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Bach J, Cutchin E, Friedrichs K. Seminoperitoneum in a Dog with a History of a Vasectomy: Case Report. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2024; 60:100-104. [PMID: 38662996 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-7420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
An 8 yr old male German shorthaired pointer was presented on July 4, 2022, for acute abdominal and testicular pain. The dog was vasectomized at an unknown age under the care of his previous owners. The dog had an enlarged, painful left testis, scrotal edema, and an enlarged, nonpainful prostate. Abdominal ultrasound revealed mild peritoneal and retroperitoneal effusion, orchiepididymitis, enlarged ductus deferentes and testicles, and suspected benign prostatic hyperplasia versus prostatitis. Peritoneal effusion cytology revealed seminoperitoneum with marked neutrophilic inflammation. Peritoneal effusion aerobic culture and Brucella canis rapid slide agglutination test were negative. The dog was hospitalized overnight with IV antibiotic therapy and analgesics. The following day, the dog's abdominal pain, testicular pain, and scrotal edema were resolved. The dog was discharged and castrated after completion of antibiotic therapy and complete resolution of clinical signs. Testicular histopathology results were not available. Seminoperitoneum is uncommon in dogs and is a rare diagnosis for dogs with acute abdominal pain. This is the second known reported case of a seminoperitoneum in a vasectomized dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Bach
- From the Department of Medical Sciences (J.B.), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Elizabeth Cutchin
- School of Veterinary Medicine (E.C.), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Kristen Friedrichs
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences (K.F.), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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2
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Bojarzadeh H, Lazzarini G, Gatta A, Sadeghinezhad J, Samieeroudy L, Pirone A, Miragliotta V. Three-dimensional morphometry of the testis in dog using design-unbiased stereology. Anat Histol Embryol 2024; 53:e12968. [PMID: 37712329 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Testis is considered the main organ of the male reproductive system. Dogs are used as a suitable experimental model of testicular diseases in humans. From the veterinary aspect, several disorders have been reported to affect the testis in dogs. Thus, the objective of the present study was to investigate the morphometrical features of the dog testis using design-based stereology. The testes of six male dogs were used. Isotropic, uniform random sections were obtained and processed for light microscopy. Testicular total volume and the fractional volume of the seminiferous tubules, interstitial tissue and germinal epithelium were measured using the Cavalieri's estimator and the point counting system. Germinal epithelial surface area was estimated using test lines, and total length of seminiferous tubules was analysed using the counting frames. The total volume of testis was calculated 13.64 ± 1.94 cm3 . The relative volume fractions of the seminiferous tubules, interstitial tissue and germinal layer expressed as a percentage of total testicular volume were found to be 75.87 ± 6.11%, 23.68 ± 5.15% and 64.15 ± 4.82%, respectively. The surface area of the germinal layer was 915.25 ± 150.48 cm2 . The thickness of germinal layer was estimated to be 96.18 ± 10.72 μm. The total length of seminiferous tubules measured 290.8 ± 35.86 m. No statistical difference in investigated parameters was found between the left and right testes (p > 0.05). Our data might contribute to the male reproductive knowledge, help develop experimental studies in this field and possibly lead to advancement in the diagnosis and treatment of testicular diseases in the dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadis Bojarzadeh
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Giulia Lazzarini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gatta
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Javad Sadeghinezhad
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Samieeroudy
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Andrea Pirone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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3
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Christiana Grim K, Henderson EE, Wolfe MJ, Wolf JC. Histopathologic Prevalence and Severity of Testicular Oocytes in Smallmouth Bass from Two Archival Collections. J Aquat Anim Health 2020; 32:32-43. [PMID: 32079041 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
During recent decades, survey studies have documented the widespread presence of oocytes in the testes of male Smallmouth Bass Micropterus dolomieu collected from surface waters throughout the United States. There are few published reports of testicular oocytes (TO) in Smallmouth Bass before the 1990s, so it is difficult to know how long this has been occurring. Consequently, this study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence and severity of TO occurrence in whole fish specimens from two archival collections-the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History in Suitland, Maryland, and Cornell University's Museum of Vertebrates in Ithaca, New York. Gonads were excised from 167 preserved male Smallmouth Bass that were originally collected between 1875 and 2004, and routine histologic sections were prepared and examined. The severity of TO was determined using a semiquantitative scoring system. Overall, 52.1% of male Smallmouth Bass were found to have TO. Affected fish had been collected in 11 of the 18 represented states, and TO were found in specimens harvested during decades as early as the 1880s and 1900s. Unfortunately, the small number of samples acquired at the earliest time periods precluded analyses of prevalence and severity trends over time. The results of this study demonstrated that the phenomenon of TO in male Smallmouth Bass is at least a century old and confirmed the widespread nature of this finding throughout the species' historic range. Further research efforts should focus on determining the baseline prevalence of TO in laboratory-reared male Smallmouth Bass that have not been exposed to endocrine active substances or the effects of experimental estrogen exposure on such fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Christiana Grim
- Smithsonian National Zoological Park, Center for Species Survival, Front Royal, Virginia 22630, USA
| | - Eileen E Henderson
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Marilyn J Wolfe
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Sterling, Virginia 20166, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Wolf
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Sterling, Virginia 20166, USA
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4
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Neves HHR, Vargas G, Brito LF, Schenkel FS, Albuquerque LG, Carvalheiro R. Genetic and genomic analyses of testicular hypoplasia in Nellore cattle. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211159. [PMID: 30677076 PMCID: PMC6345487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproductive performance is a key indicator of the long-term sustainability of any livestock production system. Testicular hypoplasia (TH) is a morphological and functional reproductive disorder that affects bulls around the world and consequently causes major economic losses due to reduced fertility rates. Despite the improvements in management practices to enhance performance of affected animals, the use of hypoplastic animals for reproduction might contribute to expand the prevalence of this disorder. The aim of this study was to identify genomic regions that are associated with TH in Nellore cattle by performing a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and functional analyses. Phenotypic and pedigree data from 47,563 animals and genotypes (500,689 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism, SNPs) from 265 sires were used in this study. TH was evaluated as a binary trait measured at 18 months of age. The estimated breeding values (EBVs) were calculated by fitting a single-trait threshold animal model using a Bayesian approach. The SNP effects were estimated using the Bayes C method and de-regressed EBVs for TH as the response variable (pseudo-phenotype). The top-15 ranking windows (5-adjacent SNPs) that explained the highest proportion of variance were identified for further functional and biological network analyses. The posterior mean (95% highest posterior density) of the heritability for TH was 0.16 (0.08; 0.23). The most important genomic windows were located on BTA1, BTA3, BTA4, BTA5, BTA9, BTA22, BTA23, and BTA25. These windows explained together 22.69% of the total additive genetic variance for TH. Strong candidate genes associated with metabolism and synthesis of steroids, cell survival, spermatogenesis process and sperm motility were identified, which might play an important role in the expression of TH. Our findings contribute to a better biological understanding of TH and future characterization of causal variants might enable improved genomic prediction of this trait in beef cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovana Vargas
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz F. Brito
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Flavio S. Schenkel
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock (CGIL), Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lucia G. Albuquerque
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
- National Council for Science and Technological Development (Cnpq), Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Roberto Carvalheiro
- GenSys Associated Consultants, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- National Council for Science and Technological Development (Cnpq), Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
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5
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Sayed AEDH, Ismail RFK. Endocrine disruption, oxidative stress, and testicular damage induced by 4-nonylphenol in Clarias gariepinus: the protective role of Cydonia oblonga. Fish Physiol Biochem 2017; 43:1095-1104. [PMID: 28285354 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-017-0355-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to xenoestrogens like 4-nonylphenol (NP) is recognized by disrupting endocrine functions and causes reproductive dysfunction in male fish. The present study aimed at investigating the 4-nonylphenol propensity to induce oxidative stress and hormonal disturbances in male catfish and at studying the protective role of quince (Cydonia oblonga). To fulfill this aim, catfish Clarias gariepinus were exposed to pure 100 μg/L 4-NP and to quince the leaf extract added to 4-NP, both for 15 days. The 4-NP exposure induced a marked increase in 17ß-estradiol (E2), LH, and cortisol, while thyroid hormone (TSH, T3), testosterone (T), and FSH levels noticeably decreased; however, 4-NP had no effect on T4 level. Moreover, 4-NP exposure was accompanied by histological impairments in testes. Existence of 4-NP was associated with oxidative damage as evidenced by the significant increase (p < 0.05) of the enzymes, superoxidase dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), acetylcholinesterase (AchE), glutathione s-transferase, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and malondialdehyde (MDA). Adding quince was effective to neutralize hormonal levels and to repair the testicular histological alterations. In response to quince remedy, the enzymes AchE and MDA reduced significantly (p < 0.05), while limited or no response was detected for other tested enzymes. Our results concluded that quince can antagonize 4-NP toxicity in catfish, confirming that quince leaf extract displayed antioxidant activities against the toxicity of hazardous chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa El-Din H Sayed
- Laboratory of Fish Biology and Pollution, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt.
