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Rioux AV, Nsimba-Batomene TR, Slimani S, Bergeron NAD, Gravel MAM, Schreiber SV, Fiola MJ, Haydock L, Garneau AP, Isenring P. Navigating the multifaceted intricacies of the Na +-Cl - cotransporter, a highly regulated key effector in the control of hydromineral homeostasis. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:1147-1204. [PMID: 38329422 PMCID: PMC11381001 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00027.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The Na+-Cl- cotransporter (NCC; SLC12A3) is a highly regulated integral membrane protein that is known to exist as three splice variants in primates. Its primary role in the kidney is to mediate the cosymport of Na+ and Cl- across the apical membrane of the distal convoluted tubule. Through this role and the involvement of other ion transport systems, NCC allows the systemic circulation to reclaim a fraction of the ultrafiltered Na+, K+, Cl-, and Mg+ loads in exchange for Ca2+ and [Formula: see text]. The physiological relevance of the Na+-Cl- cotransport mechanism in humans is illustrated by several abnormalities that result from NCC inactivation through the administration of thiazides or in the setting of hereditary disorders. The purpose of the present review is to discuss the molecular mechanisms and overall roles of Na+-Cl- cotransport as the main topics of interest. On reading the narrative proposed, one will realize that the knowledge gained in regard to these themes will continue to progress unrelentingly no matter how refined it has now become.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Rioux
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - T R Nsimba-Batomene
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - S Slimani
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - N A D Bergeron
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - M A M Gravel
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - S V Schreiber
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - M J Fiola
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - L Haydock
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Service de Néphrologie-Transplantation Rénale Adultes, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, INSERM U1151, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - A P Garneau
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Service de Néphrologie-Transplantation Rénale Adultes, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, INSERM U1151, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - P Isenring
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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2
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Cheng CJ, Nizar JM, Dai DF, Huang CL. Transport activity regulates mitochondrial bioenergetics and biogenesis in renal tubules. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23703. [PMID: 38805156 PMCID: PMC11147170 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202400358rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Renal tubules are featured with copious mitochondria and robust transport activity. Mutations in mitochondrial genes cause congenital renal tubulopathies, and changes in transport activity affect mitochondrial morphology, suggesting mitochondrial function and transport activity are tightly coupled. Current methods of using bulk kidney tissues or cultured cells to study mitochondrial bioenergetics are limited. Here, we optimized an extracellular flux analysis (EFA) to study mitochondrial respiration and energy metabolism using microdissected mouse renal tubule segments. EFA detects mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis by measuring oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification rates, respectively. We show that both measurements positively correlate with sample sizes of a few centimeter-length renal tubules. The thick ascending limbs (TALs) and distal convoluted tubules (DCTs) critically utilize glucose/pyruvate as energy substrates, whereas proximal tubules (PTs) are significantly much less so. Acute inhibition of TALs' transport activity by ouabain treatment reduces basal and ATP-linked mitochondrial respiration. Chronic inhibition of transport activity by 2-week furosemide treatment or deletion of with-no-lysine kinase 4 (Wnk4) decreases maximal mitochondrial capacity. In addition, chronic inhibition downregulates mitochondrial DNA mass and mitochondrial length/density in TALs and DCTs. Conversely, gain-of-function Wnk4 mutation increases maximal mitochondrial capacity and mitochondrial length/density without increasing mitochondrial DNA mass. In conclusion, EFA is a sensitive and reliable method to investigate mitochondrial functions in isolated renal tubules. Transport activity tightly regulates mitochondrial bioenergetics and biogenesis to meet the energy demand in renal tubules. The system allows future investigation into whether and how mitochondria contribute to tubular remodeling adapted to changes in transport activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Jen Cheng
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, U.S.A
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jonathan M Nizar
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, U.S.A
| | - Dao-Fu Dai
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, U.S.A
| | - Chou-Long Huang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, U.S.A
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Bahena-Lopez JP, Vergara L, de la-Peña V, Gutierrez-Gallardo MA, López-Ibargüen P, García JA, Contreras-Carbajal H, Vázquez N, Rincón-Heredia R, Masso F, Bobadilla NA, Castañeda-Bueno M, Ellison DH, Gamba G, Chávez-Canales M. KS-WNK1 is required for the renal response to extreme changes in potassium intake. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2024; 326:F460-F476. [PMID: 38269409 PMCID: PMC11207588 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00235.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Kidney-specific with-no-lysine kinase 1 (KS-WNK1) is an isoform of WNK1 kinase that is predominantly found in the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney. The precise physiological function of KS-WNK1 remains unclear. Some studies have suggested that it could play a role in regulating potassium renal excretion by modulating the activity of the Na+-Cl- cotransporter (NCC). However, changes in the potassium diet from normal to high failed to reveal a role for KS-WNK1, but under a normal-potassium diet, the expression of KS-WNK1 is negligible. It is only detectable when mice are exposed to a low-potassium diet. In this study, we investigated the role of KS-WNK1 in regulating potassium excretion under extreme changes in potassium intake. After following a zero-potassium diet (0KD) for 10 days, KS-WNK1-/- mice had lower plasma levels of K+ and Cl- while exhibiting higher urinary excretion of Na+, Cl-, and K+ compared with KS-WNK1+/+ mice. After 10 days of 0KD or normal-potassium diet (NKD), all mice were challenged with a high-potassium diet (HKD). Plasma K+ levels markedly increased after the HKD challenge only in mice previously fed with 0KD, regardless of genotype. KSWNK1+/+ mice adapt better to HKD challenge than KS-WNK1-/- mice after a potassium-retaining state. The difference in the phosphorylated NCC-to-NCC ratio between KS-WNK1+/+ and KS-WNK1-/- mice after 0KD and HKD indicates a role for KS-WNK1 in both NCC phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. These observations show that KS-WNK1 helps the distal convoluted tubule to respond to extreme changes in potassium intake, such as those occurring in wildlife.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The findings of this study demonstrate that kidney-specific with-no-lysine kinase 1 plays a role in regulating urinary electrolyte excretion during extreme changes in potassium intake, such as those occurring in wildlife. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Paola Bahena-Lopez
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- MD/PhD program (Programa de Estudios Combinados en Medicina), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura Vergara
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INCICH, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Valeria de la-Peña
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INCICH, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miguel A Gutierrez-Gallardo
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- MD/PhD program (Programa de Estudios Combinados en Medicina), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paulina López-Ibargüen
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Janeth Alejandra García
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Héctor Contreras-Carbajal
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Norma Vázquez
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ruth Rincón-Heredia
- Unidad de Imagenología, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Felipe Masso
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INCICH, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Norma A Bobadilla
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Castañeda-Bueno
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - David H Ellison
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
- Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- MD/PhD program (Programa de Estudios Combinados en Medicina), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Chávez-Canales
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INCICH, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Sharma P, Chatrathi HE. Insights into the diverse mechanisms and effects of variant CUL3-induced familial hyperkalemic hypertension. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:286. [PMID: 37845702 PMCID: PMC10577937 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01269-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Familial hyperkalemic hypertension (FHHt), also known as Pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHAII) or Gordon syndrome is a rare Mendelian disease classically characterized by hyperkalemia, hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, and high systolic blood pressure. The most severe form of the disease is caused by autosomal dominant variants in CUL3 (Cullin 3), a critical subunit of the multimeric CUL3-RING ubiquitin ligase complex. The recent identification of a novel FHHt disease variant of CUL3 revealed intricacies within the underlying disease mechanism. When combined with studies on canonical CUL3 variant-induced FHHt, these findings further support CUL3's role in regulating renal electrolyte transport and maintaining systemic vascular tone. However, the pathophysiological effects of CUL3 variants are often accompanied by diverse systemic disturbances in addition to classical FHHt symptoms. Recent global proteomic analyses provide a rationale for these systemic disturbances, paving the way for future mechanistic studies to reveal how CUL3 variants dysregulate processes outside of the renovascular axis. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Sharma
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Harish E Chatrathi
- College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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5
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Gamba G. Thirty years of the NaCl cotransporter: from cloning to physiology and structure. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2023; 325:F479-F490. [PMID: 37560773 PMCID: PMC10639029 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00114.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary structure of the thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter (NCC) was resolved 30 years ago by the molecular identification of the cDNA encoding this cotransporter, from the winter's flounder urinary bladder, following a functional expression strategy. This review outlines some aspects of how the knowledge about thiazide diuretics and NCC evolved, the history of the cloning process, and the expansion of the SLC12 family of electroneutral cotransporters. The diseases associated with activation or inactivation of NCC are discussed, as well as the molecular model by which the activity of NCC is regulated. The controversies in the field are discussed as well as recent publication of the three-dimensional model of NCC obtained by cryo-electron microscopy, revealing not only the amino acid residues critical for Na+ and Cl- translocation but also the residues critical for polythiazide binding to the transporter, opening the possibility for a new era in thiazide diuretic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Gamba
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
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6
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Uchida S, Mori T, Susa K, Sohara E. NCC regulation by WNK signal cascade. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1081261. [PMID: 36685207 PMCID: PMC9845728 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1081261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With-no-lysine (K) (WNK) kinases have been identified as the causal genes for pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHAII), a rare hereditary hypertension condition characterized by hyperkalemia, hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, and thiazide-hypersensitivity. We thought that clarifying the link between WNK and NaCl cotransporter (NCC) would bring us new mechanism(s) of NCC regulation. For the first time, we were able to produce a knock-in mouse model of PHAII and anti-phosphorylated NCC antibodies against the putative NCC phosphorylation sites and discover that constitutive activation of NCC and increased phosphorylation of NCC are the primary pathogenesis of the disease in vivo. We have since demonstrated that this regulatory mechanism is mediated by the kinases oxidative stress-response protein 1 (OSR1) and STE20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) (WNK-OSR1/SPAK-NCC signaling cascade) and that the signaling is not only important in the pathological condition of PHAII but also plays a crucial physiological role in the regulation of NCC.
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7
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R158Q and G212S, novel pathogenic compound heterozygous variants in SLC12A3 of Gitelman syndrome. Front Med 2022; 16:932-945. [PMID: 36370249 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-022-0963-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The dysfunction of Na+-Cl- cotransporter (NCC) caused by mutations in solute carrier family12, member 3 gene (SLC12A3) primarily causes Gitelman syndrome (GS). In identifying the pathogenicity of R158Q and G212S variants of SLC12A3, we evaluated the pathogenicity by bioinformatic, expression, and localization analysis of two variants from a patient in our cohort. The prediction of mutant protein showed that p.R158Q and p.G212S could alter protein's three-dimensional structure. Western blot showed a decrease of mutant Ncc. Immunofluorescence of the two mutations revealed a diffuse positive staining below the plasma membrane. Meanwhile, we conducted a compound heterozygous model-Ncc R156Q/G210S mice corresponding to human NCC R158Q/G212S. NccR156Q/G210S mice clearly exhibited typical GS features, including hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, and increased fractional excretion of K+ and Mg2+ with a normal blood pressure level, which made NccR156Q/G210S mice an optimal mouse model for further study of GS. A dramatic decrease and abnormal localization of the mutant Ncc in distal convoluted tubules contributed to the phenotype. The hydrochlorothiazide test showed a loss of function of mutant Ncc in NccR156Q/G210S mice. These findings indicated that R158Q and G212S variants of SLC12A3 were pathogenic variants of GS.
