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Adamus-Grabicka AA, Hikisz P, Sikora J. Nanotechnology as a Promising Method in the Treatment of Skin Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2165. [PMID: 38396841 PMCID: PMC10889690 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The incidence of skin cancer continues to grow. There are an estimated 1.5 million new cases each year, of which nearly 350,000 are melanoma, which is often fatal. Treatment is challenging and often ineffective, with conventional chemotherapy playing a limited role in this context. These disadvantages can be overcome by the use of nanoparticles and may allow for the early detection and monitoring of neoplastic changes and determining the effectiveness of treatment. This article briefly reviews the present understanding of the characteristics of skin cancers, their epidemiology, and risk factors. It also outlines the possibilities of using nanotechnology, especially nanoparticles, for the transport of medicinal substances. Research over the previous decade on carriers of active substances indicates that drugs can be delivered more accurately to the tumor site, resulting in higher therapeutic efficacy. The article describes the application of liposomes, carbon nanotubes, metal nanoparticles, and polymer nanoparticles in existing therapies. It discusses the challenges encountered in nanoparticle therapy and the possibilities of improving their performance. Undoubtedly, the use of nanoparticles is a promising method that can help in the fight against skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika A. Adamus-Grabicka
- Department of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Pawel Hikisz
- Department of Oncobiology and Epigenetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Joanna Sikora
- Department of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland;
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Grossarth S, Mosley D, Madden C, Ike J, Smith I, Huo Y, Wheless L. Recent Advances in Melanoma Diagnosis and Prognosis Using Machine Learning Methods. Curr Oncol Rep 2023; 25:635-645. [PMID: 37000340 PMCID: PMC10339689 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-023-01407-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose was to summarize the current role and state of artificial intelligence and machine learning in the diagnosis and management of melanoma. RECENT FINDINGS Deep learning algorithms can identify melanoma from clinical, dermoscopic, and whole slide pathology images with increasing accuracy. Efforts to provide more granular annotation to datasets and to identify new predictors are ongoing. There have been many incremental advances in both melanoma diagnostics and prognostic tools using artificial intelligence and machine learning. Higher quality input data will further improve these models' capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Grossarth
- Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | | | - Christopher Madden
- Department of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medicine Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- State University of New York Downstate College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Jacqueline Ike
- Department of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medicine Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Isabelle Smith
- Department of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medicine Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yuankai Huo
- Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Lee Wheless
- Department of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medicine Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System VA Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Maalouf M, Reddy AJ, Mazboudi P, Min M, Rawal R, Curow CA, Guirgus ME, Abdalnour DS, Brahmbhatt T, Patel R. An Analysis of Lidocaine Usage in the Treatment of Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cureus 2023; 15:e35614. [PMID: 37021063 PMCID: PMC10069794 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.35614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a form of skin cancer that can be treated using a procedure known as Mohs surgery. Mohs surgery is a safe and effective procedure for eliminating SCC. This surgery requires the usage of an analgesic known as lidocaine. Additional anesthetics were also reported to be necessary for this procedure to be conducted in a manner that significantly minimizes patient harm. According to the review, it was found that SCC was treated with lidocaine as a topical analgesic outside of Mohs surgery. This review analyzes the usage of lidocaine in the treatment of SCC. It was also discovered that lidocaine, as an agent, has the potential to slow the progression of SCC, but more research is needed to see if this is truly the case. On average, it was reported that the concentration of lidocaine used in the in vivo studies was significantly higher than that in the in vitro investigations. Further exploration may be needed to verify the conclusions that were based on the analysis of the papers within the review.
