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Glycerolysis structured oils as natural fat replacements. Curr Opin Food Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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2
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Nicholson RA, Marangoni AG. Lipase-catalyzed glycerolysis extended to the conversion of a variety of edible oils into structural fats. Curr Res Food Sci 2021; 4:163-174. [PMID: 33855303 PMCID: PMC8026901 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipase-catalyzed glycerolysis was recently shown to be a viable technique to structure cottonseed and peanut oils into structural fats by converting native triacylglycerols into partial glycerides without changing overall fatty acid composition. Here, this approach was extended to a variety oils of differing fatty acid compositions. Reactions were performed at 65 °C for 48 h at a triacylglycerol:glycerol molar ratio of 1:1, using the non-regiospecific Candida antarctica lipase B. In all oil systems, a 20 °C increase in crystallization onset temperature was observed following glycerolysis. Solid fat content increases resulting from glycerolysis were greatest for oils containing >10% saturated fat along with a high oleic acid content. The solid fat content of tigernut oil at 5 °C increased from 8% to 34% following glycerolysis. Tigernut glycerolysis product was used to make margarine with plasticity similar to commercial margarine and butter. This research demonstrates that glycerolysis is a general strategy to convert liquid oils into structural fats used in food applications, and thus replace palm oil and hydrogenated fats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reed A. Nicholson
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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Nicholson RA, Marangoni AG. Enzymatic glycerolysis converts vegetable oils into structural fats with the potential to replace palm oil in food products. NATURE FOOD 2020; 1:684-692. [PMID: 37128025 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-020-00160-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Current trans fat replacement strategies provide food products with acceptable textural and sensory properties on a large scale, and at a reasonable price, but carry health and environmental burdens. Palm oil is used extensively because of its high solidity and functionality; however, increased production has led to deforestation throughout the world's tropical regions. To reduce dependence on palm oil it is necessary to find a means of structuring a variety of readily available vegetable oils. Using cottonseed and peanut oils, among others, we show that enzymatic glycerolysis can structure liquid oils into solid fats through monoacylglycerol and diacylglycerol production from their native triacylglycerols without the addition of saturated or hydrogenated fat, thus not altering fatty acid composition. Solid fat contents of cottonseed and peanut oils were increased from 8% to 29% and 9% to 30% at 5 °C, respectively, and 21% and 10% at 20 °C, respectively. Additionally, oil-binding capacity was enhanced significantly. These novel oils were used to produce margarine and peanut butter with similar textural properties to commercial products and, importantly, represent a healthy and sustainable means to replace hydrogenated or saturated fats.
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Lee YY, Tang TK, Phuah ET, Tan CP, Wang Y, Li Y, Cheong LZ, Lai OM. Production, safety, health effects and applications of diacylglycerol functional oil in food systems: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:2509-2525. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1650001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Ying Lee
- School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
- Monash Industry Palm Oil Research and Education Platfrom, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Teck-Kim Tang
- International Joint Laboratory on Plant Oils Processing and Safety (POPS), Jinan University- Univesiti Putra Malaysia, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Eng-Tong Phuah
- Department and Agricultural and Food Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Chin-Ping Tan
- International Joint Laboratory on Plant Oils Processing and Safety (POPS) Jinan University- Univesiti Putra Malaysia, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yong Wang
- International Joint Laboratory on Plant Oils Processing and Safety (POPS) Jinan University- Universiti Putra Malaysia, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ying Li
- International Joint Laboratory on Plant Oils Processing and Safety (POPS) Jinan University- Universiti Putra Malaysia, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ling-Zhi Cheong
- Department of Food Science, School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Fenghua Road 818, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Oi-Ming Lai