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8
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Shimizu M, Shibuya H. WNK1/HSN2 mediates neurite outgrowth and differentiation via a OSR1/GSK3β-LHX8 pathway. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15858. [PMID: 36151370 PMCID: PMC9508073 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20271-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With no lysine kinase 1 (WNK1) phosphorylates and activates STE20/SPS1-related proline-alanine-rich protein kinase (SPAK) and oxidative stress responsive kinase 1 (OSR1) to regulate ion homeostasis in the kidney. Mutations in WNK1 result in dysregulation of the WNK1-SPAK/OSR1 pathway and cause pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHAII), a form of hypertension. WNK1 is also involved in the autosomal recessive neuropathy, hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type II (HSANII). Mutations in a neural-specific splice variant of WNK1 (HSN2) cause HSANII. However, the mechanisms underlying HSN2 regulation in neurons and effects of HSN2 mutants remain unclear. Here, we found that HSN2 regulated neurite outgrowth through OSR1 activation and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β). Moreover, HSN2-OSR1 and HSN2-GSK3β signalling induced expression of LIM homeobox 8 (Lhx8), which is a key regulator of cholinergic neural function. The HSN2-OSR1/GSK3β-LHX8 pathway is therefore important for neurite outgrowth. Consistently, HSN2 mutants reported in HSANII patients suppressed SPAK and OSR1 activation and LHX8 induction. Interestingly, HSN2 mutants also suppressed neurite outgrowth by preventing interaction of between wild-type HSN2 and GSK3β. These results indicate that HSN2 mutants cause dysregulation of neurite outgrowth via GSK3β in the HSN2 and/or WNK1 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Shimizu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shibuya
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
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The Post-Translational Modification Networking in WNK-Centric Hypertension Regulation and Electrolyte Homeostasis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092169. [PMID: 36140271 PMCID: PMC9496095 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The with-no-lysine (WNK) kinase family, comprising four serine-threonine protein kinases (WNK1-4), were first linked to hypertension due to their mutations in association with pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHAII). WNK kinases regulate crucial blood pressure regulators, SPAK/OSR1, to mediate the post-translational modifications (PTMs) of their downstream ion channel substrates, such as sodium chloride co-transporter (NCC), epithelial sodium chloride (ENaC), renal outer medullary potassium channel (ROMK), and Na/K/2Cl co-transporters (NKCCs). In this review, we summarize the molecular pathways dysregulating the WNKs and their downstream target renal ion transporters. We summarize each of the genetic variants of WNK kinases and the small molecule inhibitors that have been discovered to regulate blood pressure via WNK-triggered PTM cascades.
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10
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Challenges of Diagnosing Pseudohypoaldosteronism (PHA) in an Infant. Case Rep Endocrinol 2022; 2022:9921003. [PMID: 35859812 PMCID: PMC9293553 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9921003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Pseudohypoaldosteronism (PHA) is characterized by renal tubular resistance to aldosterone. As a result, the symptoms typically involve hyperkalemia and hyponatremia. The aim of this clinical case report is to highlight the severe electrolyte imbalance PHA can present within an infant, as well as difficulties in diagnosing the condition. Case Presentation. A 5-week-old male arrived at the ER with episodes of emesis, lethargy, and difficulty in feeding. He had significant electrolyte abnormalities and was being treated by his PCP for failure to thrive. He presented with urinary sodium wasting, indicated by hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, low chloride, and hypercalcemia. Patient was treated with IVF and NaCl supplementation to normalize the electrolytes. The patient showed heterozygosity for a variant in the WNK1 gene, which typically causes Gordon syndrome; however, our patient had a normal blood pressure. The electrolyte imbalance self-resolved during several months of follow-up, and currently, the patient is not on any treatment.
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11
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Ilenwabor BP, Schigt H, Kompatscher A, Bos C, Zuidscherwoude M, van der Eerden BCJ, Hoenderop JGJ, de Baaij JHF. FAM111A is dispensable for electrolyte homeostasis in mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10211. [PMID: 35715480 PMCID: PMC9205974 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14054-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant mutations in FAM111A are causative for Kenny-Caffey syndrome type 2. Patients with Kenny-Caffey syndrome suffer from severe growth retardation, skeletal dysplasia, hypoparathyroidism, hypocalcaemia, hyperphosphataemia and hypomagnesaemia. While recent studies have reported FAM111A to function in antiviral response and DNA replication, its role in regulating electrolyte homeostasis remains unknown. In this study, we assessed the role of FAM111A in the regulation of serum electrolyte balance using a Fam111a knockout (Fam111a-/-) C57BL/6 N mouse model. Fam111a-/- mice displayed normal weight and serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentration and exhibited unaltered magnesium, calcium and phosphate levels in serum and 24-hour urine. Expression of calciotropic (including Cabp28k, Trpv5, Klotho and Cyp24a1), magnesiotropic (including Trpm6, Trpm7, Cnnm2 and Cnnm4) and phosphotropic (Slc20a1, Slc20a2, Slc34a1 and Slc34a3) genes in the kidneys, duodenum and colon were not affected by Fam111a depletion. Only Slc34a2 expression was significantly upregulated in the duodenum, but not in the colon. Analysis of femurs showed unaffected bone morphology and density in Fam111a-/- mice. Kidney and parathyroid histology were also normal in Fam111a-/- mice. In conclusion, our study is the first to characterise the function of FAM111A in vivo and we report that mice lacking FAM111A exhibit normal electrolyte homeostasis on a standard diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnabas P Ilenwabor
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Heidi Schigt
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Kompatscher
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Caro Bos
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Malou Zuidscherwoude
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bram C J van der Eerden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost G J Hoenderop
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen H F de Baaij
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Lin CM, Sung CC, Yang SS, Chen YC, Huang SM, Lin SH. Generation and analysis of pseudohypoaldosteronism type II knock-in mice caused by a nonsense KLHL3 mutation in the Kelch domain. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22363. [PMID: 35621709 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101827rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the Kelch-like 3 (KLHL3) gene are the most common cause of inherited pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHAII) featuring thiazide-sensitive hypertension and hyperkalemic metabolic acidosis. Although Klhl3R528H /+ knock-in (KI) mice carrying a missense mutation in the Kelch repeat domain have been reported, nonsense KLHL3 mutations in the same domain that cause PHAII have not been fully investigated in vivo. We generated and analyzed Klhl3 KI mice harboring a nonsense W523X mutation (corresponding to the human KLHL3 W470X mutation). Both heterozygous and homozygous Klhl3W523X /+ KI mice exhibited typical PHAII with low-renin hypertension, hyperkalemia with reduced renal potassium excretion, and hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. Their kidney tissues showed the presence of Klhl3 mRNA and increased Klhl3 protein levels along with enhanced downstream Wnk1/4-Spak/Osr1-N(k)cc phosphorylation. Increased protein expression of total Spak, phosphor(p-)Spak, total Ncc, and p-Ncc from urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) also confirmed the activation of the Wnk-mediated Ncc pathway. In vitro studies showed that the human KLHL3 W470X mutation resulted in increased KLHL3 protein stability and disrupted its binding affinity for WNK1/4, leading to the attenuated degradation and increased abundance of total WNKs. In conclusion, nonsense Klhl3W523X /+ mice recapitulating PHAII phenotypes exhibit Klhl3 protein stability, abrogating its binding to Wnks, with enhanced Ncc expression in the kidney tissue and even in uEVs. Activation of the WNK-mediated Na+ -Cl- co-transporter reiterated the in vivo pathogenic role of nonsense KLHL3 mutations in PHAII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Ming Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chien Sung
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Sen Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chuan Chen
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ming Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hua Lin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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13
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Jung JU, Ghosh A, Earnest S, Deaton SL, Cobb MH. UBR5 is a novel regulator of WNK1 stability. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C1176-C1186. [PMID: 35442829 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00417.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The with no lysine (K) 1 (WNK1) protein kinase maintains cellular ion homeostasis in many tissues through actions on ion cotransporters and channels. Increased accumulation of WNK1 protein leads to pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHAII), a form of familial hypertension. WNK1 can be degraded via its adaptor-dependent recruitment to the Cullin3-RBX1 E3 ligase complex by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Disruption of this process also leads to disease. To determine if this is the primary mechanism of WNK1 turnover, we examined WNK1 protein stability and degradation by measuring its rate of decay after blockade of translation. Here, we show that WNK1 protein degradation exhibits atypical kinetics in Hela cells. Consistent with this apparent complexity, we found that multiple degradative pathways can modulate cellular WNK1 protein amount. WNK1 protein is degraded not only by the proteasome, but also by the lysosome. Non-lysosomal cysteine proteases calpain and caspases also influence WNK1 degradation, as inhibitors of these proteases modestly increased WNK1 protein expression. Importantly, we discovered that the E3 ubiquitin ligase UBR5 interacts with WNK1 and its deficiency results in increased WNK1 protein. Our results further demonstrate that increased WNK1 in UBR5-depleted cells is attributable to reduced lysosomal degradation of WNK1 protein. Taken together, our findings provide insights into the multiplicity of degradative pathways involved in WNK1 turnover and uncover UBR5 as a previously unknown regulator of WNK1 protein stability that leads to lysosomal degradation of WNK1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Ung Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Anwesha Ghosh
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Svetlana Earnest
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Staci L Deaton
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Melanie H Cobb
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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14
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Wu SW, Peng CK, Wu SY, Wang Y, Yang SS, Tang SE, Huang KL. Obesity Attenuates Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury by Modulating the STAT3-SOCS3 Pathway. Front Immunol 2021; 12:720844. [PMID: 34489970 PMCID: PMC8417798 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.720844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) is characterized by vascular barrier dysfunction and suppression of alveolar fluid clearance (AFC). Obesity itself leads to chronic inflammation, which may initiate an injurious cascade to the lungs and simultaneously induce a protective feedback. In this study, we investigated the protective mechanism of obesity on VILI in a mouse model. Methods The VILI model was set up via 6-h mechanical ventilation with a high tidal volume. Parameters including lung injury score, STAT3/NFκB pathway, and AFC were assessed. Mice with diet-induced obesity were obtained by allowing free access to a high-fat diet since the age of 3 weeks. After a 9-week diet intervention, these mice were sacrificed at the age of 12 weeks. The manipulation of SOCS3 protein was achieved by siRNA knockdown and pharmaceutical stimulation using hesperetin. WNK4 knockin and knockout obese mice were used to clarify the pathway of AFC modulation. Results Obesity itself attenuated VILI. Knockdown of SOCS3 in obese mice offset the protection against VILI afforded by obesity. Hesperetin stimulated SOCS3 upregulation in nonobese mice and provided protection against VILI. In obese mice, the WNK4 axis was upregulated at the baseline, but was significantly attenuated after VILI compared with nonobese mice. At the baseline, the manipulation of SOCS3 by siRNA and hesperetin also led to the corresponding alteration of WNK4, albeit to a lesser extent. After VILI, WNK4 expression correlated with STAT3/NFκB activation, regardless of SOCS3 status. Obese mice carrying WNK4 knockout had VILI with a severity similar to that of wild-type obese mice. The severity of VILI in WNK4-knockin obese mice was counteracted by obesity, similar to that of wild-type nonobese mice only. Conclusions Obesity protects lungs from VILI by upregulating SOCS3, thus suppressing the STAT3/NFκB inflammatory pathway and enhancing WNK4-related AFC. However, WNK4 activation is mainly from direct NFκB downstreaming, and less from SOCS3 upregulation. Moreover, JAK2-STAT3/NFκB signaling predominates the pathogenesis of VILI. Nevertheless, the interaction between SOCS3 and WNK4 in modulating VILI in obesity warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Wei Wu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Kan Peng
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yu Wu
- Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Sen Yang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-En Tang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Lun Huang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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15
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Fujii S, Kikuchi E, Suzuyama H, Watanabe Y, Ishigami-Yuasa M, Masuno H, Mori T, Isobe K, Uchida S, Kagechika H. Structural Development of Salicylanilide-Based SPAK Inhibitors as Candidate Antihypertensive Agents. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2817-2822. [PMID: 34109743 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is an important target for drug discovery. We have focused on the with-no-lysine kinase (WNK)-oxidative stress-responsive 1 (OSR1) and STE20/SPS1-related proline-alanine-rich protein kinase (SPAK)-NaCl cotransporter (NCC) signal cascade as a potential target, and we previously developed a screening system for inhibitors of WNK-OSR1/SPAK-NCC signaling. Herein we used this system to examine the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of salicylanilide derivatives as SPAK kinase inhibitors. Structural design and development based on our previous hit compound, aryloxybenzanilide derivative 2, and the veterinary anthelmintic closantel (3) led to the discovery of compound 10 a as a potent SPAK inhibitor with reduced toxicity. Compound 10 a decreased the phosphorylation level of NCC in mouse kidney in vivo, and appears to be a promising lead compound for a new class of antihypertensive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Fujii