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Lütgerath C, Weiß C, Böer‐Auer A. Klinisch‐pathologische Merkmale und histologische Tumorreste in Reexzisionspräparaten unvollständig resezierter Basalzellkarzinome. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2022; 20:1476-1484. [DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14884_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christel Weiß
- Medizinische Statistik Biomathematik und Informationsverarbeitung Universitätsmedizin Mannheim
| | - Almut Böer‐Auer
- Dermatologikum Hamburg GmbH Hamburg
- Klinik für Hautkrankheiten Universitätsklinikum Münster
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Lütgerath C, Weiß C, Böer‐Auer A. Clinicopathological features and histological tumor residues in re‐excision specimens of incompletely resected basal cell carcinomas. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2022; 20:1476-1483. [DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christel Weiß
- Department of Medical Statistics and Biomathematics University Medical Centre Mannheim Germany
| | - Almut Böer‐Auer
- Dermatologikum Hamburg GmbH Hamburg Germany
- Department of Dermatology University Medical Centre Münster Germany
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6
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Souto EB, da Ana R, Vieira V, Fangueiro JF, Dias-Ferreira J, Cano A, Zielińska A, Silva AM, Staszewski R, Karczewski J. Non-melanoma skin cancers: physio-pathology and role of lipid delivery systems in new chemotherapeutic treatments. Neoplasia 2022; 30:100810. [PMID: 35649306 PMCID: PMC9160356 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2022.100810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Non-melanoma carcinoma has high incidence rates and has two most common subtypes: basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. This type of carcinoma is usually not fatal; however, it can destroy sensory organs such as the nose, ears, and lips. The treatment of these injuries using non-invasive methods is thus strongly recommended. Some treatments for non-melanoma carcinoma are already well defined, such as surgery, cryosurgery, curettage and electrode section, and radiotherapy; however, these conventional treatments cause inflammation and scarring. In the non-surgical treatment of non-melanoma carcinoma, the topical administration of chemotherapeutic drugs contributes for an effective treatment with reduced side effects. However, the penetration of anticancer drugs in the deeper layers of the skin is required. Lipid delivery systems (liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers) have been developed to overcome epidermal barrier of the skin and to allow the drugs to reach tumor cells. These lipid nanoparticles contribute to control the release profile of the loaded chemotherapeutic drugs, maintaining their stability and increasing death of tumor cells. In this review, the characteristics of non-melanoma carcinoma will be discussed, describing the main existing treatments, together with the contribution of lipid delivery systems as an innovative approach to increase the effectiveness of topical therapies for non-melanoma carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana B Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; REQUIMTE/UCIBIO, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Raquel da Ana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Vânia Vieira
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Rua Carlos da Maia, 296, 4200-150, Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana F Fangueiro
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Rua Carlos da Maia, 296, 4200-150, Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Dias-Ferreira
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Amanda Cano
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aleksandra Zielińska
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Amélia M Silva
- Department of Biology and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, P-5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, P-5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Rafał Staszewski
- Department of Hypertension Angiology and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznań, Poland
| | - Jacek Karczewski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznań, Poland; Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Diseases, H. Swiecicki University Hospital, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland.
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Lai M, Pampena R, Mirra M, Raucci M, Benati E, Borsari S, Lombardi M, Banzi M, Castagnetti F, Palmieri T, Piana S, Ramundo D, Pellacani G, Longo C. Characteristics and management of skin cancers in very elderly patients: A real-world challenge for clinicians. Exp Dermatol 2022; 31:1554-1562. [PMID: 35723894 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The increase life expectancy led to an expected increase in skin cancer incidence in older patients. Their treatment can require a complex decision-making process. Limited data are available on characteristics, management and outcome of skin tumours in nonagenarian and centenarian patients. The aim of our study was to describe epidemiology, clinical-pathological features and treatment strategies of skin cancers in a cohort of patients aged ≧95 years. A total of 116 patients ≧95 years of age presented for the evaluation of 225 skin lesions (mean of 1.94 lesions per patient). The mean age was 97.4 years, 57.8% were women. Most patients had an ECOG score of 3 (49.3%) or 4 (32%). Lesions were mainly located on the head and neck area (74.2%), upper (7.1%) and lower (6,2%) limbs. The majority of patients presented with non-melanoma skin cancers (183/225; 81.3%), 25/225 (11.1%) had actinic keratosis, 5 (2.2%) melanoma and 2 (0.9%) atypical fibroxanthoma. Forty-eight lesions (21.3%) were treated with surgery, 58 (25.8%) with radiotherapy. The management of 73 lesion (32.4%) was discussed at the multidisciplinary tumour board meeting. One patient died for the progression of a squamous cell carcinoma; 74 patients died for causes unrelated to skin tumours, 36 are still alive after a mean follow-up of 27.27 months. This cohort study confirms that age is not per se a contraindication for treatment of skin cancers in elderly patients. Our results support the importance of a patient-centred care approach that should take into consideration patient's preferences, comorbidities, compliance and possible adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Lai
- Centro Oncologico ad Alta Tecnologia Diagnostica, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.,Department of Dermatology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Riccardo Pampena