- International Joint Laboratory on Plant Oils Processing and Safety (POPS), Jinan University- Univesiti Putra Malaysia, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Dou F, Miao H, Wang JW, Chen L, Wang M, Chen H, Wen AD, Zhao YY. An Integrated Lipidomics and Phenotype Study Reveals Protective Effect and Biochemical Mechanism of Traditionally Used Alisma orientale Juzepzuk in Chronic Kidney Disease. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:53. [PMID: 29472858 PMCID: PMC5809464 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Alisma orientale Juzepzuk (AO) is widely used for various diuretic and nephropathic treatments in traditional Chinese medicines (TCM). In a clinical setting, AO is used as both a lipid-lowering and tubular interstitial fibrosis agent. However, the mechanisms of AO for the treatment of renal interstitial fibrosis and abnormal lipid metabolism are not well-understood. In this study, pharmacological and UPLC-HDMS-based lipidomic approaches were employed to investigate the lipid-lowering and tubular interstitial fibrosis effect of AO on rats with adenine-induced chronic kidney disease (CKD). Rats with CKD showed increased serum levels of creatinine and urea, tubular damage, and tubular interstitial fibrosis. Moreover, multiple lipid species were identified in CKD rats. Among these lipids, polyunsaturated fatty acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, 8,9-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid levels were significantly decreased in CKD rats compared to control rats. In CKD rats, up-regulation of the NF-κB pathway may impair polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism, causing renal fibrosis. In addition, CKD rats showed significantly decreased diglyceride levels and increased triglyceride levels compared to the control group. Pathway over-representation analysis demonstrated that 30 metabolic pathways were associated with lipid species. AO treatment suppressed up-regulation of inflammation, and partly restored the deregulation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and glycerolipids metabolism. Our results indicated that AO treatment attenuated renal fibrosis by down-regulating inflammation, and mitigating lipid metabolism in CKD rats. In conclusion, this study has identified the therapeutic lipid-lowering and anti-fibrosis effects of AO on CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Dou
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hua Miao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing-Wen Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ai-Dong Wen
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying-Yong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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6
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Xu Y, Dong C. Thermal and kinetic behaviors and microscopic characteristics of diacylglycerol-enriched palm-based oils blends. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201600491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yayuan Xu
- School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Oil and Plant Protein Center; Wuxi Jiangsu Province P. R. China
| | - Cao Dong
- School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Oil and Plant Protein Center; Wuxi Jiangsu Province P. R. China
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Chen H, Chen L, Liu D, Chen DQ, Vaziri ND, Yu XY, Zhang L, Su W, Bai X, Zhao YY. Combined Clinical Phenotype and Lipidomic Analysis Reveals the Impact of Chronic Kidney Disease on Lipid Metabolism. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:1566-1578. [PMID: 28286957 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) results in significant dyslipidemia and profound changes in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. The associated dyslipidemia, in turn, contributes to progression of CKD and its cardiovascular complications. To gain an in-depth insight into the disorders of lipid metabolism in advanced CKD, we applied UPLC-HDMS-based lipidomics to measure serum lipid metabolites in 180 patients with advanced CKD and 120 age-matched healthy controls. We found significant increases in the levels of total free fatty acids, glycerolipids, and glycerophospholipids in patients with CKD. The levels of free fatty acids, glycerolipids, and glycerophospholipids directly correlated with the level of serum triglyceride and inversely correlated with the levels of total cholesterol and eGFR. A total of 126 lipid species were identified from positive and negative ion modes. Out of 126, 113 identified lipid species were significantly altered in patients with CKD based on the adjusted FDR method. These results pointed to profound disturbance of fatty acid and triglyceride metabolisms in patients with CKD. Logistic regression analysis showed strong correlations between serum methyl hexadecanoic acid, LPC(24:1), 3-oxooctadecanoic acid, and PC(20:2/24:1) levels with eGFR and serum creatinine levels (R > 0.8758). In conclusion, application of UPLC-HDMS-based lipidomic technique revealed profound changes in lipid metabolites in patients with CKD. The observed increases in serum total fatty acids, glycerolipids, and glycerophospholipids levels directly correlated with increased serum triglyceride level and inversely correlated with the eGFR and triglyceride levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University , No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University , No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University , No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Dan-Qian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University , No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Nosratola D Vaziri
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine , MedSci 1 C352, Irvine, California 92897, United States
| | - Xiao-Yong Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine , No. 2 Xihuamen, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Xi'an No. 4 Hospital , No. 2 Jiefang Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Wei Su