| | - Rania F K Ismail
- Laboratory of Fish Reproduction, Aquaculture Division, National Institute of Oceanography Fisheries, Alexandria, 21556, Egypt
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Abstract
A 9-year-old intact male alpaca ( Lama pacos) was examined because of marked enlargement of the left scrotum. Ultrasound examination revealed a thin-walled anechoic structure in the area of the left testis. Aspirated fluid contained spermatozoa, many of which had abnormal morphology. Castration was performed and the left testis was markedly enlarged with a clear fluid-filled cyst. The cyst was lined by a single layer of squamous to cuboidal epithelial cells consistent with those originating from rete testis. The right testis was of a comparable size and shape to that of normal alpaca testis, but the rete testis was mildly to moderately dilated. Additional findings included chronic inflammation of the right testis and epididymis and epididymal fibrosis with ductal hyperplasia on the left. The diagnosis was bilateral cystic rete testis, most likely secondary to chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Kutzler
- Department of Clinical Sciences Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Abstract
The molecular steps in normal sexual development were largely discovered by studying patients and animal models with disorders of sexual development (DSD). Although several types of DSD have been reported in the cat and dog, which are often strikingly similar to human DSD, these have been infrequently utilized to contribute to our knowledge of mammalian sexual development. Canine and feline cases of DSD with sufficient evidence to be considered as potential models are summarized in this report. The consensus DSD terminology, and reference to previous terminology, is used to foster adoption of a common nomenclature that will facilitate communication and collaboration between veterinarians, physicians, and researchers. To efficiently utilize these unique resources as molecular tools continue to improve, it will be helpful to deposit samples from valuable cases into repositories where they are available to contribute to our understanding of sexual development, and thus improve human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- V N Meyers-Wallen
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Clements KM, Shipley CF, Coleman DA, Ehrhart EJ, Haschek WM, Clark SG. Azoospermia in an 8-month-old boar due to bilateral obstruction at the testis/epididymis interface. Can Vet J 2010; 51:1130-1134. [PMID: 21197205 PMCID: PMC2942052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
An 8-month-old Yorkshire boar was presented for apparent azoospermia. Two semen collections also revealed azoospermia. Ultrasonographic examination of the gonads revealed bilateral caput epididymal dilatation and anechoic fluid within the tubules. Because a testicular biopsy revealed normal spermatogenesis, an outflow tract obstruction was suspected. Multiple sperm granulomas were found within the parenchyma of both testes at necropsy.
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Bornman MS, Barnhoorn IEJ, de Jager C, Veeramachaneni DNR. Testicular microlithiasis and neoplastic lesions in wild eland (Tragelaphus oryx): possible effects of exposure to environmental pollutants? Environ Res 2010; 110:327-33. [PMID: 20303476 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to compare wildlife in the proximity and away from the sources of known industrial pollution. Macroscopic, focal, gritty areas that appeared white were observed in the testes of all 24 South African eland (Tragelaphus oryx) culled in the Rietvlei Nature Reserve (RNR; n=17) between 2001 and 2003 and Suikerbosrand Nature Reserve (SNR; n=7) in 2004. Histopathological evaluation of testes showed multiple intratubular dystrophic calcifications, focal areas of sperm stasis and interstitial chronic cell infiltrates with fibrosis. Spermatogenesis was generally impaired; a few atypical germ cells were also encountered. Sertoli cell vacuolization and sloughing of the seminiferous epithelium were evident. Adenomatous changes of the rete testis, reflective of possible chronic estrogenic exposure, were found. In testes collected from three reference eland in 2007 from the Molopo Nature Reserve (MNR) in the Kalahari/Kgalagadi Desert, except for one focal area of sperm stasis and another with microcalcification, the seminiferous epithelium as well as collecting/rete tubules were normal. Analyses of fat tissue for environmental pollutants showed that 11 out of 17 RNR eland contained a detectable estrogenic chemical p-nonylphenol (mean+/-SD: 184.8+/-24.6 microg/kg fat); no organochlorine chemicals or polychlorinated biphenyls were detected. Of the 7 SNR eland, 5 had detectable octylphenol residues (50.2+/-30.9 microg/kg fat), 3 had detectable p-nonylphenol (137.8+/-77.9 microg/kg fat), 3 had o-p'-DDT (114.9+/-31.1 microg/kg fat), 3 had p-p'-DDT (127.3+/-49.9 microg/kg(79.5+/-30.4 microg/kg fat) and 5 contained o-p'-DDE (27.7+/-9.9 microg/kg fat). One eland from the MNR contained one 70.6 microg o-p'-DDT/kg fat and another p-p'-DDE 61.3 microg/kg fat. Therefore, in eland with testicular abnormalities, significant amounts of various estrogenic chemicals were bioaccumulated in fat samples. It therefore seems likely that the lesions found in RNR and SNR were associated with the relatively high body-burden of environmental pollutants (phenols), although the possibility of systemic infections cannot be ruled out. No testicular abnormalities were found in reference eland. These findings are the first indication of mammalian wildlife being affected by environmental pollution of endocrine disrupting chemicals in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Bornman
- Andrology, Department of Urology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X169, Pretoria, South Africa.
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10
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Abstract
The alkaline phosphatase activity was measured in testicular fluid and in epididymal plasma from caput and cauda epididymidis in boars with normal sperm production and in boars in which the number of spermatozoa passing from the testis to the epididymidis was reduced. The testicular fluid and the epididymal plasma from caput epididymidis contained low amounts of alkaline phosphatase in comparison with epididymal plasma from the cauda. This applies to both groups of boars e.g. boars with normal as well as with totally lacking or lowered sperm production. As no fluid resorption takes place between caput and cauda the distal part of the epididymidis must be the main production site for alkaline phosphatase. The production there is not related to the presence of spermatozoa in the duct. In the caput, on the other hand, it seems that the level of alkaline phosphatase in some way is influenced by the sperm supply to the duct.
