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Trevizan-Baú P, Stanić D, Furuya WI, Dhingra RR, Dutschmann M. Neuroanatomical frameworks for volitional control of breathing and orofacial behaviors. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2024; 323:104227. [PMID: 38295924 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2024.104227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Breathing is the only vital function that can be volitionally controlled. However, a detailed understanding how volitional (cortical) motor commands can transform vital breathing activity into adaptive breathing patterns that accommodate orofacial behaviors such as swallowing, vocalization or sniffing remains to be developed. Recent neuroanatomical tract tracing studies have identified patterns and origins of descending forebrain projections that target brain nuclei involved in laryngeal adductor function which is critically involved in orofacial behavior. These nuclei include the midbrain periaqueductal gray and nuclei of the respiratory rhythm and pattern generating network in the brainstem, specifically including the pontine Kölliker-Fuse nucleus and the pre-Bötzinger complex in the medulla oblongata. This review discusses the functional implications of the forebrain-brainstem anatomical connectivity that could underlie the volitional control and coordination of orofacial behaviors with breathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Trevizan-Baú
- The Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Davor Stanić
- The Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Werner I Furuya
- The Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rishi R Dhingra
- The Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mathias Dutschmann
- The Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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2
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Lemon R. The Corticospinal System and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: IFCN handbook chapter. Clin Neurophysiol 2024; 160:56-67. [PMID: 38401191 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Corticospinal neurons located in motor areas of the cerebral neocortex project corticospinal axons which synapse with the spinal network; a parallel corticobulbar system projects to the cranial motor network and to brainstem motor pathways. The primate corticospinal system has a widespread cortical origin and an extensive range of different fibre diameters, including thick, fast-conducting axons. Direct cortico-motoneuronal (CM) projections from the motor cortex to arm and hand alpha motoneurons are a recent evolutionary feature, that is well developed in dexterous primates and particularly in humans. Many of these projections originate from the caudal subdivision of area 4 ('new' M1: primary motor cortex). They arise from corticospinal neurons of varied soma size, including those with fast- and relatively slow-conducting axons. This CM system has been shown to be involved in the control of skilled movements, carried out with fractionation of the distal extremities and at low force levels. During movement, corticospinal neurons are activated quite differently from 'lower' motoneurons, and there is no simple or fixed functional relationship between a so-called 'upper' motoneuron and its target lower motoneuron. There are key differences in the organisation and function of the corticospinal and CM system in primates versus non-primates, such as rodents. These differences need to be recognized when making the choice of animal model for understanding disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In this neurodegenerative brain disease there is a selective loss of fast-conducting corticospinal axons, and their synaptic connections, and this is reflected in responses to non-invasive cortical stimuli and measures of cortico-muscular coherence. The loss of CM connections influencing distal limb muscles results in a differential loss of muscle strength or 'split-hand' phenotype. Importantly, there is also a unique impairment in the coordination of skilled hand tasks that require fractionation of digit movement. Scores on validated tests of skilled hand function could be used to assess disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Lemon
- Department of Clinical and Movement Sciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
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3
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Rogić Vidaković M, Šoda J, Kuluva JE, Bošković B, Dolić K, Gunjača I. Exploring Neurophysiological Mechanisms and Treatment Efficacies in Laryngeal Dystonia: A Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Approach. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1591. [PMID: 38002550 PMCID: PMC10669610 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13111591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Laryngeal dystonia (LD), known or termed as spasmodic dysphonia, is a rare movement disorder with an unknown cause affecting the intrinsic laryngeal muscles. Neurophysiological studies point to perturbed inhibitory processes, while conventional genetic studies reveal fragments of genetic architecture in LD. The study's aims are to (1) describe transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) methodology for studying the functional integrity of the corticospinal tract by stimulating the primary motor cortex (M1) for laryngeal muscle representation and recording motor evoked potentials (MEPs) from laryngeal muscles; (2) evaluate the results of TMS studies investigating the cortical silent period (cSP) in LD; and (3) present the standard treatments of LD, as well as the results of new theoretical views and treatment approaches like repetitive TMS and laryngeal vibration over the laryngeal muscles as the recent research attempts in treatment of LD. Neurophysiological findings point to a shortened duration of cSP in adductor LD and altered cSP duration in abductor LD individuals. Future TMS studies could further investigate the role of cSP in relation to standard laryngological measures and treatment options. A better understanding of the neurophysiological mechanisms might give new perspectives for the treatment of LD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Rogić Vidaković
