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Lemineur C, Blain GM, Piche E, Gerus P. Relationship between metabolic cost, muscle moments and co-contraction during walking and running. Gait Posture 2024; 113:345-351. [PMID: 39053123 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2024.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The metabolic cost of locomotion is a key factor in walking and running performance. It has been studied by analysing the activation and co-activation of the muscles of the lower limbs. However, these measures do not comprehensively address muscle mechanics, in contrast to approaches using muscle moments and co-contraction. RESEARCH QUESTION What is the effect of speed and type of locomotion on muscle moments and co-contraction, and their relationship with metabolic cost during walking and running? METHODS Eleven recreational athletes (60.5 ± 7.1 kg; 169.0 ± 6.6 cm; 23.6 ± 3.3 years) walked and ran on a treadmill at different speeds, including a similar speed of 1.75 m.s-1. Metabolic cost was estimated from gas exchange measurements. Muscle moments and co-contraction of ankle and knee flexors and extensors during the stance and swing phases were estimated using an electromyographic-driven model. RESULTS Both the slowest and fastest walking speeds had significantly higher metabolic costs than intermediate ones (p < 0.05). The metabolic cost of walking was correlated with plantarflexors moment during swing phase (r = 0.62 at 0.5 m.s-1, r = 0.67 at 1,25 m.s-1), dorsiflexors moment during stance phase (r = 0.65 at 1.25 m.s-1, r = 0.67 at 1.5 and 1.75 m.s-1), and ankle co-contraction during the stance phase (r = 0.63 at 1.25 and 1.75 m.s-1). The metabolic cost of running at 3.25 m.s-1 during the swing phase was correlated with the dorsiflexors moment (r = 0.63), plantarflexors moment (r = 0.61) and ankle co-contraction (r = 0.60). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Fluctuations in metabolic cost of walking and running could be explained, at least in part, by increased ankle antagonist moments and co-contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elodie Piche
- Université Côte d'Azur, LAMHESS, Nice, France; Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Clinique Gériatrique du Cerveau et du Mouvement, Nice, France
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Baček T, Sun M, Liu H, Chen Z, Manzie C, Burdet E, Kulić D, Oetomo D, Tan Y. A biomechanics and energetics dataset of neurotypical adults walking with and without kinematic constraints. Sci Data 2024; 11:646. [PMID: 38890343 PMCID: PMC11189391 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03444-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have explored the biomechanics and energetics of human walking, offering valuable insights into how we walk. However, prior studies focused on changing external factors (e.g., walking speed) and examined group averages and trends rather than individual adaptations in the presence of internal constraints (e.g., injury-related muscle weakness). To address this gap, this paper presents an open dataset of human walking biomechanics and energetics collected from 21 neurotypical young adults. To investigate the effects of internal constraints (reduced joint range of motion), the participants are both the control group (free walking) and the intervention group (constrained walking - left knee fully extended using a passive orthosis). Each subject walked on a dual-belt treadmill at three speeds (0.4, 0.8, and 1.1 m/s) and five step frequencies ( - 10% to 20% of their preferred frequency) for a total of 30 test conditions. The dataset includes raw and segmented data featuring ground reaction forces, joint motion, muscle activity, and metabolic data. Additionally, a sample code is provided for basic data manipulation and visualisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Baček
- The University of Melbourne, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 3010, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Mingrui Sun
- The University of Melbourne, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 3010, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hengchang Liu
- The University of Melbourne, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 3010, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Zhongxiang Chen
- Monash University, Faculty of Engineering, 3800, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Chris Manzie
- The University of Melbourne, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 3010, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Etienne Burdet
- Imperial College London, Department of Bioengineering, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dana Kulić
- Monash University, Faculty of Engineering, 3800, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Denny Oetomo
- The University of Melbourne, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 3010, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ying Tan
- The University of Melbourne, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 3010, Melbourne, Australia
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Zhang L, Xu C, Chen L, Liu Y, Xiao N, Wu X, Chen Y, Hou W. Abnormal interlimb coordination of motor developmental delay during infant crawling based on kinematic synergy analysis. Biomed Eng Online 2024; 23:16. [PMID: 38326806 PMCID: PMC10851483 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-024-01207-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have reported that abnormal interlimb coordination is a typical characteristic of motor developmental delay (MDD) during human movement, which can be visually manifested as abnormal motor postures. Clinically, the scale assessments are usually used to evaluate interlimb coordination, but they rely heavily on the subjective judgements of therapists and lack quantitative analysis. In addition, although abnormal interlimb coordination of MDD have been studied, it is still unclear how this abnormality is manifested in physiology-related kinematic features. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate how abnormal interlimb coordination of MDD during infant crawling was manifested in the stability of joints and limbs, activation levels of synergies and intrasubject consistency from the kinematic synergies of tangential velocities of joints perspective. METHODS Tangential velocities of bilateral shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee and ankle over time were computed from recorded three-dimensional joint trajectories in 40 infants with MDD [16 infants at risk of developmental delay, 11 infants at high risk of developmental delay, 13 infants with confirmed developmental delay (CDD group)] and 20 typically developing infants during hands-and-knees crawling. Kinematic synergies and corresponding activation coefficients were derived from those joint velocities using the non-negative matrix factorization algorithm. The variability accounted for yielded by those synergies and activation coefficients, and the synergy weightings in those synergies were used to measure the stability of joints and limbs. To quantify the activation levels of those synergies, the full width at half maximum and center of activity of activation coefficients were calculated. In addition, the intrasubject consistency was measured by the cosine similarity of those synergies and activation coefficients. RESULTS Interlimb coordination patterns during infant crawling were the combinations of four types of single-limb movements, which represent the dominance of each of the four limbs. MDD mainly reduced the stability of joints and limbs, and induced the abnormal activation levels of those synergies. Meanwhile, MDD generally reduced the intrasubject consistency, especially in CDD group. CONCLUSIONS These features have the potential for quantitatively evaluating abnormal interlimb coordination in assisting the clinical diagnosis and motor rehabilitation of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Medical Electronics Technology, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Chong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Medical Electronics Technology, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Medical Electronics Technology, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Center, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Nong Xiao
- Department of Rehabilitation Center, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Xiaoying Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Medical Electronics Technology, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| | - Yuxia Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Center, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China.
| | - Wensheng Hou
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Medical Electronics Technology, Chongqing, 400044, China
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Hagen AC, Patrick CM, Bast IE, Fling BW. Propulsive Force Modulation Drives Split-Belt Treadmill Adaptation in People with Multiple Sclerosis. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1067. [PMID: 38400224 PMCID: PMC10891828 DOI: 10.3390/s24041067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Most people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) experience significant gait asymmetries between their legs during walking, leading to an increased risk of falls. Split-belt treadmill training, where the speed of each limb is controlled independently, alters each leg's stepping pattern and can improve gait symmetry in PwMS. However, the biomechanical mechanisms of this adaptation in PwMS remain poorly understood. In this study, 32 PwMS underwent a 10 min split-belt treadmill adaptation paradigm with the more affected (MA) leg moving twice as fast as the less affected (LA) leg. The most noteworthy biomechanical adaptation observed was increased peak propulsion asymmetry between the limbs. A kinematic analysis revealed that peak dorsiflexion asymmetry and the onset of plantarflexion in the MA limb were the primary contributors to the observed increases in peak propulsion. In contrast, the joints in the LA limb underwent only immediate reactive adjustments without subsequent adaptation. These findings demonstrate that modulation during gait adaptation in PwMS occurs primarily via propulsive forces and joint motions that contribute to propulsive forces. Understanding these distinct biomechanical changes during adaptation enhances our grasp of the rehabilitative impact of split-belt treadmill training, providing insights for refining therapeutic interventions aimed at improving gait symmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Hagen
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1582, USA; (C.M.P.); (I.E.B.)
| | - Christopher M. Patrick
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1582, USA; (C.M.P.); (I.E.B.)
- Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1617, USA
| | - Isaac E. Bast
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1582, USA; (C.M.P.); (I.E.B.)
| | - Brett W. Fling
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1582, USA; (C.M.P.); (I.E.B.)
- Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1617, USA
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Foroughi F, Prible D, Hsiao HY. Age-associated changes in lower limb weight-bearing strategy during walking. Gait Posture 2024; 107:162-168. [PMID: 37827929 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As people age there is a proximal shift of joint moment generation from ankle plantarflexion and knee extension toward hip extension and flexion moments. This age-related redistribution has been documented in the context of propulsive force generation during the push-off phase with less evidence in the context of weight bearing. Additionally, these sagittal plane joint moments have been a primary focus of studies though the hip frontal plane moment also contributes to vertical support but has received less attention. Furthermore, how aging affects the relationships between changes in sagittal and frontal joint moments and changes in vertical support force as a function of walking speed remains unclear RESEARCH QUESTION: How does aging affect the contributions of sagittal and frontal plane joint moments to weight-bearing across different walking speeds? METHODS Gait analysis was performed on 24 young and 17 healthy older subjects walked on the treadmill at their preferred and 30 % faster speeds. Stepwise linear regression analysis was performed to determine the joint moments that predict the peak amplitudes of the vertical ground reaction force (VGRF) across different walking speeds. RESULTS Hip abduction and knee extension moments were the primary contributors to leading limb weight-bearing in young, whereas hip extension moment was the primary contributor in older adults. Ankle plantarflexion moment was the main contributor to trailing limb weight-bearing in young and hip flexion moment was the main contributor in older adults. From preferred to faster walking speed changes in knee extension moment were the primary contributor to changes in the trailing limb weight-bearing in young whereas changes in hip extension moment were the primary contributor in olderadults. SIGNIFICANCE These findings suggested that older and younger adults used different joint moment contributions to produce leading limb and trailing limb vertical support forces across different walking speeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forouzan Foroughi
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, 2109 San Jacinto Blvd, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Donald Prible
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, 2109 San Jacinto Blvd, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Hao-Yuan Hsiao
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, 2109 San Jacinto Blvd, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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Buddhadev HH, Suprak DN, Jordan KH, Hynds A. Walking in high-heel shoes induces redistribution of joint power and work. Int Biomech 2023; 10:10-17. [PMID: 37356107 DOI: 10.1080/23335432.2023.2228362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Walking in high-heel shoes (HHS) decreases the push-off power and little research has examined the specific muscle groups that compensate for it. The purpose was to examine the effects of walking in HHS compared to barefoot on lower extremity net joint work and power. Fourteen young women walked in HHS and barefoot at a fixed speed of 1.3 m·s-1. Marker position and ground reaction force data were synchronously measured at 100 and 1000 Hz, respectively. Peak power and joint work variables were computed over the power phases of the gait cycle using an inverse dynamic approach. When walking in HHS was compared to barefoot, participants exerted a diminished push-off characterized by lesser peak power and lesser work by the ankle plantar flexors in late stance (A2 phase; p < 0.001). To compensate for the reduced ankle plantar flexor power, greater peak power was generated and work was performed in early stance by hip extensors (H1 phase; p ≤ 0.001), in mid-stance by knee extensors (K2 phase; p < 0.001) and in late stance and early swing phase by hip flexor muscles (H3 phase; p ≤ 0.001). Walking in HHS induces biomechanical plasticity and causes distal-to-proximal redistribution of net joint power and work during walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh H Buddhadev
- Department of Health and Human Development, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
| | - David N Suprak
- Department of Health and Human Development, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
| | - Kamile H Jordan
- Department of Health and Human Development, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
| | - Angelo Hynds
- Doctor of Physical Therapy Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Modification of the locomotor pattern when deviating from the characteristic heel-to-toe rolling pattern during walking. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023:10.1007/s00421-023-05169-5. [PMID: 36869884 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05169-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Humans are amongst few animals that step first on the heel, and then roll on the ball of the foot and toes. While this heel-to-toe rolling pattern has been shown to render an energetic advantage during walking, the effect of different foot contact strategies, on the neuromuscular control of adult walking gaits has received less attention. We hypothesised that deviating from heel-to-toe rolling pattern affects the energy transduction and weight acceptance and re-propulsive phases in gait along with the modification of spinal motor activity. METHODS Ten subjects walked on a treadmill normally, then placed their feet flat on the ground at each step and finally walked on the balls of the feet. RESULTS Our results show that when participants deviate from heel-to-toe rolling pattern strategy, the mechanical work increases on average 85% higher (F = 15.5; p < 0.001), mainly linked to a lack of propulsion at late stance. This modification of the mechanical power is related to a differential involvement of lumbar and sacral segment activation. Particularly, the delay between the major bursts of activation is on average 65% smaller, as compared to normal walking (F = 43.2; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Similar results are observable in walking plantigrade animals, but also at the onset of independent stepping in toddlers, where the heel-to-toe rolling pattern is not yet established. These indications seem to bring arguments to the fact that the rolling of the foot during human locomotion has evolved to optimise gait, following selective pressures from the evolution of bipedal posture.
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Huang CH, Aydemir B, Foucher KC. Sagittal plane ankle kinetics are associated with dynamic hip range of motion and gait efficiency in women with hip osteoarthritis. J Orthop Res 2023; 41:555-561. [PMID: 35689510 PMCID: PMC9741662 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Loss of sagittal plane hip range of motion (ROM) is a commonly reported walking gait impairment in people with hip osteoarthritis (OA). The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether sagittal plane hip ROM reduction and the resulting altered sagittal plane ankle kinetics during gait influence the energy cost of walking in people with hip OA. We evaluated 24 women with unilateral hip OA (60 ± 9.1 years; 29.4 ± 6.1 kg/m2 ). Sagittal plane hip ROM and peak ankle dorsiflexion moment were assessed by instrumented gait analysis. We also used a portable metabolic system to measure the energy cost of walking. Pearson correlations and regression analyses were performed to test our hypotheses. We found that greater involved limb sagittal plane hip ROM was associated with a larger ankle peak dorsiflexion moment at push-off during gait (R = 0.50, p = 0.01). Greater involved limb peak ankle dorsiflexion moment at push-off was associated with a lower oxygen consumption during gait (R = -0.51, p = 0.01). Involved limb peak ankle dorsiflexion moment at push-off predicted 26% of the variance in O2 cost. Statement of Clinical Significance: Sagittal plane hip ROM was associated with peak ankle dorsiflexion moment at push-off during gait in women with hip OA. Moreover, peak ankle dorsiflexion moment at push-off was associated with the energy cost of walking. Therefore, modifying sagittal plane hip ROM and peak ankle dorsiflexion moment could be a possible rehabilitation strategy to improve gait efficiency in women with hip OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hao Huang
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University
| | - Burcu Aydemir
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
| | - Kharma C. Foucher
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago
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Anwar SFZ, Wang Y, Raza W, Arnold G, Wang W. Mechanical energy fluctuation in lower limbs during walking in participants with and without total hip replacement. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230041. [PMID: 36866080 PMCID: PMC9974294 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical energy fluctuation of the segments of lower limbs during walking has not been fully investigated. It was hypothesized that the segments may work as a pendulum, i.e. the kinetic and potential energies exchanged out of phase. This study aimed to investigate energy changes and recovery during gait in hip replacement patients. The gait data for 12 participants with total hip replacement and 12 age-matched control was compared. The kinetic, potential and rotative energies for whole lower limb and thigh, calf and foot, were calculated. The effectiveness of a pendulum effect was analysed. Gait parameters (speeds and cadence) were calculated. The results showed that the thigh had significant effectiveness as a pendulum during gait with energy recovery coefficient of approximately 40% while the calf and foot were less like a pendulum during gait. In comparison, energy recoveries of lower limbs in the two groups were not significantly different. If the pelvis was considered as an approximate to the centre of mass, however, the control group had a higher energy recovery than total-hip-replacement group by roughly 10%. This study concluded that, unlike centre of mass energy recovery, the mechanical energy recovery mechanism in the lower limbs during walking is not affected after total hip replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- St. Fatimah Zahrah Anwar
- University Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Ying Wang
- University Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Wasim Raza
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, LEJ Campus, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Graham Arnold
- University Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Weijie Wang
- University Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
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Anwar SFZ, Wang Y, Raza W, Arnold G, Wang W. Mechanical energy fluctuation in lower limbs during walking in participants with and without total hip replacement. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023. [PMID: 36866080 DOI: 10.5061/dryad.r4xgxd2fr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical energy fluctuation of the segments of lower limbs during walking has not been fully investigated. It was hypothesized that the segments may work as a pendulum, i.e. the kinetic and potential energies exchanged out of phase. This study aimed to investigate energy changes and recovery during gait in hip replacement patients. The gait data for 12 participants with total hip replacement and 12 age-matched control was compared. The kinetic, potential and rotative energies for whole lower limb and thigh, calf and foot, were calculated. The effectiveness of a pendulum effect was analysed. Gait parameters (speeds and cadence) were calculated. The results showed that the thigh had significant effectiveness as a pendulum during gait with energy recovery coefficient of approximately 40% while the calf and foot were less like a pendulum during gait. In comparison, energy recoveries of lower limbs in the two groups were not significantly different. If the pelvis was considered as an approximate to the centre of mass, however, the control group had a higher energy recovery than total-hip-replacement group by roughly 10%. This study concluded that, unlike centre of mass energy recovery, the mechanical energy recovery mechanism in the lower limbs during walking is not affected after total hip replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- St Fatimah Zahrah Anwar
- University Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Ying Wang
- University Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Wasim Raza
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, LEJ Campus, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Graham Arnold
- University Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Weijie Wang
- University Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
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Bermejo-García J, Rodríguez Jorge D, Romero-Sánchez F, Jayakumar A, Alonso-Sánchez FJ. Actuation Strategies for a Wearable Cable-Driven Exosuit Based on Synergies in Younger and Older Adults. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 23:261. [PMID: 36616858 PMCID: PMC9824617 DOI: 10.3390/s23010261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Older adults (aged 55 years and above) have greater difficulty carrying out activities of daily living than younger adults (aged 25−55 years). Although age-related changes in human gait kinetics are well documented in qualitative terms in the scientific literature, these differences may be quantified and analyzed using the analysis of motor control strategies through kinetic synergies. The gaits of two groups of people (older and younger adults), each with ten members, were analyzed on a treadmill at a constant controlled speed and their gait kinetics were recorded. The decomposition of the kinetics into synergies was applied to the joint torques at the hip, knee, and ankle joints. Principal components determined the similarity of the kinetic torques in the three joints analyzed and the effect of the walking speed on the coordination pattern. A total of three principal components were required to describe enough information with minimal loss. The results suggest that the older group showed a change in coordination strategy compared to that of the younger group. The main changes were related to the ankle and hip torques, both showing significant differences (p-value <0.05) between the two groups. The findings suggest that the differences between the gait patterns of the two groups were closely related to a reduction in ankle torque and an increase in hip torque. This change in gait pattern may affect the rehabilitation strategy used when designing general-purpose rehabilitation devices or rehabilitation/training programs for the elderly.