- Department of Nephrology, Baoji Central Hospital , No. 8 Jiangtan Road, Baoji, Shaanxi 721008, China
| | - Xu Bai
- Solution Centre, Waters Technologies (Shanghai) Ltd. , No. 1000 Jinhai Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ying-Yong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University , No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
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Effect of Addition of Purified Diglycerol Linoleic Acid Esters on the Crystallization Behavior of Diacylglycerol Oils. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-016-2895-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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9
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Xu Y, Wei C, Zhao X, Lu C, Dong C. A comparative study on microstructure, texture, rheology, and crystallization kinetics of palm-based diacylglycerol oils and corresponding palm-based oils. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201500369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yayuan Xu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Oil and Plant Protein Center; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu Province P. R. China
| | - Changqing Wei
- Food College; Shihezi University; Shihezi P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhao
- School of Food Science and Technology, Oil and Plant Protein Center; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu Province P. R. China
| | - Chen Lu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Oil and Plant Protein Center; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu Province P. R. China
| | - Cao Dong
- School of Food Science and Technology, Oil and Plant Protein Center; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu Province P. R. China
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Gao C, Lan D, Liu L, Zhang H, Yang B, Wang Y. Site-directed mutagenesis studies of the aromatic residues at the active site of a lipase from Malassezia globosa. Biochimie 2014; 102:29-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Liu L, Lan D, Wang Q, Gao C, Li Z, Yang B, Wang Y. A “bridge-like” structure responsible for the substrate selectivity of mono- and diacylglycerol lipase from Aspergillus oryzae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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12
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Latip RA, Lee YY, Tang TK, Phuah ET, Tan CP, Lai OM. Physicochemical properties and crystallisation behaviour of bakery shortening produced from stearin fraction of palm-based diacyglycerol blended with various vegetable oils. Food Chem 2013; 141:3938-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.05.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Tang T, Beh B, Alitheen NBM, Lo S, Lee Y, Lai O. Suppression of visceral adipose tissue by palm kernel and soy‐canola diacylglycerol in C57BL/6N mice. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201300111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teck‐Kim Tang
- Institute of BioscienceUniversiti Putra MalaysiaSerdangMalaysia
| | - Boon‐Kee Beh
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular SciencesUniversiti Putra Malaysia43400SerdangMalaysia
| | - Noorjahan Banu Mohamed Alitheen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Bimolecular SciencesUniversiti Putra MalaysiaSerdangMalaysia
| | - Seong‐Koon Lo
- Sime Darby Research Sdn. Bhd.R&D Centre‐DownstreamPulau CareySelangorMalaysia
| | - Yee‐Ying Lee
- Institute of BioscienceUniversiti Putra MalaysiaSerdangMalaysia
| | - Oi‐Ming Lai
- Institute of BioscienceUniversiti Putra MalaysiaSerdangMalaysia
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular SciencesUniversiti Putra Malaysia43400SerdangMalaysia
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Substitution of TAG oil with diacylglycerol oil in food items improves the predicted 10 years cardiovascular risk score in healthy, overweight subjects. J Nutr Sci 2012; 1:e17. [PMID: 25191546 PMCID: PMC4153080 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2012.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary fat is normally in TAG form, but diacylglycerol (DAG) is a natural component of
edible oils. Studies have shown that consumption of DAG results in metabolic
characteristics that are distinct from those of TAG, which may be beneficial in preventing
and managing obesity. The objective of the present study was to investigate if food items
in which part of the TAG oil is replaced with DAG oil combined with high α-linolenic acid
(ALA) content would influence metabolic markers. A 12-week double-blinded randomised
controlled parallel-design study was conducted. The participants (n 23)
were healthy, overweight men and women, aged 37–67 years, BMI 27–35 kg/m2, with
waist circumference >94 cm (men) and >88 cm (women). The two groups received
20 g margarine, 11 g mayonnaise and 12 g oil per d, containing either high ALA and
sn-1,3-DAG or high ALA and TAG. Substitution of TAG oil with DAG oil in
food items for 12 weeks led to an improvement of the predicted 10 years cardiovascular
risk score in overweight subjects by non-significantly improving markers of health such as
total body fat percentage, trunk fat mass, alanine aminotransferase, systolic blood
pressure, γ-glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase and total fat-free mass. This may
suggest that replacing TAG oil with DAG oil in healthy, overweight individuals may have
beneficial metabolic effects.