- Laboratory for Human and Experimental Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Joško Šoda
- Signal Processing, Analysis and Advanced Diagnostics Research and Education Laboratory (SPAADREL), Faculty of Maritime Studies, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | | | - Braco Bošković
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Krešimir Dolić
- Department of Interventional and Diagnostic Radiology, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia;
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Ivana Gunjača
- Department of Biology and Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
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Rogić Vidaković M, Konstantinović I, Bošković B, Šoda J. Corticobulbar excitability in abductor laryngeal dystonia disease: the diagnostic role of transcranial magnetic stimulation. QJM 2023; 116:569-571. [PMID: 37010518 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcad051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M Rogić Vidaković
- Laboratory for Human and Experimental Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - I Konstantinović
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - B Bošković
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - J Šoda
- Signal Processing, Analysis, and Advanced Diagnostics Research and Education Laboratory (SPAADREL), Faculty of Maritime Studies, University of Split, Split, Croatia
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Konstantinović I, Bošković B, Šoda J, Dolić K, Đogaš Z, Lapčić M, Ledenko V, Vrgoč T, Rogić Vidaković M. The Cortical Silent Period in the Cricothyroid Muscle as a Neurophysiologic Feature for Dystonia Observation: E-Field-Navigated Transcranial Magnetic (TMS) Study. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051373. [PMID: 37239043 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The cortical silent period (cSP) is a period of electrical silence following a motor-evoked potential (MEP) in the electromyographic signal recorded from a muscle. The MEP can be elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the primary motor cortex site corresponding with the muscle. The cSP reflects the intracortical inhibitory process mediated by GABAA and GABAB receptors. The study aimed to investigate the cSP in the cricothyroid (CT) muscle after applying e-field-navigated TMS over the laryngeal motor cortex (LMC) in healthy subjects. Then, a cSP as a neurophysiologic feature for laryngeal dystonia was observed. We applied a single-pulse e-field-navigated TMS to the LMC over both hemispheres with hook-wire electrodes positioned in the CT muscle in nineteen healthy participants, which triggered the elicitation of contralateral and ipsilateral corticobulbar MEPs. The subjects were engaged in a vocalization task, and then we assessed the following metrics: LMC intensity, peak-to-peak MEP amplitude in the CT muscle, and cSP duration. The results showed that the cSP duration from the contralateral CT muscle was distributed from 40 ms to 60.83 ms, and from the ipsilateral CT muscle, from 40 ms to 65.58 ms. Also, no significant difference was found between the contralateral and ipsilateral cSP duration (t(30) = 0.85, p = 0.40), MEP amplitude in the CT muscle (t(30) = 0.91, p = 0.36), and LMC intensity (t(30) = 1.20, p = 0.23). To conclude, the applied research protocol showed the feasibility of recording LMC corticobulbar MEPs and observing the cSP during vocalization in healthy participants. Furthermore, an understanding of neurophysiologic cSP features can be used to study the pathophysiology of neurological disorders that affect laryngeal muscles, such as laryngeal dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Braco Bošković
- Otorhinolaryngology Department, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Joško Šoda
- Signal Processing, Analysis, and Advanced Diagnostics Research and Education Laboratory (SPAADREL), Faculty of Maritime Studies, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Krešimir Dolić
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Department, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
- Medical Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Zoran Đogaš
- Split Sleep Medical Centre, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
- Laboratory for Human and Experimental Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroscience, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Mirko Lapčić
- Neurosurgery Division, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Vlatko Ledenko
- Neurosurgery Division, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Toni Vrgoč
- Laboratory for Human and Experimental Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroscience, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Maja Rogić Vidaković
- Laboratory for Human and Experimental Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroscience, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia
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The Patho-Neurophysiological Basis and Treatment of Focal Laryngeal Dystonia: A Narrative Review and Two Case Reports Applying TMS over the Laryngeal Motor Cortex. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11123453. [PMID: 35743523 PMCID: PMC9224879 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11123453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal laryngeal dystonia (LD) is a rare, idiopathic disease affecting the laryngeal musculature with an unknown cause and clinically presented as adductor LD or rarely as abductor LD. The most effective treatment options include the injection of botulinum toxin (BoNT) into the affected laryngeal muscle. The aim of this narrative review is to summarize the patho-neuro-physiological and genetic background of LD, as well as the standard recommended therapy (BoNT) and pharmacological treatment options, and to discuss possible treatment perspectives using neuro-modulation techniques such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and vibrotactile stimulation. The review will present two LD cases, patients with adductor and abductor LD, standard diagnostic procedure, treatments and achievement, and the results of cortical excitability mapping the primary motor cortex for the representation of the laryngeal muscles in the assessment of corticospinal and corticobulbar excitability.