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
| | - Eriko Kikuchi
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Honoka Suzuyama
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
| | - Yuko Watanabe
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
| | - Mari Ishigami-Yuasa
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Masuno
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
| | - Takayasu Mori
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Isobe
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Shinichi Uchida
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kagechika
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
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16
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Mukherjee A, Yang CL, McCormick JA, Martz K, Sharma A, Ellison DH. Roles of WNK4 and SPAK in K +-mediated dephosphorylation of the NaCl cotransporter. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021; 320:F719-F733. [PMID: 33719576 PMCID: PMC8174808 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00459.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation of the thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter (NCC) in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) is altered rapidly in response to changes in extracellular K+ concentration ([K+]). High extracellular [K+] is believed to activate specific phosphatases to dephosphorylate NCC, thereby reducing its activity. This process is defective in the human disease familial hyperkalemic hypertension, in which extracellular [K+] fails to dephosphorylate NCC, suggesting an interplay between NCC-activating and NCC-inactivating switches. Here, we explored the role of STE20/SPS1-related proline-alanine-rich protein kinase (SPAK) and intracellular Cl- concentration in the rapid effects of extracellular K+ on NCC phosphorylation. SPAK was found to be rapidly dephosphorylated in vitro in human embryonic kidney cells and ex vivo in kidney slices by high [K+]. Acute high-K+ challenge resulted in DCT1-specific SPAK dephosphorylation in vivo and dissolution of SPAK puncta. In line with the postulate of interplay between activating and inactivating switches, we found that the "on" switch, represented by with no lysine kinase 4 (WNK4)-SPAK, must be turned off for rapid NCC dephosphorylation by high [K+]. Longer-term WNK-SPAK-mediated stimulation, however, altered the sensitivity of the system, as it attenuated rapid NCC dephosphorylation due to acute K+ loading. Although blockade of protein phosphatase (PP)1 increased NCC phosphorylation at baseline, neither PP1 nor PP3, singly or in combination, was essential for NCC dephosphorylation. Overall, our data suggest that NCC phosphorylation is regulated by a dynamic equilibrium between activating kinases and inactivating phosphatases, with kinase inactivation playing a key role in the rapid NCC dephosphorylation by high extracellular K+.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Although a great deal is known about mechanisms by which thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter is phosphorylated and activated, much less is known about dephosphorylation. Here, we show that rapid dephosphorylation by high K+ depends on the Cl- sensitivity of with no lysine kinase 4 and the rapid dephosphorylation of STE20/SPS1-related proline-alanine-rich protein kinase, primarily along the early distal convoluted tubule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindit Mukherjee
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Chao-Ling Yang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - James A McCormick
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Kevin Martz
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Avika Sharma
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - David H Ellison
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon
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17
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Delpire E. Advances in the development of novel compounds targeting cation-chloride cotransporter physiology. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 320:C324-C340. [PMID: 33356948 PMCID: PMC8294628 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00566.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
For about half a century, the pharmacology of electroneutral cation-chloride cotransporters has been dominated by a few drugs that are widely used in clinical medicine. Because these diuretic drugs are so good at what they do, there has been little incentive in expanding their pharmacology. The increasing realization that cation-chloride cotransporters are involved in many other key physiological processes and the knowledge that different tissues express homologous proteins with matching transport functions have rekindled interest in drug discovery. This review summarizes the methods available to assess the function of these transporters and describe the multiple efforts that have made to identify new compounds. We describe multiple screens targeting KCC2 function and one screen designed to find compounds that discriminate between NKCC1 and NKCC2. Two of the KCC2 screens identified new inhibitors that are 3-4 orders of magnitude more potent than furosemide. Additional screens identified compounds that purportedly increase cell surface expression of the cotransporter, as well as several FDA-approved drugs that increase KCC2 transcription and expression. The technical details of each screen biased them toward specific processes in the life cycle of the transporter, making these efforts independent and complementary. In addition, each drug discovery effort contributes to our understanding of the biology of the cotransporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Delpire
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
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18
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Louis-Dit-Picard H, Kouranti I, Rafael C, Loisel-Ferreira I, Chavez-Canales M, Abdel-Khalek W, Argaiz ER, Baron S, Vacle S, Migeon T, Coleman R, Do Cruzeiro M, Hureaux M, Thurairajasingam N, Decramer S, Girerd X, O'Shaugnessy K, Mulatero P, Roussey G, Tack I, Unwin R, Vargas-Poussou R, Staub O, Grimm R, Welling PA, Gamba G, Clauser E, Hadchouel J, Jeunemaitre X. Mutation affecting the conserved acidic WNK1 motif causes inherited hyperkalemic hyperchloremic acidosis. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:6379-6394. [PMID: 32790646 DOI: 10.1172/jci94171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Gain-of-function mutations in with no lysine (K) 1 (WNK1) and WNK4 genes are responsible for familial hyperkalemic hypertension (FHHt), a rare, inherited disorder characterized by arterial hypertension and hyperkalemia with metabolic acidosis. More recently, FHHt-causing mutations in the Kelch-like 3-Cullin 3 (KLHL3-CUL3) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex have shed light on the importance of WNK's cellular degradation on renal ion transport. Using full exome sequencing for a 4-generation family and then targeted sequencing in other suspected cases, we have identified new missense variants in the WNK1 gene clustering in the short conserved acidic motif known to interact with the KLHL3-CUL3 ubiquitin complex. Affected subjects had an early onset of a hyperkalemic hyperchloremic phenotype, but normal blood pressure values"Functional experiments in Xenopus laevis oocytes and HEK293T cells demonstrated that these mutations strongly decrease the ubiquitination of the kidney-specific isoform KS-WNK1 by the KLHL3-CUL3 complex rather than the long ubiquitous catalytically active L-WNK1 isoform. A corresponding CRISPR/Cas9 engineered mouse model recapitulated both the clinical and biological phenotypes. Renal investigations showed increased activation of the Ste20 proline alanine-rich kinase-Na+-Cl- cotransporter (SPAK-NCC) phosphorylation cascade, associated with impaired ROMK apical expression in the distal part of the renal tubule. Together, these new WNK1 genetic variants highlight the importance of the KS-WNK1 isoform abundance on potassium homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chloé Rafael
- Université de Paris, INSERM, PARCC, F-75006, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR_S1155, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Maria Chavez-Canales
- Université de Paris, INSERM, PARCC, F-75006, Paris, France.,Translational Medicine Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Eduardo R Argaiz
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, and Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Stéphanie Baron
- Université de Paris, INSERM, PARCC, F-75006, Paris, France.,Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Vacle
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Richard Coleman
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Marguerite Hureaux
- Université de Paris, INSERM, PARCC, F-75006, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | | | - Stéphane Decramer
- Service de Néphrologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital des Enfants, Toulouse, France
| | - Xavier Girerd
- AP-HP, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Unité de Prévention Cardiovasculaire, Hôpital de La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Kevin O'Shaugnessy
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Mulatero
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Gwenaëlle Roussey
- Néphrologie Pédiatrique-Clinique Médicale Pédiatrique, Hôpital Mère Enfant, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Ivan Tack
- Service des Explorations Fonctionnelles Physiologiques, CHU de Toulouse et INSERM U1048-I2MC, Toulouse, France
| | - Robert Unwin
- UCL Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, Royal Free Campus and Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rosa Vargas-Poussou
- AP-HP, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Staub
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Richard Grimm
- Departments of Medicine, Nephrology, and Physiology, Johns Hopkins University Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul A Welling
- Departments of Medicine, Nephrology, and Physiology, Johns Hopkins University Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, and Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eric Clauser
- Université de Paris, INSERM, PARCC, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Juliette Hadchouel
- Université de Paris, INSERM, PARCC, F-75006, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR_S1155, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Jeunemaitre
- Université de Paris, INSERM, PARCC, F-75006, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
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19
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Murillo-de-Ozores AR, Rodríguez-Gama A, Carbajal-Contreras H, Gamba G, Castañeda-Bueno M. WNK4 kinase: from structure to physiology. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021; 320:F378-F403. [PMID: 33491560 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00634.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With no lysine kinase-4 (WNK4) belongs to a serine-threonine kinase family characterized by the atypical positioning of its catalytic lysine. Despite the fact that WNK4 has been found in many tissues, the majority of its study has revolved around its function in the kidney, specifically as a positive regulator of the thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter (NCC) in the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron. This is explained by the description of gain-of-function mutations in the gene encoding WNK4 that causes familial hyperkalemic hypertension. This disease is mainly driven by increased downstream activation of the Ste20/SPS1-related proline-alanine-rich kinase/oxidative stress responsive kinase-1-NCC pathway, which increases salt reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and indirectly impairs renal K+ secretion. Here, we review the large volume of information that has accumulated about different aspects of WNK4 function. We first review the knowledge on WNK4 structure and enumerate the functional domains and motifs that have been characterized. Then, we discuss WNK4 physiological functions based on the information obtained from in vitro studies and from a diverse set of genetically modified mouse models with altered WNK4 function. We then review in vitro and in vivo evidence on the different levels of regulation of WNK4. Finally, we go through the evidence that has suggested how different physiological conditions act through WNK4 to modulate NCC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Rafael Murillo-de-Ozores
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Héctor Carbajal-Contreras
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico.,Combined Studies Program in Medicine MD/PhD (PECEM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico.,Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico.,Combined Studies Program in Medicine MD/PhD (PECEM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico, Mexico
| | - María Castañeda-Bueno
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico.,Combined Studies Program in Medicine MD/PhD (PECEM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico, Mexico
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20
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WNK1-TAK1 signaling suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine production and classical activation in macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 533:1290-1297. [PMID: 33046244 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
With-no-lysine kinase (WNK) plays important roles in regulating electrolyte homeostasis, cell signaling, survival, and proliferation. It has been recently demonstrated that WNK1, a member of the WNK family, modifies the function of immune cells. Here we report that in macrophages, WNK1 has suppressive effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses via TGFβ-activated kinase 1 (TAK1)-mediated activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. We found that WNK1 heterozygous (WNK1+/-) mice produced excessive proinflammatory cytokines in an experimental LPS-induced sepsis model, and peritoneal macrophages isolated from WNK1+/- mice produced higher levels of LPS-induced cytokines and NOS2 expression as canonical proinflammatory M1 macrophage markers. We confirmed that small hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated knockdown of WNK1 activated LPS-induced cytokine production and NOS2 expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Moreover, we demonstrated that WNK1 knockdown increased the nuclear translocation of NF-κB and activated the p38 and Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) MAPK signaling pathway and that a TAK1 inhibitor diminished these effects of WNK1 knockdown. These results suggest that WNK1 acts as a physiologic immune modulator via interactions with TAK1. WNK1 may be a therapeutic target against the cytokine storm caused by sepsis.
