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Franco-Pérez J. Mechanisms Underlying Memory Impairment Induced by Fructose. Neuroscience 2024; 548:27-38. [PMID: 38679409 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Fructose consumption has increased over the years, especially in adolescents living in urban areas. Growing evidence indicates that daily fructose consumption leads to some pathological conditions, including memory impairment. This review summarizes relevant data describing cognitive deficits after fructose intake and analyzes the underlying neurobiological mechanisms. Preclinical experiments show sex-related deficits in spatial memory; that is, while males exhibit significant imbalances in spatial processing, females seem unaffected by dietary supplementation with fructose. Recognition memory has also been evaluated; however, only female rodents show a significant decline in the novel object recognition test performance. According to mechanistic evidence, fructose intake induces neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress in the short term. Subsequently, these mechanisms can trigger other long-term effects, such as inhibition of neurogenesis, downregulation of trophic factors and receptors, weakening of synaptic plasticity, and long-term potentiation decay. Integrating all these neurobiological mechanisms will help us understand the cellular and molecular processes that trigger the memory impairment induced by fructose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Franco-Pérez
- Laboratorio Patología Vascular Cerebral, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Manuel Velasco Suárez, Insurgentes Sur 3877, Col. La Fama, C.P. 14269, CDMX, México, Mexico.
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2
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Yin J, Cheng L, Hong Y, Li Z, Li C, Ban X, Zhu L, Gu Z. A Comprehensive Review of the Effects of Glycemic Carbohydrates on the Neurocognitive Functions Based on Gut Microenvironment Regulation and Glycemic Fluctuation Control. Nutrients 2023; 15:5080. [PMID: 38140339 PMCID: PMC10745758 DOI: 10.3390/nu15245080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Improper glycemic carbohydrates (GCs) consumption can be a potential risk factor for metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes, which may lead to cognitive impairment. Although several potential mechanisms have been studied, the biological relationship between carbohydrate consumption and neurocognitive impairment is still uncertain. In this review, the main effects and mechanisms of GCs' digestive characteristics on cognitive functions are comprehensively elucidated. Additionally, healthier carbohydrate selection, a reliable research model, and future directions are discussed. Individuals in their early and late lives and patients with metabolic diseases are highly susceptible to dietary-induced cognitive impairment. It is well known that gut function is closely related to dietary patterns. Unhealthy carbohydrate diet-induced gut microenvironment disorders negatively impact cognitive functions through the gut-brain axis. Moreover, severe glycemic fluctuations, due to rapidly digestible carbohydrate consumption or metabolic diseases, can impair neurocognitive functions by disrupting glucose metabolism, dysregulating calcium homeostasis, oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and accumulating advanced glycation end products. Unstable glycemic status can lead to more severe neurological impairment than persistent hyperglycemia. Slow-digested or resistant carbohydrates might contribute to better neurocognitive functions due to stable glycemic response and healthier gut functions than fully gelatinized starch and nutritive sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yin
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (J.Y.); (Y.H.); (Z.L.); (C.L.); (X.B.); (L.Z.)