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Borgia B, Dufek JS, Radzak KN, Freedman Silvernail J. The effect of exercise modality on age-related changes observed during running. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2022; 19:21. [PMID: 36115944 PMCID: PMC9482262 DOI: 10.1186/s11556-022-00302-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION With the increase in participation by older adults in endurance events, research is needed to evaluate how exercising throughout the lifespan can affect the aging process regarding gait and mobility. The purpose of this study was to determine how the type of exercise modality one participates in will affect age-related declines observed during running. METHODS Fifty-six individuals between the ages of 18-65 who considered running, resistance training or cycling/swimming as their primary form of activity participated in this study. Kinematics were captured using a 10-camera motion capture system while participants ran at a controlled pace of 3.5 m/s (± 5%) over a 10-m runway with force platforms collecting kinetic data. Eight successful trials were chosen for analysis. A one-way ANOVA assessed differences in mean kinematic and kinetic variables of interest between physical activity groups (α = 0.05). RESULTS Older resistance trainers exhibited greater maximal knee power compared to older runners. No other group differences were observed. CONCLUSION Despite type of exercise modality, regularly participating in exercise has positive effects. This is evident through the preservation of the function of the lower extremity with age, specifically function of the ankle, and its contribution to healthy movement patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianne Borgia
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
| | - Janet S. Dufek
- grid.272362.00000 0001 0806 6926Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV USA
| | - Kara N. Radzak
- grid.272362.00000 0001 0806 6926Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV USA
| | - Julia Freedman Silvernail
- grid.272362.00000 0001 0806 6926Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV USA
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Alhossary A, Ang WT, Chua KSG, Tay MRJ, Ong PL, Murakami T, Quake T, Binedell T, Wee SK, Phua MW, Wei YJ, Donnelly CJ. Identification of Secondary Biomechanical Abnormalities in the Lower Limb Joints after Chronic Transtibial Amputation: A Proof-of-Concept Study Using SPM1D Analysis. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9070293. [PMID: 35877344 PMCID: PMC9311753 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9070293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
SPM is a statistical method of analysis of time-varying human movement gait signal, depending on the random field theory (RFT). MovementRx is our inhouse-developed decision-support system that depends on SPM1D Python implementation of the SPM (spm1d.org). We present the potential application of MovementRx in the prediction of increased joint forces with the possibility to predispose to osteoarthritis in a sample of post-surgical Transtibial Amputation (TTA) patients who were ambulant in the community. We captured the three-dimensional movement profile of 12 males with TTA and studied them using MovementRx, employing the SPM1D Python library to quantify the deviation(s) they have from our corresponding reference data, using “Hotelling 2” and “T test 2” statistics for the 3D movement vectors of the 3 main lower limb joints (hip, knee, and ankle) and their nine respective components (3 joints × 3 dimensions), respectively. MovementRx results visually demonstrated a clear distinction in the biomechanical recordings between TTA patients and a reference set of normal people (ABILITY data project), and variability within the TTA patients’ group enabled identification of those with an increased risk of developing osteoarthritis in the future. We conclude that MovementRx is a potential tool to detect increased specific joint forces with the ability to identify TTA survivors who may be at risk for osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Alhossary
- Rehabilitation Research Institute of Singapore-Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore; (A.A.); (W.T.A.); (Y.J.W.)
| | - Wei Tech Ang
- Rehabilitation Research Institute of Singapore-Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore; (A.A.); (W.T.A.); (Y.J.W.)
| | - Karen Sui Geok Chua
- Centre of Rehabilitation Excellence, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 569766, Singapore; (K.S.G.C.); (M.R.J.T.); (P.L.O.); (T.M.); (T.Q.); (T.B.); (S.K.W.); (M.W.P.)
| | - Matthew Rong Jie Tay
- Centre of Rehabilitation Excellence, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 569766, Singapore; (K.S.G.C.); (M.R.J.T.); (P.L.O.); (T.M.); (T.Q.); (T.B.); (S.K.W.); (M.W.P.)
| | - Poo Lee Ong
- Centre of Rehabilitation Excellence, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 569766, Singapore; (K.S.G.C.); (M.R.J.T.); (P.L.O.); (T.M.); (T.Q.); (T.B.); (S.K.W.); (M.W.P.)
| | - Tsurayuki Murakami
- Centre of Rehabilitation Excellence, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 569766, Singapore; (K.S.G.C.); (M.R.J.T.); (P.L.O.); (T.M.); (T.Q.); (T.B.); (S.K.W.); (M.W.P.)
| | - Tabitha Quake
- Centre of Rehabilitation Excellence, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 569766, Singapore; (K.S.G.C.); (M.R.J.T.); (P.L.O.); (T.M.); (T.Q.); (T.B.); (S.K.W.); (M.W.P.)
| | - Trevor Binedell
- Centre of Rehabilitation Excellence, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 569766, Singapore; (K.S.G.C.); (M.R.J.T.); (P.L.O.); (T.M.); (T.Q.); (T.B.); (S.K.W.); (M.W.P.)
| | - Seng Kwee Wee
- Centre of Rehabilitation Excellence, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 569766, Singapore; (K.S.G.C.); (M.R.J.T.); (P.L.O.); (T.M.); (T.Q.); (T.B.); (S.K.W.); (M.W.P.)
| | - Min Wee Phua
- Centre of Rehabilitation Excellence, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 569766, Singapore; (K.S.G.C.); (M.R.J.T.); (P.L.O.); (T.M.); (T.Q.); (T.B.); (S.K.W.); (M.W.P.)
| | - Yong Jia Wei
- Rehabilitation Research Institute of Singapore-Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore; (A.A.); (W.T.A.); (Y.J.W.)
| | - Cyril John Donnelly
- Rehabilitation Research Institute of Singapore-Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore; (A.A.); (W.T.A.); (Y.J.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-6904-1363
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Non-age-related gait kinematics and kinetics in the elderly. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2022; 23:623. [PMID: 35768797 PMCID: PMC9241214 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-022-05577-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The change of gait kinematics and kinetics along aging were reported to indicate age-related gait patterns. However, few studies focus on non-age-related gait analysis. This study aims to explore the non-age-related gait kinematics and kinetics by comparing gait analysis outcomes among the healthy elderly and young subjects. METHODS Gait analysis at self-paced was conducted on 12 healthy young subjects and 8 healthy elderly subjects. Kinematic and kinetic features of ankle, knee and hip joints were analyzed and compared in two groups. The degree of variation between the young and elderly in each kinematic or kinetic feature was calculated from pattern distance and percentage of significant difference. The k-means clustering and Elbow Method were applied to select and validate non-age-related features. The average waveforms with standard deviation were plotted for the comparison of the results. RESULTS A total of five kinematic and five kinetic features were analyzed on ankle, knee and hip joints in healthy young and elderly groups. The degrees of variation in ankle moment, knee angle, hip flexion angle, and hip adduction moment were 0.1074, 0.1593, 0.1407, and 0.1593, respectively. The turning point was where the k value equals two. The clustering centers were 0.1417 and 0.3691, and the two critical values closest to the cutoff were 0.1593 and 0.3037. The average waveforms of the kinematic or kinetic features mentioned above were highly overlapped with a minor standard deviation between the healthy young and elderly but showed larger variations between the healthy and abnormal. CONCLUSIONS The cluster with a minor degree of variation in kinematic and kinetic features between the young and elderly were identified as non-age-related, including ankle moment, knee angle, hip flexion angle, and hip adduction moment. Non-age-related gait kinematics and kinetics are essential indicators for gait with normal function, which is essential in the evaluation of mobility and functional ability of the elderly, and data fusion of the assistant device.
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15
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Wade FE, Kellaher GK, Pesquera S, Baudendistel ST, Roy A, Clark DJ, Seidler RD, Ferris DP, Manini TM, Hass CJ. Kinematic analysis of speed transitions within walking in younger and older adults. J Biomech 2022; 138:111130. [PMID: 35569430 PMCID: PMC9284670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The ability to adapt to environmental and task demands while walking is critical to independent mobility outside the home and this ability wanes with age. Such adaptability requires individuals to acutely change their walking speed. Regardless of age, changes between walking speeds are common in daily life, and are a frequent type of walking adaptability. Here, we report on older and younger adults when transitioning from preferred walking speed overground to either slower or faster walking. Specifically, we evaluated biomechanical parameters prior to, during, and post transition. Individuals approached the walking speed transition similarly, independent of whether the transition was to slower or faster walking. Regardless of age or walking speed, the step during which a walking speed transition occurred was distinct from those prior- and post- transition, with on average 0.15 m shorter step lengths, 3.6° more hip flexion, and 3.3° more dorsiflexion during stance. We also found that peak hip flexion occurred 22% later, and peak hip extension (39%), knee flexion (26%), and dorsiflexion (44%) occurred earlier in stance for both typical to slower and typical to faster walking. Older adults had altered timing of peak joint angles compared with younger adults across both acceleration and deceleration conditions, indicating age-dependent responses to changing walking speed. Our findings are an important first step in establishing values for kinematics during walking speed transitions in younger and typical older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca E Wade
- Department of Applied Physiology & Kinesiology, University of Florida, United States.