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Murillo-de-Ozores AR, Chávez-Canales M, de los Heros P, Gamba G, Castañeda-Bueno M. Physiological Processes Modulated by the Chloride-Sensitive WNK-SPAK/OSR1 Kinase Signaling Pathway and the Cation-Coupled Chloride Cotransporters. Front Physiol 2020; 11:585907. [PMID: 33192599 PMCID: PMC7606576 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.585907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of Cl- as an intracellular signaling ion has been increasingly recognized in recent years. One of the currently best described roles of Cl- in signaling is the modulation of the With-No-Lysine (K) (WNK) - STE20-Proline Alanine rich Kinase (SPAK)/Oxidative Stress Responsive Kinase 1 (OSR1) - Cation-Coupled Cl- Cotransporters (CCCs) cascade. Binding of a Cl- anion to the active site of WNK kinases directly modulates their activity, promoting their inhibition. WNK activation due to Cl- release from the binding site leads to phosphorylation and activation of SPAK/OSR1, which in turn phosphorylate the CCCs. Phosphorylation by WNKs-SPAK/OSR1 of the Na+-driven CCCs (mediating ions influx) promote their activation, whereas that of the K+-driven CCCs (mediating ions efflux) promote their inhibition. This results in net Cl- influx and feedback inhibition of WNK kinases. A wide variety of alterations to this pathway have been recognized as the cause of several human diseases, with manifestations in different systems. The understanding of WNK kinases as Cl- sensitive proteins has allowed us to better understand the mechanistic details of regulatory processes involved in diverse physiological phenomena that are reviewed here. These include cell volume regulation, potassium sensing and intracellular signaling in the renal distal convoluted tubule, and regulation of the neuronal response to the neurotransmitter GABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Rafael Murillo-de-Ozores
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Chávez-Canales
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paola de los Heros
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, Research Division, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Castañeda-Bueno
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
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The sodium/proton exchanger NHA2 regulates blood pressure through a WNK4-NCC dependent pathway in the kidney. Kidney Int 2020; 99:350-363. [PMID: 32956652 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
NHA2 is a sodium/proton exchanger associated with arterial hypertension in humans, but the role of NHA2 in kidney function and blood pressure homeostasis is currently unknown. Here we show that NHA2 localizes almost exclusively to distal convoluted tubules in the kidney. NHA2 knock-out mice displayed reduced blood pressure, normocalcemic hypocalciuria and an attenuated response to the thiazide diuretic hydrochlorothiazide. Phosphorylation of the thiazide-sensitive sodium/chloride cotransporter NCC and its upstream activating kinase Ste20/SPS1-related proline/alanine rich kinase (SPAK), as well as the abundance of with no lysine kinase 4 (WNK4), were significantly reduced in the kidneys of NHA2 knock-out mice. In vitro experiments recapitulated these findings and revealed increased WNK4 ubiquitylation and enhanced proteasomal WNK4 degradation upon loss of NHA2. The effect of NHA2 on WNK4 stability was dependent from the ubiquitylation pathway protein Kelch-like 3 (KLHL3). More specifically, loss of NHA2 selectively attenuated KLHL3 phosphorylation and blunted protein kinase A- and protein kinase C-mediated decrease of WNK4 degradation. Phenotype analysis of NHA2/NCC double knock-out mice supported the notion that NHA2 affects blood pressure homeostasis by a kidney-specific and NCC-dependent mechanism. Thus, our data show that NHA2 as a critical component of the WNK4-NCC pathway and is a novel regulator of blood pressure homeostasis in the kidney.
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Fu Y, Yuan PP, Cao YG, Ke YY, Zhang Q, Hou Y, Zhang YL, Feng WS, Zheng XK. Geniposide in Gardenia jasminoides var. radicans Makino modulates blood pressure via inhibiting WNK pathway mediated by the estrogen receptors. J Pharm Pharmacol 2020; 72:1956-1969. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
To investigate the effects of geniposide in an iridoid found in Gardenia jasminoides var. radicans Makino (GJRM) in spontaneous hypertensive rat (SHR) and explore the possible mechanisms.
Methods
In this study, we detected the content of geniposide in GJRM by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Then, we used acute diuretic experiments to determine whether geniposide has diuretic effect. Moreover, we carried out experiments on SHR to further study the mechanism of hypertension, while real-time PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry were used for the experiments in vivo test. Hypotonic model was used for in vitro test.
Key findings
Our data showed that the content of geniposide in the extract of GJRM is 27.54%. Meanwhile, 50 mg/kg geniposide showed the strongest effect on promoting urine volume. Further study indicated that the extract of GJRM and geniposide could significantly reduce blood pressure and promote the excretion of urine and Na+ in SHR. In addition, geniposide significantly inhibited the activation of the with-no-lysine kinase (WNK) signalling pathway and significantly increases the protein expressions of estrogen receptor α (ERα), estrogen receptor β (ERβ) and G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) in SHR. In hypotonic model, geniposide significantly inhibits the phosphorylation of NKCC and NCC and could be antagonistic to estrogen receptor antagonists.
Conclusions
Collectively, we would suggest that geniposide may potentially be utilized as an adjunct to existing thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics to control hypertension, mainly through inhibiting the activation of the WNK signalling pathway mediated by the estrogen receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Fu
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Pei-pei Yuan
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yan-gang Cao
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ying-ying Ke
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ying Hou
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yan-li Zhang
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wei-sheng Feng
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiao-ke Zheng
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Fujii S, Kikuchi E, Watanabe Y, Suzuyama H, Ishigami-Yuasa M, Mori T, Isobe K, Uchida S, Kagechika H. Structural development of N-(4-phenoxyphenyl)benzamide derivatives as novel SPAK inhibitors blocking WNK kinase signaling. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127408. [PMID: 32738993 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We report here structural development of N-(4-phenoxyphenyl)benzamide derivatives as novel SPAK (STE20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase) inhibitors. Abnormal activation of the signal cascade of with-no-lysine kinase (WNK) with OSR1 (oxidative stress-responsive kinase 1)/SPAK and NCC (NaCl cotransporter) results in characteristic salt-sensitive hypertension, and therefore inhibitors of the WNK-OSR1/SPAK-NCC cascade are candidates for antihypertensive drugs. Based on the structure of lead compound 2, we examined the SAR of N-(4-phenoxyphenyl)benzamide derivatives, and developed compound 20l as a potent SPAK inhibitor. Compounds 20l is a promising candidate for a new class of antihypertensive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Fujii
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Eriko Kikuchi
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Yuko Watanabe
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Honoka Suzuyama
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Mari Ishigami-Yuasa
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Takayasu Mori
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Isobe
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Shinichi Uchida
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kagechika
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan.