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Walz PH, Givens MD, Cochran A, Navarre CB. Effect of dexamethasone administration on bulls with a localized testicular infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Can J Vet Res 2008; 72:56-62. [PMID: 18214163 PMCID: PMC2117368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2006] [Accepted: 05/02/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this research was to evaluate reactivation of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) following dexamethasone treatment in 4 bulls that had previously been inoculated with BVDV, 3 of which had been demonstrated to have a localized testicular infection. Bulls were housed in an isolated pasture with in-contact steers. Beginning on day 0 of this study, all bulls received a daily dose of 0.1 mg/kg body weight (BW) of dexamethasone intravenously for 5 consecutive days. Blood was collected from the in-contact steers and semen, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid were collected from the bulls during and following dexamethasone treatment. Samples were assayed for BVDV using virus isolation and reverse transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-nPCR). Serum was assayed for antibody using standard virus isolation. Virus was not isolated from blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or semen from any of the 4 bulls during the study period. One of the bulls was positive for BVDV in semen by RT-nPCR throughout the study period. The BVDV was not recovered from any in-contact control steers during the 28-day study period, nor did any of the in-contact control steers seroconvert to BVDV. Raw semen from 1 bull that was RT-nPCR positive was intravenously inoculated into 7 seronegative steers based upon the Cornell Semen Test. The BVDV could not be recovered from the steers and none of them seroconverted to BVDV. The results indicated that reactivation of BVDV in bulls with a localized testicular infection is unlikely; however, further research is necessary to determine the full potential for BVDV transmission from bulls with a localized testicular infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul H Walz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1500 Wire Road, Auburn University, Alabama 36849, USA.
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12
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Solís M, Ramírez-Mendoza H, Mercado C, Espinosa S, Vallejo V, Reyes-Leyva J, Hernández J. Semen alterations in porcine rubulavirus-infected boars are related to viral excretion and have implications for artificial insemination. Res Vet Sci 2007; 83:403-9. [PMID: 17368687 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2006] [Revised: 01/26/2007] [Accepted: 01/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Porcine rubulavirus (PoRV), also known as blue eye disease (BED) of swine, causes respiratory and reproductive problems in pigs at several developmental stages. To study the effect of PoRV infection on semen production, five boars were infected with 1 x 10(6) TCID(50)/ml of PoRV strain PAC-3 and evaluated for 59 days post inoculation (DPI). Infected boars developed reproductive tract pathology that included swelling of the testes and epididymides. Analysis of the semen showed that the infection had little effect on semen production in four animals, but semen from one boar showed severe alterations in sperm concentration, motility, and morphology. When motility was analyzed in BTS-diluted semen after 24, 48, or 72 h, alterations were detected in all boars. Furthermore, viral antigen was detected in semen, the seminal plasma fraction, or sperm fraction from all boars. These results showed that PoRV is excreted via semen and, therefore, artificial insemination is a potential route of dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Solís
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Cerdos, FMVZ-UNAM, Cd. Universitaria, Mexico, D.F. 04510, Mexico
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Jenkins LK, Ross WL, Young KA. Increases in apoptosis and declines in Bcl-XL protein characterise testicular regression in American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos). Reprod Fertil Dev 2007; 19:461-9. [PMID: 17394794 PMCID: PMC4386905 DOI: 10.1071/rd06079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2006] [Accepted: 01/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the cellular changes observed during testicular regression in American crows. Testes from adults caught during the early (March), progressing (April), peak (early May), transitional (late May), and post- (June) breeding season were examined. Apoptosis was assessed by in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labelling (TUNEL) and Bcl-X(L) protein immunolabelling. Testis mass increased two-fold from March to early May (P < 0.05), then declined 19-fold by June (P < 0.001) without corresponding changes in body mass (P > 0.05). Testicular activity, evaluated using a spermatogenic index, increased nearly two-fold from March to early May and declined nine-fold in June (P < 0.001). Seminiferous tubule diameter declined four-fold in June compared with earlier months (P < 0.001). In all testes, TUNEL-positive germ cells were detected at low levels, with the highest levels observed in late May (P < 0.001). In contrast, TUNEL-positive Sertoli cells were maintained at low levels in March-April and increased nine-fold in early May (P < 0.001). The Bcl-X(L) immunostaining was detected in Sertoli cells in March-early May; however, staining was most intense in March-April and substantially weaker by early May. These data suggest that the seasonal rise in testicular competence occurs slowly in American crows; however, testis function is terminated rapidly after the breeding season. Furthermore, it is likely that Sertoli cell apoptosis followed by massive germ cell loss is responsible for the rapid reduction in testis mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luwanda K. Jenkins
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
| | - Wallace L. Ross
- Predator Management, California Department of Fish and Game, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - Kelly A. Young
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
- Corresponding author.
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Borel N, Janett F, Teankum K, Zlinszky K, Iten C, Hilbe M. Testicular Hypoplasia in a Bull Persistently Infected with Bovine Diarrhoea Virus. J Comp Pathol 2007; 137:169-73. [PMID: 17822654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2007.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2006] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A bull aged 16 months with bilateral testicular hypoplasia and azoospermia was persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV). Viral antigen was detected in serum and semen by ELISA, but the animal was serologically negative. After slaughter, the genital tract was examined histopathologically and by immunohistochemistry, including double immunolabelling with BVDV antibody and either S-100 antibody (for Sertoli cells) or ferritin antibody (for Leydig cells). The seminiferous tubules of both testes were lined by a single layer of Sertoli cells and the germinal epithelium was completely absent except for a few remaining spermatogonia. BVDV antigen was demonstrated (1) in the media of arterial vessel walls of the testis, epididymis, urethra, prostate, and vesicular and bulbourethral glands, (2) in epithelial cells of the ductus epididymidis, the accessory glands and the urethra, and (3) in the testis, mainly in Sertoli cells and to a lesser extent in the spermatogonia that remained, but not in Leydig cells. The testicular hypoplasia was possibly linked to the BVDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Borel
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland.
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15
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Barth AD, Alisio L, Avilés M, Arteaga AA, Campbell JR, Hendrick SH. Fibrotic lesions in the testis of bulls and relationship to semen quality. Anim Reprod Sci 2007; 106:274-88. [PMID: 17561360 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2007.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2007] [Accepted: 05/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasonography of the testes was done in bulls at three locations in western Canada (n=325) and one in Argentina (n=387) to determine the prevalence of fibrotic lesions and to examine the relationship between fibrotic lesions and location, age, breed, right compared with left testes, testis size and semen quality. Fibrotic lesions were common in the testes of bulls raised under intensive rearing conditions in western Canada as well as in the more extensive rearing conditions of Argentina. Fibrotic lesions appeared as early as 5-6 months of age and the number of cases continued to increase until at least 12-14 months of age. The severity of lesions increased in some cases during this period; however, it appears that the development of lesions occurred during a finite period of pubertal development. It is unlikely that the prevalence of lesions is influenced by breed, right compared with left testes or testis size. The cause of the lesions is unknown, but there was an association between the development of fibrotic lesions and an outbreak of BRSV disease in Argentina in one group of bulls. There was some indication that during the active process that leads to fibrosis spermatogenesis is adversely affected; however, the presence of a large number of fibrotic lesions that may occupy as much as 50% of the testis parenchyma did not preclude the production of a greater percentage of sperm with normal morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert D Barth
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4.