| | - Grace K Kellaher
- Department of Applied Physiology & Kinesiology, University of Florida, United States; Department of Kinesiology & Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, United States
| | - Sarah Pesquera
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, United States; Center for the Intrepid, San Antonio, United States
| | - Sidney T Baudendistel
- Department of Applied Physiology & Kinesiology, University of Florida, United States; Department of Physical Therapy, Washington University St. Louis, School of Medicine, United States
| | - Arkaprava Roy
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, United States
| | - David J Clark
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, United States; Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, United States
| | - Rachael D Seidler
- Department of Applied Physiology & Kinesiology, University of Florida, United States; Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, United States
| | - Daniel P Ferris
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, United States
| | - Todd M Manini
- Institute on Aging, University of Florida, United States; Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, University of Florida, United States
| | - Chris J Hass
- Department of Applied Physiology & Kinesiology, University of Florida, United States; Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, United States
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16
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Relation between Step-To-Step Transition Strategies and Walking Pattern in Older Adults. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12105055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In older adults, two different modes of step-to-step transition have been observed: an anticipated mode when the redirection of the centre of mass of the body (COM) begins before double stance and another when the transition begins during double stance. However, the impact of transition mode on gait kinetics and kinematics has not been investigated. Age and step-to-step-transition-related differences in intersegmental coordination and in the COM trajectory during walking were identified. Fifteen young (24.1 ± 0.7 y.o.) and thirty-six older adults (74.5 ± 5.0 y.o.) walked on a treadmill at 1.11 m s−1 and 1.67 m s−1. Lower-limb motion and ground reaction force were recorded. The COM dynamics were evaluated by measuring the pendulum-like exchange of the COM energies. While all young adults and 21 of the older adults used an anticipated transition, 15 older adults presented a non-anticipated transition. Previously documented changes of intersegmental coordination with age were accentuated in older adults with non-anticipated transition (p < 0.001). Moreover, older adults with non-anticipated transition had a smaller pendulum-like energy exchange than older adults with anticipated transition (p = 0.03). The timing of COM redirection is linked to kinematic and mechanic modification of gait and could potentially be used as a quantitative assessment of age-related decline in gait.
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17
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Dewolf AH, Sylos-Labini F, Cappellini G, Zhvansky D, Willems PA, Ivanenko Y, Lacquaniti F. Neuromuscular Age-Related Adjustment of Gait When Moving Upwards and Downwards. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:749366. [PMID: 34744664 PMCID: PMC8566537 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.749366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Locomotor movements are accommodated to various surface conditions by means of specific locomotor adjustments. This study examined underlying age-related differences in neuromuscular control during level walking and on a positive or negative slope, and during stepping upstairs and downstairs. Ten elderly and eight young adults walked on a treadmill at two different speeds and at three different inclinations (0°, +6°, and −6°). They were also asked to ascend and descend stairs at self-selected speeds. Full body kinematics and surface electromyography of 12 lower-limb muscles were recorded. We compared the intersegmental coordination, muscle activity, and corresponding modifications of spinal motoneuronal output in young and older adults. Despite great similarity between the neuromuscular control of young and older adults, our findings highlight subtle age-related differences in all conditions, potentially reflecting systematic age-related adjustments of the neuromuscular control of locomotion across various support surfaces. The main distinctive feature of walking in older adults is a significantly wider and earlier activation of muscles innervated by the sacral segments. These changes in neuromuscular control are reflected in a reduction or lack of propulsion observed at the end of stance in older adults at different slopes, with the result of a delay in the timing of redirection of the centre-of-mass velocity and of an unanticipated step-to-step transition strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur H Dewolf
- Department of Systems Medicine and Center of Space Biomedicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Germana Cappellini
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.,Department of Pediatric Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Dmitry Zhvansky
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Motor Control, Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Moscow, Russia
| | - Patrick A Willems
- Laboratoire de Physiologie et Biomecanique de la Locomotion, Université catholique de Louvain, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Yury Ivanenko
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Lacquaniti
- Department of Systems Medicine and Center of Space Biomedicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
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18
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Pol F, Baharlouei H, Taheri A, Menz HB, Forghany S. Foot and ankle biomechanics during walking in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Gait Posture 2021; 89:14-24. [PMID: 34217001 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The foot and ankle complex undergoes significant structural and functional changes with advancing age. RESEARCH QUESTION The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to synthesize and critique the research literature pertaining to foot and ankle biomechanics while walking in young and older adults. METHODS Electronic databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and Embase) were searched from inception to April 2019 for cross-sectional studies which compared kinematics, kinetics and plantar pressure differences between young and older adults. Screening and data extraction were performed by two independent assessors, with disagreements resolved by consensus. RESULTS A total of 39 articles underwent full-text screening, and 19 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included. Meta-analysis showed that older adults had less ankle joint plantar flexion (5 studies; weighted mean difference [WMD]: -5.15; 95 %CI: -6.47 to -3.83; P < 0.001) and less ankle joint power generation (6 studies; standardized mean difference [SMD]: -0.62; 95 %CI: -0.82 to -0.41; P < 0.001) during propulsion compared to young adults. These differences persisted in subgroup analyses comparing different walking speeds. Plantar pressure findings were highly variable due to differences in data collection protocols and meta-analysis was not possible. SIGNIFICANCE Older adults have unique foot and ankle kinematics and kinetics during walking characterized by reduced ankle joint plantarflexion and power generation during propulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Pol
- Musculoskeletal Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Hamzeh Baharlouei
- Musculoskeletal Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Alireza Taheri
- Musculoskeletal Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Hylton B Menz
- Discipline of Podiatry, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia.
| | - Saeed Forghany
- Musculoskeletal Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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19
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Rowe E, Beauchamp MK, Astephen Wilson J. Age and sex differences in normative gait patterns. Gait Posture 2021; 88:109-115. [PMID: 34023654 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A comprehensive understanding of healthy gait patterns is a critical first step towards understanding age-related pathologies and disorders that are commonly associated with mobility limitations throughout aging. Further, consideration of sex-specific gait patterns throughout the lifespan is important, considering biological differences between males and females that can manifest biomechanically, and epidemiological evidence of female sex being a risk factor for some age-related pathologies such as osteoarthritis. RESEARCH QUESTION The aim of this study was to characterize the differences in lower extremity joint kinematics and kinetics during gait between asymptomatic adult women and men in different age groups (20-40 years, 41-50 years, 51-59 years, 60+ years). METHODS This was a secondary analysis conducted on instrumented gait data from 154 asymptomatic adult participants (94 females, 60 males). Three-dimensional hip, knee and ankle joint angles and net external moments were calculated and waveform principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to extract major patterns of variability from each. PC scores were examined for significant sex, age and interaction effects using a two-factor ANOVA analysis (p = 0.001). RESULTS 13 PC features differed between asymptomatic male and female gait patterns, and were independent of age category. No PC features significantly differed between the age groups, and there were no significant sex by age interactions. SIGNIFICANCE There are significant magnitude and pattern differences in hip, knee and ankle kinematics and kinetics between asymptomatic women and men. As study participants were asymptomatic, these differences do not necessarily correlate with any injury or disease mechanisms. However, these results do suggest the importance of considering sex-specific analyses in gait study design, and the use of sex-specific normative data in clinical gait studies. These results further suggest that consideration of strict age-matching for gait analysis studies using adult controls is not as critical as sex considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erynne Rowe
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W, Hamilton, L8S 4L8, ON, Canada.
