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Yilmaz M, He Q, Demir E, Teräsjärvi J, Gürsoy UK. Salivary IL-33 and sST2 levels in relation to TLR2 rs111200466 polymorphism and periodontitis. Oral Dis 2024; 30:2254-2261. [PMID: 37427857 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2) signalling pathway is involved in the regulation of interleukin (IL)-33 and its receptor suppression of tumorigenicity-2 (ST2). This study aimed to compare salivary IL-33 and soluble ST2 (sST2) levels of periodontitis patients with those of periodontally healthy individuals in relation to their TLR2 rs111200466 23-bp insertion/deletion polymorphism within the promoter region. MATERIALS AND METHODS Unstimulated saliva samples were collected, and periodontal parameters were recorded from 35 periodontally healthy individuals and 44 periodontitis patients. Non-surgical treatments were applied to periodontitis patients, and sample collections and clinical measurements were repeated 3 months following therapy. Salivary IL-33 and sST2 levels were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits, and TLR2 rs111200466 polymorphism was detected by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Elevated salivary IL-33 (p = 0.007) and sST2 (p = 0.020) levels were observed in periodontitis patients, in comparison to controls. sST2 levels declined 3-months following treatment (p < 0.001). Increased salivary IL-33 and sST2 levels were found to be associated with periodontitis, with no significant relation to the TLR2 polymorphism. CONCLUSION Periodontitis, but not TLR2 rs111200466 polymorphism, is associated with elevated salivary sST2 and possibly IL-33 levels, and periodontal treatment is effective in reducing salivary sST2 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Yilmaz
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Biruni University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Qiushui He
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Infections and Immunity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Esra Demir
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Johanna Teräsjärvi
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Infections and Immunity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ulvi Kahraman Gürsoy
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Qiang R, Liu XZ, Xu JC. The Immune Pathogenesis of Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure and the Danger Hypothesis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:935160. [PMID: 35911735 PMCID: PMC9329538 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.935160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a group of clinical syndromes related to severe acute liver function impairment and multiple-organ failure caused by various acute triggering factors on the basis of chronic liver disease. Due to its severe condition, rapid progression, and high mortality, it has received increasing attention. Recent studies have shown that the pathogenesis of ACLF mainly includes direct injury and immune injury. In immune injury, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), dendritic cells (DCs), and CD4+ T cells accumulate in the liver tissue, secrete a variety of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and recruit more immune cells to the liver, resulting in immune damage to the liver tissue, massive hepatocyte necrosis, and liver failure, but the key molecules and signaling pathways remain unclear. The “danger hypothesis” holds that in addition to the need for antigens, damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) also play a very important role in the occurrence of the immune response, and this hypothesis is related to the pathogenesis of ACLF. Here, the research status and development trend of ACLF, as well as the mechanism of action and research progress on various DAMPs in ACLF, are summarized to identify biomarkers that can predict the occurrence and development of diseases or the prognosis of patients at an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Qiang
- The Affiliated Infectious Diseases Hospital, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xing-Zi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jun-Chi Xu
- The Affiliated Infectious Diseases Hospital, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Suzhou City, The Fifth People’s Hospital of Suzhou, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jun-Chi Xu,
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3