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Key Words
- ALA, α-linolenic acid
- ALAT, alanine aminotransferase
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- ASAT, aspartame aminotransferase
- CRP, C-reactive protein
- DAG, diacylglycerol
- Diacylglycerol
- FFM, fat-free mass
- HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance
- Liver markers
- Overweight human subjects
- TAG
- hsCRP, high-sensitivity CRP
- γ-GT, γ-glutamyl transferase
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Rudkowska I, Roynette CE, Demonty I, Vanstone CA, Jew S, Jones PJH. Diacylglycerol: Efficacy and Mechanism of Action of an Anti-Obesity Agent. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 13:1864-76. [PMID: 16339116 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2005.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is at the forefront of global health issues and directly contributes to many chronic illnesses. Several dietary components show promise in the treatment of obesity, one of which is oil rich in diacylglycerols (DAGs). Present objectives are to examine scientific knowledge concerning DAG to assess evidence supporting the effects on substrate oxidation rates, body weight and fat mass, and blood lipids, and to assess safety, as well as elucidate potential mechanisms of action. DAG can be synthesized by an enzymatic process to produce mainly 1,3-isoform DAG. This 1,3-DAG oil is believed to have the ability to increase beta-oxidation, to enhance body weight loss, to suppress body fat accumulation, and to lower serum triacylglycerol levels postprandially. While certain animal and human studies indicate that consumption of 1,3-DAG has positive physiological effects, others report no effect. The mechanisms of action of DAG are suggested to decrease the resynthesis of chylomicrons as well as shunting them directly to the liver through the portal vein, where they are oxidized. This increased fat oxidation may influence control of food intake by increasing satiety. Further study into the precise mechanism is required to understand its effects. Safety studies show no risks in consuming a diet rich in DAG oil. Overall, consumption of oils with higher amounts of DAG, specifically 1,3-DAG, may be useful in the battle against obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Rudkowska
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Abstract
Although many food components are reportedly beneficial to body-weight management, lack of understanding of molecular mechanisms and their function in overall adiposity under physiological conditions hinders successful and safe development of antiobesity functional foods. A positive energy balance resulting from an increase in food intake, a reduced energy expenditure, and/or dysfunction of adipose biology is associated with the development of obesity. This article provides an overview of the components involved in energy balance and adipose development and function. There is evidence that numerous ingredients found in foods can modulate energy balance and adipose biology, thereby potentially lowering adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kee-Hong Kim
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
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Effect of Diacylglycerol Supplementation on Fasting Serum Triacylglycerol Concentration: a Meta-Analysis. Lipids 2010; 45:1139-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-010-3478-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Mitsuhashi Y, Nagaoka D, Ishioka K, Bigley KE, Okawa M, Otsuji K, Bauer JE. Postprandial lipid-related metabolites are altered in dogs fed dietary diacylglycerol and low glycemic index starch during weight loss. J Nutr 2010; 140:1815-23. [PMID: 20739444 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.122887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated a combination of a low glycemic index starch (LGIS) and diacylglycerol (DAG) on lipid, lipoprotein (LP) metabolism, and weight management. Obese, intact female adult Beagle dogs were assigned to 1 of 4 starch/oil combination diets [LGIS/DAG (LD); LGIS/triacylglycerol (TAG); high glycemic index starch (HGIS)/DAG; and HGIS/TAG (HT)] and fed for 9 wk (n = 6/group) using an incomplete 4 × 4 Latin square