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Sakakibara E, Satomura Y, Matsuoka J, Koike S, Okada N, Sakurada H, Yamagishi M, Kawakami N, Kasai K. Abnormal resting-state hyperconnectivity in schizophrenia: A whole-head near-infrared spectroscopy study. Schizophr Res 2024; 270:121-128. [PMID: 38901208 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2024.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a noninvasive functional neuroimaging modality that can detect changes in blood oxygenation levels by tracking cortical neural activity. We recorded the resting-state brain activity of 24 individuals with schizophrenia and 90 healthy controls for 8 min using a whole-head NIRS arrangement and then used partial correlation analysis to estimate the resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) between 17 cortical regions. We found that the RSFC between the bilateral orbitofrontal cortices (OFCs) and between the right temporal and parietal lobes was significantly higher in patients with schizophrenia than in healthy controls. The RSFC between the bilateral OFCs was positively correlated with negative symptom severity, whereas the RSFC between the right temporal and parietal lobes was positively correlated with the chlorpromazine equivalent for antipsychotics prescribed to patients with schizophrenia. This finding was consistent with that for the RSFC calculated using the anterior 52-channel signals. Our results suggest that NIRS-based RSFC measurements have potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Sakakibara
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Satomura
- Center for Diversity in Medical Education and Research, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Jun Matsuoka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Koike
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan; University of Tokyo Institute for Diversity & Adaptation of Human Mind (UTIDAHM), 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan; Center for Evolutionary Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Naohiro Okada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Hanako Sakurada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Mika Yamagishi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Norito Kawakami
- Department of Digital Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Kiyoto Kasai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; Center for Diversity in Medical Education and Research, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan; University of Tokyo Institute for Diversity & Adaptation of Human Mind (UTIDAHM), 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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Bourgeois C, Lecomte T, McDuff P, Daigneault I. Child Sexual Abuse and Age at Onset of Psychotic Disorders: A Matched-cohort Study: L'âge d'apparition des troubles psychotiques chez les victimes d'agression sexuelle à l'enfance: Une étude prospective de cohortes appariées. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2021; 66:569-576. [PMID: 33155838 PMCID: PMC8138738 DOI: 10.1177/0706743720970853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Victims of child sexual abuse (CSA) present with a higher risk of psychotic disorders. However, the developmental course of psychosis following CSA, such as the age at onset, remains unknown. This study aimed to determine whether the age at onset of psychotic disorders was influenced by sexual abuse, sex, and confounding factors (substance misuse, intellectual disability, and socioeconomic status). METHOD A prospective matched-cohort design was used, with administrative databases from a child protection agency (CPA) and a public health system. Children who received a substantiated report of CSA at the CPA and whose health data could be retrieved were selected (n = 882) and matched with children from the general population using their date of birth, sex, and geographical area. Survival analysis was performed to estimate the association between sexual abuse, sex, and confounding factors and the age at onset of psychotic disorders. RESULTS Sexual abuse and substance misuse are significantly associated with the age at onset of psychotic disorders. In the sexually abused group, only substance misuse is associated with the age at onset of psychotic disorders, but this was not significant for the general population. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the importance of prevention of psychotic disorders among sexually abused youth, especially those with a substance misuse diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tania Lecomte
- Department of Psychology, 5622Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierre McDuff
- Department of Psychology, 5622Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Leinders S, Vansteensel MJ, Branco MP, Freudenburg ZV, Pels EGM, Van der Vijgh B, Van Zandvoort MJE, Ramsey NF, Aarnoutse EJ. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex-based control with an implanted brain-computer interface. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15448. [PMID: 32963279 PMCID: PMC7508852 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71774-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to test the feasibility of using the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex as a signal source for brain-computer interface control in people with severe motor impairment. We implanted two individuals with locked-in syndrome with a chronic brain-computer interface designed to restore independent communication. The implanted system (Utrecht NeuroProsthesis) included electrode strips placed subdurally over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. In both participants, counting backwards activated the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex consistently over the course of 47 and 22 months, respectively. Moreover, both participants were able to use this signal to control a cursor in one dimension, with average accuracy scores of 78 ± 9% (standard deviation) and 71 ± 11% (chance level: 50%), respectively. Brain-computer interface control based on dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity is feasible in people with locked-in syndrome and may become of relevance for those unable to use sensorimotor signals for control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha Leinders
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Medical Center, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mariska J Vansteensel
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Medical Center, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mariana P Branco
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Medical Center, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Zac V Freudenburg