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16
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Abstract
A 3-year-old intact male Boer goat was evaluated for paraplegia. Computed tomography (CT) indicated the presence of diskospondylitis, which had previously not been reported in this species, and significant compressive myelopathy. Chronic bacterial pneumonia, epididymitis, nephritis, and soft-tissue abscesses were believed to result in hematogenous spread of bacteria to the affected disk spaces. Staphylococcus spp. and Archanobacterium pyogenes were both identified from postmortem cultures of the vertebral column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendolyn J Levine
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A and M University-College of Veterinary Medicine, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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17
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Boltz DA, Zimmerman CR, Nakai M, Bunick D, Scherba G, Bahr JM. Epididymal Stone Formation and Decreased Sperm Production in Roosters Vaccinated with a Killed Strain of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus. Avian Dis 2006; 50:594-8. [PMID: 17274299 DOI: 10.1637/7654-052506r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to determine if vaccination with killed avian infectious bronchitis virus (AIBV) causes epididymal calcium stones in the rooster as is seen following vaccination with live attenuated AIBV. Specific-pathogen-free roosters were divided into three groups: nonvaccinated (NONVAC), live attenuated AIBV-vaccinated (LVAC), and killed AIBV-vaccinated (KVAC) groups. Roosters were vaccinated at 2, 6, 10, and 14 wk of age and the epididymal region was observed at 27 wk of age. Epididymal stones were present in 13% of NONVAC, 50% of KVAC, and 64% of LVAC roosters. Histologically, immune cells were seen in the interstitium of efferent ductules containing stones. We conclude that use of a killed vaccine does not reduce the incidence of epididymal stones.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Boltz
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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18
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Ortega-Pacheco A, Rodríguez-Buenfil JC, Segura-Correa JC, Bolio-Gonzalez ME, Jiménez-Coello M, Linde Forsberg C. Pathological Conditions of the Reproductive Organs of Male Stray Dogs in the Tropics: Prevalence, Risk Factors, Morphological Findings and Testosterone Concentrations. Reprod Domest Anim 2006; 41:429-37. [PMID: 16984349 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2006.00688.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of and risk factors for pathological conditions of the reproductive organs in stray dogs under tropical conditions. Three hundred and eighteen dogs were examined post-mortem in the period from 1 July 2002 to 30 June 2003. Before killing, a blood sample (from the cephalic vein) for testosterone assay was taken. Pathological conditions of the reproductive organs were found in 135 of the dogs (42.5%) and in 175 of the testes (64.8%). The most frequent pathologies found were testicular degeneration, cryptorchidism, testicular hypoplasia and testicular tumours (in 15.1%, 6.6%, 6.6% and 5.4% of the dogs and 15.1, 4.6, 6.0 and 3.5 of the testes, respectively). Transmissible venereal tumour (TVT) was seen in 5.4% of the dogs. Testicular degeneration was more common in old dogs and underweight dogs (p < 0.05). Testicular tumours were 14.3 times more common in cryptorchid dogs. Age was another important factor for the development of testicular tumours (p < 0.05). Lower levels of testosterone concentration (p < 0.05) were observed in dogs with advanced testicular degeneration (0.7 +/- 0.8 nM), dogs with hypoplastic testicles (0.8 +/- 0.9 nM) and dogs with one degenerated and one retained testis or with bilateral cryptorchidism (1.2 +/- 0.9 nM) compared to dogs with one or two normal testes (7.0 +/- 5.5 nM). Testicular volume and weight were significantly lower in degenerated, hypoplastic and retained testes compared with the contralateral normal testis. Some spermatogenic activity was found in three of the retained testes, producing oligozoospermic smears with a high percentage of sperm abnormalities. No comparable epidemiological data about male pathological conditions of the reproductive organs in the dog is available. The prevalence found in this study, yet, appears high.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ortega-Pacheco
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Autonomous University of Yucatan, Yucatan, Mexico.
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19
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Pérez-Marín CC, López R, Domínguez JM, Zafra R. Clinical and Pathological Findings in Testis, Epididymis, Deferens Duct and Prostate following Vasectomy in a Dog. Reprod Domest Anim 2006; 41:169-74. [PMID: 16519724 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2006.00662.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We report the case of a bilateral and multilocular spermatocele and sperm granuloma in a dog that was vasectomized 5 years before. Clinical examination revealed scrotal dermatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Orchiectomy was performed, and gross and histological examination showed testicular degeneration associated with epididymal sperm granuloma. In relation to this case, the literature about long-term effects of vasectomy in dogs has been reviewed. On the basis of these results, a preventive sonogram and physical assessment in prostate and other reproductive structures before vasectomy is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Pérez-Marín
- Department of Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Ctra. Madrid-Cádiz km, Córdoba, Spain.
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20
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Givens MD, Riddell KP, Zhang Y, Galik PK, Stringfellow DA, Brodersen BW, Jackson JA, Ellsworth MA, Ficken MD, Carson RL, Wenzel JGW, Marley MS. Use of a modified-live vaccine to prevent persistent testicular infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vet Ther 2006; 7:305-18. [PMID: 17039453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A commercial vaccine containing modified-live bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV; types 1 and 2) was administered to one group of 22 peripubertal bulls 28 days before intranasal inoculation with a type 1 strain of BVDV. A second group of 23 peripubertal bulls did not receive the modified-live BVDV vaccine before intranasal inoculation. Ten of 23 unvaccinated bulls--but none of the vaccinated bulls--developed a persistent testicular infection as determined by immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction. Results of this study indicate that administration of a modified-live vaccine containing BVDV can prevent persistent testicular infection if peripubertal bulls are vaccinated before viral exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Daniel Givens
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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21
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Turner RM, Rathi R, Zeng W, Dobrinski I. Xenografting of degenerate stallion testis onto a mouse host does not rescue the testicular degeneration phenotype. Anim Reprod Sci 2005; 89:253-5. [PMID: 16265732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R M Turner
- Center for Animal Transgenesis and Germ Cell Research, Department of Clinical Studies, NewBolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, PA 19348, USA
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22
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Casiraghi M, Ferraguti M. The occurrence of strongylid nematodes in the epididymides of wood mice. Trends Parasitol 2005; 21:305-7. [PMID: 15927528 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2005.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2004] [Revised: 03/31/2005] [Accepted: 05/13/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The recent discovery of a larval nematode in the epididymides of free-living wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) suggests a sexual transmission of these parasites. They have been placed within the bursate nematodes (order Strongylida) through 18S rDNA analysis, suggesting that they are undetermined metastrongyloid nematodes. The possibility that these parasites are transmitted sexually opens an intriguing field of research because sexually transmitted metazoan parasites are known to occur mainly in invertebrates, whereas in vertebrates sexually transmitted parasites are usually microparasites such as viruses, bacteria and protozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Casiraghi
- DIPAV, Sezione di Patologia Generale e Parassitologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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23