design. Each dog was fed 1 of 2 opposite starch/oil combination diets (e.g. LD and HT). At wk 1 and 8, postprandial blood was collected for plasma triacylglycerol (TG), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), total cholesterol (TC), and LP analyses. During the same week, dogs were overnight feed-deprived and post-heparin blood was collected for LP lipase and hepatic lipase activity determinations. At wk 1, 4, and 8, blood was drawn from overnight feed-deprived dogs for plasma TG, BHB, TC, LP, leptin, and adiponectin measurements. Feces were collected at wk 3 for digestibility calculations. The LGIS diets resulted in lower carbohydrate, protein, total tract dry matter digestibilities, and metabolizable energy compared with the HGIS diet groups (P < 0.05). Thus, the LGIS groups lost more body weight (P = 0.001), which was positively correlated with plasma leptin concentrations (r(2) = 0.427; P < 0.001). Moreover, the LGIS diet lowered TC concentrations in combination with DAG. The DAG diet groups decreased postprandial TG and increased BHB concentrations (P < 0.05). Starch/oil types did not alter lipase activities or adiponectin concentrations. In conclusion, the LGIS diet demonstrated potential as a weight management tool in dogs by decreasing postprandial TG and increasing BHB in combination with DAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Mitsuhashi
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Companion Animal Nutrition Research Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Yuan Q, Ramprasath VR, Harding SV, Rideout TC, Chan YM, Jones PJH. Diacylglycerol oil reduces body fat but does not alter energy or lipid metabolism in overweight, hypertriglyceridemic women. J Nutr 2010; 140:1122-6. [PMID: 20410085 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.121665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol (DAG) may undergo differential metabolism compared with triacylglycerol (TAG) in humans, possibly resulting in decreased serum TAG concentration and TAG synthesis and increased energy expenditure (EE), thus reducing fat accumulation. Our objective was to examine the efficacy of DAG oil (Enova oil) consumption on serum lipid profiles, hepatic lipogenesis, EE, and body weight and composition compared with a control oil-blend composed of sunflower, safflower, and rapeseed oils at a 1:1:1 ratio. Twenty-six overweight (78.3 +/- 3.6 kg body weight and BMI 30.0 +/- 0.7 kg/m(2)) mildly hypertriglyceridemic (1.81 +/- 0.66 mmol/L) women underwent 2 treatment phases of 28 d separated by a 4-wk washout period using a randomized crossover design. They consumed 40 g/d of either DAG or control oil during treatment phases. The baseline, EE, fat oxidation, body composition, and lipid profiles did not differ between the DAG and control oil intervention periods. Relative to control oil, DAG oil did not alter endpoint postprandial EE, fat oxidation, serum lipid profiles, or hepatic lipogenesis. However, DAG oil consumption reduced (P < 0.05) accumulation of body fat within trunk, android, and gynoid regions at the endpoint compared with control oil, although neither DAG nor control oil altered any of these variables during the 4-wk intervention period compared with their respective baseline levels. We conclude that although DAG oil is not effective in lowing serum lipids over a 4-wk intervention, it may be useful for reducing adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quangeng Yuan
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, Faculty of Human Ecology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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21
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Lo SK, Arifin N, Cheong LZ, Tan CP, Long K, Yusoff MSA, Lai OM. Response surface modeling of 1-stearoyl-3(2)-oleoyl glycerol production in a pilot packed-bed immobilized Rhizomucor miehei lipase reactor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2008.