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Medical Center, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elmar G M Pels
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Medical Center, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Benny Van der Vijgh
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Medical Center, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Nicolas F Ramsey
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Medical Center, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Erik J Aarnoutse
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Medical Center, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Chung WY, Liu SY, Gao JC, Jiang YJ, Zhang J, Qu SS, Zhang JP, Tan XL, Chen JQ, Wang SX. Modulatory effect of International Standard Scalp Acupuncture on brain activation in the elderly as revealed by resting-state fMRI. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:2126-2131. [PMID: 31397351 PMCID: PMC6788231 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.262590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The specific mechanisms by which acupuncture affects the central nervous system are unclear. In the International Standard Scalp Acupuncture system, acupuncture needles are applied at the middle line of the vertex, anterior parietal-temporal oblique line, and the posterior parietal-temporal oblique line. We conducted a single-arm prospective clinical trial in which seven healthy elderly volunteers (three men and four women; 50–70 years old) received International Standard Scalp Acupuncture at MS5 (the mid-sagittal line between Baihui (DU20) and Qianding (DU21)), the left MS6 (line joining Sishencong (EX-HN1) and Xuanli (GB6)), and the left MS7 (line joining DU20 and Qubin (GB7)). After acupuncture, resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated changes in the fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuations and regional homogeneity in various areas, showing remarkable enhancement of regional homogeneity in the bilateral anterior cingulate, left medial frontal gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, right middle frontal gyrus, and inferior frontal gyrus. Functional connectivity based on a seed region at the right middle frontal gyrus (42, 51, 9) decreased at the bilateral medial superior frontal gyrus. Our data preliminarily indicates that the international standard scalp acupuncture in healthy elderly participants specifcally enhances the correlation between the brain regions involved in cognition and implementation of the brain network regulation system and the surrounding adjacent brain regions. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the China-Japan Union Hospital at Jilin University, China, on July 18, 2016 (approval No. 2016ks043).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Yeung Chung
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province; School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Song-Yan Liu
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jing-Chun Gao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yi-Jing Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Rehabilitation Hospital, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Shan-Shan Qu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ji-Ping Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Long Tan
- Department of Medical Image, Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jun-Qi Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Sheng-Xu Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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5
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Analyzing Human Random Generation: an Approach Based on the Zener Card Test. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-018-0097-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The genesis of schizophrenia is multifactorial, including biological and environmental risk factors. We tested for an interactive effect between early-onset schizophrenia (EOS) and social class of origins (socioeconomic status (SES)). Data were further analyzed for a possible connection to type of schizophrenic symptoms. Sampling/Methods: Data for the study are taken from the medical records of 642 patients from a large state hospital in the northeastern United States. Clinical assessments were divided into positive and negative symptomatology through application of the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS), the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Detailed information about age of onset and SES of origin was obtained through Social Service Assessment interviews. RESULTS We uncovered a significant impact of EOS among the poor that elevates risk for negative symptomatology. CONCLUSION Poor SES alone does not increase the likelihood of EOS, but it magnifies the deleterious effect of EOS on negative symptoms. Future research on these variables may inform the relative contribution of each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard J Gallagher
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA
| | - Brian J Jones
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA
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Kumar V, Shivakumar V, Chhabra H, Bose A, Venkatasubramanian G, Gangadhar BN. Functional near infra-red spectroscopy (fNIRS) in schizophrenia: A review. Asian J Psychiatr 2017; 27:18-31. [PMID: 28558892 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The research on the alterations in functional connectivity in schizophrenia has been facilitated by development of an array of functional neuroimaging techniques. Functional Near Infra Red Spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a novel diffuse optical neuromonitring method with its own advantages and limitations. The advantages of fNIRS have made it to be frequently used as a research tool by medical community in different settings. In fNIRS the property of haemoglobin to absorb near infrared light is used to measure brain activity. It provides the indirect measurement of the neuronal activity in the areas of interest. The advantage of fNIRS being less restrictive has made it to be used more commonly in the research of psychiatric disorders in general, schizophrenia in particular. The fNIRS studies on patients with schizophrenia have shown haemodynamic hypo activation primarily in the prefrontal cortex during various cognitive tasks. In this review, initially we have briefly explained the basic principles of fNIRS followed by detailed review of fNIRS findings in patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- The Schizophrenia Clinic, Department of Psychiatry & Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.