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Shoda W, Nomura N, Ando F, Tagashira H, Iwamoto T, Ohta A, Isobe K, Mori T, Susa K, Sohara E, Rai T, Uchida S. Sodium-calcium exchanger 1 is the key molecule for urinary potassium excretion against acute hyperkalemia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235360. [PMID: 32603346 PMCID: PMC7326190 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The sodium (Na+)-chloride cotransporter (NCC) expressed in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) is a key molecule regulating urinary Na+ and potassium (K+) excretion. We previously reported that high-K+ load rapidly dephosphorylated NCC and promoted urinary K+ excretion in mouse kidneys. This effect was inhibited by calcineurin (CaN) and calmodulin inhibitors. However, the detailed mechanism through which high-K+ signal results in CaN activation remains unknown. We used Flp-In NCC HEK293 cells and mice to evaluate NCC phosphorylation. We analyzed intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]in) using live cell Ca2+ imaging in HEK293 cells. We confirmed that high-K+-induced NCC dephosphorylation was not observed without CaN using Flp-In NCC HEK29 cells. Extracellular Ca2+ reduction with a Ca2+ chelator inhibited high-K+-induced increase in [Ca2+]in and NCC dephosphorylation. We focused on Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) 1, a bidirectional regulator of cytosolic Ca2+ expressed in DCT. We identified that NCX1 suppression with a specific inhibitor (SEA0400) or siRNA knockdown inhibited K+-induced increase in [Ca2+]in and NCC dephosphorylation. In a mouse study, SEA0400 treatment inhibited K+-induced NCC dephosphorylation. SEA0400 reduced urinary K+ excretion and induced hyperkalemia. Here, we identified NCX1 as a key molecule in urinary K+ excretion promoted by CaN activation and NCC dephosphorylation in response to K+ load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakana Shoda
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naohiro Nomura
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Fumiaki Ando
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Tagashira
- Department of pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Iwamoto
- Department of pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akihito Ohta
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Isobe
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayasu Mori
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichiro Susa
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eisei Sohara
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatemitsu Rai
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Uchida
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Furusho T, Uchida S, Sohara E. The WNK signaling pathway and salt-sensitive hypertension. Hypertens Res 2020; 43:733-743. [PMID: 32286498 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-020-0437-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The distal nephron of the kidney has a central role in sodium and fluid homeostasis, and disruption of this homeostasis due to mutations of with-no-lysine kinase 1 (WNK1), WNK4, Kelch-like 3 (KLHL3), or Cullin 3 (CUL3) causes pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHAII), an inherited hypertensive disease. WNK1 and WNK4 activate the NaCl cotransporter (NCC) at the distal convoluted tubule through oxidative stress-responsive gene 1 (OSR1)/Ste20-related proline-alanine-rich kinase (SPAK), constituting the WNK-OSR1/SPAK-NCC phosphorylation cascade. The level of WNK protein is regulated through degradation by the CUL3-KLHL3 E3 ligase complex. In the normal state, the activity of WNK signaling in the kidney is physiologically regulated by sodium intake to maintain sodium homeostasis in the body. In patients with PHAII, however, because of the defective degradation of WNK kinases, NCC is constitutively active and not properly suppressed by a high salt diet, leading to abnormally increased salt reabsorption and salt-sensitive hypertension. Importantly, recent studies have demonstrated that potassium intake, insulin, and TNFα are also physiological regulators of WNK signaling, suggesting that they contribute to the salt-sensitive hypertension associated with a low potassium diet, metabolic syndrome, and chronic kidney disease, respectively. Moreover, emerging evidence suggests that WNK signaling also has some unique roles in metabolic, cardiovascular, and immunological organs. Here, we review the recent literature and discuss the molecular mechanisms of the WNK signaling pathway and its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Furusho
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Uchida
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eisei Sohara
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
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27
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Potassium homeostasis and management of dyskalemia in kidney diseases: conclusions from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Controversies Conference. Kidney Int 2020; 97:42-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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28
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Hung CM, Peng CK, Yang SS, Shui HA, Huang KL. WNK4–SPAK modulates lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage activation. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 171:113738. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Hoorn EJ, Gritter M, Cuevas CA, Fenton RA. Regulation of the Renal NaCl Cotransporter and Its Role in Potassium Homeostasis. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:321-356. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00044.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Daily dietary potassium (K+) intake may be as large as the extracellular K+ pool. To avoid acute hyperkalemia, rapid removal of K+ from the extracellular space is essential. This is achieved by translocating K+ into cells and increasing urinary K+ excretion. Emerging data now indicate that the renal thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter (NCC) is critically involved in this homeostatic kaliuretic response. This suggests that the early distal convoluted tubule (DCT) is a K+ sensor that can modify sodium (Na+) delivery to downstream segments to promote or limit K+ secretion. K+ sensing is mediated by the basolateral K+ channels Kir4.1/5.1, a capacity that the DCT likely shares with other nephron segments. Thus, next to K+-induced aldosterone secretion, K+ sensing by renal epithelial cells represents a second feedback mechanism to control K+ balance. NCC’s role in K+ homeostasis has both physiological and pathophysiological implications. During hypovolemia, NCC activation by the renin-angiotensin system stimulates Na+ reabsorption while preventing K+ secretion. Conversely, NCC inactivation by high dietary K+ intake maximizes kaliuresis and limits Na+ retention, despite high aldosterone levels. NCC activation by a low-K+ diet contributes to salt-sensitive hypertension. K+-induced natriuresis through NCC offers a novel explanation for the antihypertensive effects of a high-K+ diet. A possible role for K+ in chronic kidney disease is also emerging, as epidemiological data reveal associations between higher urinary K+ excretion and improved renal outcomes. This comprehensive review will embed these novel insights on NCC regulation into existing concepts of K+ homeostasis in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewout J. Hoorn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Martin Gritter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Catherina A. Cuevas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Robert A. Fenton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Mabillard H, Sayer JA. The Molecular Genetics of Gordon Syndrome. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10120986. [PMID: 31795491 PMCID: PMC6947027 DOI: 10.3390/genes10120986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gordon syndrome is a rare inherited monogenic form of hypertension, which is associated with hyperkalaemia and metabolic acidosis. Since the recognition of this predominantly autosomal dominant condition in the 1960s, the study of families with Gordon syndrome has revealed four genes WNK1, WNK4, KLHL3, and CUL3 to be implicated in its pathogenesis after a phenotype–genotype correlation was realised. The encoded proteins Kelch-like 3 and Cullin 3 interact to form a ring-like complex to ubiquitinate WNK-kinase 4, which, in normal circumstances, interacts with the sodium chloride co-symporter (NCC), the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), and the renal outer medullary potassium channel (ROMK) in an inhibitory manner to maintain normokalaemia and normotension. WNK-kinase 1 has an inhibitory action on WNK-kinase 4. Mutations in WNK1, WNK4, KLHL3, and CUL3 all result in the accumulation of WNK-kinase 4 and subsequent hypertension, hyperkalaemia, and metabolic acidosis. This review explains the clinical aspects, disease mechanisms, and molecular genetics of Gordon syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Mabillard
- Renal Services, The Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK;
| | - John A. Sayer
- Renal Services, The Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK;
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-191-2418608
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Lerman LO, Kurtz TW, Touyz RM, Ellison DH, Chade AR, Crowley SD, Mattson DL, Mullins JJ, Osborn J, Eirin A, Reckelhoff JF, Iadecola C, Coffman TM. Animal Models of Hypertension: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Hypertension 2019; 73:e87-e120. [PMID: 30866654 DOI: 10.1161/hyp.0000000000000090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is the most common chronic disease in the world, yet the precise cause of elevated blood pressure often cannot be determined. Animal models have been useful for unraveling the pathogenesis of hypertension and for testing novel therapeutic strategies. The utility of animal models for improving the understanding of the pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of hypertension and its comorbidities depends on their validity for representing human forms of hypertension, including responses to therapy, and on the quality of studies in those models (such as reproducibility and experimental design). Important unmet needs in this field include the development of models that mimic the discrete hypertensive syndromes that now populate the clinic, resolution of ongoing controversies in the pathogenesis of hypertension, and the development of new avenues for preventing and treating hypertension and its complications. Animal models may indeed be useful for addressing these unmet needs.
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Frame AA, Puleo F, Kim K, Walsh KR, Faudoa E, Hoover RS, Wainford RD. Sympathetic regulation of NCC in norepinephrine-evoked salt-sensitive hypertension in Sprague-Dawley rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F1623-F1636. [PMID: 31608673 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00264.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Salt sensitivity of blood pressure is characterized by inappropriate sympathoexcitation and renal Na+ reabsorption during high salt intake. In salt-resistant animal models, exogenous norepinephrine (NE) infusion promotes salt-sensitive hypertension and prevents dietary Na+-evoked suppression of the Na+-Cl- cotransporter (NCC). Studies of the adrenergic signaling pathways that modulate NCC activity during NE infusion have yielded conflicting results implicating α1- and/or β-adrenoceptors and a downstream kinase network that phosphorylates and activates NCC, including with no lysine kinases (WNKs), STE20/SPS1-related proline-alanine-rich kinase (SPAK), and oxidative stress response 1 (OxSR1). In the present study, we used selective adrenoceptor antagonism in NE-infused male Sprague-Dawley rats to investigate the differential roles of α1- and β-adrenoceptors in sympathetically mediated NCC regulation. NE infusion evoked salt-sensitive hypertension and prevented dietary Na+-evoked suppression of NCC mRNA, protein expression, phosphorylation, and in vivo activity. Impaired NCC suppression during high salt intake in NE-infused rats was paralleled by impaired suppression of WNK1 and OxSR1 expression and SPAK/OxSR1 phosphorylation and a failure to increase WNK4 expression. Antagonism of α1-adrenoceptors before high salt intake or after the establishment of salt-sensitive hypertension restored dietary Na+-evoked suppression of NCC, resulted in downregulation of WNK4, SPAK, and OxSR1, and abolished the salt-sensitive component of hypertension. In contrast, β-adrenoceptor antagonism attenuated NE-evoked hypertension independently of dietary Na+ intake and did not restore high salt-evoked suppression of NCC. These findings suggest that a selective, reversible, α1-adenoceptor-gated WNK/SPAK/OxSR1 NE-activated signaling pathway prevents dietary Na+-evoked NCC suppression, promoting the development and maintenance of salt-sensitive hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa A Frame
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and the Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Franco Puleo
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and the Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kiyoung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and the Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kathryn R Walsh
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and the Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth Faudoa
- College of Arts and Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert S Hoover
- Research Service, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Richard D Wainford
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and the Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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van der Wijst J, Belge H, Bindels RJM, Devuyst O. Learning Physiology From Inherited Kidney Disorders. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1575-1653. [PMID: 31215303 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00008.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of genes causing inherited kidney diseases yielded crucial insights in the molecular basis of disease and improved our understanding of physiological processes that operate in the kidney. Monogenic kidney disorders are caused by mutations in genes coding for a large variety of proteins including receptors, channels and transporters, enzymes, transcription factors, and structural components, operating in specialized cell types that perform highly regulated homeostatic functions. Common variants in some of these genes are also associated with complex traits, as evidenced by genome-wide association studies in the general population. In this review, we discuss how the molecular genetics of inherited disorders affecting different tubular segments of the nephron improved our understanding of various transport processes and of their involvement in homeostasis, while providing novel therapeutic targets. These include inherited disorders causing a dysfunction of the proximal tubule (renal Fanconi syndrome), with emphasis on epithelial differentiation and receptor-mediated endocytosis, or affecting the reabsorption of glucose, the handling of uric acid, and the reabsorption of sodium, calcium, and magnesium along the kidney tubule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny van der Wijst
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands ; Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; and Division of Nephrology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Medical School, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hendrica Belge
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands ; Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; and Division of Nephrology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Medical School, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - René J M Bindels
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands ; Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; and Division of Nephrology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Medical School, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Devuyst
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands ; Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; and Division of Nephrology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Medical School, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Matsuura Y, Nomura N, Shoda W, Mori T, Isobe K, Susa K, Ando F, Sohara E, Rai T, Uchida S. Tacrolimus ameliorates the phenotypes of type 4 Bartter syndrome model mice through activation of sodium-potassium-2 chloride cotransporter and sodium-chloride cotransporter. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 517:364-368. [PMID: 31362893 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.07.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Type 4 Bartter syndrome (BS) is caused by genetic mutations in barttin, which is coded for by BSND. Barttin serves as the β-subunit of the ClC-K chloride (Cl-) channel, which is widely expressed in distal nephrons. Type 4 BS is characterized by severely impaired reabsorption of salt, which may cause polyuria, hypokalemia, and metabolic alkalosis. Calcineurin inhibitors reportedly induce renal salt retention and hyperkalemia by enhancing the phosphorylation of the sodium (Na+)-potassium (K+)-2Cl- cotransporter (NKCC2) and Na+-Cl- cotransporter (NCC). In addition, we have previously reported that tacrolimus, a calcineurin inhibitor, increases the levels of phosphorylated NCC. In this study, we administered tacrolimus to barttin hypomorphic (Bsndneo/neo) mice, a murine model of type 4 BS that exhibits polyuria, hypokalemia, and metabolic alkalosis. Administration of tacrolimus increased the serum K+ level and suppressed urinary K+ excretion. Furthermore, after treatment with tacrolimus, Bsndneo/neo mice increased levels of phosphorylated NCC and NKCC2. We conclude that tacrolimus partially improves clinical phenotypes of Bsndneo/neo mice, and that calcineurin inhibitors might be effective for treating type 4 BS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Matsuura
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Naohiro Nomura
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan.