- Centro Oncologico ad Alta Tecnologia Diagnostica, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.,Department of Dermatology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Marica Mirra
- Centro Oncologico ad Alta Tecnologia Diagnostica, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Margherita Raucci
- Centro Oncologico ad Alta Tecnologia Diagnostica, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Elisa Benati
- Centro Oncologico ad Alta Tecnologia Diagnostica, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Stefania Borsari
- Centro Oncologico ad Alta Tecnologia Diagnostica, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Mara Lombardi
- Centro Oncologico ad Alta Tecnologia Diagnostica, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Maria Banzi
- Medical Oncology Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Fabio Castagnetti
- Breast Surgery Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Tamara Palmieri
- Radiotherapy Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Simonetta Piana
- Pathology Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Dafne Ramundo
- Radiotherapy Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pellacani
- Dermatology Clinic, Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Longo
- Centro Oncologico ad Alta Tecnologia Diagnostica, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.,Department of Dermatology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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8
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Goodall R, Chicco M, Wietek N, Borsky K, Harrison C, Rodrigues J. A systematic review of observational management of cutaneous basal cell carcinoma. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2022; 75:2277-2285. [PMID: 35680535 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2022.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the commonest cancer in the United Kingdom and United States. Surgical excision is the most common treatment. This review summarises all published outcomes of observational/non-interventional management of cutaneous BCC. METHODS This PRISMA-compliant systematic review searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and CENTRAL databases from inception-June 2021. All studies reporting outcomes of observational management for BCC were included. RESULTS We identified 2529 titles, from which 4 full-text articles were eligible, reporting on 2298 individuals. Two studies were randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing histological clearance rates and adverse events following treatment with an inactive strategy (placebo cream) versus topical 5%-imiquimod (at different frequencies) for 6-12 weeks. Clearance rates ranged from 52-100% for imiquimod and 2-19% for placebo, with more adverse events associated with imiquimod. The other two studies used prospective cohort designs. One study assessed the natural history of BCCs managed expectantly in 39 individuals aged ≥80years. During the 15.8-month follow-up, 46.2% of lesions did not increase in size and 10.3% resolved. The remaining study compared treatment patterns of 1360 patients with non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) in individuals with or without limited life-expectancy (LLE). The LLE subgroup had a 5-year mortality rate of 43.3%, with no deaths attributed to NMSC. Only 3.3% of individuals with LLE underwent observational treatment. No study examined quality-of-life or cost-effectiveness. CONCLUSION There has been limited investigation of observational management of BCC, despite possible advantages of this strategy. Future RCTs should compare quality-of-life outcomes and utility-adjusted survival following interventional or observational management of BCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Goodall
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, UK; Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, UK.
| | - M Chicco
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, UK
| | - N Wietek
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, UK
| | - K Borsky
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, UK
| | - C Harrison
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - J Rodrigues
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, UK; Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick, UK
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Zhu H, Lewis DJ. Topical hedgehog inhibitors for basal cell carcinoma: how far away are we? Expert Opin Pharmacother 2022; 23:739-740. [PMID: 35258366 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2022.2050215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The standard treatment of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) consists of conventional excision or Mohs micrographic surgery. However, surgical excision is not feasible in specific cases, particularly in patients with several BCCs such as those with Gorlin syndrome or individuals receiving immunosuppression after solid-organ transplantation. Additionally, the geriatric population may not be appropriate candidates for surgery. Thus, alternative therapies are needed for these populations. AREAS COVERED Hedgehog (Hh) inhibitors are approved and effective but are currently available only in oral formulations. These agents such as vismodegib and sonidegib are associated with short-lived responses as well as significant adverse effects including myalgias, dysgeusia, and alopecia. Patidegib and itraconazole are two topical Hh inhibitors agents emerging as alternatives to oral Hh inhibiton for difficult-to-treat BCCs. These agents exhibit limited systemic absorption, leading to improved tolerability; however, an optimal formulation is needed to maximize efficacy and is currently being investigated. EXPERT OPINION Ongoing and recent clinical studies on topical Hedgehog inhibitors show great promise for the development of an agent with a high therapeutic index and limited adverse effects. If patidegib continues to show clinical efficacy in randomized controlled trials, it may become a universal therapy for all subtypes of difficult-to-treat BCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison Zhu
- School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tx, USA
| | - Daniel J Lewis
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Szewczyk M, Marszałek A, Golusiński P, Niewinski P, Kosińska A, Pazdrowski J, Dańczak-Pazdrowska A, Golusiński W. Does experience affect surgical margins in head and neck basal cell carcinoma? Otolaryngol Pol 2022; 76:1-6. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.7117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of our study was to evaluate the impact of surgical experience in a high volume head and neck surgery department on basal cell carcinoma margin status.