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Szelényi A, Fava E. Long latency responses in tongue muscle elicited by various stimulation sites in anesthetized humans - New insights into tongue-related brainstem reflexes. Brain Stimul 2022; 15:566-575. [PMID: 35341967 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long Latency Responses (LLR) in tongue muscles are a scarcely described phenomenon, the physiology of which is uncertain. OBJECTIVES The aim of this exploratory, observational study was to describe tongue-LLR elicited by direct trigeminal nerve (DTNS), dorsal column (DoColS), transcranial electric (TES) and peripheral median nerve (MNS) stimulation in a total of 93 patients undergoing neurosurgical procedures under general anesthesia. METHODS Bilateral tongue responses were derived concurrently after each of the following stimulations: (1) DTNS applied with single monophasic or train-of-three pulses, ≤5 mA; (2) DoColS applied with a train-of-three pulses, ≤10 mA; (3) TES consisting of an anodal train-of-five stimulation, ≤250 mA; (4) MNS at wrist consisting of single or train-of-three monophasic pulses, ≤50 mA. Polyphasic tongue muscle responses exceeding the latencies of tongue compound muscle action potentials or motor evoked potentials were classified as LLR. RESULTS Tongue-LLR were evoked from all stimulation sites, with latencies as follows: (1) DTNS: solely ipsilateral 20.2 ± 3.3 msec; (2) DoColS: ipsilateral 25.9 ± 1.6 msec, contralateral 25.1 ± 4.2 msec; (3) TES: contralateral 55.3 ± 10.2 msec, ipsilateral 54.9 ± 12.0 msec; (4) MNS: ipsilateral 37.8 ± 4.7 msec and contralateral 40.3 ± 3.5 msec. CONCLUSION The tongue muscles are a common efferent in brainstem pathways targeted by trigeminal and cervical sensory fibers. DTNS can elicit the "trigemino-hypoglossal-reflex". For the MNS elicited tongue-LLR, we propose the term "somatosensory-evoked tongue-reflex". Although the origin of the TES related tongue-LLR remains unclear, these data will help to interpret intraoperative tongue recordings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Szelényi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Enrica Fava
- Department of Neurosurgery, Great Metropolitan Hospital of Niguarda, University of Milano, Italy
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Sadoughi B, Andreadis K. Evaluation of Laryngeal Motor Neuropathy Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation-Mediated Evoked Potentials. Laryngoscope 2022; 132 Suppl 10:S1-S12. [PMID: 35166372 DOI: 10.1002/lary.30062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Contemporary evaluation of vocal fold motion impairment largely relies on clinical laryngoscopy, with the diagnoses of vocal fold paresis (VFPa) and paralysis (VFP) being based on identification of partial and complete restriction of gross vocal fold motion, respectively. No consensus exists on the diagnostic criteria of VFPa. Laryngeal electromyography does not offer any insight into nerve conduction velocity without the adjunction of nerve conduction studies, which are impractical to perform on laryngeal nerves due to their anatomic location. The present study aims to assess the feasibility of laryngeal nerve conduction studies using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-mediated myogenic evoked potentials in the evaluation of laryngeal motor nerve function. STUDY DESIGN Prospective controlled cohort study. METHODS Enrollment of three groups of subjects defined as healthy volunteers, subjects with clinically diagnosed unilateral VFP, and subjects with clinically diagnosed unilateral VFPa of peripheral etiology. Electrodiagnostic studies consisting of bilateral stimulation of the laryngeal motor cortex, proximal cisternal, and peripheral portions of the vagus nerves were performed using figure-of-eight magnetic stimulation coils, and myogenic evoked potentials recorded from bilateral thyroarytenoid, cricothyroid, and posterior cricoarytenoid muscles using indwelling hook wire electrodes. Conduction latencies were plotted against demographic and anthropometric variables. Values obtained in healthy volunteers were used as normative references and compared to aggregated latencies of VFP and VFPa groups. RESULTS Enrolled subjects included 19 healthy volunteers, 5 subjects with VFP, and 4 subjects with VFPa. Normative laryngeal nerve conduction latency ranges measured in healthy subjects were comparable to prior published values, and recorded latencies increased in positive correlation with age. VFPa subjects exhibited increased latencies in affected nerve sites, while VFP subjects presented more variability in electrophysiologic manifestations, mostly dependent on their degree of compensatory reinnervation. Aberrant and synkinetic reinnervation patterns were more predominant in the VFP group than the VFPa group. CONCLUSIONS Laryngeal nerve conduction studies using TMS-mediated myogenic evoked potentials are safely feasible. They may serve as a useful complement to laryngeal electromyography in the evaluation of motor laryngeal neuropathy and represent a promising diagnostic modality in the evaluation of VFPa. Based on the present study's findings, the commonly accepted notion of VFPa as a manifestation of a less severe form of neuropathy than VFP may be unsubstantiated. Aging may contribute to progressive motor nerve dysfunction. Future investigations are needed to ascertain the role of nerve conduction studies in clinical laryngology practice. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3 Laryngoscope, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Sadoughi
- Sean Parker Institute for the Voice, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | - Katerina Andreadis
- Sean Parker Institute for the Voice, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, U.S.A
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9
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Aydinlar EI, Dikmen PY, Kocak M, Sahillioğlu E, Pamir MN. Intraoperative motor speech mapping under general anesthesia using long-latency response from laryngeal muscles. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2020; 190:105672. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.105672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Islam M, Cooray G, Benmakhlouf H, Hatiboglu M, Sinclair G. Integrating navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation motor mapping in hypofractionated and single-dose gamma knife radiosurgery: A two-patient case series and a review of literature. Surg Neurol Int 2020; 11:29. [PMID: 32257555 PMCID: PMC7110065 DOI: 10.25259/sni_406_2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim of the study was to demonstrate the feasibility of integrating navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS) in preoperative gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) planning of motor eloquent brain tumors. Case Description: The first case was a 53-year-old female patient with metastatic breast cancer who developed focal epileptic seizures and weakness of the left hand. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan demonstrated a 30 mm metastasis neighboring the right precentral gyrus and central sulcus. The lesion was treated with adaptive hypofractionated GKRS following preoperative nTMS-based motor mapping. Subsequent follow-up imaging (up to 12 months) revealed next to complete tumor ablation without toxicity. The second case involved a previously healthy 73-year-old male who similarly developed new left-handed weakness. A subsequent MRI demonstrated a 26 mm metastatic lesion, located in the right postcentral gyrus and 5 mm from the hand motor area. The extracranial screening revealed a likely primary lung adenocarcinoma. The patient underwent preoperative nTMS motor mapping prior to treatment. Perilesional edema was noted 6 months postradiosurgery; nevertheless, long- term tumor control was demonstrated. Both patients experienced motor function normalization shortly after treatment, continuing to final follow-up. Conclusion: Integrating preoperative nTMS motor mapping in treatment planning allowed us to reduce dose distributions to perilesional motor fibers while achieving salvage of motor function, lasting seizure freedom, and tumor control. These initial data along with our review of the available literature suggest that nTMS can be of significant assistance in brain radiosurgery. Prospective studies including larger number of patients are still warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mominul Islam
- Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Gerald Cooray
- Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Hamza Benmakhlouf
- Department of Medical Radiation Physics and Nuclear Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Hatiboglu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beykoz Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakif University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Georges Sinclair
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beykoz Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakif University, İstanbul, Turkey.,Department of Oncology, Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading, Berkshire.,Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Eliades SJ, Wang X. Corollary Discharge Mechanisms During Vocal Production in Marmoset Monkeys. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2019; 4:805-812. [PMID: 31420219 PMCID: PMC6733626 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between motor systems and sensory processing are ubiquitous throughout the animal kingdom and play an important role in many sensorimotor behaviors, including both human speech and animal vocalization. During vocal production, the auditory system plays important roles in both encoding feedback of produced sounds, allowing one to self-monitor for vocal errors, and simultaneously maintaining sensitivity to the outside acoustic environment. Supporting these roles is an efferent motor-to-sensory signal known as a corollary discharge. This review summarizes recent work on the role of such signaling during vocalization in the marmoset monkey, a nonhuman primate model of social vocal communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. Eliades
- Auditory and Communication Systems Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
| | - Xiaoqin Wang
- Laboratory of Auditory Neurophysiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, U.S.A
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Salari E, Freudenburg ZV, Vansteensel MJ, Ramsey NF. Spatial-Temporal Dynamics of the Sensorimotor Cortex: Sustained and Transient Activity. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2019; 26:1084-1092. [PMID: 29752244 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2018.2821058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
How the sensorimotor cortex is organized with respect to controlling different features of movement is unclear. One unresolved question concerns the relation between the duration of an action and the duration of the associated neuronal activity change in the sensorimotor cortex. Using subdural electrocorticography electrodes, we investigated in five subjects, whether high frequency band (HFB; 75-135 Hz) power changes have a transient or sustained relation to speech duration, during pronunciation of the Dutch /i/ vowel with different durations. We showed that the neuronal activity patterns recorded from the sensorimotor cortex can be directly related to action duration in some locations, whereas in other locations, during the same action, neuronal activity is transient, with a peak in HFB activity at movement onset and/or offset. This data sheds light on the neural underpinnings of motor actions and we discuss the possible mechanisms underlying these different response types.
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Belyk M, Lee YS, Brown S. How does human motor cortex regulate vocal pitch in singers? ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:172208. [PMID: 30224990 PMCID: PMC6124115 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.172208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Vocal pitch is used as an important communicative device by humans, as found in the melodic dimension of both speech and song. Vocal pitch is determined by the degree of tension in the vocal folds of the larynx, which itself is influenced by complex and nonlinear interactions among the laryngeal muscles. The relationship between these muscles and vocal pitch has been described by a mathematical model in the form of a set of 'control rules'. We searched for the biological implementation of these control rules in the larynx motor cortex of the human brain. We scanned choral singers with functional magnetic resonance imaging as they produced discrete pitches at four different levels across their vocal range. While the locations of the larynx motor activations varied across singers, the activation peaks for the four pitch levels were highly consistent within each individual singer. This result was corroborated using multi-voxel pattern analysis, which demonstrated an absence of patterned activations differentiating any pairing of pitch levels. The complex and nonlinear relationships between the multiple laryngeal muscles that control vocal pitch may obscure the neural encoding of vocal pitch in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Belyk
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yune S. Lee
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences and Center for Brain Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Steven Brown
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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14
