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Bottermann K, Spychala A, Eliacik A, Amin E, Moussavi-Torshizi SE, Klöcker N, Gödecke A, Heinen A. Extracellular flux analysis in intact cardiac tissue slices-A novel tool to investigate cardiac substrate metabolism in mouse myocardium. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 239:e14004. [PMID: 37227741 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
AIM Cardiac pathologies are accompanied by alterations in substrate metabolism, and extracellular flux analysis is a standard tool to investigate metabolic disturbances, especially in immortalized cell lines. However, preparations of primary cells, such as adult cardiomyocytes require enzymatic dissociation and cultivation affecting metabolism. Therefore, we developed a flux analyzer-based method for the assessment of substrate metabolism in intact vibratome-sliced mouse heart tissue. METHODS Oxygen consumption rates were determined using a Seahorse XFe24-analyzer and "islet capture plates." We demonstrate that tissue slices are suitable for extracellular flux analysis and metabolize both free fatty acids (FFA) and glucose/glutamine. Functional integrity of tissue slices was proven by optical mapping-based assessment of action potentials. In a proof-of-principle approach, the sensitivity of the method was tested by analyzing substrate metabolism in the remote myocardium after myocardial infarction (I/R). RESULTS Here, I/R increased uncoupled OCR compared with sham animals indicating a stimulated metabolic capacity. This increase was caused by a higher glucose/glutamine metabolism, whereas FFA oxidation was unchanged. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we describe a novel method to analyze cardiac substrate metabolism in intact cardiac tissue slices by extracellular flux analysis. The proof-of-principle experiment demonstrated that this approach has a sensitivity allowing the investigation of pathophysiologically relevant disturbances in cardiac substrate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Bottermann
- Institute for Pharmacology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andre Spychala
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Asena Eliacik
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ehsan Amin
- Institute of Neural und Sensory Physiology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - S Erfan Moussavi-Torshizi
- Institute of Neural und Sensory Physiology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nikolaj Klöcker
- Institute of Neural und Sensory Physiology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Axel Gödecke
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andre Heinen
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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2
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Balbach M, Ghanem L, Violante S, Kyaw A, Romarowski A, Cross JR, Visconti PE, Levin LR, Buck J. Capacitation induces changes in metabolic pathways supporting motility of epididymal and ejaculated sperm. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1160154. [PMID: 37440924 PMCID: PMC10335746 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1160154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian sperm require sufficient energy to support motility and capacitation for successful fertilization. Previous studies cataloging the changes to metabolism in sperm explored ejaculated human sperm or dormant mouse sperm surgically extracted from the cauda epididymis. Due to the differences in methods of collection, it remains unclear whether any observed differences between mouse and human sperm represent species differences or reflect the distinct maturation states of the sperm under study. Here we compare the metabolic changes during capacitation of epididymal versus ejaculated mouse sperm and relate these changes to ejaculated human sperm. Using extracellular flux analysis and targeted metabolic profiling, we show that capacitation-induced changes lead to increased flux through both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in mouse and human sperm. Ejaculation leads to greater flexibility in the ability to use different carbon sources. While epididymal sperm are dependent upon glucose, ejaculated mouse and human sperm gain the ability to also leverage non-glycolytic energy sources such as pyruvate and citrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Balbach
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lubna Ghanem
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sara Violante
- Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Aye Kyaw
- Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ana Romarowski
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Integrated Sciences Building, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Justin R. Cross
- Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Pablo E. Visconti
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Integrated Sciences Building, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Lonny R. Levin
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jochen Buck
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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3
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Schulz J, Schilling E, Fabian C, Zenclussen AC, Stojanovska V, Claus C. Dissecting Rubella Placental Infection in an In Vitro Trophoblast Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097894. [PMID: 37175600 PMCID: PMC10178045 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Vertical transmission of rubella virus (RuV) occurs at a high rate during the first trimester of pregnancy. The modes of vertical transmission including the response of trophoblasts to RuV are not well understood. Here, RuV-trophoblast interaction was studied in the BeWo trophoblast cell line. Analysis included early and late time-point kinetics of virus infection rate and the antiviral innate immune response at mRNA and protein level. BeWo characteristics were addressed through metabolic activity by extracellular flux analysis and syncytiotrophoblast formation through incubation with forskolin. We found that RuV infection of BeWo led to profuse type III interferon (IFN) production. Transfecting trophoblast cells with dsRNA analog induced an increase in the production of type I IFN-β and type III IFNs; however, this did not occur in RuV-infected BeWo trophoblasts. IFN-β and to a lesser extent type III IFN-λ1 were inhibitory to RuV. While no significant metabolic alteration was detected, RuV infection reduced the cell number in the monolayer culture in comparison to the mock control and resulted in detached and floating cells. Syncytia formation restricted RuV infection. The use of BeWo as a relevant cell culture model for infection of trophoblasts highlights cytopathogenicity in the absence of a type I IFN response as a pathogenic alteration by RuV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Schulz