| | - Li Cheng
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (J.Y.); (Y.H.); (Z.L.); (C.L.); (X.B.); (L.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yan Hong
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (J.Y.); (Y.H.); (Z.L.); (C.L.); (X.B.); (L.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhaofeng Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (J.Y.); (Y.H.); (Z.L.); (C.L.); (X.B.); (L.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Caiming Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (J.Y.); (Y.H.); (Z.L.); (C.L.); (X.B.); (L.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaofeng Ban
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (J.Y.); (Y.H.); (Z.L.); (C.L.); (X.B.); (L.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (J.Y.); (Y.H.); (Z.L.); (C.L.); (X.B.); (L.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhengbiao Gu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (J.Y.); (Y.H.); (Z.L.); (C.L.); (X.B.); (L.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Spoelder M, Bright Y, Morrison MC, van Kempen V, de Groodt L, Begalli M, Schuijt N, Kruiger E, Bulthuis R, Gross G, Kleemann R, van Diepen JA, Homberg JR. Cognitive Performance during the Development of Diabetes in the Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rat. Cells 2023; 12:2463. [PMID: 37887307 PMCID: PMC10605915 DOI: 10.3390/cells12202463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased insulin levels may support the development of neural circuits involved in cognition, while chronic mild inflammation may also result in cognitive impairment. This study aimed to gain more insight into whether cognition is already impacted during adolescence in a genetic rat model for obesity and type 2 diabetes. Visual discrimination learning throughout adolescence and the level of motivation during early adulthood were investigated in Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) obese and ZDF lean rats using operant touchscreens. Blood glucose, insulin, and lipids were longitudinally analyzed. Histological analyses were performed in the liver, white adipose tissues, and the prefrontal cortex. Prior to the experiments with the genetic ZDF research model, all experimental assays were performed in two groups of outbred Long Evans rats to investigate the effect of different feeding circumstances. Adolescent ZDF obese rats outperformed ZDF lean rats on visual discrimination performance. During the longitudinal cognitive testing period, insulin levels sharply increased over weeks in ZDF obese rats and were significantly enhanced from 6 weeks of age onwards. Early signs of liver steatosis and enlarged adipocytes in white adipose tissue were observed in early adult ZDF obese rats. Histological analyses in early adulthood showed no group differences in the number of prefrontal cortex neurons and microglia, nor PSD95 and SIRT1 mRNA expression levels. Together, our data show that adolescent ZDF obese rats even display enhanced cognition despite their early diabetic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Spoelder
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (Y.B.)
| | - Yami Bright
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (Y.B.)
| | - Martine C. Morrison
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Sylviusweg 71, 2333 CE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Veerle van Kempen
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (Y.B.)
| | - Lilian de Groodt
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (Y.B.)
| | - Malvina Begalli
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (Y.B.)
| | - Nikita Schuijt
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (Y.B.)
| | - Eva Kruiger
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (Y.B.)
| | - Ronald Bulthuis
- Metris B.V., Kruisweg 829c, 2132 NG Hoofddorp, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriele Gross
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Reckitt|Mead Johnson Nutrition Institute, Middenkampweg 2, 6545 CJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Kleemann
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Sylviusweg 71, 2333 CE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Janna A. van Diepen
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Reckitt|Mead Johnson Nutrition Institute, Middenkampweg 2, 6545 CJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Judith R. Homberg
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (Y.B.)
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Mei M, Liu M, Mei Y, Zhao J, Li Y. Sphingolipid metabolism in brain insulin resistance and neurological diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1243132. [PMID: 37867511 PMCID: PMC10587683 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1243132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids, as members of the large lipid family, are important components of plasma membrane. Sphingolipids participate in biological signal transduction to regulate various important physiological processes such as cell growth, apoptosis, senescence, and differentiation. Numerous studies have demonstrated that sphingolipids are strongly associated with glucose metabolism and insulin resistance. Insulin resistance, including peripheral insulin resistance and brain insulin resistance, is closely related to the occurrence and development of many metabolic diseases. In addition to metabolic diseases, like type 2 diabetes, brain insulin resistance is also involved in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. However, the specific mechanism of sphingolipids in brain insulin resistance has not been systematically summarized. This article reviews the involvement of sphingolipids in brain insulin resistance, highlighting the role and molecular biological mechanism of sphingolipid metabolism in cognitive dysfunctions and neuropathological abnormalities of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Mei
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan Children’s Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Maochang Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan Children’s Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Mei
