to the control group. NB administration successfully restored all these changes significantly. Thus, NB can be a protective drug candidate for testicular dysfunction secondary to systemic inflammation with its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

Investigation of the Theranekron Ameliorative Effect on Sepsis-Induced Hepatotoxicity via Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Pathways

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory liver injury can cause significant tissue damage and apoptosis. Homeopathic formulations such as Tarantula cubensis venom show potential in regulating inflammation. This study's objective was to assess theranecron's (THE) impact on inflammation and oxidative stress in a model of liver injury caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Wistar albino female rats were used in this investigation, and they were split up into four groups of eight each: Control, LPS, LPS+THE, and THE. Single-dose treatments were administered to the respective groups on the same day. Liver tissues were collected 6 h after LPS treatment for histopathological, immunohistochemical, biochemical, and genetic evaluations. Total antioxidant status (TAS) was lower, total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) were higher, and the LPS group had higher levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and macrophage antigen-1 (CD11B). Significant liver damage was also seen in this group, as evidenced by elevated levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and decreased albumin. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4) were all found to be downregulated by gene expression analysis. However, THE therapy was shown to reverse all of these findings in the LPS+THE group. The THE group similarly maintained baseline levels of these markers and showed no adverse effects. In conclusion, Theranekron showed hepatoprotective effects in LPS-induced liver injury by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation and regulating antioxidant gene expression, possibly through IL-6 and TNF-α.

Exposure to Polystyrene Microplastic Differentially Affects the Colon and Liver in Adult Male Mice

Microplastics (MPs) have emerged as novel environmental pollutant. Their ubiquity in natural environments and the global dissemination of plastic particles through food and drink have led to the oral ingestion of these particles by all kinds of living organism. In this investigation, male mice were subjected to exposure to 2 μm virgin PS-MPs for 6 weeks. To accomplish this, 36 adult male NMRI mice were gavaged with PS-MPs at concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mg/kg body weight. A control group was also accounted for, which received 0.1 mL of distilled water. The results show that the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) decreased, while the level of malondialdehyde increased in colon and liver. Additionally, findings showed that PS-MPs can disrupt the integrity of the intestinal barrier and inhibit the secretion of intestinal mucus in mice, disrupt mucin secretion, and cause changes in the tissue structure of the colon and liver. Further information regarding the toxicity of MPs in a terrestrial organism was obtained through this study, which assist in the evaluation of the potential health hazards that PS-MPs may pose to living organisms.

Unveiling the Potential of Three Endemic Gypsophila L. (Caryophyllaceae) Taxa as Promising Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors-Bio-Metabolic Profiles and In Vitro Evaluation of Enzyme Inhibition and Antioxidant Capacity

The Caryophyllaceae family, commonly utilized in traditional medicine, exhibits various effects revealed by ethnopharmacological studies. Thus, the diuretic effect of the leaf and stem of three Gypsophila taxa endemic to Türkiye was evaluated for the first time by comparing their bio-metabolic profiles, antioxidant capacities, carbonic anhydrase inhibition, and infrared spectra. The leaf and stem of Gypsophila taxa were macerated in 50% ethanol and 50% water, bio-metabolic profiles were performed by a new validated ultra-performance liquid chromatographic (UPLC) method and spectrophotometric methods, the antioxidant capacity was determined by DPPH and ABTS assays, and the in vitro diuretic activity was evaluated by carbonic anhydrase inhibition. The results show that the G. simonii leaf exhibited the highest quantity of rutin and total polyphenols content (TPC). On the other hand, the G. germanicopolitana leaf showed the highest quantity of rosmarinic acid, and the G. eriocalyx leaf contained the maximum total flavonoids content (TFC). The antioxidant results indicated that G. eriocalyx has the highest capacity. The G. germanicopolitana leaf strongly inhibited the enzyme activity. The ATR-FTIR spectra showed that the general chemical composition in the leaf and stem parts was preserved after the extraction process. Band intensity changes may be due to the extraction process and the amount of substances. In conclusion, the species of Gypsophila taxa show considerable potential for utilization in the pharmaceutical area.

The pantothenic acid derivative dexpanthenol ameliorated doxorubicin-induced neurotoxicity via regulating AKT/CREB/BDNF and AKT/NRF2 signaling pathways

BACKGROUND

Doxorubicin (Dox)-induced neurotoxicity is a well-documented side effect of chemotherapy. Dexpanthenol (Dex), an analog of vitamin B5, has shown protective properties. This study aimed to explore the molecular mechanisms by which Dex mitigates Dox-induced neurotoxicity, particularly through the protein kinase B (AKT)/cyclic AMP-response element-binding protein (CREB)/brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) pathway and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) signaling.