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Erik Schilling
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claire Fabian
- Department of Vaccines and Infection Models, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Medical Department II, University Cancer Center Leipzig (UCCL), University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ana Claudia Zenclussen
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Perinatal Immunology Research Group, Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Violeta Stojanovska
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Claus
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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4
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Grudzinska FS, Jasper A, Sapey E, Thickett DR, Mauro C, Scott A, Barlow J. Real-time assessment of neutrophil metabolism and oxidative burst using extracellular flux analysis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1083072. [PMID: 37180154 PMCID: PMC10166867 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1083072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil responses are critical during inflammatory and infective events, and neutrophil dysregulation has been associated with poor patient outcomes. Immunometabolism is a rapidly growing field that has provided insights into cellular functions in health and disease. Neutrophils are highly glycolytic when activated, with inhibition of glycolysis associated with functional deficits. There is currently very limited data available assessing metabolism in neutrophils. Extracellular flux (XF) analysis assesses real time oxygen consumption and the rate of proton efflux in cells. This technology allows for the automated addition of inhibitors and stimulants to visualise the effect on metabolism. We describe optimised protocols for an XFe96 XF Analyser to (i) probe glycolysis in neutrophils under basal and stimulated conditions, (ii) probe phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate induced oxidative burst, and (iii) highlight challenges of using XF technology to examine mitochondrial function in neutrophils. We provide an overview of how to analyze XF data and identify pitfalls of probing neutrophil metabolism with XF analysis. In summary we describe robust methods for assessing glycolysis and oxidative burst in human neutrophils and discuss the challenges around using this technique to assess mitochondrial respiration. XF technology is a powerful platform with a user-friendly interface and data analysis templates, however we suggest caution when assessing neutrophil mitochondrial respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances S. Grudzinska
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Jasper
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Sapey
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- PIONEER Health Data Research- UK Hub in Acute Care, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - David R. Thickett
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Claudio Mauro
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron Scott
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Barlow
- Cellular Health and Metabolism Facility, School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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5
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Chu LE, Davis KM, Murdock KW. Mitochondrial oxygen respiration is associated with loneliness in a sample of community-dwelling adults. Mitochondrion 2023:S1567-7249(23)00031-4. [PMID: 36958676 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Loneliness, a distressing perception of insufficient social support, is associated with physical illness and premature mortality that may be explained by reduced mitochondrial efficiency. In this human study (n = 50), loneliness was associated with less efficient mitochondrial functioning, indicated by the bioenergetic health index (BHI; r = -.39, p = .009), coupling efficiency (r = -.34, p = .021), and phosphorylating respiration (r = .39, p = .009). These findings remained significant when controlling for age, sex, and body mass index. The association between loneliness and mitochondrial functioning is important, given that both have been associated with age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Chu
- The Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kristin M Davis
- The Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kyle W Murdock
- The Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
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6
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Wang L, Mello DF, Zucker RM, Rivera NA, Rogers NMK, Geitner NK, Boyes WK, Wiesner MR, Hsu-Kim H, Meyer JN. Lack of Detectable Direct Effects of Silver and Silver Nanoparticles on Mitochondria in Mouse Hepatocytes. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:10.1021/acs.est.1c02295. [PMID: 34346225 PMCID: PMC8814061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are well-proven antimicrobial nanomaterials, yet little is elucidated regarding the mechanism underlying cytotoxicity induced by these nanoparticles. Here, we tested the hypothesis that mitochondria are primary intracellular targets of two AgNPs and silver ions in mouse hepatocytes (AML12) cultured in glucose- and galactose-based media. AML12 cells were more sensitive to mitochondrial uncoupling when grown with galactose rather than glucose. However, 24 h treatments with 15 nm AgNPs and 6 nm GA-AgNPs (5 and 10 μg/mL) and AgNO3 (1 and 3 μg/mL), concentrations that resulted in either 10 or 30% cytotoxicity, failed to cause more toxicity to AML12 cells grown on galactose than glucose. Furthermore, colocalization analysis and subcellular Ag quantification did not show any enrichment of silver content in mitochondria in either medium. Finally, the effects of the same exposures on mitochondrial respiration were mild or undetectable, a result inconsistent with mitochondrial toxicity causing cell death. Our results suggest that neither ionic Ag nor the AgNPs that we tested specifically target mitochondria and are inconsistent with mitochondrial dysfunction being the primary cause of cell death after Ag exposure under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Department of Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708