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan Children’s Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Administrative Office, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan Children’s Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Jin M, Lv P, Liang H, Teng Z, Gao C, Zhang X, Ni A, Cui X, Meng N, Li L. Association of triglyceride-glucose index with major depressive disorder: A cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e34058. [PMID: 37327285 PMCID: PMC10270554 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000034058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index has been proposed as a new marker for insulin resistance, which is associated with a risk of major depressive disorder (MDD). This study aims to explore whether the TyG index is correlated with MDD. In total, 321 patients with MDD and 325 non-MDD patients were included in the study. The presence of MDD was identified by trained clinical psychiatrists using the International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision. The TyG index was calculated as follows: Ln (fasting triglyceride [mg/dL] × fasting glucose [mg/dL]/2). The results revealed that the MDD group presented higher TyG index values than the non-MDD group (8.77 [8.34-9.17] vs 8.62 [8.18-9.01], P < .001). We also found significantly higher morbidity of MDD in the highest TyG index group than in the lower TyG index group (59.9% vs 41.4%, P < .001). Binary logistic regression revealed that TyG was an independent risk factor for MDD (odds ratio [OR] 1.750, 95% confidence interval: 1.284-2.384, P < .001). We further assessed the effect of TyG on depression in sex subgroups. The OR was 3.872 (OR 2.014, 95% confidence interval: 1.282-3.164, P = .002) for the subgroup of men. It is suggested that the TyG index could be closely associated with morbidity in MDD patients; thus, it may be a valuable marker for identifying MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Jin
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Networks and Cognitive Disorders, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Peiyuan Lv
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Networks and Cognitive Disorders, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hao Liang
- Cardiology Department, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhenjie Teng
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Networks and Cognitive Disorders, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chenyang Gao
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Networks and Cognitive Disorders, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xueru Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Networks and Cognitive Disorders, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Aihua Ni
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Networks and Cognitive Disorders, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaona Cui
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Networks and Cognitive Disorders, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Nan Meng
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Networks and Cognitive Disorders, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Litao Li
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Networks and Cognitive Disorders, Shijiazhuang, China
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Zheng L, Cui C, Yue S, Yan H, Zhang T, Ding M, Sun Q, He C, Ren H. Longitudinal association between triglyceride glucose index and depression progression in middle-aged and elder adults: A national retrospective cohort study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2023; 33:507-515. [PMID: 36642610 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2022.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Psychological symptoms are prevalent among individuals with non-communicable diseases, while the longitudinal association between triglyceride glucose (TyG) index, an indicator of metabolic health, and depression progression remains unclear yet. This study aims to investigate the association of baseline TyG index and depression progression in middle-aged and elder adults. METHODS AND RESULTS This retrospective cohort study enrolled 8287 participants aged 45 years or above from national China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study in visit 1 (2011-2012), which were biennially followed for depression score until visit 4 (2017-2018). Multivariate-adjusted regression models were used to evaluate the association of baseline TyG index with the individual level change rate and slope of depression score. The mean age (±SD) of participants was 58.25 ± 9.10 years, and 3806 (45.9%) were men. There was no significant difference of depression score at baseline across TyG quartile groups (P = 0.228). Participants in the highest quartile of TyG index had a 0.124 (95% CI: 0.018-0.230) higher change rate of depression score, and a 0.127 (95% CI: 0.019-0.235) higher change slope, compared to those in the lowest. The observed associations were consistent in multiple sensitivity analyses, and stable in men, the elder, and overweight people. CONCLUSION TyG index is positively associated with depression progression especially in men, the elder and overweight people, which provides new insights for the primary prevention of depression disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, China.
| | - Cancan Cui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, China.
| | - Siqi Yue
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, China.
| | - Han Yan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, China.
| | - Te Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, China.
| | - Meng Ding
- Endoscopy Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, China.
| | - Qichao Sun
- Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, China.
| | - Chengyan He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, China.
| | - Hui Ren
- Department of General Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, China.
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Dutta BJ, Singh S, Seksaria S, Das Gupta G, Singh A. Inside the diabetic brain: Insulin resistance and molecular mechanism associated with cognitive impairment and its possible therapeutic strategies. Pharmacol Res 2022; 182:106358. [PMID: 35863719 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) the most prevalent metabolic disease that has evolved into a major public health issue. Concerning about its secondary complications, a growing body of evidence links T2DM to cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative disorders. The underlying pathology behind this secondary complication disease is yet to be fully known. Nonetheless, they are likely to be associated with poor insulin signaling as a result of insulin resistance. We have combed through a rising body of literature on insulin signaling in the normal and diabetic brains along with various factors like insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, obesity, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and Aβ plaques which can act independently or synergistically to link T2DM with cognitive impairments. Finally, we explored several pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods in the hopes of accelerating the rational development of medications for cognitive impairment in T2DM by better understanding these shared pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Jyoti Dutta
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Shamsher Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Sanket Seksaria
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Ghanshyam Das Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Amrita Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga 142001, Punjab, India.