| | - Marla K Beauchamp
- School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W, Hamilton, L8S 4L8, ON, Canada
| | - Janie Astephen Wilson
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W, Hamilton, L8S 4L8, ON, Canada; Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W, Hamilton, L8S 4L8, ON, Canada; Department of Surgery, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W, Hamilton, L8S 4L8, ON, Canada; School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, 6299 South St. Halifax, B3H 4R2, NS, Canada
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20
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Dewolf AH, Sylos-Labini F, Cappellini G, Ivanenko Y, Lacquaniti F. Age-related changes in the neuromuscular control of forward and backward locomotion. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246372. [PMID: 33596223 PMCID: PMC7888655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies found significant modification in spatiotemporal parameters of backward walking in healthy older adults, but the age-related changes in the neuromuscular control have been considered to a lesser extent. The present study compared the intersegmental coordination, muscle activity and corresponding modifications of spinal montoneuronal output during both forward and backward walking in young and older adults. Ten older and ten young adults walked forward and backward on a treadmill at different speeds. Gait kinematics and EMG activity of 14 unilateral lower-limb muscles were recorded. As compared to young adults, the older ones used shorter steps, a more in-phase shank and foot motion, and the activity profiles of muscles innervated from the sacral segments were significantly wider in each walking condition. These findings highlight age-related changes in the neuromuscular control of both forward and backward walking. A striking feature of backward walking was the differential organization of the spinal output as compared to forward gait. In addition, the resulting spatiotemporal map patterns also characterized age-related changes of gait. Finally, modifications of the intersegmental coordination with aging were greater during backward walking. On the whole, the assessment of backward walk in addition to routine forward walk may help identifying or unmasking neuromuscular adjustments of gait to aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur H. Dewolf
- Department of Systems Medicine and Center of Space Biomedicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Germana Cappellini
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Department of Pediatric Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Yury Ivanenko
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Lacquaniti
- Department of Systems Medicine and Center of Space Biomedicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
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21
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Langeard A, Bigot L, Loggia G, Bherer L, Chastan N, Gauthier A. Ankle dorsiflexors and plantarflexors neuromuscular electrical stimulation training impacts gait kinematics in older adults: A pilot study. Gait Posture 2021; 84:335-339. [PMID: 33450595 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While ankle muscles, highly affected by aging, are highly implicated in the changes in gait kinematics and involved in the limitation of seniors' mobility, whether neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) training of these muscles could impact gait kinematics in older adults has not been investigated yet. RESEARCH QUESTION What are the effects of 12 weeks of ankle plantar and dorsiflexors NMES training on strength and gait kinematics in healthy older adults? METHODS Fourteen older adults (73.6 ± 4.9 years) performed a three-time per week, three months long NMES training of both ankle plantar and dorsiflexors. Before and after training, neuromuscular parameters, gait kinematic parameters, and daily physical activity were measured. RESULTS The participants significantly increased their lower limb muscle mass and their plantar and dorsiflexors isometric strength after training. They reduced the hip abduction/adduction and the pelvic anterior tilt range of motion and variability during gait. However, the participants became less active after the training. SIGNIFICANCE NMES training of ankle muscles, by increasing ankle muscle mass and strength,modified gait kinematics. NMES training of ankle muscles is feasible and effective to lower the hip implication and increment foot progression angle during gait. Further study should determine if this could lower the risk of falling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucile Bigot
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, COMETE, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Gilles Loggia
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, CHU Caen, Department of Geriatrics, COMETE, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Louis Bherer
- University of Montréal, Department of Medicine and Research Center Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada; Research Centre, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie Chastan
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, CHU Rouen, Department of Neurophysiology, COMETE, 14000, Caen, France
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22
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Investigating the effect of innovative storing-restoring hybrid passive ankle-foot orthosis on braking and propulsion impulse of walking in drop-foot patients: a prospective cohort study. CURRENT ORTHOPAEDIC PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1097/bco.0000000000000960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Buddhadev HH, Smiley AL, Martin PE. Effects of age, speed, and step length on lower extremity net joint moments and powers during walking. Hum Mov Sci 2020; 71:102611. [PMID: 32452428 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2020.102611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
During walking older adults' gait is slower, they take shorter steps, and rely less on ankle and more on knee and hip joint moments and powers compared to young adults. Previous studies have suggested that walking speed and step length are confounds that affect joint moments and powers. Our purpose was to examine the effects of walking speed and step length manipulation on net joint moments and powers in young and older adults. Sixteen young and 18 older adults completed walking trials at three speeds under three step length conditions as marker position and force platform data were captured synchronously. Net joint moments were quantified using inverse dynamics and were subsequently used to compute net joint powers. Average extensor moments at each joint during the stance phase were then computed. Older adults displayed greater knee extensor moment compared to young adults. Older adults showed trends (p < .10) of having lower ankle and higher hip moments, but these differences were not statistically significant. Average ankle, knee, and hip extensor moments increased with speed and step length. At the fast speed, older compared to young adults generated lower average ankle power (p = .003) and showed a trend (p = .056) of exerting less average moment at the ankle joint. Age-associated distal-to-proximal redistribution of net joint moments was diminished and not statistically significant when the confounding effects of walking speed and relative step length were controlled. These findings imply that age-related distal-to-proximal redistribution of joint moments may influence the different speeds and step lengths chosen by young and older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh H Buddhadev
- Department of Health and Human Development, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225, United States of America.
| | - Ann L Smiley
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States of America.
| | - Philip E Martin
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States of America.
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Buddhadev HH, Barbee CE. Redistribution of joint moments and work in older women with and without hallux valgus at two walking speeds. Gait Posture 2020; 77:112-117. [PMID: 32028077 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hallux valgus (HV) is a highly prevalent foot deformity in older women. Differences in lower extremity joint function of older women with and without HV during walking at slower and faster speeds are unknown. RESEARCH QUESTION Does walking speed affect lower extremity joint range of motion (ROM) and net extensor joint moment and associated work in older women with and without HV? METHODS Thirteen older women with HV and 13 controls completed five walking trials at 1.1 and 1.3 m·s-1 as kinematic marker position and ground reaction force data were collected. Net ankle, knee, and hip joint moments were computed using inverse dynamics during the stance phase. Positive joint work was calculated by integrating hip power in early stance, knee power in mid stance, and ankle power in late stance. RESULTS Average ankle ROM and plantarflexor moment did not increase with walking speed in the HV group, while in the control group these variables were greater for the faster compared to the slower speed (p < 0.05). The magnitude of increase in ankle joint work with speed was 12 % lesser in the HV compared to the control group (p = 0.008). The hip ROM, extensor moment, and associated work was greater in the HV compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Knee and hip joint ROM, extensor moments, and work increased with walking speed in both groups (p < 0.05). SIGNIFICANCE Older women with HV compared to older women without HV demonstrate a distal-to-proximal redistribution by increasing hip motion and effort to compensate for reduced ankle contribution during walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh H Buddhadev
- Department of Health and Human Development, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, 98225, United States.
| | - Carolyn E Barbee
- Department of Health and Human Development, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, 98225, United States.
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Guaitolini M, Aprigliano F, Mannini A, Micera S, Monaco V, Sabatini AM. Ambulatory Assessment of the Dynamic Margin of Stability Using an Inertial Sensor Network. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19194117. [PMID: 31547624 PMCID: PMC6806087 DOI: 10.3390/s19194117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Loss of stability is a precursor to falling and therefore represents a leading cause of injury, especially in fragile people. Thus, dynamic stability during activities of daily living (ADLs) needs to be considered to assess balance control and fall risk. The dynamic margin of stability (MOS) is often used as an indicator of how the body center of mass is located and moves relative to the base of support. In this work, we propose a magneto-inertial measurement unit (MIMU)-based method to assess the MOS of a gait. Six young healthy subjects were asked to walk on a treadmill at different velocities while wearing MIMUs on their lower limbs and pelvis. We then assessed the MOS by computing the lower body displacement with respect to the leading inverse kinematics approach. The results were compared with those obtained using a camera-based system in terms of root mean square deviation (RMSD) and correlation coefficient (ρ). We obtained a RMSD of ≤1.80 cm and ρ ≥ 0.85 for each walking velocity. The findings revealed that our method is comparable to camera-based systems in terms of accuracy, suggesting that it may represent a strategy to assess stability during ADLs in unstructured environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelangelo Guaitolini
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
- Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Federica Aprigliano
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
- Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Andrea Mannini
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
- Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Silvestro Micera
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
- Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
- Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Translational Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Vito Monaco
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
- Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, 20148 Milan, Italy.
| | - Angelo Maria Sabatini
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
- Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
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26
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Li P, Yamada Y, Wan X, Uchiyama Y, Sato W, Yamada K, Yokoya M. Gait-phase-dependent control using a smart walker for physical training. IEEE Int Conf Rehabil Robot 2019; 2019:843-848. [PMID: 31374735 DOI: 10.1109/icorr.2019.8779563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Falling has become a key factor that affects the quality of life of the elderly. Currently, the use of a few rehabilitation robots can contribute to the restoration of balance. In this paper, a walker-based rehabilitation robot with a gait-phasedependent control algorithm is proposed to promote dynamic balance in the elderly. It has unique characteristics in that the level of the walker to resist the propulsion force exerted by a user can vary depending on the gait-phase that is estimated using the interaction force between the robot and the user. The robot efficiently improves the muscle power of various muscle groups of the user. Experiments with three young subjects were conducted to validate the effectiveness of the walker with the gait-phase-dependent control algorithm.