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Eisen A, Braak H, Del Tredici K, Lemon R, Ludolph AC, Kiernan MC. Cortical influences drive amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2017; 88:917-924. [PMID: 28710326 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2017-315573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The early motor manifestations of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), while rarely documented, reflect failure of adaptive complex motor skills. The development of these skills correlates with progressive evolution of a direct corticomotoneuronal system that is unique to primates and markedly enhanced in humans. The failure of this system in ALS may translate into the split hand presentation, gait disturbance, split leg syndrome and bulbar symptomatology related to vocalisation and breathing, and possibly diffuse fasciculation, characteristic of ALS. Clinical neurophysiology of the brain employing transcranial magnetic stimulation has convincingly demonstrated a presymptomatic reduction or absence of short interval intracortical inhibition, accompanied by increased intracortical facilitation, indicating cortical hyperexcitability. The hallmark of the TDP-43 pathological signature of sporadic ALS is restricted to cortical areas as well as to subcortical nuclei that are under the direct control of corticofugal projections. This provides anatomical support that the origins of the TDP-43 pathology reside in the cerebral cortex itself, secondarily in corticofugal fibres and the subcortical targets with which they make monosynaptic connections. The latter feature explains the multisystem degeneration that characterises ALS. Consideration of ALS as a primary neurodegenerative disorder of the human brain may incorporate concepts of prion-like spread at synaptic terminals of corticofugal axons. Further, such a concept could explain the recognised widespread imaging abnormalities of the ALS neocortex and the accepted relationship between ALS and frontotemporal dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Eisen
- Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Heiko Braak
- Clinical Neuroanatomy Section, Department of Neurology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Ulm, Ulm, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Kelly Del Tredici
- Clinical Neuroanatomy Section, Department of Neurology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Ulm, Ulm, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Roger Lemon
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | | | - Matthew C Kiernan
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Transcranial direct current stimulation as a motor neurorehabilitation tool: an empirical review. Biomed Eng Online 2017; 16:76. [PMID: 28830433 PMCID: PMC5568608 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-017-0361-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review collects the most relevant empirical evidence available in the literature until date regarding the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on the human motor function. tDCS in a non-invasive neurostimulation technique that delivers a weak current through the brain scalp altering the cortical excitability on the target brain area. The electrical current modulates the resting membrane potential of a variety of neuronal population (as pyramidal and gabaergic neurons); raising or dropping the firing rate up or down, depending on the nature of the electrode and the applied intensity. These local changes additionally have shown long-lasting effects, evidenced by its promotion of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Due to its easy and safe application and its neuromodulatory effects, tDCS has attracted a big attention in the motor neurorehabilitation field among the last years. Therefore, the present manuscript updates the knowledge available about the main concept of tDCS, its practical use, safety considerations, and its underlying mechanisms of action. Moreover, we will focus on the empirical data obtained by studies regarding the application of tDCS on the motor function of healthy and clinical population, comprising motor deficiencies of a variety of pathologies as Parkinson's disease, stroke, multiple sclerosis and cerebral palsy, among others. Finally, we will discuss the main current issues and future directions of tDCS as a motor neurorehabilitation tool.
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Chen M, Summers RLS, Goding GS, Samargia S, Ludlow CL, Prudente CN, Kimberley TJ. Evaluation of the Cortical Silent Period of the Laryngeal Motor Cortex in Healthy Individuals. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:88. [PMID: 28326007 PMCID: PMC5339278 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This work aimed to evaluate the cortical silent period (cSP) of the laryngeal motor cortex (LMC) using the bilateral thyroarytenoid (TA) muscles with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Methods: In 11 healthy participants, fine-wire electromyography (EMG) was used to record bilateral TA muscle responses to single pulse TMS delivered to the LMC in both hemispheres. Peripheral responses to stimulation over the mastoid, where the vagus nerve exits the skull, were collected to verify the central origin of the cortical stimulation responses by comparing the latencies. Results: The cSP duration ranged from 41.7 to 66.4 ms. The peripherally evoked motor-evoked potential (MEP) peak occurred 5–9 ms earlier than the cortical responses (for both sides of TAs: p < 0.0001) with no silent period. The right TA MEP latencies were earlier than the left TA responses for both peripheral and cortical measures (p ≤ 0.0001). Conclusion: These findings demonstrate the feasibility of measuring cSP of LMC based on intrinsic laryngeal muscles responses during vocalization in healthy volunteers. Significance: The technique could be used to study the pathophysiology of neurological disorders that affect TA muscles, such as spasmodic dysphonia. Further, the methodology has application to other muscles of the head and neck not accessible using surface electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Chen
- Divisions of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Rebekah L S Summers
- Divisions of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - George S Goding
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sharyl Samargia
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin River Falls Campus River Falls, WI, USA
| | - Christy L Ludlow
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, James Madison University Harrisonburg, VA, USA
| | - Cecília N Prudente
- Divisions of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Teresa J Kimberley