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Del Moro L, Rota E, Pirovano E, Rainero I. Migraine, Brain Glucose Metabolism and the "Neuroenergetic" Hypothesis: A Scoping Review. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2022; 23:1294-1317. [PMID: 35296423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that migraine may be the result of an impaired brain glucose metabolism. Several studies have reported brain mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired brain glucose metabolism and gray matter volume reduction in specific brain areas of migraineurs. Furthermore, peripheral insulin resistance, a condition demonstrated in several studies, may extend to the brain, leading to brain insulin resistance. This condition has been proven to downregulate insulin receptors, both in astrocytes and neurons, triggering a reduction in glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis, mainly during high metabolic demand. This scoping review examines the clinical, epidemiologic and pathophysiologic data supporting the hypothesis that abnormalities in brain glucose metabolism may generate a mismatch between the brain's energy reserve and metabolic expenditure, triggering migraine attacks. Moreover, alteration in glucose homeostasis could generate a chronic brain energy deficit promoting migraine chronification. Lastly, insulin resistance may link migraine with its comorbidities, like obesity, depression, cognitive impairment and cerebrovascular diseases. PERSPECTIVE: Although additional experimental studies are needed to support this novel "neuroenergetic" hypothesis, brain insulin resistance in migraineurs may unravel the pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease, explaining the migraine chronification and connecting migraine with comorbidities. Therefore, this hypothesis could elucidate novel potential approaches for migraine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Del Moro
- Foundation Allineare Sanità and Salute, Scientific Committee, Milan, Italy; LUMEN APS, European Salus Network, Scientific Committee, San Pietro in Cerro (PC), Italy.
| | - Eugenia Rota
- Neurology Unit, ASL AL, San Giacomo Hospital, Novi Ligure, Italy
| | - Elenamaria Pirovano
- Foundation Allineare Sanità and Salute, Scientific Committee, Milan, Italy; LUMEN APS, European Salus Network, Scientific Committee, San Pietro in Cerro (PC), Italy
| | - Innocenzo Rainero
- Headache Center, Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Torino, Italy
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Hussien HM, Ghareeb DA, Ahmed HEA, Hafez HS, Saleh SR. Pharmacological implications of ipriflavone against environmental metal-induced neurodegeneration and dementia in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:65349-65362. [PMID: 34235690 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15193-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Long-term exposure to environmental neurotoxic metals is implicated in the induction of dementia and cognitive decline. The present study aims to illustrate the therapeutic role of ipriflavone as a synthetic isoflavone against environmental metal-induced cognitive impairment in rats. Dementia was induced by a mixture of aluminum, cadmium, and fluoride for 90 days followed by ipriflavone for a further 30 days. Metal-treated animals exhibited abnormal behaviors in the Morris water maze task. Neuropathological biomarkers including oxidative stress (TBARS, NO, SOD, GPX, GST, and GSH), inflammation (TNF- α, IL-6, and IL-1β), neurotransmission (AChE and MAO), and insulin resistance (insulin, insulin receptor, and insulin-degrading enzyme) were altered, which consequently elevated the level of amyloid-β42 and tau protein in the hippocampus tissues inducing neuronal injury. Ipriflavone significantly (P < 0.05) ameliorated the neurobehavioral abnormalities and the cognitive dysfunction biomarkers via antioxidant/anti-inflammatory mechanism. Moreover, ipriflavone downregulated the mRNA expression level of amyloid precursor protein and tau protein, preventing amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangle aggregation at P < 0.05. A molecular docking study revealed that ipriflavone has a potent binding affinity towards AChE more than donepezil and acts as a strong AChE inhibitor. Our data concluded that the therapeutic potential of ipriflavone against dementia could provide a new strategy in AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hend M Hussien
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University, Canal El Mahmoudia Street, Smouha, Sidi Gaber, P.O. Box 37, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Doaa A Ghareeb
- Biological Screening and Preclinical Trial Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Center of Excellency for Drug Preclinical Studies (CE-DPS), Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Centre (PFIDC), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hany E A Ahmed
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, 11884, Egypt
| | - Hani S Hafez
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez University, Suez, Egypt
| | - Samar R Saleh
- Biological Screening and Preclinical Trial Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Center of Excellency for Drug Preclinical Studies (CE-DPS), Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Centre (PFIDC), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