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Dietary diacylglycerol oil has no effect on hypertriacylglycerolaemia in lipoprotein lipase-deficient cats. Br J Nutr 2009; 102:1024-9. [PMID: 19397837 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114509353234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A commercially available vegetable oil containing a high concentration (87 %, w/w) of diacylglycerol (DAG) has been investigated in humans and animals for potential beneficial effects in reducing serum TAG concentrations in fasting and postprandial states. Effects of DAG oil as a sole dietary fat source (25 % metabolisable energy) were evaluated in a feline model of hypertriacylglycerolaemia. Eleven adult (1.5 (sem 0.1) years) male cats deficient of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) catalytic activity from a heritable point mutation of the LPL gene were acclimatised to a semi-purified diet containing TAG oil for 21 d. After assignment into two groups, pair-matched by serum TAG concentrations (range 6.1-31.6 mmol/l), the cats were fed the diet with either TAG or DAG oil for 8 d. The dietary fat source was crossed-over and presented for 8 d more. Non-fasting serum concentrations of TAG, cholesterol and NEFA were measured on days 6-8 and days 14-16. Dietary fat source (DAG v. TAG) did not significantly affect food intake (491 (sem 16) v. 486 (sem 14) kJ/kg0.67), body weight or serum concentrations (mmol/l) of TAG (37.1 (sem 4.5) v. 33.9 (sem 3.4)), cholesterol (4.8 (sem 0.3) v. 4.8 (sem 0.2)) and NEFA (1.4 (sem 0.2) v. 1.4 (sem 0.2)). The results show that for a feeding trial of 8 d, DAG oil was well accepted and tolerated by cats but did not reduce hypertriacylglycerolaemia resulting from a deficiency of LPL catalytic activity.
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Morita O, Soni MG. Safety assessment of diacylglycerol oil as an edible oil: A review of the published literature. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:9-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Revised: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Takeshita M, Katsuragi Y, Kusuhara M, Higashi K, Miyajima E, Mizuno K, Mori K, Obata T, Ohmori R, Ohsuzu F, Onodera Y, Sano J, Sawada S, Tabata S, Tokimitsu I, Tomonobu K, Yamashita T, Yasukawa T, Yonemura A, Nakamura H. Phytosterols dissolved in diacylglycerol oil reinforce the cholesterol-lowering effect of low-dose pravastatin treatment. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2008; 18:483-491. [PMID: 17964767 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2007.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2006] [Revised: 04/30/2007] [Accepted: 05/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Dietary therapy using phytosterols can reinforce statin treatment; however the value of a low-dose combination of those agents remains to be investigated. Plant sterols (PS), dissolved in diacylglycerol (DAG) oil, (PS/DAG) can be effective at a relatively low dose. The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of PS/DAG oil on blood cholesterol concentrations in hypercholesterolemic outpatients on low-dose pravastatin (10 mg/day). METHODS AND RESULTS The patients (n=61) were randomly assigned to one of three groups, who consumed TAG (control), DAG or PS/DAG oil. The average intake of PS from the PS/DAG oil during the test period was significantly higher than that for TAG and DAG oils (502 vs. 49 and 38 mg/day, P<0.05). Significant cholesterol-lowering effects from the baseline were observed in the case of the PS/DAG oil treatment alone. Changes in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol were inversely correlated with baseline serum campesterol concentrations (r=-0.560, P<0.05), but not baseline LDL cholesterol concentrations. In addition, serum apolipoprotein B concentrations were reduced to a greater extent in subjects with high versus low levels of baseline campesterol (-13.2 mg/dL vs. -3.1 mg/dL, P<0.05). Furthermore, there was a mild, but significant reduction in serum lipoprotein (a) concentration from the baseline (-5.9 mg/dL), which was correlated with the reduction in serum apolipoprotein B concentration (r=0.596, P<0.05). CONCLUSION A low-dose combination of PS/DAG oil and pravastatin may be a useful strategy for further ameliorating blood cholesterol and lipoprotein (a) concentrations for hypercholesterolemic patients with a low response to pravastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Takeshita
- Health Care Food Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, 2-1-3, Bunka, Sumida-ku, Tokyo 131-8501, Japan.