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Fukuchi CA, Fukuchi RK, Duarte M. Effects of walking speed on gait biomechanics in healthy participants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev 2019; 8:153. [PMID: 31248456 PMCID: PMC6595586 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-019-1063-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the effects of gait speed on biomechanical variables is fundamental for a proper evaluation of alterations in gait, since pathological individuals tend to walk slower than healthy controls. Therefore, the aim of the study was to perform a systematic review of the effects of gait speed on spatiotemporal parameters, joint kinematics, joint kinetics, and ground reaction forces in healthy children, young adults, and older adults. METHODS A systematic electronic search was performed on PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases to identify studies published between 1980 and 2019. A modified Quality Index was applied to assess methodological quality, and effect sizes with 95% confidence intervals were calculated as the standardized mean differences. For the meta-analyses, a fixed or random effect model and the statistical heterogeneity were calculated using the I2 index. RESULTS Twenty original full-length studies were included in the final analyses with a total of 587 healthy individuals evaluated, of which four studies analyzed the gait pattern of 227 children, 16 studies of 310 young adults, and three studies of 59 older adults. In general, gait speed affected the amplitude of spatiotemporal gait parameters, joint kinematics, joint kinetics, and ground reaction forces with a decrease at slow speeds and increase at fast speeds in relation to the comfortable speed. Specifically, moderate-to-large effect sizes were found for each age group and speed: children (slow, - 3.61 to 0.59; fast, - 1.05 to 2.97), young adults (slow, - 3.56 to 4.06; fast, - 4.28 to 4.38), and older adults (slow, - 1.76 to 0.52; fast, - 0.29 to 1.43). CONCLUSIONS This review identified that speed affected the gait patterns of different populations with respect to the amplitude of spatiotemporal parameters, joint kinematics, joint kinetics, and ground reaction forces. Specifically, most of the values analyzed decreased at slower speeds and increased at faster speeds. Therefore, the effects of speed on gait patterns should also be considered when comparing the gait analysis of pathological individuals with normal or control ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiane Arakaki Fukuchi
- Neuroscience and Cognition Program, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Reginaldo Kisho Fukuchi
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos Duarte
- Neuroscience and Cognition and Biomedical Engineering Programs, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, Rua Arcturus, 3, São Paulo, SP 09606-070 Brazil
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Dewolf AH, Meurisse GM, Schepens B, Willems PA. Effect of walking speed on the intersegmental coordination of lower-limb segments in elderly adults. Gait Posture 2019; 70:156-161. [PMID: 30875602 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ageing brings profound changes in walking gait. For example, older adults reduce the modification of pelvic and trunk kinematics with walking speed. However, the modification of the coordination between lower-limb segments with age has never been investigated across various controlled speeds. RESEARCH QUESTION Is the effect of speed on the intersegmental coordination different between elderly and young adults? METHODS Nineteen senior and eight young adults walked on a treadmill at speeds ranging from 0.56 to 1.94 m s-1. The motion of the lower-limb segments in the sagittal plane was recorded by cinematography. When the angles of the thigh, shank and foot during a stride are plotted one versus the other, they describe loops constraint on a plane. The coordination between lower-limb segments was thus evaluated by performing a principal component analysis between the thigh, shank and foot elevation angles. The effect of speed and age on the intersegmental coordination was examined using a two-level linear mixed model ANOVA. RESULTS In both age groups the orientation of the plane changes with speed, due to a more in-phase shank and foot motion. However, the effect of speed on the covariation plane is lessened with age. SIGNIFICANCE Our results demonstrate that there is an age-related specific adjustment of the intersegmental coordination to speed. In particular, older adults restrict their repertoire of angular segment motion. These differences in coordination are mainly related to different foot-shank coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Dewolf
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Physiology of Locomotion, Institute of NeuroScience, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - G M Meurisse
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Physiology of Locomotion, Institute of NeuroScience, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - B Schepens
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Physiology of Locomotion, Institute of NeuroScience, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - P A Willems
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Physiology of Locomotion, Institute of NeuroScience, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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McGrath RL, Ziegler ML, Pires-Fernandes M, Knarr BA, Higginson JS, Sergi F. The effect of stride length on lower extremity joint kinetics at various gait speeds. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0200862. [PMID: 30794565 PMCID: PMC6386374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Robot-assisted training is a promising tool under development for improving walking function based on repetitive goal-oriented task practice. The challenges in developing the controllers for gait training devices that promote desired changes in gait is complicated by the limited understanding of the human response to robotic input. A possible method of controller formulation can be based on the principle of bio-inspiration, where a robot is controlled to apply the change in joint moment applied by human subjects when they achieve a gait feature of interest. However, it is currently unclear how lower extremity joint moments are modulated by even basic gait spatio-temporal parameters. In this study, we investigated how sagittal plane joint moments are affected by a factorial modulation of two important gait parameters: gait speed and stride length. We present the findings obtained from 20 healthy control subjects walking at various treadmill-imposed speeds and instructed to modulate stride length utilizing real-time visual feedback. Implementing a continuum analysis of inverse-dynamics derived joint moment profiles, we extracted the effects of gait speed and stride length on joint moment throughout the gait cycle. Moreover, we utilized a torque pulse approximation analysis to determine the timing and amplitude of torque pulses that approximate the difference in joint moment profiles between stride length conditions, at all gait speed conditions. Our results show that gait speed has a significant effect on the moment profiles in all joints considered, while stride length has more localized effects, with the main effect observed on the knee moment during stance, and smaller effects observed for the hip joint moment during swing and ankle moment during the loading response. Moreover, our study demonstrated that trailing limb angle, a parameter of interest in programs targeting propulsion at push-off, was significantly correlated with stride length. As such, our study has generated assistance strategies based on pulses of torque suitable for implementation via a wearable exoskeleton with the objective of modulating stride length, and other correlated variables such as trailing limb angle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L. McGrath
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, United States of America
| | - Melissa L. Ziegler
- Biostatistics Core, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, United States of America
| | - Margaret Pires-Fernandes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States of America
| | - Brian A. Knarr
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE 68182, United States of America
| | - Jill S. Higginson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, United States of America
| | - Fabrizio Sergi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, United States of America
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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30
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Meurisse GM, Bastien GJ, Schepens B. Effect of age and speed on the step-to-step transition phase during walking. J Biomech 2019; 83:253-259. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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31
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The slowing down phenomenon: What is the age of major gait velocity decline? Maturitas 2018; 115:31-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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32
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Bohrer RCD, Pereira G, Beck JK, Lodovico A, Rodacki ALF. Multicomponent Training Program with High-Speed Movement Execution of Ankle Muscles Reduces Risk of Falls in Older Adults. Rejuvenation Res 2018; 22:43-50. [PMID: 29911496 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2018.2063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of multicomponent training program, designed to improve the torque around the ankle joint performing high-speed movement execution, on healthy older adults. Participants were balanced by torque around the ankle joint and randomly allocated to either exercise (n = 12, 69.7 ± 4.8 years, 74.6 ± 16.8 kg, 1.63 ± 0.10 m) or control group (CG) (n = 14, 70.86 ± 6.48 years; 73.5 ± 13.4 kg, 1.56 ± 0.05 m). The exercise group (EG) performed a multicomponent training of resistance, agility, and coordination exercises, focusing on the plantar flexor muscles during 12 weeks (3 days per week). Outcome measures were torque (plantar flexion and extension), reactive capacity (Step test), and functional mobility (gait and timed up and go [TUG] test). The training program was induced to increase peak torque of extensor muscles around the ankle joint to EG (Δ = 50%; d = 1.59) compared to the CG. Such improvement was converted to reactive capacity improvements considering the decrease in the execution time of the Swing phase and in the Total time of the Step test (Δ = 19%; d = 0.93, Δ = 14%; d = 1.02, respectively). Gains in functional mobility were verified by the increase of the walking speed (Δ = 15%; d = 1.37) and by the smaller time of execution of TUG test (Δ = 17%; d = 1.73) in the EG. Therefore, the multicomponent training was effective to reduce or to reverse muscular age-related declines, which are associated with functional capacity and reduction of fall risk in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Castilhos Detanico Bohrer
- 1 Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,2 Physical Education, Universidade Positivo, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Gleber Pereira
- 1 Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Joice Katiane Beck
- 1 Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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Song S, Geyer H. Predictive neuromechanical simulations indicate why walking performance declines with ageing. J Physiol 2018; 596:1199-1210. [PMID: 29344967 DOI: 10.1113/jp275166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Although the natural decline in walking performance with ageing affects the quality of life of a growing elderly population, its physiological origins remain unknown. By using predictive neuromechanical simulations of human walking with age-related neuro-musculo-skeletal changes, we find evidence that the loss of muscle strength and muscle contraction speed dominantly contribute to the reduced walking economy and speed. The findings imply that focusing on recovering these muscular changes may be the only effective way to improve performance in elderly walking. More generally, the work is of interest for investigating the physiological causes of altered gait due to age, injury and disorders. ABSTRACT Healthy elderly people walk slower and energetically less efficiently than young adults. This decline in walking performance lowers the quality of life for a growing ageing population, and understanding its physiological origin is critical for devising interventions that can delay or revert it. However, the origin of the decline in walking performance remains unknown, as ageing produces a range of physiological changes whose individual effects on gait are difficult to separate in experiments with human subjects. Here we use a predictive neuromechanical model to separately address the effects of common age-related changes to the skeletal, muscular and nervous systems. We find in computer simulations of this model that the combined changes produce gait consistent with elderly walking and that mainly the loss of muscle strength and mass reduces energy efficiency. In addition, we find that the slower preferred walking speed of elderly people emerges in the simulations when adapting to muscle fatigue, again mainly caused by muscle-related changes. The results suggest that a focus on recovering these muscular changes may be the only effective way to improve performance in elderly walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungmoon Song
- The Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Hartmut Geyer
- The Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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34
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PAQUETTE MAXR, DEVITA PAUL, WILLIAMS DSBLAISE. Biomechanical Implications of Training Volume and Intensity in Aging Runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 50:510-515. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Monaco V, Tropea P, Rinaldi LA, Micera S. Uncontrolled manifold hypothesis: Organization of leg joint variance in humans while walking in a wide range of speeds. Hum Mov Sci 2017; 57:227-235. [PMID: 28939197 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2017.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at investigating the organization of joint angle variability during walking by using the uncontrolled manifold (UCM) theory. We tested two hypotheses: i. the coordinative mechanism underlying joint angle variance during the stance phase is compatible with a kinematic synergy that stabilizes the centre of mass (CoM) position; ii. the walking speed affects the variance components onto and orthogonal to the UCM. Eight healthy subjects (26.0±2.0years old) steadily walked on a treadmill at five normalised speeds (from 0.62±0.03m/s to 1.15±0.07m/s). Joint angles and foot orientation, and components of the CoM position were, respectively, used as elemental variables and task performance for the UCM implementation. The effect of speed, time events, and variance components on the distribution of data variance in the space of joint angles was analyzed by the ANOVA test. Results corroborated the hypothesis that the variance of elemental variables is structured in order to minimize the stride-to-stride variability of the CoM position, at all speeds. Noticeably, both variance components increase during the propulsive phase, albeit that parallel to the UCM was always grater than the orthogonal one. Accordingly, the observed kinematic synergy is supposed to contribute to accomplishing an efficient transition between two steps. Results also revealed that the walking speed does not affect the partitioning of elemental variables-related variance onto and orthogonal to the UCM. Accordingly, the organization of leg joint variance underlying the stabilization of CoM position remains almost unaltered across speeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Monaco