- Department of Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Road, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Danielle F. Mello
- Department of Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708
| | - Robert M. Zucker
- Department of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology Branch, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709
| | - Nelson A. Rivera
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708
| | - Nicholas M K Rogers
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708
| | - Nicholas K. Geitner
- Department of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology Branch, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709
| | - William K. Boyes
- Department of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology Branch, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709
| | - Mark R. Wiesner
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708
| | - Heileen Hsu-Kim
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708
| | - Joel N. Meyer
- Department of Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708
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7
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Wentzel AS, Janssen JJE, de Boer VCJ, van Veen WG, Forlenza M, Wiegertjes GF. Fish Macrophages Show Distinct Metabolic Signatures Upon Polarization. Front Immunol 2020; 11:152. [PMID: 32158446 PMCID: PMC7052297 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play important roles in conditions ranging from host immune defense to tissue regeneration and polarize their functional phenotype accordingly. Next to differences in the use of L-arginine and the production of different cytokines, inflammatory M1 macrophages and anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages are also metabolically distinct. In mammals, M1 macrophages show metabolic reprogramming toward glycolysis, while M2 macrophages rely on oxidative phosphorylation to generate energy. The presence of polarized functional immune phenotypes conserved from mammals to fish led us to hypothesize that a similar metabolic reprogramming in polarized macrophages exists in carp. We studied mitochondrial function of M1 and M2 carp macrophages under basal and stressed conditions to determine oxidative capacity by real-time measurements of oxygen consumption and glycolytic capacity by measuring lactate-based acidification. In M1 macrophages, we found increased nitric oxide production and irg1 expression in addition to altered oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis. In M2 macrophages, we found increased arginase activity, and both oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis were similar to control macrophages. These results indicate that M1 and M2 carp macrophages show distinct metabolic signatures and indicate that metabolic reprogramming may occur in carp M1 macrophages. This immunometabolic reprogramming likely supports the inflammatory phenotype of polarized macrophages in teleost fish such as carp, similar to what has been shown in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelieke S Wentzel
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Joëlle J E Janssen
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Human and Animal Physiology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Vincent C J de Boer
- Human and Animal Physiology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Wouter G van Veen
- Experimental Zoology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Maria Forlenza
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Geert F Wiegertjes
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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8
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Cumming BM, Addicott KW, Adamson JH, Steyn AJ. Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces decelerated bioenergetic metabolism in human macrophages. eLife 2018; 7:39169. [PMID: 30444490 PMCID: PMC6286123 DOI: 10.7554/elife.39169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
How Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) rewires macrophage energy metabolism to facilitate survival is poorly characterized. Here, we used extracellular flux analysis to simultaneously measure the rates of glycolysis and respiration in real time. Mtb infection induced a quiescent energy phenotype in human monocyte-derived macrophages and decelerated flux through glycolysis and the TCA cycle. In contrast, infection with the vaccine strain, M. bovis BCG, or dead Mtb induced glycolytic phenotypes with greater flux. Furthermore, Mtb reduced the mitochondrial dependency on glucose and increased the mitochondrial dependency on fatty acids, shifting this dependency from endogenous fatty acids in uninfected cells to exogenous fatty acids in infected macrophages. We demonstrate how quantifiable bioenergetic parameters of the host can be used to accurately measure and track disease, which will enable rapid quantifiable assessment of drug and vaccine efficacy. Our findings uncover new paradigms for understanding the bioenergetic basis of host metabolic reprogramming by Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Adrie Jc Steyn
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Microbiology, Centers for AIDS Research and Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States
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9