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Al-Qarawi AA. Infertility in the dromedary bull: a review of causes, relations and implications. Anim Reprod Sci 2005; 87:73-92. [PMID: 15885442 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2004.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2004] [Revised: 10/21/2004] [Accepted: 11/09/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Research into infertility in the dromedary bull, as reported during the last two decades, is reviewed with emphasis on causes and effects. Reproductive activity of such animals is naturally limited by a breeding season, though with enough encouragement some may mate with oestrous females out of season but a full fertilization potential can in no way be expected. It is essential that any female presented to a bull is capable of reproducing. The presentation of a subfertile or infertile female due to infection or physiological abnormality will adversely affect the female's ability to conceive and, therefore, the apparent fertility rates of the bull she was put to. The average number of successful services a bull could be expected to perform is two per day. Dromedary bulls with large testes have larger sperm outputs and can cope with more than two females per day providing that they are given adequate periods of rest, 1-2 days every 10 days or so, in conjunction with appropriate nutrition throughout the season. Anabolic steroids or testosterone therapies, which are sometimes used in an attempt to improve male characteristics and bull libido, are not recommended for dromedary bulls in breeding work. Such steroids result in a decrease in testicular size and weight with fewer sperm per gram of testicular tissue being found and the sperm produced also have lower motility rates. Pain associated with the act of mating a she-camel, due to injuries or inflammation in the scrotum, testes, prepuce and sheath, can cause a permanent reduction in bull libido. Camel bulls achieving pregnancy rates more than 60% have had consistently higher spermatozoal concentrations and kinematic variables derived by the computerized cell motion analyzer (CMA) system. As far as physical capabilities are concerned, 3-year-old dromedary bulls, which have reached puberty, have been shown to be perfectly capable of fertilizing a female, but they have a limited sperm production to perform consistently throughout the season in a large herd. By 4.5-5.0 years of age, they are capable of producing adequate numbers of sperm to mate as many as females as an adult bull but fertilizing capacity is not attained until 6 years of age on average. Hyperoestrogenaemia, associated with autoimmune thyroiditis and trypanosomiasis, suppresses the secretion of testicular testosterone and augments the release of testicular histamine, which appears mandatory for quantitative reduction/loss of advanced spermatogenic cells in infertile dromedary bulls.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Al-Qarawi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, University at Al-Qassim, P.O. Box 1482, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- J A L Maxwell
- Katanning Regional Veterinary Hospital, PO Box 273 Katanning, Western Australia 6317
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25
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Ohishi K, Takishita K, Kawato M, Zenitani R, Bando T, Fujise Y, Goto Y, Yamamoto S, Maruyama T. Molecular evidence of new variant Brucella in North Pacific common minke whales. Microbes Infect 2005; 6:1199-204. [PMID: 15488739 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2004.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2004] [Accepted: 06/23/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Brucella, a causative agent of brucellosis, has been isolated recently from a variety of marine mammals. The molecular analysis of marine mammalian Brucella strains, without manifest pathology of brucellosis in the eastern North Atlantic, showed that they are distinct from terrestrial Brucella species. Previously, we reported abnormal gonads in common minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) in the western North Pacific and suggested the presence of Brucella infection in the whales in pathology and serology studies. In the present study, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Brucella was detected in granular testes of the whales showing caseation or calcification. The insertion of an IS711 transposable element specific for marine mammal isolates as well as a seal isolate-specific DNA fragment were also found. Molecular characterization of Brucella based on sequence analysis of the PCR products amplified from the outer membrane protein (omp) 2 gene showed that the Brucella from North Pacific common minke whales was different from terrestrial and North Atlantic marine mammal Brucella strains. The North Pacific Brucella showed the highest similarity to North Atlantic seal strains among the known Brucella strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazue Ohishi
- Program for Marine Biology and Ecology, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Natsushima 2-15, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan.
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26
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Abstract
The formation of epididymal stones in the rooster epididymis is a widespread problem that has detrimental effects on sperm production and fertility. The cause of epididymal stones is unknown, but an infectious agent, the avian infectious bronchitis virus (AIBV), has been implicated. The goal of this study was to determine if administering the live attenuated AIBV vaccine to male chicks increases the incidence of stones in the epididymal region of the adult rooster. Specific pathogen free (SPF) Leghorn roosters were divided into two groups: a vaccine-free group (n = 7) and a group vaccinated with AIBV (n = 12). The vaccine was administered orally at 2, 4, 10, and 14 wk of age. Blood was drawn weekly to monitor antibodies to AIBV. At 26 wk of age, blood was obtained to determine testosterone concentrations, and reproductive tracts were removed to analyze daily sperm production and to detect epididymal stones. Nine of 12 vaccinated roosters developed stones, whereas those not given the vaccine did not develop stones. Serum testosterone concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in vaccinated roosters with epididymal stones (3.6 +/- 0.30 ng/ml) when compared with nonvaccinated roosters that did not have epididymal stones (7.0 +/- 1.63 ng/ml). Testis weight was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in vaccinated roosters with epididymal stones (12.1 +/- 0.76 g), as compared with nonvaccinated roosters without epididymal stones (15.2 +/- 0.81 g). Daily sperm production was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in vaccinated roosters with epididymal stones (5.03 +/- 0.31 x 10(8) sperm/testis/day) when compared with nonvaccinated roosters without epididymal stones (7.43 +/- 0.52 x 10(8) sperm/testis/day). Comparing daily sperm production on a per gram basis, vaccinated roosters with epididymal stones had 4.38 +/- 0.14 x 10(7) sperm/g of testis, which was significantly (P < 0.05) smaller than nonvaccinated roosters without epididymal stones, which had 5.17 +/- 0.17 x 10(7) sperm/g of testis. We conclude that the use of a live attenuated AIBV vaccine increases the incidence of epididymal stones in roosters, resulting in decreased sperm production and decreased serum testosterone concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Boltz
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1207 West Gregory, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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27
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Villagómez DA, Gustavsson I, Alabay B, Plöen L. Meiotic chromosome asynapsis in a boar with a reciprocal translocation and acquired testicular degeneration. Hereditas 2004; 118:101-11. [PMID: 8335471 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1993.00101.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
During a period of performance testing, a boar used for artificial insemination purposes was found responsible for reduced litter size and slightly increased incidence of repeat breeding. The qualitative and quantitative semen characteristics, however, were within normal limits. Later, evaluation of the semen during a period of 3 months revealed a decreased sperm concentration, but sperm cell morphology and mobility were normal. At castration, the boar, which had suffered from scrotal inflammation, was found to have hypoplastic gonads, the right testis being smaller than the left one. Histologically there was spermatogenic arrest at the primary spermatocyte level in almost all tubules of the right testis. In the left testis, histology was more heterogeneous, with some tubules containing all developmental stages, while others had an almost complete spermatogenic arrest. Cytogenetically the boar was carrying a translocation, rcp(2;14)(p14;q23). Synaptonemal complex analysis revealed complete quadrivalent pairing in 21 out of 43 cells analysed. The remaining cells demonstrated quadrivalents with axes moderately or extensively unpaired. There was a distinct difference between cells from the right vs. the left testis. The latter cells showed more completely paired translocation configurations. Moreover, in 14 and 7 cells analysed from the right and left testis, respectively, the translocation configuration could not be identified. This was due to chromosome asynapsis and frequent occurrence of gaps in the chromosomes, including others than those of the translocation, plus an abundant cellular deposit which formed a dense cell background. Association or pairing of the quadrivalent with the sex bivalent was seen in one cell only. At diakinesis-MI, most cells had a ring-shaped quadrivalent. It is believed that the asynapsis of chromosomes during the prophase of meiosis was to a large extent due to the degeneration caused by the inflammation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Villagómez
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala
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28
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Abstract
Twenty bulls, aged 7-12 years and selected from six dromedary farms were used in this study. Fifteen previously fertile animals were divided into fertile (controls) and infertile groups on the basis of abnormal scrotal contents following palpation and azoospermic ejaculates collected by electroejaculation. An examination of the clinical and histological findings as well as the testicular patterns of oestradiol-17beta, testosterone and histamine indicated that three bulls displayed normal ranges comparable to the controls but with bilateral spermatocoeles in the caput epididymides in conjunction with the soft texture of the testicles. Seven bulls showed moderate testicular firmness and springiness, a marked increase in testicular oestradiol-17beta and histamine concentrations, and increases in surface area, density of mast cells and percentages of seminiferous tubules containing premeiotic spermatogenic cells as well as decreases in testicular testosterone concentrations, surface area of Leydig cells and diameter of the seminiferous tubules. The remaining five infertile animals had small hard testicles, supranormal testicular testosterone concentrations, baseline values of testicular oestradiol-17beta and histamine, decreased numbers of Sertoli and mast cells, with a predominance (98.2%) of seminiferous tubules containing spermatogonia resting on a thickened tubular basement membrane. The results provide information on the relationship between gonadotrophin, testicular oestrogen, androgens and histamine as well as spermatogenesis in normal and azoospermic dromedary bulls.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Al-Qarawi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, King Saud University, P.O. Box 1482, Buraydah, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia.