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy; MARE Lab, Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Peppino Tropea
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences, Casa Cura Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Silvestro Micera
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy; Translational Neural Engineering Lab, Center for Neuroprosthetics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
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36
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Aprigliano F, Martelli D, Tropea P, Pasquini G, Micera S, Monaco V. Aging does not affect the intralimb coordination elicited by slip-like perturbation of different intensities. J Neurophysiol 2017; 118:1739-1748. [PMID: 28701547 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00844.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed at verifying whether aging modifies intralimb coordination strategy during corrective responses elicited by unexpected slip-like perturbations delivered during steady walking on a treadmill. To this end, 10 young and 10 elderly subjects were asked to manage unexpected slippages of different intensities. We analyzed the planar covariation law of the lower limb segments, using the principal component analysis, to verify whether elevation angles of older subjects covaried along a plan before and after the perturbation. Results showed that segments related to the perturbed limbs of both younger and older people do not covary after all perturbations. Conversely, the planar covariation law of the unperturbed limb was systematically held for younger and older subjects. These results occurred despite differences in spatio-temporal and kinematic parameters being observed among groups and perturbation intensities. Overall, our analysis revealed that aging does not affect intralimb coordination during corrective responses induced by slip-like perturbation, suggesting that both younger and older subjects adopt this control strategy while managing sudden and unexpected postural transitions of increasing intensities. Accordingly, results corroborate the hypothesis that balance control emerges from a governing set of biomechanical invariants, that is, suitable control schemes (e.g., planar covariation law) shared across voluntary and corrective motor behaviors, and across different sensory contexts due to different perturbation intensities, in both younger and older subjects. In this respect, our findings provide further support to investigate the effects of specific task training programs to counteract the risk of fall.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study was aimed at investigating how aging affects the intralimb coordination of lower limb segments, described by the planar covariation law, during unexpected slip-like perturbations of increasing intensity. Results revealed that neither the aging nor the perturbation intensity affects this coordination strategy. Accordingly, we proposed that the balance control emerges from an invariant set of control schemes shared across different sensory motor contexts and despite age-related neuromuscular adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dario Martelli
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Peppino Tropea
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences, Casa Cura Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Guido Pasquini
- MARE Lab, Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation, Florence, Italy; and
| | - Silvestro Micera
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy.,Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Translational Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vito Monaco
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy; .,MARE Lab, Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation, Florence, Italy; and
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37
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Monaco V, Tropea P, Aprigliano F, Martelli D, Parri A, Cortese M, Molino-Lova R, Vitiello N, Micera S. An ecologically-controlled exoskeleton can improve balance recovery after slippage. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46721. [PMID: 28492520 PMCID: PMC5426188 DOI: 10.1038/srep46721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution to bipedalism forced humans to develop suitable strategies for dynamically controlling their balance, ensuring stability, and preventing falling. The natural aging process and traumatic events such as lower-limb loss can alter the human ability to control stability significantly increasing the risk of fall and reducing the overall autonomy. Accordingly, there is an urgent need, from both end-users and society, for novel solutions that can counteract the lack of balance, thus preventing falls among older and fragile citizens. In this study, we show a novel ecological approach relying on a wearable robotic device (the Active Pelvis Orthosis, APO) aimed at facilitating balance recovery after unexpected slippages. Specifically, if the APO detects signs of balance loss, then it supplies counteracting torques at the hips to assist balance recovery. Experimental tests conducted on eight elderly persons and two transfemoral amputees revealed that stability against falls improved due to the “assisting when needed” behavior of the APO. Interestingly, our approach required a very limited personalization for each subject, and this makes it promising for real-life applications. Our findings demonstrate the potential of closed-loop controlled wearable robots to assist elderly and disabled subjects and to improve their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Monaco
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy.,IRCSS Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation, Firenze, Italy
| | - P Tropea
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - F Aprigliano
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - D Martelli
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 USA
| | - A Parri
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Cortese
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - N Vitiello
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy.,IRCSS Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation, Firenze, Italy
| | - S Micera
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy.,Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Translational NeuroEngineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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McKinnon NB, Connelly DM, Rice CL, Hunter SW, Doherty TJ. Neuromuscular contributions to the age-related reduction in muscle power: Mechanisms and potential role of high velocity power training. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 35:147-154. [PMID: 27697547 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Although much of the literature on neuromuscular changes with aging has focused on loss of muscle mass and isometric strength, deficits in muscle power are more pronounced with aging and may be a more sensitive measure of neuromuscular degeneration. This review aims to identify the adaptations to the neuromuscular system with aging, with specific emphasis on changes that result in decreased muscle power. We discuss how these changes in neuromuscular performance can affect mobility, and ultimately contribute to an increased risk for falls in older adults. Finally, we evaluate the literature regarding high-velocity muscle power training (PT), and its potential advantages over conventional strength training for improving functional performance and mitigating fall risk in older adults.
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Martelli D, Aprigliano F, Tropea P, Pasquini G, Micera S, Monaco V. Stability against backward balance loss: Age-related modifications following slip-like perturbations of multiple amplitudes. Gait Posture 2017; 53:207-214. [PMID: 28208109 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Falls are one of the most serious problems in the elderly. Although previous studies clearly link the increased risk of falls with ageing, the mechanisms responsible for the modifications of reactive motor behaviours in response to external perturbations are not yet fully understood. This study investigated how the stability against backward balance loss is affected by aging and intensity of perturbations. The Margin of Stability (MoS) was estimated while eight young and eight elderly adults managed three slip-like perturbations of different intensities while walking at the same normalized speed. A compensatory step was necessary to regain stability. The forward swing phase of the trailing leg was rapidly interrupted and reversed in direction. Results have shown that ageing significantly affects the time required to select the most appropriate biomechanical response: even if the characteristic of the backward step was similar between groups, elderly subjects took more time to reverse the movement of their swinging limb, thus achieving a less efficient action to counteract the backward balance loss (lower MoS both during and at the end of the early compensatory reaction). In addition, young and elderly subjects scaled their reactions with respect to the perturbations intensity in a similar way by increasing the length of their backward step, thus revealing a context-dependent tuning of the biomechanical response that was not affected by aging. These behavioural features can be helpful in identifying the causes of increased fall risk among the elderly in order to define more suited intervention in fall prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Martelli
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera (PI), Italy; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, 220 S. W. Mudd Building, 500 West 120th Street, 10027, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Federica Aprigliano
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera (PI), Italy
| | - Peppino Tropea
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera (PI), Italy
| | - Guido Pasquini
- MARE Lab, Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation, Via di Scandicci 269, 50143, Firenze, Italy
| | - Silvestro Micera
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera (PI), Italy; Translational Neural Engineering Lab, Center for Neuroprosthetics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Route Cantonale 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vito Monaco
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera (PI), Italy; MARE Lab, Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation, Via di Scandicci 269, 50143, Firenze, Italy
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40
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BEIJERSBERGEN CHANTALMI, GRANACHER URS, GÄBLER MARTIJN, DEVITA PAUL, HORTOBÁGYI TIBOR. Kinematic Mechanisms of How Power Training Improves Healthy Old Adults’ Gait Velocity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:150-157. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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41
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Marques EA, Figueiredo P, Harris TB, Wanderley FA, Carvalho J. Are resistance and aerobic exercise training equally effective at improving knee muscle strength and balance in older women? Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2016; 68:106-112. [PMID: 27764726 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the magnitude of knee muscle strength and static and dynamic balance change in response to 8 months of progressive RE and AE training in healthy community-dwelling older women. A secondary aim was to assess the relationship between muscle strength and balance changes (up and go test (UGT), one-leg stance test, and center of pressure measures). This study was a secondary analysis of longitudinal data from a randomized controlled trial, a three-arm intervention study in older women (n=71, mean age 69.0y). The results suggest that both interventions elicited likely to almost certain improvements (using magnitude-based inference) in balance performance. Leg strength was improved after RE whereas it was unclear following AE. Improvements in strength were almost certainly moderate after RE and possibly trivial after AE, with very likely greater improvements following RE compared to AE. A large and significant negative correlation (r=-0.5; CI 90%: -0.7 to -0.2) was found between ΔUGT and change in both knee extension and knee flexion strength after 8-month RE. In conclusion, our results showed that both types of training improve balance, but RE was also effective at improving leg strength. In addition, improvements in both knee extension and flexion strength after RE appear to make an important contribution to meaningful improvements in static and dynamic balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa A Marques
- National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA; Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Figueiredo
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, Portugal; Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, USA
| | - Tamara B Harris
- National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Joana Carvalho
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, CIAFEL, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal
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42
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Buddhadev HH, Martin PE. Effects of age and physical activity status on redistribution of joint work during walking. Gait Posture 2016; 50:131-136. [PMID: 27607304 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
During walking older adults rely less on ankle and more on hip work than young adults. Disproportionate declines in plantarflexor strength may be a mechanism underlying this proximal work redistribution. We tested the hypothesis that proximal redistribution is more apparent in older compared to young adults and in sedentary compared to active individuals over multiple walking speeds. We recruited 18 young (18-35 yrs) and 17 older (65-80 yrs) physically active and sedentary adults. Participants completed five trials at four walking speeds as marker positions and ground reaction forces were collected. Sagittal plane net joint moments were computed using inverse dynamics. Instantaneous joint powers for the ankle, knee, and hip were computed as products of net joint moments and joint angular velocities. Positive joint work was computed by integrating hip, knee, and ankle joint powers over time in early, mid, and late stance, respectively. Relative joint work was expressed as a percentage of total work. Isokinetic strength of lower limb flexor and extensor muscles was measured. Older adults had lower relative ankle (p=0.005) and higher relative hip (p=0.007) work than young adults for multiple speeds. Non-significant trends (p<0.10) indicating sedentary participants had lower relative ankle (p=0.068) and higher relative hip work (p=0.087) than active adults were observed. Age-related differences in plantarflexor strength were not disproportionate compared to strength differences in knee and hip musculature. Age influenced proximal work redistribution over multiple walking speeds. Physical activity status showed a similar trend for proximal work redistribution, but failed to reach statistical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh H Buddhadev
- Department of Health and Human Development, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225, United States; Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States.
| | - Philip E Martin
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States.