Methods: A retrospective analysis of 546 patients surgically treated for primary basal cell carcinoma of the head and neck region was done. Resections were performed by 4 specialists with equal experience in head and neck surgery and 4 ENT residents at the same level of surgical training. A margin of 3-5mm was chosen, according to guidelines.
Results: The study consisted of 304 males and 242 females, mean age of 69 (range 26 – 100). Most of the tumors were located on the nose (165 pts; 30,2%) and auricle (119; 21,7%). The most common histological subtype was nodular (119; 21,7%). Tumor size was up to 20mm in 394 cases (72%). Positive surgical margins were found in 112 cases (20,5%). There was no difference in terms of positive surgical margins between residents (19/119 cases; 15,9%) and specialists (93/426; 21,8%; p=0.161).
Conclusions: The results of our study have shown that adequate surgical training in dedicated head and neck surgery department is an efficient factor in obtaining free surgical margins in head and neck basal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Szewczyk
- Katedra i Klinika Chirurgii Głowy, Szyi i Onkologii Laryngologicznej. Uniwersytet Medyczny w Poznaniu. Wielkopolskie Centrum Onkologii
| | - Andrzej Marszałek
- Zakład Patologii Nowotworów. Uniwersytet Medyczny w Poznaniu. Wielkopolskie Centrum Onkologii
| | - Paweł Golusiński
- Kliniczny Oddział Otorynolaryngologii. Uniwersytet Zielonogórski
| | - Patryk Niewinski
- Katedra i Klinika Chirurgii Głowy, Szyi i Onkologii Laryngologicznej. Uniwersytet Medyczny w Poznaniu. Wielkopolskie Centrum Onkologii
| | - Agnieszka Kosińska
- Katedra i Klinika Chirurgii Głowy, Szyi i Onkologii Laryngologicznej. Uniwersytet Medyczny w Poznaniu. Wielkopolskie Centrum Onkologii
| | - Jakub Pazdrowski
- Katedra i Klinika Chirurgii Głowy, Szyi i Onkologii Laryngologicznej. Uniwersytet Medyczny w Poznaniu. Wielkopolskie Centrum Onkologii
| | | | - Wojciech Golusiński
- Katedra i Klinika Chirurgii Głowy, Szyi i Onkologii Laryngologicznej. Uniwersytet Medyczny w Poznaniu. Wielkopolskie Centrum Onkologii
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Vollmer BL, Wolf AB, Sillau S, Corboy JR, Alvarez E. Evolution of Disease Modifying Therapy Benefits and Risks: An Argument for De-escalation as a Treatment Paradigm for Patients With Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2022; 12:799138. [PMID: 35145470 PMCID: PMC8821102 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.799138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundStrategies for sequencing disease modifying therapies (DMTs) in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients include escalation, high efficacy early, induction, and de-escalation.ObjectiveTo provide a perspective on de-escalation, which aims to match the ratio of DMT benefit/risk in aging patients.MethodsWe reanalyzed data from a retrospective, real-world cohort of MS patients to model disease activity for oral (dimethyl fumarate and fingolimod) and higher efficacy infusible (natalizumab and rituximab) DMTs by age. For patients with relapsing MS, we conducted a controlled, stratified analysis examining odds of disease activity for oral vs. infusible DMTs in patients <45 or ≥45 years. We reviewed the literature to identify DMT risks and predictors of safe discontinuation.ResultsYounger patients had lower probability of disease activity on infusible vs. oral DMTs. There was no statistical difference after age 54.2 years. When dichotomized, patients <45 years on oral DMTs had greater odds of disease activity compared to patients on infusible DMTs, while among those ≥45 years, there was no difference. Literature review noted that adverse events increase with aging, notably infections in patients with higher disability and longer DMT duration. Additionally, we identified factors predictive of disease reactivation including age, clinical stability, and MRI activity.ConclusionIn a real-world cohort of relapsing MS patients, high efficacy DMTs had less benefit with aging but were associated with increased risks. This cohort helps overcome some limitations of trials where older patients were excluded. To better balance benefits/risks, we propose a DMT de-escalation approach for aging MS patients.