| | - Wakana Shoda
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Takayasu Mori
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Isobe
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Koichiro Susa
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Ando
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Eisei Sohara
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Tatemitsu Rai
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Shinichi Uchida
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
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Tolvaptan activates the Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant pathway through PERK phosphorylation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9245. [PMID: 31239473 PMCID: PMC6592894 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45539-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tolvaptan, a vasopressin type 2 receptor antagonist initially developed to increase free-water diuresis, has been approved for the treatment of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease in multiple countries. Furthermore, tolvaptan has been shown to improve the renal functions in rodent models of chronic kidney disease (CKD); however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. CKD is characterized by increased levels of oxidative stress, and an antioxidant transcription factor—nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)—has been gaining attention as a therapeutic target. Therefore, we investigated the effects of tolvaptan and a well-known Nrf2 activator, bardoxolone methyl (BARD) on Nrf2. To determine the role of tolvaptan, we used a renal cortical collecting duct (mpkCCD) cell line and mouse kidneys. Tolvaptan activated Nrf2 and increased mRNA and protein expression of antioxidant enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in mpkCCD cells and the outer medulla of mouse kidneys. In contrast to BARD, tolvaptan regulated the antioxidant systems via a unique mechanism. Tolvaptan activated the Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant pathway through phosphorylation of protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK). As a result, tolvaptan and BARD could successfully generate synergistic activating effects on Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant pathway, suggesting that this combination therapy can contribute to the treatment of CKD.
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Sakoh T, Sekine A, Mori T, Mizuno H, Kawada M, Hiramatsu R, Hasegawa E, Hayami N, Yamanouchi M, Suwabe T, Sawa N, Ubara Y, Fujimaru T, Sohara E, Shinichi U, Hoshino J, Takaichi K. A familial case of pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHA2) with a novel mutation (D564N) in the acidic motif in WNK4. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e705. [PMID: 31044551 PMCID: PMC6565545 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There have been still few case reports of pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHA2), also known as Gordon's syndrome, genetically diagnosed, and this is the first report of familial PHA2 case in Japan with a novel D564N mutation in WNK4. Methods A 29‐year‐old woman was admitted to our hospital due to hyperkalemia (serum potassium: 6.4 mmol/L). She had mild hypertension (135/91 mm Hg), a bicarbonate level at the lower limit of the normal range (HCO3: 22 mmol/L) with a normal anion gap, low plasma renin activity (0.2 ng ml‐1 hr‐1), and high urinary calcium excretion (505.4 mg/g Cre). A hereditary condition was suspected because her mother also had the same symptoms. We performed a comprehensive genetic analysis for major inherited kidney diseases with next‐generation sequencing including the genes responsible for PHA2 (WNK1, WNK4, KLHL3, and CUL3). Results Genetic analysis revealed that the patient and her mother had a novel missense mutation (D564N) in the acidic motif in WNK4, which leads to the diagnosis of PHA2. Administration of trichlormethiazide (1 mg/day) effectively ameliorated her blood pressure (114/69 mm Hg), plasma bicarbonate (25 mmol/L), serum potassium (4.3 mmol/L), and urinary calcium excretion (27.2 mg/g Cre). Conclusion We report the first Japanese familial case of PHA2 with WNK4 mutation. D564N mutation in WNK4 is a novel genetic cause of PHA2 with a relatively mild phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Takayasu Mori
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Naoki Sawa
- Nephrology Center, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Ubara
- Nephrology Center, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Fujimaru
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eisei Sohara
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Uchida Shinichi
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Hoshino
- Nephrology Center, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenmei Takaichi
- Nephrology Center, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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37
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Molecular mechanisms for the regulation of blood pressure by potassium. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2019; 83:285-313. [PMID: 31196607 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It has been well documented that the amount of potassium in the diet is associated with blood pressure levels in the population: the higher the potassium consumption, the lower the blood pressure and the cardiovascular mortality. In the last few years certain mechanisms for potassium regulation of salt reabsorption in the kidney have been elucidated at the molecular level. In this work we discuss the evidence demonstrating the relationship between potassium intake and blood pressure levels in human populations and in animal models, as well as the experimental data that reveal the effects of potassium on transepithelial Na+ reabsorption in different nephron segments. We also discuss the physiological relevance of K+-induced natriuresis, and finally, we focus on the molecular mechanisms by which extracellular potassium modulates the activity of the renal NaCl cotransporter, which is the mechanism that has been best dissected so far.
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38
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Garneau AP, Marcoux AA, Slimani S, Tremblay LE, Frenette-Cotton R, Mac-Way F, Isenring P. Physiological roles and molecular mechanisms of K + -Cl - cotransport in the mammalian kidney and cardiovascular system: where are we? J Physiol 2019; 597:1451-1465. [PMID: 30659612 DOI: 10.1113/jp276807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In the early 80s, renal microperfusion studies led to the identification of a basolateral K+ -Cl- cotransport mechanism in the proximal tubule, thick ascending limb of Henle and collecting duct. More than ten years later, this mechanism was found to be accounted for by three different K+ -Cl- cotransporters (KCC1, KCC3 and KCC4) that are differentially distributed along the renal epithelium. Two of these isoforms (KCC1 and KCC3) were also found to be expressed in arterial walls, the myocardium and a variety of neurons. Subsequently, valuable insights have been gained into the molecular and physiological properties of the KCCs in both the mammalian kidney and cardiovascular system. There is now robust evidence indicating that KCC4 sustains distal renal acidification and that KCC3 regulates myogenic tone in resistance vessels. However, progress in understanding the functional significance of these transporters has been slow, probably because each of the KCC isoforms is not identically distributed among species and some of them share common subcellular localizations with other KCC isoforms or sizeable conductive Cl- pathways. In addition, the mechanisms underlying the process of K+ -Cl- cotransport are still ill defined. The present review focuses on the knowledge gained regarding the roles and properties of KCCs in renal and cardiovascular tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Garneau
- Nephrology Research Group, Department of Medicine, Laval University, 11, côte du Palais, Québec (Qc), Canada, G1R 2J6.,Cardiometabolic Axis, School of Kinesiology and Physical Activity Sciences, Montreal University, 900, rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, (Qc) H2X 0A9
| | - A A Marcoux
- Nephrology Research Group, Department of Medicine, Laval University, 11, côte du Palais, Québec (Qc), Canada, G1R 2J6
| | - S Slimani
- Nephrology Research Group, Department of Medicine, Laval University, 11, côte du Palais, Québec (Qc), Canada, G1R 2J6
| | - L E Tremblay
- Nephrology Research Group, Department of Medicine, Laval University, 11, côte du Palais, Québec (Qc), Canada, G1R 2J6
| | - R Frenette-Cotton
- Nephrology Research Group, Department of Medicine, Laval University, 11, côte du Palais, Québec (Qc), Canada, G1R 2J6
| | - F Mac-Way
- Nephrology Research Group, Department of Medicine, Laval University, 11, côte du Palais, Québec (Qc), Canada, G1R 2J6
| | - P Isenring
- Nephrology Research Group, Department of Medicine, Laval University, 11, côte du Palais, Québec (Qc), Canada, G1R 2J6
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Calcineurin dephosphorylates Kelch-like 3, reversing phosphorylation by angiotensin II and regulating renal electrolyte handling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:3155-3160. [PMID: 30718414 PMCID: PMC6386661 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1817281116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) are potent immunosuppressants; hypertension and hyperkalemia are common adverse effects. Activation of the renal Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC) is implicated in this toxicity; however, the mechanism is unknown. CNIs’ renal effects mimic the hypertension and hyperkalemia resulting from mutations in WNK kinases or in KLHL3-CUL3 ubiquitin ligase. WNKs activate NCC and are degraded by ubiquitylation upon their binding to KLHL3. The binding of WNKs to KLHL3 is prevented by KLHL3 mutations or by PKC-mediated KLHL3 phosphorylation at serine 433. This work shows that calcineurin dephosphorylates KLHL3S433, promoting WNK4 degradation. Conversely, CNIs inhibit KLHL3S433 dephosphorylation, preventing WNK degradation. These findings implicate calcineurin in the normal regulation of KLHL3’s binding of WNK4 and identify a direct target causing CNI-induced pathology. Calcineurin is a calcium/calmodulin-regulated phosphatase known for its role in activation of T cells following engagement of the T cell receptor. Calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) are widely used as immunosuppressive agents; common adverse effects of CNIs are hypertension and hyperkalemia. While previous studies have implicated activation of the Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC) in the renal distal convoluted tubule (DCT) in this toxicity, the molecular mechanism of this effect is unknown. The renal effects of CNIs mimic the hypertension and hyperkalemia that result from germ-line mutations in with-no-lysine (WNK) kinases and the Kelch-like 3 (KLHL3)–CUL3 ubiquitin ligase complex. WNK4 is an activator of NCC and is degraded by binding to KLHL3 followed by WNK4’s ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation. This binding is prevented by phosphorylation of KLHL3 at serine 433 (KLHL3S433-P) via protein kinase C, resulting in increased WNK4 levels and increased NCC activity. Mechanisms mediating KLHL3S433-P dephosphorylation have heretofore been unknown. We now demonstrate that calcineurin expressed in DCT is a potent KLHL3S433-P phosphatase. In mammalian cells, the calcium ionophore ionomycin, a calcineurin activator, reduces KLHL3S433-P levels, and this effect is reversed by the calcineurin inhibitor tacrolimus and by siRNA-mediated knockdown of calcineurin. In vivo, tacrolimus increases levels of KLHL3S433-P, resulting in increased levels of WNK4, phosphorylated SPAK, and NCC. Moreover, tacrolimus attenuates KLHL3-mediated WNK4 ubiquitylation and degradation, while this effect is absent in KLHL3 with S433A substitution. Additionally, increased extracellular K+ induced calcineurin-dependent dephosphorylation of KLHL3S433-P. These findings demonstrate that KLHL3S433-P is a calcineurin substrate and implicate increased KLHL3 phosphorylation in tacrolimus-induced pathologies.