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29
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Abstract
Laparoscopy is a minimally invasive technique for both diagnostic biopsy and surgical procedures. After the basic technique of laparoscopy is mastered and the appropriate indications are learned, these procedures become an easy and rewarding addition to any small animal veterinary practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Monnet
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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Rodríguez F, Herráez P, Espinosa de los Monteros A, Ramírez GA, Jover A, Lorenzo H. Testicular necrosis caused by Mesocestoides species in a dog. Vet Rec 2003; 153:275-6. [PMID: 12974343 DOI: 10.1136/vr.153.9.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Rodríguez
- Department of Histology and Pathological Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Transmontaña s/n, 35416 Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
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31
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Abstract
Simple testicular cysts are rare in mammals and of unknown aetiology, but dietary conditions have been implicated in this phenomenon in poultry. This study characterises the structural features of simple intratesticular cysts in the ostrich. Seven testes from a total of 15 sexually mature ostriches slaughtered during the breeding season were used. The testes contained multifocal, fluid-filled, unilocular cysts which were lined by a simple squamous or low cuboidal epithelium and surrounded by a thick layer of fibrous connective tissue. The cysts developed within seminiferous tubules and displayed morphological features similar to those reported in man and domestic poultry. The testis parenchyma revealed several foci composed of intermingled normal seminiferous tubules and variably sized intratesticular cysts. The atrophic tubules lay within a mass of hyperplastic, fibroblastic intertubular connective tissue in the proximity of large cysts and their formation appeared to result from hydrostatic pressure exerted by cysts. Morphological evidence supports a continuous process of cyst formation in the affected testis and a concomitant progressive loss of atrophic seminiferous tubules. A pathogenetic scenario of cyst formation and the effect of simple cysts on testicular histology has been proposed. Although the course of this phenomenon remains unknown, its impact on the fertility of this economically important bird deserves closer scrutiny.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Aire
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa.
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32
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Bartlett GR. What is your diagnosis? Testicular torsion. J Small Anim Pract 2002; 43:521, 551-2. [PMID: 12489738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G R Bartlett
- University of Sydney Small Animal Hospital, Camden, 410 Werombi Road, NSW 2570, Australia
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33
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Abstract
We describe gross and histopathology of cysts found in the epididymis of the European bison (Bison bonasus). The material was collected from 107, 3 mo to 20 yr old, free-ranging, culled males from the Białowieza Primeval Forest (Poland). Epididymal cysts were observed in 65 (61%) of bison of varying ages. They were primarily in the head of epididymis and less often in the corpus or tail. The cysts contained opalescent fluid devoid of spermatozoa. They were lined by epithelium resembling that of efferent ducts and appeared to be congenital abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Matuszewska
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw Agricultural University, 159, Nowoursynowska str., 02 776 Warsaw, Poland.
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34
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Abstract
Serum and seminal biologic substances that are produced either by normal or abnormal tissues of the organism and that can be used to diagnose pathological conditions are usually referred as markers. The aim of this article is to briefly review the most relevant clinical features of the main genital markers in the male dog: alkaline phosphatase (AP), carnitine and canine prostate-specific arginine esterase (CPSE). Carnitine and AP are markers for the presence of epididymal fluid in the ejaculate and their measurement in azoospermic dogs has been used as an indicator of tubular patency of the ductal network. Although AP is not present in high concentrations in the testis, this does not preclude the possibility that testicular cells might secrete some AP. If this were true, AP could also reflect, at least in some degree, germ cell function in this species. Prostate-specific arginine esterase, the major secretory product of the canine prostate, is a known marker of gland secretion in the dog. Tumor markers frequently used in human medicine, such as prostatic acid phosphatase and prostate-specific antigen, are is still controversial in the diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma of the dog. Although further research is necessary to define the exact role of CPSE, it seems to be a promising diagnostic tool in nonneoplasic canine prostatic disorders. Future studies should also address the quantitative relationship among serum and prostatic androgen levels, prostatic androgen-dependent problems and how these are affected by anti-androgen treatment. The aim of this article is to briefly review the most relevant clinical features of three main genital markers of the male dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Gobello
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Theriogenology, National University of La Plata, Argentina.
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35
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Fthenakis GC, Karagiannidis A, Alexopoulos C, Brozos C, Saratsis P, Kyriakis S. Clinical and epidemiological findings during ram examination in 47 flocks in southern Greece. Prev Vet Med 2001; 52:43-52. [PMID: 11566377 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5877(01)00238-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In a field investigation of 47 flocks in south Greece, a clinical examination for fertility evaluation was done on 293 rams. In each ram, a general-health examination, examination of the genital organs and libido evaluation were carried out. In 143 (49%) of the 293 rams examined, at least one abnormality was recorded. The median within-flock prevalence risk (PR) of at least one abnormality was 58.0%, that of general-health abnormalities was 33%, that of genital abnormalities was 20% and that of libido abnormalities 14%. The principal abnormalities observed during the general-health examination were interdigital dermatitis, injuries of the sole, blowfly myiasis and brisket sores. The principal abnormalities observed during the examination of the genitalia were testicular hypoplasia, nodules into the testicular parenchyma, ulcerative lesions characteristic of orf in the prepuce and blowfly myiasis on the preputial orifice. The principal abnormalities observed during the evaluation of libido were incomplete erection and inability to mount the ewe. A statistically significant (P<0.05) positive association was recorded between: ram:ewe ratio and general-health abnormalities PR; general-health abnormalities PR and at least one abnormality PR; genital abnormalities PR and libido abnormalities PR; genital abnormalities PR and at least one abnormality PR; lambing percentage and total lambs born per ewe. A statistically significant (P<0.05) negative association was recorded between: ram age and general-health abnormalities PR; ram age and any abnormality PR; general-health abnormalities PR and lambing percentage.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Fthenakis
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, P.O. Box 199, 43100, Karditsa, Greece.