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12
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Saytburkhanov RR, Kubanov AA, Kondrakhina IN, Plakhova XI. Modern understanding of the pathogenesis of basal cell skin cancer. VESTNIK DERMATOLOGII I VENEROLOGII 2021. [DOI: 10.25208/vdv1277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of basal cell skin cancer is increasing worldwide. The initiation and progression of basal cell skin cancer is due to the interaction of environmental factors and the patient's genetic characteristics. Aberrant activation of the transmission of the Hedgehog signaling pathway is the main pathogenetic pathway of carcinogenesis.
Since basal cell skin cancer is manifested by significant variability of morphological structure, aggressiveness and response to treatment, the disclosure of the molecular genetics of pathogenesis will become the basis for developing new approaches and increasing the effectiveness of treatment, as well as overcoming tumor resistance to treatment.
To search for the necessary literature, the PubMed, MedLine, Web of Science and RSCI databases were used.
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13
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Kwiatkowska M, Ahmed S, Ardern‐Jones M, Bhatti LA, Bleiker TO, Gavin A, Hussain S, Huws DW, Irvine L, Langan SM, Millington GWM, Mitchell H, Murphy R, Paley L, Proby CM, Thomson CS, Thomas R, Turner C, Vernon S, Venables ZC. An updated report on the incidence and epidemiological trends of keratinocyte cancers in the United Kingdom 2013-2018. SKIN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2021; 1:e61. [PMID: 35663774 PMCID: PMC9060124 DOI: 10.1002/ski2.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The most common cancers in the UK are keratinocyte cancers (KCs): the combined term for basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (cSCCs). Registration of KC is challenging due to high numbers and multiplicity of tumours per person. Methods We provide an updated report on the descriptive epidemiology of trends in KC incidence for the resident populations of UK countries (England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales) using population-based cancer registry and pathology report data, 2013-18. Results Substantial increases in cSCC incidence in England, Scotland and Northern Ireland can be detected for the period of 2013-18, and the incidence of cSCC also increased in Wales from 2016 to 2018. In contrast, however, the pattern of annual change in the incidence of BCC across the nations differs. In England, the incidence of BCC declined slightly from 2016 to 2018, however, the overall trend across 2013-18 is not statistically significant. In Scotland, the incidence of BCC shows some variability, declining in 2017 before increasing in 2018, and the overall trend across 2013-18 was also not statistically significant. In Northern Ireland, the incidence of BCC increased significantly over the study period, and in Wales, the incidence of BCC increased from 2016 to 2018. One in five people will develop non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) in their lifetime in England. This estimate is much higher than the lifetime risk of melanoma (1 in 36 males and 1 in 47 females born after 1960 in the UK), which further highlights the burden of the disease and importance of early prevention strategies. Conclusions We highlight how common these tumours are by publishing the first ever lifetime incidence of NMSC. Additionally, the first time reporting of the age standardised incidence of KC in Wales further confirms the scale of the disease burden posed by these cancers in the UK. With approximately one in five people developing NMSC in their lifetime, optimisation of skin cancer prevention, management and research are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Kwiatkowska
- National Cancer Registration and Analysis ServiceLondonUK
- British Association of DermatologistsLondonUK
| | - S. Ahmed
- British Association of DermatologistsLondonUK
| | - M. Ardern‐Jones
- Department of Clinical Experimental SciencesFaculty of MedicineUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | | | - T. O. Bleiker
- University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation TrustDerbyUK
| | - A. Gavin
- North Ireland Cancer RegistryBelfastUK
| | - S. Hussain
- British Association of DermatologistsLondonUK
| | | | - L. Irvine
- National Cancer Registration and Analysis ServiceLondonUK
| | - S. M. Langan
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineSt. John's Institute of DermatologyLondonUK
| | - G. W. M. Millington
- Department of DermatologyNorfolk and Norwich University HospitalNorwichUK
- University of East Anglia Norwich Medical SchoolNorwichUK
| | | | - R. Murphy
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustSheffieldUK
| | - L. Paley
- National Cancer Registration and Analysis ServiceLondonUK
| | - C. M. Proby
- Department of DermatologyNinewells Hospital and Medical SchoolDundeeUK
| | | | | | - C. Turner
- National Cancer Registration and Analysis ServiceLondonUK
| | - S. Vernon