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Etenzi E, Monaco V. Bipedal spring-damper-mass model reproduces external mechanical power of human walking. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2016; 2015:2446-9. [PMID: 26736788 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2015.7318888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Previous authors have long investigated the behavior of different models of passive walkers with stiff or compliant limbs. We investigated a model of bipedal mechanism whose limba are provided with damping and elastic elements. This model is designed for walking along an inclined plane, in order to make up the energy lost due to the damping element with that gained thanks to the lowering the CoM. The proposed model is hence able to steadily walk. In particular we investigated the stability of this model by using the Poincaré return map for different dynamical configurations. Then we compared the estimated external mechanical power with experimental data from literature in order to validate the model. Results show that the model is able to reproduce the main features of the time course of the external mechanical power during the gait cycle. Accordingly, dissipative elements coupled with limbs' compliant behavior represent a suitable paradigm, to mimic human locomotion.
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Age-Related Differences in Gait Kinematics, Kinetics, and Muscle Function: A Principal Component Analysis. Ann Biomed Eng 2016; 45:695-710. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-016-1713-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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45
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Muscle activity during daily life in the older people. Aging Clin Exp Res 2016; 28:713-20. [PMID: 26526027 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-015-0482-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Daily muscle activity is important for functional independence. This study examined muscle activity patterns during normal daily life and simulated daily tasks and compared muscle activity and energy consumption during active and passive transport tasks in older adults. METHODS Nine volunteers (70 ± 6 years) were measured for quadriceps and hamstring muscle activity (EMG) during normal daily life, treadmill walking, and during passive and active transport tasks. EMG was normalized to that recorded during maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). Oxygen uptake (VO2) was measured during treadmill and transport tasks. RESULTS During daily life the mean EMG amplitude was 5.9 ± 2.4 % of EMGMVC, activity time was 187 ± 43 min and the longest continuous inactivity periods were 20.9 ± 10.0 min. During stair ascend the peak EMG activity was 120 % of EMGMVC and the peak VO2 values were only about 70 % of VO2max. One kilometer walk consumed 3.5 times more energy than passive transport by bus, and using stairs consumed 11.7 times more energy than using an elevator. CONCLUSIONS In daily life, older adults use only a small fraction of muscle's maximal capacity and have long continuous inactivity periods. Negotiating stairs produce significant load to neuromuscular, but not to cardiovascular system, thus providing an effective strength training stimulus.
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46
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Cofré Lizama LE, Khan F, Lee PVS, Galea MP. The use of laboratory gait analysis for understanding gait deterioration in people with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2016; 22:1768-1776. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458516658137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory gait analysis or three-dimensional gait analysis (3DGA), which uses motion capture, force plates and electromyography (EMG), has allowed a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of gait deterioration in patients with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). This review will summarize the current knowledge on multiple sclerosis (MS)-related changes in kinematics (angles), kinetics (forces) and electromyographic (muscle activation) patterns and how these measures can be used as markers of disease progression. We will also discuss the potential causes of slower walking in PwMS and the implications for 3DGA. Finally, we will describe new technologies and methods that will increase precision and clinical utilization of 3DGA in PwMS. Overall, 3DGA studies have shown that functionality of the ankle joint is the most affected during walking and that compensatory actions to maintain a functional speed may be insufficient in PwMS. However, altered gait patterns may be a strategy to increase stability as balance is also affected in PwMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Eduardo Cofré Lizama
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Fary Khan
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia/Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia/School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter VS Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Mary P Galea
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia/Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Aboutorabi A, Arazpour M, Bahramizadeh M, Hutchins SW, Fadayevatan R. The effect of aging on gait parameters in able-bodied older subjects: a literature review. Aging Clin Exp Res 2016. [PMID: 26210370 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-015-0420-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gait disorders are common in the elderly populations, and their prevalence increases with age. Abnormal gait has been associated with greater risk for adverse outcomes in older adults, such as immobility and falls, which in turn lead to loss of functional independence and death. AIM The purpose of this review was to evaluate all of the original papers that measured gait parameters in the healthy elderly subjects. METHOD The search strategy was based on Population Intervention Comparison Outcome method. A search was performed in Pub Med, Science Direct, Google scholar, ISI web of knowledge databases by using the selected keywords. Forty-two articles were selected for final evaluation. The procedure using the PRISMA method was followed. RESULTS Stride lengths of older subjects ranged between 135 and 153 cm, and they preferred to walk with a 41 % increase in step width compared to young subjects. Cadence was reported to be between 103 and 112 steps/min in older adults. They consumed an average of 20-30 % more metabolic energy than younger subjects. All except one study demonstrated that older people have significantly reduced gait symmetry. CONCLUSION The progression toward shorter steps and slower walking and increased step width and prolonged double support in older adult, may therefore emerge as a compensatory strategy aimed at increasing stability, avoiding falls, or reducing the energetic cost of mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Aboutorabi
- Orthotics and Prosthetics Department, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
- Iranian Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mokhtar Arazpour
- Orthotics and Prosthetics Department, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
- Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahmood Bahramizadeh
- Orthotics and Prosthetics Department, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Stephen William Hutchins
- Institute for Health and Social Care Research (IHSCR), Faculty of Health & Social Care, University of Salford, Manchester, Salford, UK
| | - Reza Fadayevatan
- Iranian Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
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48
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Age and muscle strength mediate the age-related biomechanical plasticity of gait. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:805-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3312-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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49
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Tropea P, Martelli D, Aprigliano F, Micera S, Monaco V. Effects of aging and perturbation intensities on temporal parameters during slipping-like perturbations. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2016; 2015:5291-4. [PMID: 26737485 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2015.7319585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the modifications of temporal parameters during slipping-like perturbations associated both with aging and perturbation intensities. Twelve participants equally distributed from two age groups (elderly and young) were recorded while, during steady locomotion, managing unexpected slipping-like perturbations, in forward direction, at different intensity and amplitude of foot shift. Two metrics were extrapolated from the analysis of the ground reaction force supplied by ad hoc platform aimed at destabilizing the balance control. The results indicated that the analyzed timing variables, both for elderly and young, are strongly modified by intensity of the perturbation, but only slight altered by the amplitude. Concerning the comparison about the two groups, elderly people seem to have slower reactive response than young subjects. These findings support further investigations in order to gain a better understanding of fall dynamics in elderly people.
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Hortobágyi T, Lesinski M, Gäbler M, VanSwearingen JM, Malatesta D, Granacher U. Effects of Three Types of Exercise Interventions on Healthy Old Adults' Gait Speed: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2015; 45:1627-43. [PMID: 26286449 PMCID: PMC4656792 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0371-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Habitual walking speed predicts many clinical conditions later in life, but it declines with age. However, which particular exercise intervention can minimize the age-related gait speed loss is unclear. PURPOSE Our objective was to determine the effects of strength, power, coordination, and multimodal exercise training on healthy old adults' habitual and fast gait speed. METHODS We performed a computerized systematic literature search in PubMed and Web of Knowledge from January 1984 up to December 2014. Search terms included 'Resistance training', 'power training', 'coordination training', 'multimodal training', and 'gait speed (outcome term). Inclusion criteria were articles available in full text, publication period over past 30 years, human species, journal articles, clinical trials, randomized controlled trials, English as publication language, and subject age ≥65 years. The methodological quality of all eligible intervention studies was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. We computed weighted average standardized mean differences of the intervention-induced adaptations in gait speed using a random-effects model and tested for overall and individual intervention effects relative to no-exercise controls. RESULTS A total of 42 studies (mean PEDro score of 5.0 ± 1.2) were included in the analyses (2495 healthy old adults; age 74.2 years [64.4-82.7]; body mass 69.9 ± 4.9 kg, height 1.64 ± 0.05 m, body mass index 26.4 ± 1.9 kg/m2, and gait speed 1.22 ± 0.18 m/s). The search identified only one power training study, therefore the subsequent analyses focused only on the effects of resistance, coordination, and multimodal training on gait speed. The three types of intervention improved gait speed in the three experimental groups combined (n = 1297) by 0.10 m/s (±0.12) or 8.4% (±9.7), with a large effect size (ES) of 0.84. Resistance (24 studies; n = 613; 0.11 m/s; 9.3%; ES: 0.84), coordination (eight studies, n = 198; 0.09 m/s; 7.6%; ES: 0.76), and multimodal training (19 studies; n = 486; 0.09 m/s; 8.4%, ES: 0.86) increased gait speed statistically and similarly. CONCLUSIONS Commonly used exercise interventions can functionally and clinically increase habitual and fast gait speed and help slow the loss of gait speed or delay its onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Hortobágyi
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9700 AD, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Melanie Lesinski
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Martijn Gäbler
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9700 AD, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jessie M VanSwearingen
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Davide Malatesta
- Institute of Sport Sciences University of Lausanne (ISSUL), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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