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36
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Abstract
Clinical examination, bodily condition score (BCS), heart girth (HG), body length (BL), wither height (WH), and scrotal circumference (SC) were assessed on 486 mature Ethiopian Menz rams, on small farms, in local markets, and at the main abattoir in Addis Ababa from December 1994 to April 1995. Almost 27% of the rams were found to be unfit for breeding. Poor general condition, mainly in the form of respiratory disorders, was seen in 1.2% of the rams. Balanoposthitis, epididymitis and orchitis were the most common pathological conditions, affecting the external reproductive organs in 14.6%, 4.5% and 4.1% of the rams, respectively. Testicular calcification, cysts and testicular haemorrhagic lesions were detected in 4, 6 and 8, respectively, of the 60 rams examined at necropsy. The BCS, HG, BL and WH averaged 2.1 +/- 0.5, 67.7 +/- 5.0 cm, 60.1 +/- 4.5 cm and 60.1 +/- 4.3 cm, respectively. The mean SC was 25.5 +/- 3.9 cm and did not vary significantly with age (p > 0.05). Among the linear body measurements, the highest correlation was between BL and WH (r = 0.66). SC was found to be most closely correlated to HG (r = 0.46). More investigations into the relationship between the present findings and actual fertility, and on their practical application in the selection of rams for breeding is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hibret
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia.
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37
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Abstract
Spontaneous testicular lesions were assessed in 50 control purpose-bred male beagle dogs. They were selected from 13 toxicology studies conducted over the period 1988-1999. Age of the dogs at study termination varied from 8-20 months with an average age of 13 months. Regardless of age, the most significant finding was bilateral segmental hypospermatogenesis in 15/50 (30%) of the dogs. Cross sections of tubules with hypospermatogenesis were distributed randomly throughout the testes and were characterized by reduced proportions of germ cells, tubular shrinkage, and Sertoli cell prominence. These changes were occasionally associated with giant cells, with cellular debris, and in 6/15 (40%) with atrophic tubules devoid of germ cells, indicating a degenerative process. Focal subcapsular tubular atrophy or hypoplasia (tubules lined by Sertoli cells only) was also found in 9/35 (26%) of dogs without hypospermatogenesis. Inhibited spermiation with retention of mature sperm in tubules was seen in 6/50 dogs, 3 of which also showed hypospermatogenesis. Other findings of high incidence but low prevalence included tubules with multinucleated giant cells, swollen spermatocytes, or apoptotic germ cells. These latter changes are probably a constituent of normal spermatogenesis. In conclusion, about 30% of control beagle dogs show segmental hypospermatogenesis, which may be associated with degenerative changes, and an additional 18% of the dogs exhibit focal tubular atrophy/hypoplasia in otherwise normal testes. These changes have to be distinguished from compound-related toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rehm
- SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, USA
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38
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Hovell GJ, Trower CJ. Ram fertility. Vet Rec 2000; 147:171-2. [PMID: 10975341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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39
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Thiyagarajah A, Anderson MB, Hartley WR. Gonadal cysts in spotted gar (Lepisosteus oculatus) from Bayou Trepagnier, Louisiana, USA. Mar Environ Res 2000; 50:279-282. [PMID: 11460704 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-1136(00)00049-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Gonadal cysts of spotted gar (Lepisosteus oculatus), an air-breathing teleost commonly found in Louisiana waters, are described. Fish were collected from two sites: Bayou Trepagnier, a petroleum-contaminated site (30 males and 42 females), and Bayou Traverse, a control site (17 males and 15 females). After fish were evaluated for gross abnormalities, they were necropsied and the gonads, gonadal ducts, and gonadal cysts were evaluated histologically. Multilocular fluid-filled cysts were noted in the testes, or spermatic ducts of four spotted gars from the Bayou Trepagnier. Unilateral ovarian cystadenomas were present in one female from Bayou Trepagnier. No cysts were observed in the gonads of spotted gar from the control site.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Thiyagarajah
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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40
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Janssen SJ, Kirby JD, Hess RA, Rhoads M, Bunick D, Bailey KL, Parsons CM, Wang H, Bahr JM. Identification of epididymal stones in diverse rooster populations. Poult Sci 2000; 79:568-74. [PMID: 10780656 DOI: 10.1093/ps/79.4.568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The epididymal region of the male reproductive tract is essential for sperm maturation, and dysfunction of this region results in infertility. Adult roosters have been observed to develop epididymal stones and consequently have reduced fertility. Efferent ductule cysts were first observed in White Leghorn roosters ages 18 to 26 wk. By 26 wk of age, the cysts had become solid, irregularly shaped, yellow-green stones primarily containing calcium (48%). The number and size of stones (9 to 160 microm, largest diameter) increased with age in affected males. Incidence ranged from 0 to 94% within rooster flocks surveyed. Stones have also been observed in broiler breeder roosters. Histological analysis of Leghorn and broiler breeder reproductive tracts revealed chronic inflammation with abundant interstitial mononuclear cell infiltrates. The normal, highly folded structure of efferent ductules was replaced by a thin, eroded epithelial layer with few luminal sperm. Abnormal areas were found interspersed with normal areas of epithelium. Broiler breeder male fertility trials demonstrated that birds with stones compared with normal males had reduced fertility following both natural mating (24.8+/-10.5% vs. 66.1+/-7.2%) and artificial insemination (47.8+/-16% vs. 82.0+/-6%). At 62 wk of age, testis weight (14.2+/-1.4 g vs. 20.5+/-1.2 g), daily sperm production (8.1+/-1.3 x 10(8) vs. 12.3+/-0.8 x 10(8) sperm per testis per day), and circulating testosterone concentrations (0.9+/-0.3 vs. 2.6+/-0.4 ng/mL) were all significantly reduced in males with stones. In conclusion, we are reporting a new dysfunction of the rooster reproductive tract that affects diverse bird populations and decreases fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Janssen
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, Urbana 61802, USA
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41
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Abstract
Two horses, a 16-year-old male Holsteiner and a 5-year-old male miniature horse, were diagnosed with halicephalobiasis at the California Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory System, San Bernardino Branch, in April and June of 1998. Over a period of 4 weeks, the Holsteiner horse developed renal dysfunction, blepharospasm, and blindness in the right eye. A 15-cm-diameter mass was detected on ultrasound examination in the right kidney. Terminally, the animal developed seizures and was euthanized. The miniature horse had a 6-week-long illness characterized by testicular enlargement and uveitis. This animal developed ataxia and died. Necropsy examination revealed bilateral enlargement of the kidneys in both horses, petechial hemorrhages of the optic nerve (Holsteiner), and a diffusely firm and enlarged left testicle (miniature horse). Microscopic evaluation of tissues revealed granulomatous nephritis, optic neuritis, retinitis, and encephalitis in both horses and orchitis in only the miniature horse with intralesional rhabditiform nematodes. Halicephalobus gingivalis was found in the urine sediment of both animals and in semen of the Holsteiner horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kinde
- California Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory System, San Bernardino 92408, USA
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42