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Liu Y, Wang X, Xu F, Li D, Yang H, Sun N, Fan YC, Yang X. Risk Factors of Chronic Kidney Disease in Chronic Hepatitis B: A Hospital-based Case-control Study from China. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2022; 10:238-246. [PMID: 35528983 PMCID: PMC9039709 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2021.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Chronic kidney disease (CKD) usually occurs during the chronic infection of hepatitis B virus (HBV). However, the risk factors of CKD in an HBV population have not been completely demonstrated. Our present study aimed to investigate the risk factors of CKD in chronic HBV infection using a hospital based cross-sectional study in the northern area of China. METHODS During January 2013 to December 2017, a total of 94 patients with CKD complicated by chronic HBV infection were consecutively enrolled in the study, as well as 548 age- and sex-matched hepatitis B patients without CKD who were enrolled as controls. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were used to determine the effects of each variable after adjusting for cofounding factors. RESULTS Multivariate analysis showed that HBeAg-positive status (odds ratio [OR]=2.099, 95% CI 1.128-3.907), dyslipidemia (OR: 3.025, 95% CI 1.747-5.239), and hypertension (OR: 12.523, 95% CI 6.283-24.958) were independently associated with the incidence of CKD, while duration of HBV infection (≥240 months) (OR: 0.401, 95% CI 0.179-0.894), Log10 HBsAg (OR: 0.514, 95% CI 0.336-0.786), and coronary heart disease (OR: 0.078, 95% CI 0.008-0.768) were protective factors for the incidence of CKD. Duration of HBV infection, Log10 HBsAg, HBeAg-positive status and dyslipidemia remained the risk factors for CKD after adjusting for diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and coronary heart disease. CONCLUSIONS Duration of HBV infection, Log10 HBsAg, HBeAg-positive status and dyslipidemia contributed to the incidence of CKD during chronic HBV infection in a Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqi Liu
- Department of Nephropathy, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Nephropathy, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Ximei Wang
- Department of Nephropathy, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Tianshui, Tianshui, Gansu, China
| | - Fuping Xu
- Neurology Department, Zibo Central Hospital, Shandong University, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Dengren Li
- Department of Nephropathy, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Huimin Yang
- Department of General Practice, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Nan Sun
- Department of Nephropathy, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Laboratory of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yu-Chen Fan
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Correspondence to: Xiangdong Yang, Department of Nephropathy, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4131-0035. Tel: +86-531-8216-9318, Fax: +86-531-8692-7544, E-mail: ; Yu-Chen Fan, Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9126-679X. Tel: +86-531-8216-9592, Fax: +86-531-8692-7544, E-mail: ,
| | - Xiangdong Yang
- Department of Nephropathy, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Correspondence to: Xiangdong Yang, Department of Nephropathy, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4131-0035. Tel: +86-531-8216-9318, Fax: +86-531-8692-7544, E-mail: ; Yu-Chen Fan, Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9126-679X. Tel: +86-531-8216-9592, Fax: +86-531-8692-7544, E-mail: ,
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Kim AJ, Ro H, Kim H, Ko KP, Chang JH, Lee HH, Chung W, Jung JY. Elevated levels of soluble ST2 but not galectin-3 are associated with increased risk of mortality in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Res Clin Pract 2021; 40:109-119. [PMID: 33706479 PMCID: PMC8041640 DOI: 10.23876/j.krcp.20.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The soluble forms of suppression of tumorigenicity-2 (ST2) and galectin-3 have been proposed as novel biomarkers for cardiac fibrosis and heart failure, as well as predictors of cardiovascular events and mortality. However, there are limited data on the association between soluble ST2 and galectin-3 and clinical outcomes in patients with kidney failure on replacement therapy. To determine this, we examined the associations between soluble ST2 and galectin-3 and all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in patients on hemodialysis. Methods This study included maintenance hemodialysis patients (over 18 years old) who consented to preserve their serum in the Biobank at our institution between March 2014 and March 2015. We used Cox proportional hazards regression analysis to evaluate the associations between soluble ST2, galectin-3 levels, and clinical outcomes. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality, the secondary outcome was cardiovascular disease, and patients were followed for both outcomes until March 2018. Results A total of 296 patients were analyzed in this study. The mean age was 57 ± 13 years, and 53.0% were male. Serum concentration of soluble ST2 was significantly associated with higher mortality, after adjustment for confounding factors, but was not associated with cardiovascular disease. Serum galectin-3 level was not independently associated with either outcome after adjustment. Conclusion Elevated soluble ST2 is independently associated with an increased risk of mortality, but not with cardiovascular disease, in patients on hemodialysis. Elevated galectin-3 was not associated with mortality or cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ae Jin Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Ro
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsook Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Pil Ko