METHODS AND RESULTS

The experiment was conducted using four groups: control, Dex, Dox, and Dox + Dex, comprising a total of 32 female Wistar Albino rats. After two weeks of treatment, the rats were euthanized, and brain and cerebellum tissues were collected for analysis. Biochemical analysis was performed spectrophotometrically to assess oxidative stress parameters, while histological and immunostaining analyses focused on nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) immunoexpressions. Genetic analysis of AKT, CREB, BDNF, and NRF2 gene expressions was conducted using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Histopathological evaluation of the Dox group revealed hyperemia, microhemorrhage, neuronal damage, and neuronophagia. Additionally, an increase in caspase-3, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, NF-κB, and iNOS immunoexpressions were observed, along with elevated total oxidant status and oxidative stress index. A decrease in AKT, CREB, BDNF, and NRF2 gene expressions accompanied these changes. Dex treatment significantly reversed these pathological findings, effectively protecting the brain from Dox-induced neuronal damage.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, Dex may provide neuroprotection in female rats with Dox-induced neurotoxicity by activating the CREB/BDNF pathway and reducing oxidative stress through AKT-mediated NRF2 synthesis. Further detailed studies exploring additional pathways are required to incorporate Dex into cancer treatment protocols and minimize side effects.

A Droplet Microfluidic Sensor for Point-of-Care Measurement of Plasma/Serum Total Free Thiol Concentrations

Total free thiols are an important marker of the whole-body redox state, which has been shown to be associated with clinical outcome in health and disease. Recent investigations have suggested that increased insight may be gained by monitoring alterations of redox state in response to exercise and hypoxia and to monitor redox trajectories in disease settings. However, conducting such studies is challenging due to the requirement for repeated venous blood sampling and intensive lab work. Droplet microfluidic sensors offer an alternative platform for developing a point-of-care testing approach using small sample volumes and automated systems to complement or ultimately replace laboratory testing. Here we developed a small, portable droplet microfluidic sensor that can measure total free thiol concentrations in 20 μL human plasma (or serum) samples, providing a reading in less than 10 min. This system features a novel method to enhance the mixing of reagent and analyte in droplets containing viscous biological fluids. The results in a range of real-world human plasma samples showed equivalence with current standard laboratory assays while reducing sample volume requirements 9-fold and fully automating the process. Micro hematocrit capillaries allowed testing of capillary blood samples collected by fingerprick lancing. The system was used to monitor total free thiols using fingerprick samples in healthy volunteers and revealed significant changes in total free thiols in response to food intake and exercise. This device has the potential to improve our ability to conduct physiological studies of total free thiol level changes and improve our understanding of redox physiology, which may ultimately be applied in redox medicine to improve patient care.

Cannabidiol protects lung against inflammation and apoptosis in a rat model of blunt chest trauma via Bax/Bcl-2/Cas-9 signaling pathway

PURPOSE

This study aimed to investigate the hypothesis that cannabidiol (CBD), with known anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects, would reduce the severity of acute lung injury in pulmonary contusion following blunt chest trauma.

METHODS

Forty male Wistar Albino rats were randomly divided into four groups, each consisting of 10 rats: Sham, Trauma, Trauma + CBD, and CBD. The rats were treated with a single dose of 5 mg/kg CBD intraperitoneally 30 min before trauma. Then, the trauma were exposed to a weight of 200 g and a height of 1 m. After sacrifice, the lung tissues were removed for histopathological, immunohistochemical, biochemical, and genetic analyses.

RESULTS

Pulmonary injury of trauma group led to increases in tumor necrosis factor α, caspase-3, caspase-9, Bcl-2-associated X protein expressions, total oxidant status, oxidative stress index levels, and decreases in B-cell lymphoma expression and total antioxidant levels. Additionally, inflammatory cell infiltration, damage-related emphysema, pronounced hyperemia, and increased septal tissue thickness were observed histopathologically. CBD treatment ameliorated all these findings.

CONCLUSION

CBD reduces lung damage in lung contusions caused by blunt chest trauma through its anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects. More detailed studies investigating other important intracellular pathways are needed.

Protease-Resistant, Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Peptides with High Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a diverse group of small, naturally occurring molecules that orchestrate the innate immune response of various organisms, from microorganisms to humans. Characterized by their broad-spectrum activity against bacteria, fungi and viruses, AMPs are increasingly recognized for their potential as novel therapeutic agents in the face of rising antibiotic resistance. Here, we present several newly designed AMPs, one of which, DTN6, exerts significant activity against several organisms with MIC values as low as 0.5 µg/mL. The D-TN6 peptide influences both bacteria and yeasts. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy results showed that the bacterial membrane is affected by D-TN6, which is resistant to proteases and is effective against antibiotic-resistant pathogens with hemolytic activity and low toxicity. The D-TN6 peptide is effective in vivo against standard S. aureus strains in wounds. Thus, D-TN6 is a potent antibiotic candidate with a broad spectrum of activity. Overall, AMPs are a promising tool for the development of next-generation antimicrobial agents that could mitigate global health threats posed by multidrug-resistant pathogens.