| | - Venkataram Shivakumar
- The Schizophrenia Clinic, Department of Psychiatry & Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Harleen Chhabra
- The Schizophrenia Clinic, Department of Psychiatry & Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Anushree Bose
- The Schizophrenia Clinic, Department of Psychiatry & Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Ganesan Venkatasubramanian
- The Schizophrenia Clinic, Department of Psychiatry & Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Bangalore N Gangadhar
- The Schizophrenia Clinic, Department of Psychiatry & Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
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Algorithmic complexity for psychology: a user-friendly implementation of the coding theorem method. Behav Res Methods 2016; 48:314-29. [PMID: 25761393 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-015-0574-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Kolmogorov-Chaitin complexity has long been believed to be impossible to approximate when it comes to short sequences (e.g. of length 5-50). However, with the newly developed coding theorem method the complexity of strings of length 2-11 can now be numerically estimated. We present the theoretical basis of algorithmic complexity for short strings (ACSS) and describe an R-package providing functions based on ACSS that will cover psychologists' needs and improve upon previous methods in three ways: (1) ACSS is now available not only for binary strings, but for strings based on up to 9 different symbols, (2) ACSS no longer requires time-consuming computing, and (3) a new approach based on ACSS gives access to an estimation of the complexity of strings of any length. Finally, three illustrative examples show how these tools can be applied to psychology.
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Uemura K, Shimada H, Doi T, Makizako H, Tsutsumimoto K, Park H, Suzuki T. Reduced prefrontal oxygenation in mild cognitive impairment during memory retrieval. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2016; 31:583-91. [PMID: 26387497 DOI: 10.1002/gps.4363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Memory impairment is considered a hallmark of amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and dementia. Emerging evidence suggests that the prefrontal lobe is required to maintain memory functions. The purpose of this study was to clarify whether older adults with aMCI have decreased prefrontal oxygenation during memory encoding and retrieval compared with age-matched healthy older adults, using multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy. METHODS We examined 64 older adults with aMCI (mean 71.8 years) and 66 cognitively healthy control subjects comparable in age and gender (mean 71.7 years). The concentration of oxy-hemoglobin, which is a reliable biomarker of changes in regional cerebral blood flow, was measured in the prefrontal cortex during encoding and delayed retrieval of a list of 10 target words. Task performance was evaluated as average number of correct answers in the retrieval task. RESULTS Subjects with aMCI showed reduced activation in the bilateral dorsolateral cortex (approximately Brodmann area 9) and provided fewer correct answers in the retrieval period than control subjects. There were no significant differences during encoding. CONCLUSIONS Reduced activation in the dorsolateral cortex during retrieval may cause deficits in memory performance, which may be used as a marker of aMCI. Further studies are required to examine the predictive validity of this decreased activation pattern for the incidence of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Uemura
- Institute of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Shimada
- Department of Functioning Activation, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Takehiko Doi
- Department of Functioning Activation, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan.,Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hyuma Makizako
- Department of Functioning Activation, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Kota Tsutsumimoto
- Department of Functioning Activation, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Hyuntae Park
- National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan.,Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
| | - Takao Suzuki
- National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
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Association between rostral prefrontal cortical activity and functional outcome in first-episode psychosis: a longitudinal functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. Schizophr Res 2016; 170:304-10. [PMID: 26792296 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few biomarkers can be used easily and noninvasively to measure clinical condition and future outcome in patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP). To develop such biomarker using multichannel functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), cortical function in the prefrontal cortex was longitudinally measured during a verbal fluency task. METHODS Sixty-nine fNIRS measurements and 77 clinical assessments were obtained from 31 patients with FEP at baseline, 6-month, and 12-month follow-ups. Sixty measurements were obtained from 30 healthy controls matched for age, sex, and premorbid IQ. We initially tested signal changes for 12 months, and then investigated the relationship between fNIRS signals and clinical assessments. RESULTS Signal changes from baseline to 12-month follow-up were not evident in any group. Patients with FEP had significant positive correlation coefficients between 6-month fNIRS signals and the 12-month Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) score in the left middle frontal gyrus (FDR-corrected p=.0016-.0052, r=.65-.59). fNIRS signals at the 12-month follow-up were associated with 12-month GAF score in the bilateral superior and middle frontal gyri (FDR-corrected p=.00085-.018, r=.72-.55), and with the difference between baseline and 12-month GAF scores in the right superior frontal gyrus (FDR-corrected p=.000067-.00012, r=.80-.78). These associations were significant even after controlling for demographic variables. No association between baseline fNIRS signals and later GAF scores was found. DISCUSSION fNIRS measurement can potentially be used as a biomarker to aid sequential assessment of neuro-clinical conditions through the early stage of psychosis.