- Divisions of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Rogić Vidaković M, Jerković A, Jurić T, Vujović I, Šoda J, Erceg N, Bubić A, Zmajević Schönwald M, Lioumis P, Gabelica D, Đogaš Z. Neurophysiologic markers of primary motor cortex for laryngeal muscles and premotor cortex in caudal opercular part of inferior frontal gyrus investigated in motor speech disorder: a navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) study. Cogn Process 2016; 17:429-442. [PMID: 27130564 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-016-0766-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation studies have so far reported the results of mapping the primary motor cortex (M1) for hand and tongue muscles in stuttering disorder. This study was designed to evaluate the feasibility of repetitive navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for locating the M1 for laryngeal muscle and premotor cortical area in the caudal opercular part of inferior frontal gyrus, corresponding to Broca's area in stuttering subjects by applying new methodology for mapping these motor speech areas. Sixteen stuttering and eleven control subjects underwent rTMS motor speech mapping using modified patterned rTMS. The subjects performed visual object naming task during rTMS applied to the (a) left M1 for laryngeal muscles for recording corticobulbar motor-evoked potentials (CoMEP) from cricothyroid muscle and (b) left premotor cortical area in the caudal opercular part of inferior frontal gyrus while recording long latency responses (LLR) from cricothyroid muscle. The latency of CoMEP in control subjects was 11.75 ± 2.07 ms and CoMEP amplitude was 294.47 ± 208.87 µV, and in stuttering subjects CoMEP latency was 12.13 ± 0.75 ms and 504.64 ± 487.93 µV CoMEP amplitude. The latency of LLR in control subjects was 52.8 ± 8.6 ms and 54.95 ± 4.86 in stuttering subjects. No significant differences were found in CoMEP latency, CoMEP amplitude, and LLR latency between stuttering and control-fluent speakers. These results indicate there are probably no differences in stuttering compared to controls in functional anatomy of the pathway used for transmission of information from premotor cortex to the M1 cortices for laryngeal muscle representation and from there via corticobulbar tract to laryngeal muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Rogić Vidaković
- School of Medicine, Laboratory for Human and Experimental Neurophysiology (LAHEN), Department of Neuroscience, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21000, Split, Croatia.
| | - Ana Jerković
- Faculty of Philosophy, University of Zagreb, Ivana Lučića 3, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Jurić
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, Department of Electronics, University of Split, R. Boškovića 32, Split, Croatia
| | - Igor Vujović
- Faculty of Maritime Studies, Signal Processing, Analysis and Advanced Diagnostics Research and Education Laboratory (SPAADREL), University of Split, Ruđera-Boškovića 37, Split, Croatia
| | - Joško Šoda
- Faculty of Maritime Studies, Signal Processing, Analysis and Advanced Diagnostics Research and Education Laboratory (SPAADREL), University of Split, Ruđera-Boškovića 37, Split, Croatia
| | - Nikola Erceg
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Split, Put iza nove bolnice 10 C, Split, Croatia
| | - Andreja Bubić
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Split, Put iza nove bolnice 10 C, Split, Croatia
| | - Marina Zmajević Schönwald
- Clinical Medical Centre "Sisters of Mercy", Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Unit for Intraoperative Neurophysiologic Monitoring, Vinogradska 29 A, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Pantelis Lioumis
- Bio Mag Laboratory HUS Medical Imaging center, Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 340, 00029, HUS, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dragan Gabelica
- School of Medicine, Laboratory for Human and Experimental Neurophysiology (LAHEN), Department of Neuroscience, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21000, Split, Croatia.,SGM Medical Monitoring, Grge Novaka 22A, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Zoran Đogaš
- School of Medicine, Laboratory for Human and Experimental Neurophysiology (LAHEN), Department of Neuroscience, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21000, Split, Croatia
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18
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Rogić Vidaković M, Gabelica D, Vujović I, Šoda J, Batarelo N, Džimbeg A, Zmajević Schönwald M, Rotim K, Đogaš Z. A novel approach for monitoring writing interferences during navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation mappings of writing related cortical areas. J Neurosci Methods 2015; 255:139-50. [PMID: 26279342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has recently been shown that navigated repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS) is useful in preoperative neurosurgical mapping of motor and language brain areas. In TMS mapping of motor cortices the evoked responses can be quantitatively monitored by electromyographic (EMG) recordings. No such setup exists for monitoring of writing during nTMS mappings of writing related cortical areas. NEW METHOD We present a novel approach for monitoring writing during nTMS mappings of motor writing related cortical areas. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) To our best knowledge, this is the first demonstration of quantitative monitoring of motor evoked responses from hand by EMG, and of pen related activity during writing with our custom made pen, together with the application of chronometric TMS design and patterned protocol of rTMS. RESULTS The method was applied in four healthy subjects participating in writing during nTMS mapping of the premotor cortical area corresponding to BA 6 and close to the superior frontal sulcus. The results showed that stimulation impaired writing in all subjects. The corresponding spectra of measured signal related to writing movements was observed in the frequency band 0-20 Hz. Magnetic stimulation affected writing by suppressing normal writing frequency band. CONCLUSION The proposed setup for monitoring of writing provides additional quantitative data for monitoring and the analysis of rTMS induced writing response modifications. The setup can be useful for investigation of neurophysiologic mechanisms of writing, for therapeutic effects of nTMS, and in preoperative mapping of language cortical areas in patients undergoing brain surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Rogić Vidaković
- Laboratory for Human and Experimental Neurophysiology (LAHEN), Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Dragan Gabelica
- Laboratory for Human and Experimental Neurophysiology (LAHEN), Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Igor Vujović
- Faculty of Maritime Studies, University of Split, Zrinsko-Frankopanska 38, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Joško Šoda
- Faculty of Maritime Studies, University of Split, Zrinsko-Frankopanska 38, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Nikolina Batarelo
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Split, Croatia, R. Boškovića 32, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Andrija Džimbeg
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Split, Croatia, R. Boškovića 32, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Marina Zmajević Schönwald
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Unit for Intraoperative Neurophysiologic Monitoring, Clinical Medical Centre "Sisters of Mercy", Vinogradska cesta 29, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Krešimir Rotim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Unit for Intraoperative Neurophysiologic Monitoring, Clinical Medical Centre "Sisters of Mercy", Vinogradska cesta 29, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Zoran Đogaš
- Laboratory for Human and Experimental Neurophysiology (LAHEN), Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia.