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Bilz NC, Jahn K, Lorenz M, Lüdtke A, Hübschen JM, Geyer H, Mankertz A, Hübner D, Liebert UG, Claus C. Rubella Viruses Shift Cellular Bioenergetics to a More Oxidative and Glycolytic Phenotype with a Strain-Specific Requirement for Glutamine. J Virol 2018; 92:e00934-18. [PMID: 29950419 PMCID: PMC6096829 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00934-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The flexible regulation of cellular metabolic pathways enables cellular adaptation to changes in energy demand under conditions of stress such as posed by a virus infection. To analyze such an impact on cellular metabolism, rubella virus (RV) was used in this study. RV replication under selected substrate supplementation with glucose, pyruvate, and glutamine as essential nutrients for mammalian cells revealed its requirement for glutamine. The assessment of the mitochondrial respiratory (based on the oxygen consumption rate) and glycolytic (based on the extracellular acidification rate) rate and capacity by respective stress tests through Seahorse technology enabled determination of the bioenergetic phenotype of RV-infected cells. Irrespective of the cellular metabolic background, RV infection induced a shift of the bioenergetic state of epithelial cells (Vero and A549) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells to a higher oxidative and glycolytic level. Interestingly there was a RV strain-specific, but genotype-independent demand for glutamine to induce a significant increase in metabolic activity. While glutaminolysis appeared to be rather negligible for RV replication, glutamine could serve as donor of its amide nitrogen in biosynthesis pathways for important metabolites. This study suggests that the capacity of RVs to induce metabolic alterations could evolve differently during natural infection. Thus, changes in cellular bioenergetics represent an important component of virus-host interactions and could complement our understanding of the viral preference for a distinct host cell population.IMPORTANCE RV pathologies, especially during embryonal development, could be connected with its impact on mitochondrial metabolism. With bioenergetic phenotyping we pursued a rather novel approach in virology. For the first time it was shown that a virus infection could shift the bioenergetics of its infected host cell to a higher energetic state. Notably, the capacity to induce such alterations varied among different RV isolates. Thus, our data add viral adaptation of cellular metabolic activity to its specific needs as a novel aspect to virus-host evolution. In addition, this study emphasizes the implementation of different viral strains in the study of virus-host interactions and the use of bioenergetic phenotyping of infected cells as a biomarker for virus-induced pathological alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Bilz
- Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kristin Jahn
- Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Anja Lüdtke
- Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Judith M Hübschen
- WHO European Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Henriette Geyer
- WHO European Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette Mankertz
- WHO European Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Denise Hübner
- Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Uwe G Liebert
- Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Claus
- Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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10
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Ramirez AK, Lynes MD, Shamsi F, Xue R, Tseng YH, Kahn CR, Kasif S, Dreyfuss JM. Integrating Extracellular Flux Measurements and Genome-Scale Modeling Reveals Differences between Brown and White Adipocytes. Cell Rep 2018; 21:3040-3048. [PMID: 29241534 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
White adipocytes are specialized for energy storage, whereas brown adipocytes are specialized for energy expenditure. Explicating this difference can help identify therapeutic targets for obesity. A common tool to assess metabolic differences between such cells is the Seahorse Extracellular Flux (XF) Analyzer, which measures oxygen consumption and media acidification in the presence of different substrates and perturbagens. Here, we integrate the Analyzer's metabolic profile from human white and brown adipocytes with a genome-scale metabolic model to predict flux differences across the metabolic map. Predictions matched experimental data for the metabolite 4-aminobutyrate, the protein ABAT, and the fluxes for glucose, glutamine, and palmitate. We also uncovered a difference in how adipocytes dispose of nitrogenous waste, with brown adipocytes secreting less ammonia and more urea than white adipocytes. Thus, the method and software we developed allow for broader metabolic phenotyping and provide a distinct approach to uncovering metabolic differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred K Ramirez
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Matthew D Lynes
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Farnaz Shamsi
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ruidan Xue
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - C Ronald Kahn
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Simon Kasif
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Jonathan M Dreyfuss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Bioinformatics Core, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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11
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Moosa A, Lamprecht DA, Arora K, Barry CE 3rd, Boshoff HIM, Ioerger TR, Steyn AJC, Mizrahi V, Warner DF. Susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cytochrome bd Oxidase Mutants to Compounds Targeting the Terminal Respiratory Oxidase, Cytochrome c. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:e01338-17. [PMID: 28760899 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.01338-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We deleted subunits I (cydA) and II (cydB) of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis cytochrome bd menaquinol oxidase. The resulting ΔcydA and ΔcydAB mutants were hypersusceptible to compounds targeting the mycobacterial bc1 menaquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase and exhibited bioenergetic profiles indistinguishable from strains deficient in the ABC-type transporter, CydDC, predicted to be essential for cytochrome bd assembly. These results confirm CydAB and CydDC as potential targets for drugs aimed at inhibiting a terminal respiratory oxidase implicated in pathogenesis.