Efficacy of Combined vs. Monotherapy in Oral Lichen Planus: A Randomized Clinical Trial

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to compare the topical therapeutic efficacy of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) (0.2%) plus hyaluronic acid (HA) (0.1%) versus monotherapy in patients with symptomatic oral lichen planus (OLP), as well as to investigate the oxidative stress of saliva under the different treatments.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sixty OLP patients were included in a randomized, double-blind, singlecenter study with a treatment duration of 28 days and 3-month follow-up period. Participants were randomized into three groups: Group I (TA + HA), Group II (TA), and Group III (HA). Treatment efficacy was assessed by means of Thongprasom scale, Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14), and visual analog scale (VAS). In addition, biochemical analyses were performed in order to determine the level of antioxidant biomarkers in saliva, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC).

RESULTS

All treatments seem to exhibit a significant effect in accordance with Thongprasom scale (p < 0.001), VAS reduction (p < 0.001), and OHIP14 (p < 0.05), which maintains over time. No significant changes in salivary oxidative stress in any of the three groups occurred.

CONCLUSIONS

The results exhibited a significant improvement in the treated patients in all three groups. There were no significant changes in salivary stress biomarkers under treatment condition.

Boric Acid in Milk Replacer as a Health Enhancer and Growth Promoter for Lambs in the Suckling Period

This study was performed to investigate the effects of boric acid supplementation in milk replacer of lambs in the suckling period on performance, biochemical parameters, the antioxidant system, fecal culture, and expression of some genes. During the suckling period, 60 lambs (4 days old) were randomly given four levels of boric acid (0, 30, 60, and 90 mg/kg body weight) via milk replacer for 57 days. The lambs supplemented with boric acid had a higher weight gain and better feed conversion ratio. Boric acid supplementation quadratically increased serum triglyceride, total protein, alkaline phosphatase, serum antioxidant activity and oxidative stress biomarkers, and fecal flora and decreased IL1β, IL10, iNOS, NF-kB, and TNF-α gene expressions. The effect of boric acid on rumen papilla development could not be determined since the animals were not slaughtered. In conclusion, the use of boric acid to lambs in the suckling period improved the average weekly body weight gain and feed conversion efficiency, positively affected some biochemical parameters, antioxidant system, and intestinal flora, and also affected gene expressions related to the immune system. Boric acid supplementation had a beneficial effect on the health and growth of suckling lambs.

The renoprotective effects of cannabidiol on lipopolysaccharide-induced systemic inflammation model of rats

Sepsis-induced renal damage poses a significant threat, necessitating effective therapeutic strategies. Cannabidiol (CBD) has beneficial effects on tissues and their functions by exhibiting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. This study investigates the potential protective effects of CBD in mitigating lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced renal injury in Wistar Albino rats. Thirty-two Wistar Albino rats were categorized into control, LPS (5 mg/kg i.p.), LPS + CBD, and CBD (5 mg/kg i.p.) groups. After the experiment, samples were collected for biochemical, genetic, histopathological, and immunohistochemical analyses. Oxidative stress markers as total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant status (TAS), oxidative stress index (OSI), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), malondialdehyde (MDA), immune staining as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-10 (IL-10), caspase-3, gene expressions as nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), caspase-9, glucose-regulating protein 78 (GRP78), B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 (Bcl2), and tissue histology have been examined. The LPS-exposed group exhibited significant renal abnormalities, mitigated by CBD intervention in the LPS + CBD group. CBD reduced immunoexpression scores for TNF-α, caspase-3, and IL-10. Biochemically, CBD induced a positive shift in the oxidative balance, increasing TAS, SOD, and GPx, while decreasing TOS, OSI, and MDA levels. Genetic analyses highlighted CBD's regulatory impact on NRF2, CHOP, caspase-9, GRP78, and Bcl2, providing molecular insights into its protective role against LPS-induced renal damage. This study underscores CBD as a promising protective agent against sepsis-induced renal damage. Our findings could provide valuable insights into potential therapeutic avenues for addressing renal complications in sepsis.

The effect of nanoceria on the alginate-gum arabic crosslinking mechanism and in vitro behavior as a wound dressing

Medical practice has proven that chronic wounds can be treated successfully if the dressing is chosen according to the healing phase of the wound. Correct intervention from the hemostasis and inflammatory phase can prevent oxidative stress and ensure optimal conditions for healing. It is important to design a new wound dressing that does not cause additional injury, has an antioxidant effect, removes dead cells, and promotes wound healing. Considering that the traditional dressings are not moisture-retentive, we proposed an alginate-gum arabic polymeric matrix enhanced with cerium oxide nanoparticles. The cryogels were prepared by cross-linking polysaccharides and cerium oxide nanoparticles via calcium cations to form a sponge-like structure. The blend of micro- and macro-pores provides a suitable environment for nutrient distribution and keeps an adequate moisture level, mimicking the functions of the native cellular matrix. The release of cerium oxide nanoparticles occurs gradually, at the same time as the degradation of the biopolymer, promoting the attachment and viability of keratinocytes and fibroblast cells. It was found that stimulating epithelial regeneration is improved through the antioxidant effect and the adsorption capacity of hemoglobin. The results also indicate good in vitro biocompatibility and recommend them as promising dressings for skin wound treatments.