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Arora S, Dharavath RN, Bansal Y, Bishnoi M, Kondepudi KK, Chopra K. Neurobehavioral alterations in a mouse model of chronic partial sleep deprivation. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:1315-1330. [PMID: 33740181 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00693-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The night shift paradigm induces a state of chronic partial sleep deprivation (CPSD) and enhances the vulnerability to neuronal dysfunction. However, the specific neuronal impact of CPSD has not been thoroughly explored to date. In the current study, the night shift condition was mimicked in female Swiss albino mice. The classical sleep deprivation model, i.e., Modified Multiple Platform (MMP) method, was used for 8 h/day from Monday to Friday with Saturday and Sunday as a weekend off for nine weeks. Following nine weeks of night shift schedule, their neurobehavioral profile and physiological parameters were assessed along with the activity of the mitochondrial complexes, oxidative stress, serotonin levels, and inflammatory markers in the brain. Mice showed an overall hyperactive behavioral profile including hyperlocomotion, aggression, and stereotyped behavior accompanied by decreased activity of mitochondrial enzymes and serotonin levels, increased oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in whole brain homogenates. Collectively, the study points towards the occurrence of a hyperactive behavioral profile akin to mania and psychosis as a potential consequence of CPSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyana Arora
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, Sector 14, 160014, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ravinder Naik Dharavath
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, Sector 14, 160014, Chandigarh, India
| | - Yashika Bansal
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, Sector 14, 160014, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mahendra Bishnoi
- Food and Nutritional Biotechnology Laboratory, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, SAS Nagar, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Kanthi Kiran Kondepudi
- Food and Nutritional Biotechnology Laboratory, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, SAS Nagar, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Kanwaljit Chopra
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, Sector 14, 160014, Chandigarh, India.
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11
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Wei Z, Koya J, Reznik SE. Insulin Resistance Exacerbates Alzheimer Disease via Multiple Mechanisms. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:687157. [PMID: 34349617 PMCID: PMC8326507 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.687157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that accounts for 60–70% of dementia and is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States. The pathogenesis of this debilitating disorder is still not completely understood. New insights into the pathogenesis of AD are needed in order to develop novel pharmacologic approaches. In recent years, numerous studies have shown that insulin resistance plays a significant role in the development of AD. Over 80% of patients with AD have type II diabetes (T2DM) or abnormal serum glucose, suggesting that the pathogenic mechanisms of insulin resistance and AD likely overlap. Insulin resistance increases neuroinflammation, which promotes both amyloid β-protein deposition and aberrant tau phosphorylation. By increasing production of reactive oxygen species, insulin resistance triggers amyloid β-protein accumulation. Oxidative stress associated with insulin resistance also dysregulates glycogen synthase kinase 3-β (GSK-3β), which leads to increased tau phosphorylation. Both insulin and amyloid β-protein are metabolized by insulin degrading enzyme (IDE). Defects in this enzyme are the basis for a strong association between T2DM and AD. This review highlights multiple pathogenic mechanisms induced by insulin resistance that are implicated in AD. Several pharmacologic approaches to AD associated with insulin resistance are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenghui Wei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jagadish Koya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sandra E Reznik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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12
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Dharavath RN, Arora S, Kondepudi KK, Bishnoi M, Chopra K. Saroglitazar, a novel dual PPAR-α/γ agonist, reverses high fat-low protein diet-induced metabolic and cognitive aberrations in C57BL/6J male mice. Life Sci 2021; 271:119191. [PMID: 33571514 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Insulin resistance (IR) has become one of the major causative factors for the pathogenesis of various metabolic and neurometabolic diseases. The sedentary lifestyle in association with the consumption of protein-deficient and high-calorie diet results in IR development. This study was aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of Saroglitazar (SGZ), a dual peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor (PPAR-α/γ) in a high fat-low protein diet (HFLPD) fed mouse model of MetS and associated cognitive deficits. METHODS Adult male C57BL/6J mice were fed with HFLPD plus 15% oral fructose solution for 16 weeks. Starting at the 13th week, SGZ (5 & 10 mg/kg; p.o.) was administered along with HFLPD for four weeks, i.e., the 12th to 16th week of the study groups. Various physiological, serum metabolic, neurobehavioral, neuroinflammatory, and oxidative stress parameters were assessed. The