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Oh J, Chun JW, Joon Jo H, Kim E, Park HJ, Lee B, Kim JJ. The neural basis of a deficit in abstract thinking in patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2015; 234:66-73. [PMID: 26329118 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal abstract thinking is a major cause of social dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia, but little is known about its neural basis. In this study, we aimed to determine the characteristic abstract thinking-related brain responses in patients using a task reflecting social situations. We conducted functional magnetic resonance imaging while 16 patients with schizophrenia and 16 healthy controls performed a theme-identification task, in which various emotional pictures depicting social situations were presented. Compared with healthy controls, the patients showed significantly decreased activity in the left frontopolar and right orbitofrontal cortices during theme identification. Activity in these two regions correlated well in the controls, but not in patients. Instead, the patients exhibited a close correlation between activity in both sides of the frontopolar cortex, and a positive correlation between the right orbitofrontal cortex activity and degrees of theme identification. Reduced activity in the left frontopolar and right orbitofrontal cortices and the underlying aberrant connectivity may be implicated in the patients' deficits in abstract thinking. These newly identified features of the neural basis of abnormal abstract thinking are important as they have implications for the impaired social behavior of patients with schizophrenia during real-life situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jooyoung Oh
- Department of Medical System Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Won Chun
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hang Joon Jo
- Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eunseong Kim
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Jeong Park
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Boreom Lee
- Department of Medical System Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; School of Mechatronics, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Jin Kim
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Pu S, Nakagome K, Itakura M, Yamanashi T, Sugie T, Miura A, Satake T, Iwata M, Nagata I, Kaneko K. Self-reported social functioning and prefrontal hemodynamic responses during a cognitive task in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2015; 234:121-9. [PMID: 26382107 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Impaired social functioning is a characteristic of schizophrenia that affects patients' quality of life. The aim of the study was to assess prefrontal hemodynamic responses during a cognitive task and establish its influence on psychiatric symptoms, cognitive function, global functioning, and self-reported social functioning in patients with schizophrenia. Thirty-three patients with schizophrenia and 30 age-and sex-matched healthy controls participated in the study. We measured hemodynamic responses in the prefrontal and superior temporal cortical surface areas with 52-channel near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) during a verbal fluency task (VFT). Self-reported social functioning was assessed using the Social Functioning Scale (SFS). Regional hemodynamic responses were significantly smaller in the prefrontal and temporal regions in subjects with schizophrenia than in the controls, and prefrontal hemodynamic responses during the VFT showed a strong correlation with SFS total scores. These results suggest an association between self-reported social functioning and prefrontal activation in subjects with schizophrenia. The present study provides evidence that NIRS imaging could be helpful in understanding the neural basis of social functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghong Pu
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan.