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Könönen M, Tamsi N, Säisänen L, Kemppainen S, Määttä S, Julkunen P, Jutila L, Äikiä M, Kälviäinen R, Niskanen E, Vanninen R, Karjalainen P, Mervaala E. Non-invasive mapping of bilateral motor speech areas using navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation and functional magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosci Methods 2015; 248:32-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Nazarova M, Blagovechtchenski E. Modern Brain Mapping - What Do We Map Nowadays? Front Psychiatry 2015; 6:89. [PMID: 26136692 PMCID: PMC4468863 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nazarova
- Centre for Cognition and Decision Making, National Research University Higher School of Economics , Moscow , Russia ; Research Center of Neurology , Moscow , Russia
| | - Evgeny Blagovechtchenski
- Centre for Cognition and Decision Making, National Research University Higher School of Economics , Moscow , Russia ; Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University , St. Petersburg , Russia
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Rogić Vidaković M, Schönwald MZ, Rotim K, Jurić T, Vulević Z, Tafra R, Banožić A, Hamata Ž, Đogaš Z. Excitability of contralateral and ipsilateral projections of corticobulbar pathways recorded as corticobulbar motor evoked potentials of the cricothyroid muscles. Clin Neurophysiol 2014; 126:1570-7. [PMID: 25481338 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the excitability of contralateral and ipsilateral corticobulbar pathways, using the methodologies of navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS) and transcranial electrical stimulation (TES). METHODS In 11 healthy subjects, the primary motor cortex (M1) for laryngeal muscles was mapped with nTMS in both hemispheres and the corticobulbar motor evoked potentials (CoMEPs) were recorded from the right cricothyroid muscle. In 15 patients undergoing left craniotomy, CoMEPs were obtained from cricothyroid muscles bilaterally, using TES over C3/Cz and C4/Cz. RESULTS In five out of 11 healthy subjects, both contralateral and ipsilateral CoMEPs were recorded from the right cricothyroid muscle. In eight out of 15 patients, contralateral and ipsilateral CoMEPs were elicited with TES over C3/Cz, while in five out of 15 patients contralateral and ipsilateral CoMEPs were elicited with TES over C4/Cz. Contralateral CoMEP amplitude responses were significantly larger compared to ipsilateral CoMEP amplitudes in both groups. CONCLUSION We obtained significantly larger amplitude responses of contralateral CoMEPs from cricothyroid muscles compared to ipsilateral CoMEP amplitude using nTMS in healthy subjects and TES in patients. This confirms the bilateral nature of corticobulbar pathway projections for laryngeal muscles, with contralateral domination. SIGNIFICANCE These findings will influence recording of CoMEPs during preoperative and intraoperative mapping of M1 for laryngeal muscle representation, and they facilitate the pathophysiologic research of motor speech disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Rogić Vidaković
- Laboratory for Human and Experimental Neurophysiology (LAHEN), Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia.