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40
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Teulon J, Planelles G, Sepúlveda FV, Andrini O, Lourdel S, Paulais M. Renal Chloride Channels in Relation to Sodium Chloride Transport. Compr Physiol 2018; 9:301-342. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Lin CM, Cheng CJ, Yang SS, Tseng MH, Yen MT, Sung CC, Lin SH. Generation and analysis of a mouse model of pseudohypoaldosteronism type II caused by KLHL3 mutation in BTB domain. FASEB J 2018; 33:1051-1061. [PMID: 30148674 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801023r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Kelch-like 3 ( KLHL3) mutations contributed to the most common causative genes in patients with pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHAII); however, the molecular mechanisms of PHAII-causing mutations in BTB domain of KLHL3 in vivo have not been investigated. We generated and analyzed Klhl3 knock-in (KI) mice carrying a missense M131V mutation in the BTB domain (corresponding to human KLHL3 M78V mutation). Klhl3M131V/+ KI mice exhibited typical PHAII phenotype with an exaggerated diuretic response to hydrochlorothiazide. Their kidney tissues showed an unchanged KLHL3, decreased cullin 3 (Cul3), and increased with-no-lysine kinases (WNKs) WNK1 and WNK4 along with an enhanced downstream ste20-related proline/alanine-rich kinase/oxidative stress response kinase 1-N(K)CC phosphorylation. Their Cul3 protein in the cytosol of distal convoluted tubule cells was also significantly attenuated on immunogold-labeling electron microscopy. In microdissected renal tubules, Klhl3M131V/+ KI mice expressed high levels of Wnk4 mRNA in the distal nephron. In vitro coimmunoprecipitation showed the KLHL3 BTB domain mutation retained intact interaction with WNKs but reduced binding to Cul3, thus leading to the increased abundance of total WNKs. In summary, Klhl3M131V/+ KI mice feature typical PHAII with a simultaneous increase of WNK1 and WNK4 through the impaired KLHL3 BTB domain binding to Cul3.-Lin, C.-M., Cheng, C.-J., Yang, S.-S., Tseng, M.-H., Yen, M.-T., Sung, C.-C., Lin, S.-H. Generation and analysis of a mouse model of pseudohypoaldosteronism type II caused by KLHL3 mutation in BTB domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Ming Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jen Cheng
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Sen Yang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Min-Hua Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; and
| | - Ming-Tso Yen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chien Sung
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hua Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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Ostrosky-Frid M, Castañeda-Bueno M, Gamba G. Regulation of the renal NaCl cotransporter by the WNK/SPAK pathway: lessons learned from genetically altered animals. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 316:F146-F158. [PMID: 30089030 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00288.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The renal thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter (NCC) is the major salt transport pathway in the distal convoluted tubule of the mammalian nephron. NCC activity is critical for modulation of arterial blood pressure and serum potassium levels. Reduced activity of NCC in genetic diseases results in arterial hypotension and hypokalemia, while increased activity results in genetic diseases featuring hypertension and hyperkalemia. Several hormones and physiological conditions modulate NCC activity through a final intracellular complex pathway involving kinases and ubiquitin ligases. A substantial amount of work has been conducted to understand this pathway in the last 15 yr, but advances over the last 3 yr have helped to begin to understand how these regulatory proteins interact with each other and modulate the activity of this important cotransporter. In this review, we present the current model of NCC regulation by the Cullin 3 protein/Kelch-like 3 protein/with no lysine kinase/STE20-serine-proline alanine-rich kinase (CUL3/KELCH3-WNK-SPAK) pathway. We present a review of all genetically altered mice that have been used to translate most of the proposals made from in vitro experiments into in vivo observations that have helped to elucidate the model at the physiological level. Many questions have been resolved, but some others will require further models to be constructed. In addition, unexpected observations in mice have raised new questions and identified regulatory pathways that were previously unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Ostrosky-Frid
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City, Mexico.,PECEM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Castañeda-Bueno
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán , Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán , Mexico City, Mexico.,Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Mexico
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Hashimoto H, Nomura N, Shoda W, Isobe K, Kikuchi H, Yamamoto K, Fujimaru T, Ando F, Mori T, Okado T, Rai T, Uchida S, Sohara E. Metformin increases urinary sodium excretion by reducing phosphorylation of the sodium-chloride cotransporter. Metabolism 2018; 85:23-31. [PMID: 29510178 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Metformin is an antidiabetic drug that is widely used to treat patients with diabetes mellitus. Recent studies have reported that treatment with metformin not only improved blood glucose levels but also reduced blood pressure. However, it remains unclear how metformin reduces blood pressure. We hypothesized that metformin affects sodium reabsorption in the kidneys. METHODS Urinary sodium excretion and expression of renal sodium transporters were examined in 8-week-old male C57BL/6 mice with acute and chronic treatment of metformin. In addition, we examined metformin effects using ex vivo preparations of mice kidney slices. RESULTS In this study, we demonstrated that metformin increased urinary sodium excretion by reducing phosphorylation of the thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC) in acute and chronic metformin administration. We also confirmed reduction of phosphorylated NCC in an ex vivo study. The activity of other renal sodium transporters, such as NKCC2, ENaC, and NHE3 did not show significant changes. WNK-OSR1/SPAK kinase signals were not involved in this inactivation effect of metformin on NCC. CONCLUSION Metformin increased urinary sodium excretion by reducing phosphorylation of NCC, suggesting its role in improving hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Hashimoto
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Naohiro Nomura
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Wakana Shoda
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Isobe
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kikuchi
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Kouhei Yamamoto
- Department of Comprehensive Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Takuya Fujimaru
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Ando
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Takayasu Mori
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Okado
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Tatemitsu Rai
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Shinichi Uchida
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Eisei Sohara
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.
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López-Cayuqueo KI, Chavez-Canales M, Pillot A, Houillier P, Jayat M, Baraka-Vidot J, Trepiccione F, Baudrie V, Büsst C, Soukaseum C, Kumai Y, Jeunemaître X, Hadchouel J, Eladari D, Chambrey R. A mouse model of pseudohypoaldosteronism type II reveals a novel mechanism of renal tubular acidosis. Kidney Int 2018; 94:514-523. [PMID: 30146013 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHAII) is a genetic disease characterized by association of hyperkalemia, hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, hypertension, low renin, and high sensitivity to thiazide diuretics. It is caused by mutations in the WNK1, WNK4, KLHL3 or CUL3 gene. There is strong evidence that excessive sodium chloride reabsorption by the sodium chloride cotransporter NCC in the distal convoluted tubule is involved. WNK4 is expressed not only in distal convoluted tubule cells but also in β-intercalated cells of the cortical collecting duct. These latter cells exchange intracellular bicarbonate for external chloride through pendrin, and therefore, account for renal base excretion. However, these cells can also mediate thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride absorption when the pendrin-dependent apical chloride influx is coupled to apical sodium influx by the sodium-driven chloride/bicarbonate exchanger. Here we determine whether this system is involved in the pathogenesis of PHAII. Renal pendrin activity was markedly increased in a mouse model carrying a WNK4 missense mutation (Q562E) previously identified in patients with PHAII. The upregulation of pendrin led to an increase in thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride absorption by the cortical collecting duct, and it caused metabolic acidosis. The function of apical potassium channels was altered in this model, and hyperkalemia was fully corrected by pendrin genetic ablation. Thus, we demonstrate an important contribution of pendrin in renal regulation of sodium chloride, potassium and acid-base homeostasis and in the pathophysiology of PHAII. Furthermore, we identify renal distal bicarbonate secretion as a novel mechanism of renal tubular acidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen I López-Cayuqueo
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 970, Paris, France; Centro de Estudios Científicos, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Maria Chavez-Canales
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 970, Paris, France
| | - Alexia Pillot
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Equipe de Recherche Labelisée 8228, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche_S1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Houillier
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Equipe de Recherche Labelisée 8228, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche_S1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Genetics, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Maximilien Jayat
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 970, Paris, France
| | - Jennifer Baraka-Vidot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1188, CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Francesco Trepiccione
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 970, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Baudrie
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 970, Paris, France; Genetics, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Cara Büsst
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 970, Paris, France
| | - Christelle Soukaseum
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 970, Paris, France
| | - Yusuke Kumai
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 970, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Jeunemaître
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 970, Paris, France; Genetics, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Juliette Hadchouel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 970, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Eladari
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 970, Paris, France; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles Rénales, Hôpital Felix Guyon, CHU de la Réunion, Saint Denis, La Réunion, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1188, CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France.
| | - Régine Chambrey
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 970, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1188, CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Délégation Paris Michel-Ange, Paris, France.