| | - Kazuyuki Nakagome
- National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
| | - Masashi Itakura
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan
| | - Takehiko Yamanashi
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan
| | - Takuya Sugie
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan
| | - Akehiko Miura
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan
| | - Takahiro Satake
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan
| | - Masaaki Iwata
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan
| | - Izumi Nagata
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan
| | - Koichi Kaneko
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan
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Picado M, Carmona S, Hoekzema E, Pailhez G, Bergé D, Mané A, Fauquet J, Hilferty J, Moreno A, Cortizo R, Vilarroya O, Bulbena A. The neuroanatomical basis of panic disorder and social phobia in schizophrenia: a voxel based morphometric study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119847. [PMID: 25774979 PMCID: PMC4361479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective It is known that there is a high prevalence of certain anxiety disorders among schizophrenic patients, especially panic disorder and social phobia. However, the neural underpinnings of the comorbidity of such anxiety disorders and schizophrenia remain unclear. Our study aims to determine the neuroanatomical basis of the co-occurrence of schizophrenia with panic disorder and social phobia. Methods Voxel-based morphometry was used in order to examine brain structure and to measure between-group differences, comparing magnetic resonance images of 20 anxious patients, 20 schizophrenic patients, 20 schizophrenic patients with comorbid anxiety, and 20 healthy control subjects. Results Compared to the schizophrenic patients, we observed smaller grey-matter volume (GMV) decreases in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and precentral gyrus in the schizophrenic-anxiety group. Additionally, the schizophrenic group showed significantly reduced GMV in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, precentral gyrus, orbitofrontal cortex, temporal gyrus and angular/inferior parietal gyrus when compared to the control group. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the comorbidity of schizophrenia with panic disorder and social phobia might be characterized by specific neuroanatomical and clinical alterations that may be related to maladaptive emotion regulation related to anxiety. Even thought our findings need to be replicated, our study suggests that the identification of neural abnormalities involved in anxiety, schizophrenia and schizophrenia-anxiety may lead to an improved diagnosis and management of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisol Picado
- Grup de Recerca en Neuroimatge, Fundació IMIM, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Susanna Carmona
- Grup de Recerca en Neuroimatge, Fundació IMIM, Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Guillem Pailhez
- Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addiccions, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Bergé
- Grup de Recerca en Neuroimatge, Fundació IMIM, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addiccions, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Mané
- Grup de Recerca en Neuroimatge, Fundació IMIM, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addiccions, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Fauquet
- Grup de Recerca en Neuroimatge, Fundació IMIM, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joseph Hilferty
- Departament de Filologia Anglesa i Alemanya, Facultad de Filologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Moreno
- Fundación para la Investigación y la Docencia Maria Angustias Giménez, Germanes Hospitalàries, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Romina Cortizo
- Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addiccions, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar Vilarroya
- Grup de Recerca en Neuroimatge, Fundació IMIM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Bulbena
- Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addiccions, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
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Albinet CT, Mandrick K, Bernard PL, Perrey S, Blain H. Improved cerebral oxygenation response and executive performance as a function of cardiorespiratory fitness in older women: a fNIRS study. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:272. [PMID: 25339900 PMCID: PMC4189417 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiorespiratory fitness has been shown to protect and enhance cognitive and brain functions, but little is known about the cortical mechanisms that underlie these changes in older adults. In this study, functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to investigate variations in oxyhemoglobin [HbO2] and in deoxyhemoglobin [HHb] in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) during the performance of an executive control task in older women with different levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max). Thirty-four women aged 60-77 years were classified as high-fit and low-fit based on VO2max measures. They all performed a control counting (CNT) task and the Random Number Generation (RNG) task at two different paces (1 number/1 s and 1 number/1.5 s), allowing to manipulate task difficulty, while hemodynamic responses in the bilateral DLPFCs were recorded using continuous-wave NIRS. The behavioral data revealed that the high-fit women showed significantly better performance on the RNG tasks compared with the low-fit women. The high-fit women showed significant increases in [HbO2] responses in both left and right DLPFCs during the RNG task, while the low-fit women showed significantly less activation in the right DLPFC compared with the right DLPFC of the high-fit women and compared with their own left DLPFC. At the level of the whole sample, increases in the [HbO2] responses in the right DLPFC were found to mediate in part the relationship between VO2max level and executive performance during the RNG task at 1.5 s but not at 1 s. These results provide support for the cardiorespiratory fitness hypothesis and suggest that higher levels of aerobic fitness in older women are related to increased cerebral oxygen supply to the DLPFC, sustaining better cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric T Albinet