- National Cancer Registration and Analysis ServiceLondonUK
| | - Z. C. Venables
- National Cancer Registration and Analysis ServiceLondonUK
- Department of DermatologyNorfolk and Norwich University HospitalNorwichUK
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Pecora A, Laprise J, Dahmene M, Laurin M. Skin Cancers and the Contribution of Rho GTPase Signaling Networks to Their Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4362. [PMID: 34503171 PMCID: PMC8431333 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin cancers are the most common cancers worldwide. Among them, melanoma, basal cell carcinoma of the skin and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma are the three major subtypes. These cancers are characterized by different genetic perturbations even though they are similarly caused by a lifelong exposure to the sun. The main oncogenic drivers of skin cancer initiation have been known for a while, yet it remains unclear what are the molecular events that mediate their oncogenic functions and that contribute to their progression. Moreover, patients with aggressive skin cancers have been known to develop resistance to currently available treatment, which is urging us to identify new therapeutic opportunities based on a better understanding of skin cancer biology. More recently, the contribution of cytoskeletal dynamics and Rho GTPase signaling networks to the progression of skin cancers has been highlighted by several studies. In this review, we underline the various perturbations in the activity and regulation of Rho GTPase network components that contribute to skin cancer development, and we explore the emerging therapeutic opportunities that are surfacing from these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Pecora
- Oncology Division, CHU de Québec–Université Laval Research Center, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (A.P.); (J.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Justine Laprise
- Oncology Division, CHU de Québec–Université Laval Research Center, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (A.P.); (J.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Manel Dahmene
- Oncology Division, CHU de Québec–Université Laval Research Center, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (A.P.); (J.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Mélanie Laurin
- Oncology Division, CHU de Québec–Université Laval Research Center, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (A.P.); (J.L.); (M.D.)
- Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1R 3S3, Canada
- Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V OA6, Canada
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Garg T, Johns A, Young AJ, Nielsen ME, Tan HJ, McMullen CK, Kirchner HL, Cohen HJ, Murphy TE. Geriatric conditions and treatment burden following diagnosis of non-muscle- invasive bladder cancer in older adults: A population-based analysis. J Geriatr Oncol 2021; 12:1022-1030. [PMID: 33972184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgo.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Treatment burden is emerging as an important patient-centered outcome for older adults with cancer who concurrently manage geriatric conditions. Our objective was to evaluate the contribution of geriatric conditions to treatment burden in older adults with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). METHODS We identified 73,395 Medicare beneficiaries age 66+ diagnosed with NMIBC (Stage <II) in SEER-Medicare (2001-2014). The primary outcome was treatment burden, defined as health system contact days in the year following NMIBC diagnosis. Explanatory variables were the following geriatric conditions: multimorbidity (≥ 2 chronic conditions), functional dependency, falls, depression, cognitive impairment, weight loss, and urinary incontinence. We used negative binomial regression to model the association between individual geriatric conditions and treatment burden while adjusting for covariates. RESULTS At baseline, 64% had multimorbidity and median 3 conditions (IQR 0-5). Prevalence of other geriatric conditions ranged from 5.9%-15.2%. Adjusted mean health system contact was 8.9 days (95% CI 8.6-9.2). Multimorbidity had the largest effect size (adjusted mean 11.8 contact days (95% CI 8.3-8.8)). Each additional chronic condition conferred a 13% increased average number of health system contact (adjusted IRR 1.132, 95% CI 1.129-1.135). Regardless of number of chronic conditions, rural patients consistently had more treatment burden than urban counterparts. DISCUSSION In this population-based cohort of older NMIBC patients, multimorbidity and rurality were strongly associated with treatment burden in the year following NMIBC diagnosis. These findings highlight the need for interventions that reduce treatment burden due to geriatric conditions among the growing population of older adults with cancer, particularly in rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tullika Garg
- Department of Urology, Geisinger, Danville, PA, United States of America; Department of Population Health Sciences, Geisinger, Danville, PA, United States of America.