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45
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Rodan AR. WNK-SPAK/OSR1 signaling: lessons learned from an insect renal epithelium. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315:F903-F907. [PMID: 29923766 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00176.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
WNK [with no lysine (K)] kinases regulate renal epithelial ion transport to maintain homeostasis of electrolyte concentrations, extracellular volume, and blood pressure. The SLC12 cation-chloride cotransporters, including the sodium-potassium-2-chloride (NKCC) and sodium chloride cotransporters (NCC), are targets of WNK regulation via the intermediary kinases SPAK (Ste20-related proline/alanine-rich kinase) and OSR1 (oxidative stress response). The pathway is activated by low dietary potassium intake, resulting in increased phosphorylation and activity of NCC. Chloride regulates WNK kinases in vitro by binding to the active site and inhibiting autophosphorylation and has been proposed to modulate WNK activity in the distal convoluted tubule in response to low dietary potassium. WNK-SPAK/OSR1 regulation of NKCC-dependent ion transport is evolutionarily ancient, and it occurs in the Drosophila Malpighian (renal) tubule. Here, we review recent studies from the Drosophila tubule demonstrating cooperative roles for chloride and the scaffold protein Mo25 (mouse protein-25, also known as calcium-binding protein-39) in the regulation of WNK-SPAK/OSR1 signaling in a transporting renal epithelium. Insights gained from this genetically manipulable and physiologically accessible epithelium shed light on molecular mechanisms of regulation of the WNK-SPAK/OSR1 pathway, which is important in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylin R Rodan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
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46
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WNK1 regulates skeletal muscle cell hypertrophy by modulating the nuclear localization and transcriptional activity of FOXO4. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9101. [PMID: 29904119 PMCID: PMC6002401 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27414-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
With-no-lysine (K) (WNK) kinases, which are mutated in the inherited form of hypertension pseudohypoaldosteronism type II, are essential regulators of membrane ion transporters. Here, we report that WNK1 positively regulates skeletal muscle cell hypertrophy via mediating the function of the pro-longevity transcription factor forkhead box protein O4 (FOXO4) independent of the conventional WNK signaling pathway linking SPS/STE20-related proline-alanine–rich kinase (SPAK)/oxidative stress response kinase 1 (OSR1) to downstream effector ion transporters. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated silencing of WNK1, but not SPAK/OSR1 kinases, induced myotube atrophy and remarkable increases in the mRNA expression of the muscle atrophy ubiquitin ligases MAFbx and MuRF1 in C2C12 mouse skeletal muscle cells. WNK1 silencing also increased FOXO4 nuclear localization, and co-transfection of Foxo4-targeted siRNA completely reversed the myotube atrophy and upregulation of atrogene transcription induced by WNK1 silencing. We further illustrated that WNK1 protein abundance in skeletal muscle was increased by chronic voluntary wheel running exercise (hypertrophic stimulus) and markedly decreased by adenine-induced chronic kidney disease (atrophic stimulus) in mice. These findings suggest that WNK1 is involved in the physiological regulation of mammalian skeletal muscle hypertrophy and atrophy via interactions with FOXO4. The WNK1-FOXO4 axis may be a potential therapeutic target in human diseases causing sarcopenia.
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47
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Yoshida S, Araki Y, Mori T, Sasaki E, Kasagi Y, Isobe K, Susa K, Inoue Y, Bomont P, Okado T, Rai T, Uchida S, Sohara E. Decreased KLHL3 expression is involved in the pathogenesis of pseudohypoaldosteronism type II caused by cullin 3 mutation in vivo. Clin Exp Nephrol 2018; 22:1251-1257. [PMID: 29869755 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-018-1593-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHAII) is a hereditary hypertensive disease caused by mutations in four genes: WNK1, WNK4, Kelch-like3 (KLHL3), and cullin3 (CUL3). Recently, it was revealed that CUL3-KLHL3 E3 ligase complex ubiquitinates WNK1 and WNK4, leading to their degradation, and that a common pathogenesis of PHAII is defective WNK degradation due to CUL3-KLHL3 E3 ligase complex impairment. PHAII-causing CUL3 mutations mediate exon9 skipping, producing a CUL3 protein with a 57-amino acid deletion (Δ403-459). However, the pathogenic effects of KLHL3, an adaptor protein that links WNKs with CUL3, in PHAII caused by CUL3 mutation remain unclear. METHODS To clarify detailed pathophysiological mechanisms underlying PHAII caused by CUL3 mutation in vivo, we generated and analyzed knock-in mice carrying the same CUL3 exon9 deletion (CUL3WT/Δex9) as that reported in PHAII patients. RESULTS CUL3WT/Δex9 mice exhibited a PHAII-like phenotype. Interestingly, we confirmed markedly decreased KLHL3 expression in CUL3WT/Δex9 mice by confirming the true KLHL3 band in vivo. However, the expression of other KLHL family proteins, such as KLHL2, was comparable between WT and mutant mice. CONCLUSION KLHL3 expression was decreased in CUL3WT/Δex9 mice. However, expression levels of other KLHL family proteins were comparable between the wild-type and mutant mice. These findings indicate that the decreased abundance of KLHL3 is a specific phenomenon caused by mutant CUL3 (Δexon9). Our findings would improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of PHAII caused by CUL3 mutation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Yoshida
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Yuya Araki
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Takayasu Mori
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Emi Sasaki
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Yuri Kasagi
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Isobe
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Koichiro Susa
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Yuichi Inoue
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Pascale Bomont
- Avenir-Atip Team, INM, INSERM, University of Montpellier, 34091, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Tomokazu Okado
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Tatemitsu Rai
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Shinichi Uchida
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Eisei Sohara
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan.
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48
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Argaiz ER, Chavez-Canales M, Ostrosky-Frid M, Rodríguez-Gama A, Vázquez N, Gonzalez-Rodriguez X, Garcia-Valdes J, Hadchouel J, Ellison D, Gamba G. Kidney-specific WNK1 isoform (KS-WNK1) is a potent activator of WNK4 and NCC. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315:F734-F745. [PMID: 29846116 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00145.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial hyperkalemic hypertension (FHHt) can be mainly attributed to increased activity of the renal Na+:Cl- cotransporter (NCC), which is caused by altered expression and regulation of the with-no-lysine (K) 1 (WNK1) or WNK4 kinases. The WNK1 gene gives rise to a kidney-specific isoform that lacks the kinase domain (KS-WNK1), the expression of which occurs primarily in the distal convoluted tubule. The role played by KS-WNK1 in the modulation of the WNK/STE20-proline-alanine rich kinase (SPAK)/NCC pathway remains elusive. In the present study, we assessed the effect of human KS-WNK1 on NCC activity and on the WNK4-SPAK pathway. Microinjection of oocytes with human KS-WNK1 cRNA induces remarkable activation and phosphorylation of SPAK and NCC. The effect of KS-WNK1 was abrogated by eliminating a WNK-WNK-interacting domain and by a specific WNK inhibitor, WNK463, indicating that the activation of SPAK/NCC by KS-WNK1 is due to interaction with another WNK kinase. Under control conditions in oocytes, the activating serine 335 of the WNK4 T loop is not phosphorylated. In contrast, this serine becomes phosphorylated when the intracellular chloride concentration ([Cl-]i) is reduced or when KS-WNK1 is coexpressed with WNK4. KS-WNK1-mediated activation of WNK4 is not due to a decrease of the [Cl-]i. Coimmunoprecipitation analysis revealed that KS-WNK1 and WNK4 interact with each other and that WNK4 becomes autophosphorylated at serine 335 when it is associated with KS-WNK1. Together, these observations suggest that WNK4 becomes active in the presence of KS-WNK1, despite a constant [Cl-]i.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo R Argaiz
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan Mexico City, Mexico.,Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León , Mexico
| | - Maria Chavez-Canales
- INSERM UMRS1155, University Pierre and Marie Curie, Faculty of Medicine , Paris , France.,Translational Medicine Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Tlalpan, México City, Mexico
| | - Mauricio Ostrosky-Frid
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan Mexico City, Mexico.,PECEM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Rodríguez-Gama
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Norma Vázquez
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Xochiquetzal Gonzalez-Rodriguez
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jesus Garcia-Valdes
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juliette Hadchouel
- INSERM UMRS1155, University Pierre and Marie Curie, Faculty of Medicine , Paris , France
| | - David Ellison
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland, Oregon.,Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan Mexico City, Mexico.,Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León , Mexico
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49
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Sato A, Shibuya H. Glycogen synthase kinase 3ß functions as a positive effector in the WNK signaling pathway. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193204. [PMID: 29494638 PMCID: PMC5832235 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The with no lysine (WNK) protein kinase family is conserved among many species. Some mutations in human WNK gene are associated with pseudohypoaldosteronism type II, a form of hypertension, and hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 2A. In kidney, WNK regulates the activity of STE20/SPS1-related, proline alanine-rich kinase and/or oxidative-stress responsive 1, which in turn regulate ion co-transporters. The misregulation of this pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of pseudohypoaldosteronism type II. In the neural system, WNK is involved in the specification of the cholinergic neuron, but the pathogenesis of hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 2A is still unknown. To better understand the WNK pathway, we isolated WNK-associated genes using Drosophila. We identified Glycogen synthase kinase 3ß (GSK3ß)/Shaggy (Sgg) as a candidate gene that was shown to interact with the WNK signaling pathway in both Drosophila and mammalian cells. Furthermore, GSK3ß was involved in neural specification downstream of WNK. These results suggest that GSK3ß/Sgg functions as a positive effector in the WNK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Sato
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Joint Usage/Research Center for Intractable Diseases, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shibuya
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Joint Usage/Research Center for Intractable Diseases, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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50
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Rafael C, Soukaseum C, Baudrie V, Frère P, Hadchouel J. Consequences of SPAK inactivation on Hyperkalemic Hypertension caused by WNK1 mutations: evidence for differential roles of WNK1 and WNK4. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3249. [PMID: 29459793 PMCID: PMC5818654 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21405-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of the gene encoding WNK1 [With No lysine (K) kinase 1] or WNK4 cause Familial Hyperkalemic Hypertension (FHHt). Previous studies have shown that the activation of SPAK (Ste20-related Proline/Alanine-rich Kinase) plays a dominant role in the development of FHHt caused by WNK4 mutations. The implication of SPAK in FHHt caused by WNK1 mutation has never been investigated. To clarify this issue, we crossed WNK1+/FHHt mice with SPAK knock-in mice in which the T-loop Thr243 residue was mutated to alanine to prevent activation by WNK kinases. We show that WNK1+/FHHT:SPAK243A/243A mice display an intermediate phenotype, between that of control and SPAK243A/243A mice, with normal blood pressure but hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis. NCC abundance and phosphorylation levels also decrease below the wild-type level in the double-mutant mice but remain higher than in SPAK243A/243A mice. This is different from what was observed in WNK4-FHHt mice in which SPAK inactivation completely restored the phenotype and NCC expression to wild-type levels. Although these results confirm that FHHt caused by WNK1 mutations is dependent on the activation of SPAK, they suggest that WNK1 and WNK4 play different roles in the distal nephron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Rafael
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France.,Universités Paris-Descartes et Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR_S1155, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Christelle Soukaseum
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France.,Universités Paris-Descartes et Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR_S1176, CHU de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Véronique Baudrie
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France.,Universités Paris-Descartes et Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Perrine Frère
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR_S1155, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Juliette Hadchouel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France. .,Universités Paris-Descartes et Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France. .,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France. .,INSERM UMR_S1155, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France.
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