- CeRCA (CNRS-UMR 7295), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Poitiers Poitiers, France
| | - Kevin Mandrick
- Movement to Health (M2H), Montpellier-1 University, Euromov, Montpellier France
| | | | - Stéphane Perrey
- Movement to Health (M2H), Montpellier-1 University, Euromov, Montpellier France
| | - Hubert Blain
- Movement to Health (M2H), Montpellier-1 University, Euromov, Montpellier France ; University hospital of Montpellier - MacVia-LR France
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Ehlis AC, Schneider S, Dresler T, Fallgatter AJ. Application of functional near-infrared spectroscopy in psychiatry. Neuroimage 2014; 85 Pt 1:478-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Satomura Y, Takizawa R, Koike S, Kawasaki S, Kinoshita A, Sakakibara E, Nishimura Y, Kasai K. Potential biomarker of subjective quality of life: Prefrontal activation measurement by near-infrared spectroscopy. Soc Neurosci 2013; 9:63-73. [DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2013.861359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Association between cognitive insight and prefrontal function during a cognitive task in schizophrenia: a multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy study. Schizophr Res 2013; 150:81-7. [PMID: 23953828 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Insight has been studied mostly from a clinical perspective. Recently, the focus of this research field shifted to cognitive insight or the ability to monitor and correct the erroneous convictions of individuals. In this study, we investigated the relationship between cognitive insight and prefrontal function during a cognitive task in 30 patients with clinically stable schizophrenia and 30 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. We measured the changes in hemoglobin concentration in the prefrontal and temporal cortical regions during a verbal fluency task (VFT) by using 52-channel near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Cognitive insight was measured using the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale (BCIS). Regional hemodynamic changes were significantly smaller in the schizophrenia group than in the control group in prefrontal and temporal regions, and significant positive relationship was observed between the score of the BCIS self-reflectiveness subscale and right ventrolateral prefrontal and right temporal functions during the VFT. These results suggest that the right ventrolateral prefrontal and temporal cortical regions are associated with cognitive insight in clinically stable patients with schizophrenia and that NIRS is an efficient medical tool for monitoring these characteristics.
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Reduced but broader prefrontal activity in patients with schizophrenia during n-back working memory tasks: a multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy study. J Psychiatr Res 2013; 47:1240-6. [PMID: 23743135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caudal regions of the prefrontal cortex, including the dorsolateral (DLPFC) and ventrolateral (VLPFC) prefrontal cortex, are involved in essential cognitive functions such as working memory. In contrast, more rostral regions, such as the frontopolar cortex (FpC), have integrative functions among cognitive functions and thereby contribute crucially to real-world social activity. Previous functional magnetic resonance imaging studies have shown patients with schizophrenia had different DLPFC activity pattern in response to cognitive load changes compared to healthy controls; however, the spatial relationship between the caudal and rostral prefrontal activation has not been evaluated under less-constrained conditions. METHOD Twenty-six patients with schizophrenia and 26 age-, sex-, and premorbid-intelligence-matched healthy controls participated in this study. Hemodynamic changes during n-back working memory tasks with different cognitive loads were measured using multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). RESULTS Healthy controls showed significant task-related activity in the bilateral VLPFC and significant task-related decreased activity in the DLPFC, with greater signal changes when the task required more cognitive load. In contrast, patients with schizophrenia showed activation in the more rostral regions, including bilateral DLPFC and FpC. Neither decreased activity nor greater activation in proportion to elevated cognitive load occurred. CONCLUSIONS This multi-channel NIRS study demonstrated that activation intensity did not increase in patients with schizophrenia associated with cognitive load changes, suggesting hypo-frontality as cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. On the other hand, patients had broader prefrontal activity in areas such as the bilateral DLPFC and FpC regions, thus suggesting a hyper-frontality compensatory response.