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Hibi M, Takase H, Yasunaga K, Yamaguchi T, Harada U, Katsuragi Y, Tokimitsu I. Fat Utilization in Healthy Subjects Consuming Diacylglycerol Oil Diet: Dietary and Whole Body Fat Oxidation. Lipids 2008; 43:517-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-008-3177-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2007] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Li D, Xu T, Takase H, Tokimitsu I, Zhang P, Wang Q, Yu X, Zhang A. Diacylglycerol-induced improvement of whole-body insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a long-term randomized, double-blind controlled study. Clin Nutr 2008; 27:203-11. [PMID: 18314230 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2008.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2007] [Revised: 01/13/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Diacylglycerol oil has been shown to lower postprandial and fasting serum triacylglycerol levels and reduce body fat. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of diacylglycerol oil on risk factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and cardiovascular disease in type 2 DM patients. METHODS This was a double-blind controlled parallel study with 127 type 2 DM patients (aged 40-65) recruited in Hangzhou, China. All subjects consumed triacylglycerol oil in the lead-in period (14 days), then they were randomly divided into two groups and consumed diacylglycerol or triacylglycerol oil with a similar fatty acid composition (25 g/day) for 120 days. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 60 and 120 and risk factors of type 2 DM and cardiovascular disease and biochemical parameters were measured by standard methods. RESULTS There were a total of 112 subjects who completed the study. Diet intake did not differ significantly between groups. Body weight, BMI, waist circumference, HOMA-IR, serum insulin and leptin levels were significantly reduced from baseline in the diacylglycerol oil group but not in the triacylglycerol oil group. Serum glucose was also significantly improved in patients with higher glucose levels at baseline (>7.00 mmol/L) in the diacylglycerol oil group. Parameters of liver and kidney functions and essential fatty acids in serum phospholipids did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS Diacylglycerol oil consumption improved biomarkers and anthropometric parameters of type 2 DM compared with triacylglycerol oil. No adverse reactions were observed with diacylglycerol oil consumption for type 2 DM patients. Diacylglycerol oil has an equivalent bioavailability as triacylglycerol oil in relation to providing essential fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Li
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, 268 Kaixuan Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China.
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Chan YM, Demonty I, Pelled D, Jones PJH. Olive oil containing olive oil fatty acid esters of plant sterols and dietary diacylglycerol reduces low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and decreases the tendency for peroxidation in hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Br J Nutr 2007; 98:563-70. [PMID: 17559697 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507730775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Plant sterols (PS) and MUFA are well-documented cholesterol lowering agents. We aimed to determine the effect of PS esterified to olive oil fatty acids (PS-OO) on blood lipid profile and lipid peroxidation in hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Twenty-one moderately overweight, hypercholesterolaemic subjects consumed three consecutive treatment diets, each lasting 28 d and separated by 4-week washout periods, using a randomized crossover design. Diets contained 30 % energy as fat, 70 % of which was provided by olive oil (OO), and differed only in the treatment oils: OO, PS esterified to sunflower oil fatty acids (PS-SO), and PS-OO. Both PS-SO and PS-OO treatments provided 1·7 g PS /d. PS-OO and PS-SO consumption resulted in a decrease (P = 0·0483) in LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations compared with the OO diet. Although total cholesterol and apo B-100 levels were not significantly affected, PS-SO and, to some extent, PS-OO reduced the total:HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio (P = 0·0142) and the apo B-100:apo A-I ratio (P = 0·0168) compared with the OO diet. There were no differences across diets in lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) and lipid peroxidation levels. However, following consumption of OO and PS-SO, Lp(a) concentrations increased (P = 0·0050 and 0·0421, respectively), while PS-OO treatment did not affect Lp(a) levels. Furthermore, there was a decrease (P = 0·0097) in lipid peroxidation levels with PS-OO treatment during the supplementation phase. Our results suggest that supplementing an OO-rich diet with PS-OO favourably alters the plasma lipid profile and may decrease the susceptibility of LDL-C to lipid peroxidation in hypercholesterolaemic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ming Chan