brain histopathology and mRNA expression of diverse genes in specific brain regions were also estimated. RESULTS The treatment with SGZ at both doses have significantly reversed various HFLPD-induced metabolic and cognitive alterations by improving the glucose and lipid profile in the periphery in addition to the enhanced cerebral glucose homeostasis, BBB integrity, reduced oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. Furthermore, the SGZ improved locomotion and memory retention while reducing the HFLPD-induced anxiety-like behaviors in the mice. CONCLUSIONS SGZ treatment showed significant metabo-neuroprotective effects in mice fed with HFLPD, possibly through peripherally mediated activation of PPAR-α/γ and insulin downstream signaling in the cortex and hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Naik Dharavath
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Shiyana Arora
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Kanthi Kiran Kondepudi
- Centre for Excellence in Functional Foods, Food and Nutrition Biotechnology Laboratory, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, Punjab 140603, India
| | - Mahendra Bishnoi
- Centre for Excellence in Functional Foods, Food and Nutrition Biotechnology Laboratory, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, Punjab 140603, India.
| | - Kanwaljit Chopra
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
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13
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Wang D, Wang H, Gao H, Zhang H, Zhang H, Wang Q, Sun Z. P2X7 receptor mediates NLRP3 inflammasome activation in depression and diabetes. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:28. [PMID: 32166013 PMCID: PMC7059335 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-00388-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of depression and diabetes mellitus has become a major public health problem worldwide. Studies have shown that people with diabetes are at a high risk of being diagnosed with depression, and diabetes complicates depression treatment by promoting the deterioration of glycemic control, reducing self-care ability and quality of life, and causing severe functional disability and early mortality. Moreover, health deterioration dramatically increases the financial cost of social and health care system. Thus, how to treat depression, diabetes, and diabetes complicated by depression has become one of the world’s urgent concerns. The activation of nod-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) is closely related to mental illness. This finding provides a new perspective for studying depression. NLRP3 plays an important role in the development of diabetes. In this review, we elaborate the definition and epidemiology of depression, diabetes, and diabetic depression and introduce the functional characteristics of an NLRP3 inflammasome and upstream P2X7 receptor. Moreover, related research on NLRP3 inflammasomes and P2X7 receptors is summarized and used as a reference for confirming that the excessive activation of P2X7- NLRP3 leads to the increased release of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, in depression and diabetes. We provide insights into the P2X7–NLRP3–IL-1β pathway as an important pathological mechanism and novel therapeutic target in diabetes and depression. Given that the P2X7–NLRP3–IL-1β pathway may play an important role in diabetes confounded by comorbid depression, the possibility of intervention with baicalin is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danwen Wang
- 1School of Nursing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu China
| | - Hui Wang
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Peixian People's Hospital, Hanyuan Avenue, Xuzhou, 221600 Jiangsu China
| | - Haixia Gao
- 1School of Nursing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu China
| | - Heng Zhang
- 1School of Nursing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu China
| | - Hua Zhang
- 1School of Nursing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu China
| | - Qiuling Wang
- 1School of Nursing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu China
| | - Zhiling Sun
- 1School of Nursing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu China
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Bampi SR, Casaril AM, Domingues M, de Andrade Lourenço D, Pesarico AP, Vieira B, Begnini KR, Seixas FK, Collares TV, Lenardão EJ, Savegnago L. Depression-like behavior, hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation presented in diabetic mice are reversed by the administration of 1-methyl-3-(phenylselanyl)-1H-indole. J Psychiatr Res 2020; 120:91-102. [PMID: 31654972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are found both in diabetes mellitus and major depressive disorder (MDD). In addition to damage in peripheral organs, such as liver and kidney, diabetic patients have a higher risk of developing depression. In this sense, the objective of the present study was to characterize the antidepressant-like effect of a selenium-containing compound, the 1-methyl-3-(phenylselanyl)-1H-indole (MFSeI), in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. STZ (200 mg/kg, i.p.) was used to induce diabetes mellitus type I, and after seven days, the administration of MFSeI (10 mg/kg, i.g.) was initiated and followed for the next 14 days. Twenty-four hours after the last administration of MFSeI, the behavioral tests were performed, followed by euthanasia. The treatment with MFSeI was able to reverse the hyperglycemia induced by STZ. MFSeI also decreased