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Koike S, Nishimura Y, Takizawa R, Yahata N, Kasai K. Near-infrared spectroscopy in schizophrenia: a possible biomarker for predicting clinical outcome and treatment response. Front Psychiatry 2013; 4:145. [PMID: 24294205 PMCID: PMC3827961 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a relatively new technique that can measure hemoglobin changes in brain tissues, and its use in psychiatry has been progressing rapidly. Although it has several disadvantages (e.g., relatively low spatial resolution and the possibility of shallow coverage in the depth of brain regions) compared with other functional neuroimaging techniques (e.g., functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography), fNIRS may be a candidate instrument for clinical use in psychiatry, as it can measure brain activity in naturalistic position easily and non-invasively. fNIRS instruments are also small and work silently, and can be moved almost everywhere including schools and care units. Previous fNIRS studies have shown that patients with schizophrenia have impaired activity and characteristic waveform patterns in the prefrontal cortex during the letter version of the verbal fluency task, and part of these results have been approved as one of the Advanced Medical Technologies as an aid for the differential diagnosis of depressive symptoms by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare of Japan in 2009, which was the first such approval in the field of psychiatry. Moreover, previous studies suggest that the activity in the frontopolar prefrontal cortex is associated with their functions in chronic schizophrenia and is its next candidate biomarker. Future studies aimed at exploring fNIRS differences in various clinical stages, longitudinal changes, drug effects, and variations during different task paradigms will be needed to develop more accurate biomarkers that can be used to aid differential diagnosis, the comprehension of the present condition, the prediction of outcome, and the decision regarding treatment options in schizophrenia. Future fNIRS researches will require standardized measurement procedures, probe settings, analytical methods and tools, manuscript description, and database systems in an fNIRS community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Koike
- Office for Mental Health Support, Division for Counseling and Support, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan ; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
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Ozaki S. [Role of neuroimaging biomarker in drug discovery for schizophrenia]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2012; 140:107-10. [PMID: 22975823 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.140.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Marballi K, Cruz D, Thompson P, Walss-Bass C. Differential neuregulin 1 cleavage in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: preliminary findings. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36431. [PMID: 22590542 PMCID: PMC3349664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) is a key candidate susceptibility gene for both schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BPD). The function of the NRG1 transmembrane proteins is regulated by cleavage. Alteration of membrane bound-NRG1 cleavage has been previously shown to be associated with behavioral impairments in mouse models lacking expression of NRG1-cleavage enzymes such as BACE1 and gamma secretase. We sought to determine whether alterations in NRG1 cleavage and associated enzymes occur in patients with SCZ and BPD. Methodology/Principal Findings Using human postmortem brain, we evaluated protein expression of NRG1 cleavage products and enzymes that cleave at the external (BACE1, ADAM17, ADAM19) and internal (PS1-gamma secretase) sides of the cell membrane. We used three different cohorts (Controls, SCZ and BPD) and two distinct brain regions: BA9-prefrontal cortex (Controls (n = 6), SCZ (n = 6) and BPD (n = 6)) and hippocampus (Controls (n = 5), SCZ (n = 6) and BPD (n = 6)). In BA9, the ratio of the NRG1 N-terminal fragment relative to full length was significantly upregulated in the SCZ cohort (Bonferroni test, p = 0.011). ADAM17 was negatively correlated with full length NRG1 levels in the SCZ cohort (r = –0.926, p = 0.008). In the hippocampus we found significantly lower levels of a soluble 50 kDa NRG1 fragment in the two affected groups compared the control cohort (Bonferroni test, p = 0.0018). We also examined the relationship of specific symptomatology criteria with measures of NRG1 cleavage using the Bipolar Inventory of Signs and Symptoms Scale (BISS) and the Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). Our results showed a positive correlation between ADAM19 and psychosis (r = 0.595 p = 0.019); PS1 and mania (r = 0.535, p = 0.040); PS1 and depression (r = 0.567, p = 0.027) in BA9, and BACE1 with anxiety (r = 0.608, p = 0.03) in the hippocampus. Conclusion/Significance Our preliminary findings suggest region-specific alterations in NRG1 cleavage in SCZ and BPD patients. These changes may be associated with specific symptoms in these psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketan Marballi
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dianne Cruz
- Southwest Brain Bank, Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Peter Thompson
- Southwest Brain Bank, Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Consuelo Walss-Bass
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2012; 25:155-62. [PMID: 22297717 DOI: 10.1097/yco.0b013e3283514a53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Whittington MA, Roopun AK, Traub RD, Davies CH. Circuits and brain rhythms in schizophrenia: a wealth of convergent targets. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2012; 11:508-14. [PMID: 21555247 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Few common neurological illnesses trace back to single molecular disturbances. Many disparate putative causes may co-associate with a single disease state. However, uncovering functional, hierarchical networks of underlying mechanisms can provide a framework in which many primary pathologies converge on more complex, single higher level correlates of disease. This article focuses on cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia to illustrate: a) How non-invasive EEG biomarkers of cognitive function constitute such a 'higher level correlate' of underlying pathologies. b) How derangement of multiple, cell-specific, molecular processes can converge on such EEG-visible, correlates of disrupted cognitive function. This approach suggests that evidence-based design of multi-target therapies may take advantage of hierarchical patterns of convergence to improve both efficacy and selectivity of disease-intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles A Whittington
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK.
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