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Chang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Hee Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Wookyung Chung
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yong Jung
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Chen S, Wu L, Peng L, Wang X, Tang N. Hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) promotes ST2 expression by GATA2 in liver cells. Mol Immunol 2020; 123:32-39. [PMID: 32413787 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
At present, most studies on the relationship between hepatitis B virus (HBV) and IL-33/ST2 axis focus on clinical detection, but the underlying molecular mechanisms of HBx and IL-33/ST2 axis regulation and Th cell function regulation have not been explored. In this study, serum samples of patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and HBV-related liver cancer (HBV-HCC), and healthy controls, as well as the supernatant solutions of HL7702-WT, HL7702-NC, and HL7702-HBx cells were collected to detect the content of soluble ST2 (sST2). The contents of Th1 cytokines (TNF-α and TNF-γ) and Th2 cytokines (IL-6 and IL-10) in the supernatant of different co-culture groups were detected. The effects of GATA2 on ST2 promoter transcription were investigated by upregulation or interference with GATA2 expression, dual-luciferase reporting, and ChIP experiments. The combined detection of sST2 and FIB-4 was beneficial to the non-invasive diagnosis of liver fibrosis. HBx promotes sST2 expression in liver cells, upregulates Th2 cell function, and inhibits Th1 cell function through IL-33/ST2 axis. HBx interacts with GATA2 to influence the activity of ST2 promoter. Serum sST2 detection is an invaluable indicator for the assessment of the progress of HBV infectious diseases, and the IL-33/ST2 axis plays an important role in changing the cellular immune function caused by HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyan Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Luxi Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Fujian Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Cancer Center of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lirong Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Fujian Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Cancer Center of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqian Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Fujian Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Cancer Center of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Nanhong Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Fujian Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Cancer Center of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
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Tsai YG, Liou JH, Hung SI, Chen CB, Chiu TM, Wang CW, Chung WH. Increased Type 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells in Patients with Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms Syndrome. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 139:1722-1731. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Zhao Q, Wu CS, Fang Y, Qian Y, Wang H, Fan YC, Wang K. Glucocorticoid Regulates NLRP3 in Acute-On-Chronic Hepatitis B Liver Failure. Int J Med Sci 2019; 16:461-469. [PMID: 30911280 PMCID: PMC6428984 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.30424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute-on-chronic hepatitis B liver failure (ACHBLF) refers to the acute deterioration of liver function during chronic hepatitis B virus infection, and is associated with high mortality, with rapid progression to death. Nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain-like receptors (NLRs) Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3(NLRP3) inflammasome contributed to the pathogenesis of D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide-induced acute liver failure. However, the profile of NLRP3 in patients with ACHBLF has not been demonstrated. This study was therefore conducted to investigate the expression of NLRP3 in patients with ACHBLF and identify the effect of glucocorticoid on NLRP3. We recruited 70 patients with ACHBLF undergoing glucocorticoid treatment for 28 days, 30 patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), and 24 healthy controls (HCs) in this study. The relative messenger RNA (mRNA) level of NLRP3 and related genes were measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, the plasma levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The mRNA level of NLRP3 was significantly higher in patients with ACHBLF than in patients with CHB as well as HCs (P<0.05). The plasma levels of IL-1β and IL-18 in patients with ACHBLF were significantly higher than in patients with CHB and HCs (P<0.05). The relative mRNA level of NLRP3 in surviving patients decreased significantly compared with that in patients who did not survive after glucocorticoid treatment (P<0.05). In conclusion, NLRP3 increased in patients with ACHBLF. Glucocorticoid could downregulate the expression of NLRP3 in surviving patients with ACHBLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Chen-Si Wu