the plasma levels of biomarkers of liver and kidney damage. Importantly, MFSeI reversed the depression-like behavior induced by STZ in the tail suspension test and forced swimming test without promoting locomotor alterations. Furthermore, MFSeI reversed the increased levels of reactive species and lipid peroxidation in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus (HC), liver, and kidney of STZ-treated mice. Treatment with MFSeI also decreased the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, inducible nitric oxide synthase and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, while increasing the expression of interleukin-10, insulin receptor substrate-1 and glucose transport-4 in the PFC and HC of mice. Taken together, the results indicate the effectiveness of MFSeI against depression-like behavior and central and peripheral complications caused by diabetes in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suely Ribeiro Bampi
- Neurobiotechnology Research Group, Center of Biotechnology, Federal University of Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Angela Maria Casaril
- Neurobiotechnology Research Group, Center of Biotechnology, Federal University of Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Micaela Domingues
- Neurobiotechnology Research Group, Center of Biotechnology, Federal University of Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Paula Pesarico
- Neurobiotechnology Research Group, Center of Biotechnology, Federal University of Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Vieira
- Laboratory of Clean Organic Synthesis, Center of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences, Federal University of Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Karine Rech Begnini
- Cellular and Molecular Oncology Research Group, Center of Biotechnology, Federal University of Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabiana K Seixas
- Cellular and Molecular Oncology Research Group, Center of Biotechnology, Federal University of Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Tiago Veiras Collares
- Cellular and Molecular Oncology Research Group, Center of Biotechnology, Federal University of Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Eder João Lenardão
- Laboratory of Clean Organic Synthesis, Center of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences, Federal University of Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Lucielli Savegnago
- Neurobiotechnology Research Group, Center of Biotechnology, Federal University of Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
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Dharavath RN, Arora S, Bishnoi M, Kondepudi KK, Chopra K. High fat-low protein diet induces metabolic alterations and cognitive dysfunction in female rats. Metab Brain Dis 2019; 34:1531-1546. [PMID: 31313125 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-00459-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Approximately one-third of the world population is suffering from MetS, and the same is expected to rise in the years to come. Worldwide, most of the staple diets contain high amounts of carbohydrates, fats and comparatively low quantities of proteins. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of high fat-low protein diet in the development of the metabolic syndrome and associated cognitive deficits in the female rats. The rats fed with high fat-low protein diet (HFLPD) and 15% oral fructose solution for 24 weeks. Body weight, food intake, water intake, fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C), and serum lipid profile were measured after every 4 weeks. Serum insulin, HOMA-IR index, rectal temperature, and systolic blood pressure were measured to confirm the manifestation of the hallmarks of metabolic syndrome. Behavioral tests for locomotion, anxiety, learning, and spatial memory were performed from the 12th week to till the end of the study. At the 24th week, oxidative stress assays and histopathology of liver, kidney, brain, and WAT were also performed. HFLPD significantly altered the physiologic and metabolic parameters which contributed to the manifestation of MetS. HFLPD also impaired the cognitive functions along with significant structural changes in the liver, kidney, WAT, and brain. The findings of this study reveal that HFLPD has the potential to induce the physiological, metabolic and histological alterations in rats, which eventually led to the development of MetS and also disrupted the cognitive functions in female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Naik Dharavath
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Shiyana Arora
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Mahendra Bishnoi
- Food and Nutritional Biotechnology Laboratory, National Agri-food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), SAS Nagar, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Kanthi Kiran Kondepudi
- Food and Nutritional Biotechnology Laboratory, National Agri-food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), SAS Nagar, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Kanwaljit Chopra
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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Singh R, Bansal Y, Sodhi RK, Saroj P, Medhi B, Kuhad A. Modeling of antipsychotic-induced metabolic alterations in mice: An experimental approach precluding psychosis as a predisposing factor. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 378:114643. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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