| | - Marina Zmajević Schönwald
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Unit for Intraoperative Neurophysiologic Monitoring, Clinical Medical Centre 'Sisters of Mercy', Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Krešimir Rotim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Unit for Intraoperative Neurophysiologic Monitoring, Clinical Medical Centre 'Sisters of Mercy', Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Jurić
- Department of Electronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Zoran Vulević
- Department of Electronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Robert Tafra
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat with Head and Neck surgery, Clinical Medical Centre Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Adriana Banožić
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Histology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Željko Hamata
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Unit for Intraoperative Neurophysiologic Monitoring, Clinical Medical Centre 'Sisters of Mercy', Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zoran Đogaš
- Laboratory for Human and Experimental Neurophysiology (LAHEN), Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
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Cerri G, Cabinio M, Blasi V, Borroni P, Iadanza A, Fava E, Fornia L, Ferpozzi V, Riva M, Casarotti A, Martinelli Boneschi F, Falini A, Bello L. The mirror neuron system and the strange case of Broca's area. Hum Brain Mapp 2014; 36:1010-27. [PMID: 25366580 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mirror neurons, originally described in the monkey premotor area F5, are embedded in a frontoparietal network for action execution and observation. A similar Mirror Neuron System (MNS) exists in humans, including precentral gyrus, inferior parietal lobule, and superior temporal sulcus. Controversial is the inclusion of Broca's area, as homologous to F5, a relevant issue in light of the mirror hypothesis of language evolution, which postulates a key role of Broca's area in action/speech perception/production. We assess "mirror" properties of this area by combining neuroimaging and intraoperative neurophysiological techniques. Our results show that Broca's area is minimally involved in action observation and has no motor output on hand or phonoarticulatory muscles, challenging its inclusion in the MNS. The presence of these functions in premotor BA6 makes this area the likely homologue of F5 suggesting that the MNS may be involved in the representation of articulatory rather than semantic components of speech.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Cerri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milano, Italy
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Forster MT, Limbart M, Seifert V, Senft C. Test-retest reliability of navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex. Neurosurgery 2014; 10 Suppl 1:51-5; discussion 55-6. [PMID: 23842557 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000000075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS) is increasingly used in neurosurgical research, interpretation of its results is of utmost importance. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the test-retest reliability of nTMS. METHODS Twelve healthy participants underwent nTMS at 2 different sessions separated by 10.3 ± 9.6 days. Investigated parameters included resting motor thresholds, hotspots, and centers of gravity calculated for the first dorsal interosseous, abductor pollicis brevis, extensor digitorum, tibial anterior, and abductor hallucis muscles. RESULTS Excellent reliability of resting motor thresholds was observed. Hotspots and centers of gravity showed moderate to excellent repeatability along the anteroposterior axis (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.54-0.89), whereas the x coordinate presented mainly poor to moderate stability (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.11-0.89). Movement of centers of gravity over sessions was 0.57 ± 0.32 cm, and hotspots laid 0.79 ± 0.47 cm apart. Calculation of coefficient of variation revealed high reliability of investigated parameters in upper extremities; in lower extremity muscles, high variation across sessions was observed. CONCLUSION nTMS can be considered a reliable tool, thus opening new fields of noninvasive investigations in neurosurgery. The results presented here should be considered in the interpretation of individual nTMS results.
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Simonyan K. The laryngeal motor cortex: its organization and connectivity. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2014; 28:15-21. [PMID: 24929930 PMCID: PMC4177508 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Our ability to learn and control the motor aspects of complex laryngeal behaviors, such as speech and song, is modulated by the laryngeal motor cortex (LMC), which is situated in the area 4 of the primary motor cortex and establishes both direct and indirect connections with laryngeal motoneurons. In contrast, the LMC in monkeys is located in the area 6 of the premotor cortex, projects only indirectly to laryngeal motoneurons and its destruction has essentially no effect on production of species-specific calls. These differences in cytoarchitectonic location and connectivity may be a result of hominid evolution that led to the LMC shift from the phylogenetically 'old' to 'new' motor cortex in order to fulfill its paramount function, that is, voluntary motor control of human speech and song production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Simonyan
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States; Department of Otolaryngology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States.
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Neurophysiologic markers in laryngeal muscles indicate functional anatomy of laryngeal primary motor cortex and premotor cortex in the caudal opercular part of inferior frontal gyrus. Clin Neurophysiol 2014; 125:1912-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2014.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Rogić M, Deletis V, Fernández-Conejero I. Inducing transient language disruptions by mapping of Broca's area with modified patterned repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation protocol. J Neurosurg 2014; 120:1033-41. [DOI: 10.3171/2013.11.jns13952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Object
Until now there has been no reliable stimulation protocol for inducing transient language disruptions while mapping Broca's area. Despite the promising data of only a few studies in which speech arrest and language disturbances have been induced, certain concerns have been raised. The purpose of this study was to map Broca's area by using event-related navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS) to generate a modified patterned nTMS protocol.
Methods
Eleven right-handed subjects underwent nTMS to Broca's area while engaged in a visual object-naming task. Navigated TMS was triggered 300 msec after picture presentation. The modified patterned nTMS protocol consists of 4 stimuli with an interstimulus interval of 6 msec; 8 or 16 of those bursts were repeated with a burst repetition rate of 12 Hz. Prior to mapping of Broca's area, the primary motor cortices (M1) for hand and laryngeal muscles were mapped. The Euclidian distance on MRI was measured between cortical points eliciting transient language disruptions and M1 for the laryngeal muscle.
Results
On stimulating Broca's area, transient language disruptions were induced in all subjects. The mean Euclidian distance between cortical spots inducing transient language disruptions and M1 for the laryngeal muscle was 17.23 ± 4.73 mm.
Conclusions
The stimulation paradigm with the modified patterned nTMS protocol was shown to be promising and might gain more widespread use in speech localization in clinical and research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Rogić
- 1Laboratory for Human and Experimental Neurophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Croatia
| | - Vedran Deletis
- 1Laboratory for Human and Experimental Neurophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Croatia
- 2Department for Intraoperative Neurophysiology, Roosevelt Hospital, New York, New York; and
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