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yu Fang
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yu Qian
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - He Wang
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yu-Chen Fan
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.,Institute of Hepatology, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.,Institute of Hepatology, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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Jiang SW, Wang P, Xiang XG, Mo RD, Lin LY, Bao SS, Lu J, Xie Q. Serum soluble ST2 is a promising prognostic biomarker in HBV-related acute-on-chronic liver failure. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2017; 16:181-188. [PMID: 28381383 DOI: 10.1016/s1499-3872(16)60185-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The IL-33/ST2 axis is involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases such as autoimmune diseases, cancer, and heart failure. However, studies of the IL-33/ST2 pathway in HBV-related acute-on-chronic liver failure (HBV-ACLF) are lacking. The present study aimed to determine the prognostic role of serum IL-33/soluble ST2 (sST2) in HBV-ACLF. METHODS Serum levels of IL-33 and sST2 in healthy controls (HC, n=18), chronic hepatitis B (CHB, n=27) and HBV-ACLF (n=51) patients at the 1st and 4th week after enrollment were detected using ELISA, and clinical data were collected. The follow-up of HBV-ACLF patients lasted for 6 months at least. RESULTS There was no significant difference of serum IL-33 level among HC, CHB and HBV-ACLF patients at week 1. However, serum sST2 level differed significantly among the three groups: highest in the HBV-ACLF group, moderate in the CHB group and lowest in the HC group. There was a reverse correlation between serum sST2 level and the survival of HBV-ACLF patients. The level of serum sST2 in HBV-ACLF survivors was significantly declined from week 1 to week 4 following the treatment, whereas that in HBV-ACLF non-survivors remained at a high level during the same period. Furthermore, serum sST2 level was significantly correlated with laboratory parameters and the most updated prognostic scores (CLIF-C OF score, CLIF-C ACLF score and ACLF grades). The receiver operating characteristics curves demonstrated that serum sST2 level was a good diagnostic marker for predicting the 6-month mortality in HBV-ACLF patients, comparable to the most updated prognostic scores. Serum sST2 cut-off points for predicting prognosis in HBV-ACLF patients were 76 ng/mL at week 1 or 53 ng/mL at week 4, respectively. HBV-ACLF patients with serum sST2 level above the cut-off point often had a worse prognosis than those below the cut-off point. CONCLUSION Serum sST2 may act as a promising biomarker to assess severity and predict prognosis of patients with HBV-ACLF and help for the early identification and optimal treatment of HBV-ACLF patients at high risk of mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Wen Jiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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Mehraj V, Ponte R, Routy JP. The Dynamic Role of the IL-33/ST2 Axis in Chronic Viral-infections: Alarming and Adjuvanting the Immune Response. EBioMedicine 2016; 9:37-44. [PMID: 27397514 PMCID: PMC4972565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 33 (IL-33), a member of the IL-1 family, is constitutively expressed in epithelial and in endothelial cells at barrier sites, acting as a danger signal and adjuvanting the immune response following tissue damage and infection. Originally implicated in allergy, IL-33 is also known to be involved in innate and adaptive immune responses by enhancing natural killer, Th1, and CD4 and CD8 T-cell functions. The nature of the antiviral immune response orchestrated by IL-33 depends on the site of infection, the duration of the disease and the cytokine milieu. In this review, we focus on the distinctive contribution of IL-33 as an anti-infective and proinflammatory cytokine in response to cell death and viral infections. The dynamic role of IL-33 in the acute and chronic phases of infection with HIV, hepatitis B and C viruses, and with CMV is highlighted. This review will also discuss the potential immunotherapeutic and adjuvant roles of IL-33. Search Strategy and Selection Criteria English language, indexed publications in PubMed were searched using combinations of following key words: “interleukin-33”, “IL-33”, “suppression of tumorigenicity 2”, ST2”, “sST2”, “HIV”, “HBV”, “HCV”, “CMV”, “HPV”, “immunotherapy” and “vaccine”. Except for seminal studies, only articles published between 2010 and 2016 were included. IL-33, a guardian of barriers, acts as an alarmin and as an enhancer of immune responses following injury or infection. sST2, the IL-33 decoy receptor, is considered as a biomarker for allergies, cardiac conditions and infections. IL-33 has immunotherapeutic and/or adjuvant potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Mehraj
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Rosalie Ponte
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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