- The School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada H9X 3V9
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Lo SK, Cheong LZ, Arifin N, Tan CP, Long K, Yusoff MSA, Lai OM. Diacylglycerol and triacylglycerol as responses in a dual response surface-optimized process for diacylglycerol production by lipase-catalyzed esterification in a pilot packed-bed enzyme reactor. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:5595-603. [PMID: 17571899 DOI: 10.1021/jf0706676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol (DAG) and triacylglycerol (TAG) as responses on optimization of DAG production using a dual response approach of response surface methodology were investigated. This approach takes the molecular equilibrium of DAG into account and allows for the optimization of reaction conditions to achieve maximum DAG and minimum TAG yields. The esterification reaction was optimized with four factors using a central composite rotatable design. The following optimized conditions yielded 48 wt % DAG and 14 wt % TAG: reaction temperature of 66.29 degrees C, enzyme dosage of 4 wt %, fatty acid/glycerol molar ratio of 2.14, and reaction time of 4.14 h. Similar results were achieved when the process was scaled up to a 10 kg production in a pilot packed-bed enzyme reactor. Lipozyme RM IM did not show any significant activity losses or changes in fatty acid selectivity on DAG synthesis during the 10 pilot productions. However, lipozyme RM IM displayed higher selectivity toward the production of oleic acid-enriched DAG. The purity of DAG oil after purification was 92 wt %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Koon Lo
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Meguro S, Osaki N, Onizawa K, Yajima N, Hase T, Matsuo N, Tokimitsu I. Comparison of dietary triacylglycerol oil and diacylglycerol oil in protein kinase C activation. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 45:1165-72. [PMID: 17306914 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2006] [Revised: 10/25/2006] [Accepted: 12/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to compare the effects of dietary diacylglycerol (DAG) oil with triacylglycerol (TAG) oil with a similar fatty acid composition (fatty acid chain range: C14-C22, C18 fatty acid chain: >90%) on protein kinase C (PKC) activation and on 1,2-DAG levels. Using male Wistar rats, no differences in cytosolic and membrane PKC activities in the lingual, esophageal, gastric, small intestinal, cecal, proximal colonic, and distal colonic mucosa were found between the 5% DAG and TAG oil groups, or between the 23% DAG and TAG oil groups after 1 month of feeding. The 1,2-DAG levels in the cecum and colon contents and in the feces and serum in male Wistar rats after a diet containing either 10% DAG or TAG oil feeding were similar between the groups. Moreover, exposure of Caco-2 cells to DAG and TAG oils had no effect on PKC activity in the membrane fraction, but 1,2-dioctanoyl glycerol composed of short-chain fatty acids (C8) did, suggesting the absence of an influence on PKC activity in DAG and TAG oils composed of long-chain fatty acids. In summary, the effects of DAG oil ingestion on PKC activity in the digestive tract and lingual mucosa, and on 1,2-DAG levels in the cecum and colon contents and in the feces and serum were similar to those observed for TAG oil ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Meguro
- Biological Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikaimachi, Haga, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan.
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Takeshita M, Saito S, Katsuragi Y, Yasunaga K, Matsuo N, Tokimitsu I, Yasukawa T, Nakamura H. Combination of plant sterols and diacylglycerol oil lowers serum cholesterol and lipoprotein (a) concentrations in postmenopausal women with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eclnm.2006.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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