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Faber NF, Roser JF. Testicular biopsy in stallions: diagnostic potential and effects on prospective fertility. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 2000:31-42. [PMID: 20681113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Testicular biopsy was performed as a standing procedure on fertile, mature stallions (n=7) under sedation and local anaesthesia. The 'Biopty' instrument was used to collect three samples from the left testis of each stallion. The oestradiol, testosterone and inhibin content in each testis were assessed by validated radioimmunoassay (RIA); protein concentrations were determined and the testes were prepared histologically for haematoxylin and eosin staining. The fertility status of each stallion was assessed before and after testicular biopsy by semen evaluation, changes in total scrotal width, pregnancy rate per oestrous cycle, serum and seminal plasma antisperm antibody concentrations, and determination of plasma LH, FSH, oestradiol, testosterone and inhibin concentrations once a week by validated RIA. Testicular testosterone (3.85 +/- 1.24 ng mg(-1) protein), oestradiol (3.01 +/- 0.95 ng mg(-1) protein) and inhibin (11.06 +/- 1.69 ng mg(-1) protein) content were measured successfully from tissue samples by RIA. Active spermatogenesis was evident in all histological samples. The mean numbers of progressively motile morphologically normal spermatozoa were not significantly different in the last three ejaculates of the 7 day periods of semen collection before (3.37 +/- 0.48 x 10(9) spermatozoa per ejaculate) and after (3.77 +/- 0.48 x 10(9) spermatozoa per ejaculate) testicular biopsy. Total scrotal width varied within normal ranges throughout the year (from 11.7 +/- 0.3 to 10.0 +/- 0.4 cm). Pregnancy rates per oestrous cycle before (50 +/- 6%) and after (63 +/- 9%) testicular biopsy were not significantly different. The concentration of antisperm antibodies in serum and seminal plasma samples did not vary significantly before and after testicular biopsy. Plasma LH, FSH, oestradiol, testosterone and inhibin concentrations fluctuated within normal ranges after biopsy in the expected seasonal pattern. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that using the 'Biopty' instrument to obtain testicular biopsy samples from stallions has no apparent detrimental effects on prospective stallion fertility and can be used to evaluate testicular factors and structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- N F Faber
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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43
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Kenney RM, Cummings MR, Teuscher C, Love CC. Possible role of autoimmunity to spermatozoa in idiopathic infertility of stallions. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 2000:23-30. [PMID: 20681112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Testicular degeneration is a major cause of subfertility in stallions, although an aetiological diagnosis cannot be made in most cases. In the present study, autoimmune testicular degeneration was induced and evaluated in stallions by immunizing stallions with their own spermatozoa mixed with an adjuvant. The factors evaluated included changes in semen quality and testicular histology. A large decrease in sperm number and quality was observed in response to sperm autoantigens. An ELISA test specific for antisperm antibodies was developed which enabled antibody titres in serum, seminal plasma and accessory sex organs to be measured. Serum antibodies were characterized as being specific for spermatozoa by absorption studies and western blotting. The data obtained and the tests developed in the present study provide a better understanding of the disease in subfertile breeding stallions and the ability to diagnose the disease using ELISA. The results of a clinical trial demonstrate that there is a higher incidence of antisperm antibodies in subfertile stallions compared with fertile stallions. The results of the present study indicate that autoimmunity to spermatozoa plays a role in idiopathic subfertility in stallions. A potentially useful method for tentative diagnosis of autoimmune testicular degeneration in subfertile stallions was also developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Kenney
- Section of Reproductive Studies, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Centre, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
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44
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Atkinson MC. Polyorchidism in a dog. Vet Rec 1999; 145:711-2. [PMID: 10638803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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45
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Cisale HO, Rivolta MA, Fernández HA. Semen characteristics of rams after scrotal myiasis. Vet Rec 1999; 145:642-3. [PMID: 10619612 DOI: 10.1136/vr.145.22.642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H O Cisale
- Laboratorio de Espermatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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46
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Abstract
Ultrasonographic appearance of the testis and epididymis, and seminal characteristics, with regard to localization of spermatic granuloma were studied. In rams with spermatic granuloma (n = 9), diagnosed by clinical or ultrasonographic examinations before histopathological confirmation, localization of each lesion was recorded. Epididymal granulomas, caput and cauda, were seen as anechoic or hyperechoic areas with a distinct margin with or without a hyperechoic capsule. Granulomas in the testis were microscopic and, therefore, could not be detected by ultrasonography. Enlargement in the mediastinum testis was detected in all rams when there were granulomas in the caput. Heterogeneous testis parenchyma invaded by numerous hyperechoic foci, representing testicular degeneration, was associated with granulomas both in the epididymis and testis. Ultrasonographic appearance of the lesions did not differ with regard to season. Seminal characteristics varied between rams. It was concluded that ultrasonographic evaluation may give valuable information in the diagnosis of sperm granuloma in the ram.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Karaca
- Department of Reproduction & Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selçuk, Konya, Turkey
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47
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Moro EM, Weiss RD, Friedrich RS, de Vargas AC, Weiss LH, Nunes MP. Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from cases of bovine seminal vesiculitis in south Brazil. J Vet Diagn Invest 1999; 11:189-91. [PMID: 10098696 DOI: 10.1177/104063879901100217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E M Moro
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
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48
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Abstract
The purpose of this article is to provide a survey of the diagnostic use of transcutaneous sonographic examination of the urogenital tract of pet birds. Possibilities and limitations in imaging normal and altered components of this organ system are discussed. Ultrasonographic examination of the avian urogenital tract was evaluated in 386 pet birds. Abnormal clinical signs were present in 289 birds; 97 birds were normal. Transcutaneous ultrasonography proved to be a useful, noninvasive, and fast diagnostic tool, especially in imaging laminated eggs and changes of the oviduct. Until now, these pathologic changes were not diagnosable in birds with other common noninvasive methods (e.g. radiography). The imaging of low-grade changes of the oviduct, disorders of the kidney without enlargement of the organ, as well as roughening of the egg shell proved to be difficult. Sonographic imaging of neither the normal kidney nor the inactive gonads was possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hofbauer
- Institute for Avian and Reptile Diseases, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany
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49
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Kostka VM, Becker T, Burkhardt E, Boscovic M. [Cystic testicular anomaly with subsequent stenosis of the small intestine in an emerald tree boa (Corallus caninus L., 1758)]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere 1998; 26:422-6. [PMID: 9857424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
A case report with emphasis on diagnostic procedures and differential diagnoses is given. The etiology is discussed in comparison to similar malformations in mammals and other reptiles. The literature is reviewed with emphasis on differential diagnostic aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Kostka
- Institut für Geflügelkrankheiten, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen
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50
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Flores JM, Sanchez MA, Gonzalez M, Pizarro M. Caprine testicular hypoplasia associated with sexual reversion decreases the expression of insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) mRNA in testes. Anim Reprod Sci 1998; 52:279-88. [PMID: 9821502 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4320(98)00104-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The genetic expression of insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) mRNA was studied in healthy adult testes and in hypoplastic testes of polled Murciano-Granadina goats by means of in situ hybridization. A positive reaction in spermatogonia, pachytene spermatocytes and a few peritubular myoid cells was observed using the ovine antisense oligonucleotide in healthy testes. The hypoplastic testes displayed a loss of germinal epithelium and a slight thickening of the basement membranes. A limited number of immature germinal cells displayed a lesser hybridization reaction, while the expression of IGF-II mRNA observed in the peritubular myoid cells was similar to that seen in healthy testes. In hypoplastic testes, IGF-II mRNA expression within germinal cells decreased with increasing hypoplasia within the seminiferous epithelium and there was no hybridization within the tubules in cases of severely disrupted spermatogenesis. These results suggest that testicular hypoplasia is associated with changes in the expression of IGF-II mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Flores
- Departamento de Patología Animal II, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
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