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DeMarini DM, Warren SH, Lavrich K, Flen A, Aurell J, Mitchell W, Greenwell D, Preston W, Schmid JE, Linak WP, Hays MD, Samet JM, Gullett BK. Mutagenicity and oxidative damage induced by an organic extract of the particulate emissions from a simulation of the deepwater horizon surface oil burns. Environ Mol Mutagen 2017; 58:162-171. [PMID: 28370325 PMCID: PMC6121736 DOI: 10.1002/em.22085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Emissions from oil fires associated with the "Deepwater Horizon" explosion and oil discharge that began on April 20, 2010 in the Gulf of Mexico were analyzed chemically to only a limited extent at the time but were shown to induce oxidative damage in vitro and in mice. To extend this work, we burned oil floating on sea water and performed extensive chemical analyses of the emissions (Gullett et al., Marine Pollut Bull, in press, ). Here, we examine the ability of a dichloromethane extract of the particulate material with an aerodynamic size ≤ 2.5 µm (PM2.5 ) from those emissions to induce oxidative damage in human lung cells in vitro and mutagenicity in 6 strains of Salmonella. The extract had a percentage of extractable organic material (EOM) of 7.0% and increased expression of the heme oxygenase (HMOX1) gene in BEAS-2B cells after exposure for 4 hr at 20 µg of EOM/ml. However, the extract did not alter mitochondrial respiration rate as measured by extracellular flux analysis. The extract was most mutagenic in TA100 +S9, indicative of a role for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), reflective of the high concentrations of PAHs in the emissions (1 g/kg of oil consumed). The extract had a mutagenicity emission factor of 1.8 ± 0.1 × 105 revertants/megajoulethermal in TA98 +S9, which was greater than that of diesel exhaust and within an order of magnitude of open burning of wood and plastic. Thus, organics from PM2.5 of burning oil can induce oxidative responses in human airway epithelial cells and are highly mutagenic. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 58:162-171, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. DeMarini
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Sarah H. Warren
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Katelyn Lavrich
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Alexis Flen
- Student Services Contractor, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | | | - William Mitchell
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Dale Greenwell
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | | | - Judith E. Schmid
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - William P. Linak
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Michael D. Hays
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - James M. Samet
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Brian K. Gullett
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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Jiroutková K, Krajčová A, Žiak J, Fric M, Gojda J, Džupa V, Kalous M, Tůmová J, Trnka J, Duška F. Mitochondrial Function in an In Vitro Model of Skeletal Muscle of Patients With Protracted Critical Illness and Intensive Care Unit-Acquired Weakness. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2016; 41:1213-1221. [PMID: 27358332 DOI: 10.1177/0148607116657649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional mitochondria in skeletal muscle of patients with protracted critical illness and intensive care unit-acquired weakness are depleted, but remaining mitochondria have increased functional capacities of respiratory complexes II and III. This can be an adaptation to relative abundancy of fatty acid over glucose caused by insulin resistance. We hypothesized that the capacity of muscle mitochondria to oxidize fatty acid is increased in protracted critical illness. METHODS We assessed fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and mitochondrial functional indices in vitro by using extracellular flux analysis in cultured myotubes obtained by isolating and culturing satellite cells from vastus lateralis muscle biopsy samples from patients with ICU-acquired weakness (n = 6) and age-matched healthy controls (n = 7). Bioenergetic measurements were performed at baseline and after 6 days of exposure to free fatty acids (FFAs). RESULTS Mitochondrial density in myotubes from ICU patients was 69% of healthy controls ( P = .051). After adjustment to mitochondrial content, there were no differences in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis or the capacity and coupling of the respiratory chain. FAO capacity in ICU patients was 157% of FAO capacity in controls ( P = .015). In myotubes of ICU patients, unlike healthy controls, the exposure to FFA significantly ( P = .009) increased maximum respiratory chain capacity. CONCLUSION In an in vitro model of skeletal muscle of patients with protracted critical illness, we have shown signs of adaptation to increased FAO. Even in the presence of glucose and insulin, elevation of FFAs in the extracellular environment increased maximal capacity of the respiratory chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Jiroutková
- 1 Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.,2 Anaesthesiology and Resuscitation Department, Cardiology Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Adéla Krajčová
- 1 Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.,3 Department of Internal Medicine II, Kralovske Vinohrady University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Žiak
- 1 Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Fric
- 4 Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Královské Vinohrady University Hospital and Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Gojda
- 3 Department of Internal Medicine II, Kralovske Vinohrady University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Valér Džupa
- 5 Department of Orthopaedic Surgeries, Kralovske Vinohrady University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kalous
- 6 Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Tůmová
- 1 Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Trnka
- 1 Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - František Duška
- 1 Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.,4 Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Královské Vinohrady University Hospital and Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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