| | - Alicia Johns
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Geisinger, Danville, PA, United States of America; Biostatistics Core, Geisinger, Danville, PA, United States of America
| | - Amanda J Young
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Geisinger, Danville, PA, United States of America; Biostatistics Core, Geisinger, Danville, PA, United States of America
| | - Matthew E Nielsen
- Department of Urology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America; Departments of Epidemiology and Health Policy & Management, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America; Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Hung-Jui Tan
- Department of Urology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Carmit K McMullen
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - H Lester Kirchner
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Geisinger, Danville, PA, United States of America; Biostatistics Core, Geisinger, Danville, PA, United States of America
| | - Harvey J Cohen
- Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Terrence E Murphy
- Section of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
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Fathi F, Zamani B, Piroozmand A, Mozafarpoor S, Seyedhashemi E, ArefNezhad R, Motedayyen H. Programmed cell death 1 (PDCD1) gene haplotypes and susceptibility of patients to basal cell carcinoma. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:2047-2052. [PMID: 33389528 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-06115-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Programmed death-1 (PD-1), as an immunoinhibitory receptor encoded by programmed cell death-1 (PDCD1) gene, has a pivotal role in tolerance to self-antigens. Mutations of PDCD1 may participate in susceptibility to basal cell carcinoma (BCC) as the most common of skin cancer. We studied the impacts of two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within PDCD1 and their haplotypes in BCC susceptibility in an Iranian population. The blood samples were collected from 210 BCC and 220 healthy individuals. After the extraction of genomic DNA, the genotypes and alleles of PD1.1 G/A (rs36084323) and PD1.6 G/A (rs10204525) SNPs were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Four haplotypes were estimated by these SNPs. Our data revealed that genotype and allele frequencies of PD1.1 and PD1.6 polymorphisms in BCC patients were similar to those in healthy individuals. The results of estimated haplotypes for PDCD1 indicated that GG and AA haplotypes of PDCD1 had protective effects on BCC susceptibility (OR = 0.7, 95% CI = 0.51-0.96, p = 0.03 and OR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.35-0.91, p = 0.02, respectively), while GA and AG haplotypes served as the risk factors for developing BCC (OR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.09-2.84, p = 0.02 and OR = 3.87, 95% CI = 1.95-7.69, p = <0.001, respectively). Based on these findings, frequency distributions of PDCD1 haplotypes have important roles in the determination of BCC development in the Iranian population. However, larger multicenter studies are required to confirm this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshid Fathi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Batool Zamani
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Piroozmand
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Samaneh Mozafarpoor
- Department of Dermatology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Effat Seyedhashemi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza ArefNezhad
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hossein Motedayyen
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, 5th kilometer of Ravand Road, Kashan, Iran.
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Passarelli A, Galdo G, Aieta M, Fabrizio T, Villonio A, Conca R. A Vismodegib Experience in Elderly Patients with Basal Cell Carcinoma: Case Reports and Review of the Literature. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228596. [PMID: 33202689 PMCID: PMC7696523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common type of human tumor, and its incidence rate is increasing worldwide. Up until a few years ago, therapeutic options have been limited for patients with advanced BCC (including metastatic and locally-advanced BCC). Over the last few years, promising systemic therapies have been investigated for the treatment of advanced BCC. In particular, the Hedgehog signaling inhibition has shown remarkable results for this population. Hedgehog inhibitors, represented by vismodegib and sonidegib, have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency for the treatment of both locally advanced and metastatic BCC, with, generally, a good safety profile. Notwithstanding the late onset of BCC in the global population, associated with life expectancy increase, only a few clinical trials have evaluated the efficacy and safety profile of Hedgehog inhibitors in this complex and neglected population. Herein, we review the major mechanisms implicated in the pathogenesis of BCC focusing on the Hedgehog signaling pathway and its therapeutic role in the elderly population. Finally, we report two case reports of BCC elderly patients in order to demonstrate both efficacy and safety of the Hedgehog inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Passarelli
- Department of Onco-Hematology, Unit of Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy; (M.A.); (R.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-097-272-6111; Fax: +39-097-272-3509
| | - Giovanna Galdo
- Department of Onco-Hematology, Oncologic Dermatology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), IRCCS-CROB, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy;
| | - Michele Aieta
- Department of Onco-Hematology, Unit of Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy; (M.A.); (R.C.)
| | - Tommaso Fabrizio
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), IRCCS-CROB, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy;
| | - Antonio Villonio
- Radiology Department, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), IRCCS-CROB, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy;
| | - Raffaele Conca
- Department of Onco-Hematology, Unit of Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy; (M.A.); (R.C.)
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Fania L, Didona D, Morese R, Campana I, Coco V, Di Pietro FR, Ricci F, Pallotta S, Candi E, Abeni D, Dellambra E. Basal Cell Carcinoma: From Pathophysiology to Novel Therapeutic Approaches. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8110449. [PMID: 33113965 PMCID: PMC7690754 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8110449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common human cancer worldwide, and is a subtype of nonmelanoma skin cancer, characterized by a constantly increasing incidence due to an aging population and widespread sun exposure. Although the mortality from BCC is negligible, this tumor can be associated with significant morbidity and cost. This review presents a literature overview of BCC from pathophysiology to novel therapeutic approaches. Several histopathological BCC subtypes with different prognostic values have been described. Dermoscopy and, more recently, reflectance confocal microscopy have largely improved BCC diagnosis. Although surgery is the first-line treatment for localized BCC, other nonsurgical local treatment options are available. BCC pathogenesis depends on the interaction between environmental and genetic characteristics of the patient. Specifically, an aberrant activation of Hedgehog signaling pathway is implicated in its pathogenesis. Notably, Hedgehog signaling inhibitors, such as vismodegib and sonidegib, are successfully used as targeted treatment for advanced or metastatic BCC. Furthermore, the implementation of prevention measures has demonstrated to be useful in the patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Fania
- Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata-IRCCS, via dei Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (I.C.); (V.C.); (F.R.D.P.); (F.R.); (S.P.); (E.C.); (D.A.); (E.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Dario Didona
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps University, 35043 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Roberto Morese
- Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata-IRCCS, via dei Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (I.C.); (V.C.); (F.R.D.P.); (F.R.); (S.P.); (E.C.); (D.A.); (E.D.)
| | - Irene Campana
- Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata-IRCCS, via dei Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (I.C.); (V.C.); (F.R.D.P.); (F.R.); (S.P.); (E.C.); (D.A.); (E.D.)
| | - Valeria Coco
- Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata-IRCCS, via dei Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (I.C.); (V.C.); (F.R.D.P.); (F.R.); (S.P.); (E.C.); (D.A.); (E.D.)
| | - Francesca Romana Di Pietro
- Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata-IRCCS, via dei Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (I.C.); (V.C.); (F.R.D.P.); (F.R.); (S.P.); (E.C.); (D.A.); (E.D.)
| | - Francesca Ricci
- Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata-IRCCS, via dei Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (I.C.); (V.C.); (F.R.D.P.); (F.R.); (S.P.); (E.C.); (D.A.); (E.D.)
| | - Sabatino Pallotta
- Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata-IRCCS, via dei Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (I.C.); (V.C.); (F.R.D.P.); (F.R.); (S.P.); (E.C.); (D.A.); (E.D.)
| | - Eleonora Candi
- Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata-IRCCS, via dei Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (I.C.); (V.C.); (F.R.D.P.); (F.R.); (S.P.); (E.C.); (D.A.); (E.D.)
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier, 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Damiano Abeni
- Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata-IRCCS, via dei Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (I.C.); (V.C.); (F.R.D.P.); (F.R.); (S.P.); (E.C.); (D.A.); (E.D.)
| | - Elena Dellambra
- Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata-IRCCS, via dei Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (I.C.); (V.C.); (F.R.D.P.); (F.R.); (S.P.); (E.C.); (D.A.); (E.D.)
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