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Summonte S, Sanchez Armengol E, Ricci F, Sandmeier M, Hock N, Güclü-Tuncyüz A, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Phosphatase-degradable nanoparticles providing sustained drug release. Int J Pharm 2024; 654:123983. [PMID: 38460768 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
AIM The study aimed to develop enzyme-degradable nanoparticles comprising polyphosphates and metal cations providing sustained release of the antibacterial drug ethacridine (ETH). METHODS Calcium polyphosphate (Ca-PP), zinc polyphosphate (Zn-PP) and iron polyphosphate nanoparticles (Fe-PP NPs) were prepared by co-precipitation of sodium polyphosphate with cations and ETH. Developed nanocarriers were characterized regarding particle size, PDI, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency and drug loading. Toxicological profile of nanocarriers was assessed via hemolysis assay and cell viability on human blood erythrocytes and HEK-293 cells, respectively. The enzymatic degradation of NPs was evaluated in presence of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) monitoring the release of monophosphate, shift in zeta potential and particle size as well as drug release. The antibacterial efficacy against Escherichia coli was determined via microdilution assay. RESULTS NPs were obtained in a size range between 300 - 480 nm displaying negative zeta potential values. Encapsulation efficiency was in the range of 83.73 %- 95.99 %. Hemolysis assay underlined sufficient compatibility of NPs with blood cells, whereas drug and NPs showed a concentration dependent effect on HEK-293 cells viability. Ca- and Zn-PP NPs exhibited remarkable changes in zeta potential, particle size, monophosphate and drug release upon incubation with ALP, compared to Fe-PP NPs showing only minor differences. The released ETH from Ca- and Zn-PP nanocarriers retained the antibacterial activity against E. coli, whereas no antibacterial effect was observed with Fe-PP NPs. CONCLUSION Polyphosphate nanoparticles cross-linked with divalent cations and ETH hold promise for sustained drug delivery triggered by ALP for parental administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Summonte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Thiomatrix Forschungs- und Beratungs GmbH, Trientlgasse 65, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Eva Sanchez Armengol
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Fabrizio Ricci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Thiomatrix Forschungs- und Beratungs GmbH, Trientlgasse 65, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Matthias Sandmeier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Thiomatrix Forschungs- und Beratungs GmbH, Trientlgasse 65, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nathalie Hock
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ayse Güclü-Tuncyüz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Thiomatrix Forschungs- und Beratungs GmbH, Trientlgasse 65, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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da Silva Filho PM, Paz IA, Nascimento NRFD, Abreu DS, Lopes LGDF, Sousa EHS, Longhinotti E. Nitroprusside─Expanding the Potential Use of an Old Drug Using Nanoparticles. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:6-22. [PMID: 36350781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
For more than 70 years, sodium nitroprusside (SNP) has been used to treat severe hypertension in hospital emergency settings. During this time, a few other clinical uses have also emerged such as in the treatment of acute heart failure as well as improving mitral incompetence and in the intra- and perioperative management during heart surgery. This drug functions by releasing nitric oxide (NO), which modulates several biological processes with many potential therapeutic applications. However, this small molecule has a short lifetime, and it has been administered through the use of NO donor molecules such as SNP. On the other hand, SNP also has some setbacks such as the release of cyanide ions, high water solubility, and very fast NO release kinetics. Currently, there are many drug delivery strategies that can be applied to overcome many of these limitations, providing novel opportunities for the use of old drugs, including SNP. This Perspective describes some nitroprusside properties and highlights new potential therapeutic uses arising from the use of drug delivery systems, mainly silica-based nanoparticles. There is a series of great opportunities to further explore SNP in many medical issues as reviewed, which deserves a closer look by the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Martins da Silva Filho
- Laboratório de Métodos de Análises e Modificação de Materiais (LABMA), Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60440-900, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.,Laboratório de Bioinorgânica, Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, PO Box 12200, Campus do Pici s/n, 60440-900, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Iury Araújo Paz
- Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, 60714-110, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Dieric S Abreu
- Laboratory of Materials & Devices (Lab MaDe), Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60440-900, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gonzaga de França Lopes
- Laboratório de Bioinorgânica, Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, PO Box 12200, Campus do Pici s/n, 60440-900, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Henrique Silva Sousa
- Laboratório de Bioinorgânica, Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, PO Box 12200, Campus do Pici s/n, 60440-900, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Elisane Longhinotti
- Laboratório de Métodos de Análises e Modificação de Materiais (LABMA), Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60440-900, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.,Laboratório de Bioinorgânica, Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, PO Box 12200, Campus do Pici s/n, 60440-900, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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Effect of mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded with α-tomatine on HepG2 cancer cells studied in vitro. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.104033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Zhang Q, O'Brien S, Grimm J. Biomedical Applications of Lanthanide Nanomaterials, for Imaging, Sensing and Therapy. Nanotheranostics 2022; 6:184-194. [PMID: 34976593 PMCID: PMC8671952 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.65530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of nanomaterials made of rare earth elements within biomedical sciences continues to make significant progress. The rare earth elements, also called the lanthanides, play an essential role in modern life through materials and electronics. As we learn more about their utility, function, and underlying physics, we can contemplate extending their applications to biomedicine. This particularly applies to diagnosis and radiation therapy due to their relatively unique features, such as an ultra-wide Stokes shift in the luminescence, variable magnetism and potentially tunable properties, due to the library of lanthanides available and their multivalent oxidation state chemistry. The ability to prepare nanomaterials of relatively smaller sizes has increased the likelihood of use in vivo. In this review, we summarize the different emerging applications of nanoparticles with rare earth elements as the host or doped elements for biomedical applications in the past three to four years, especially in the area of imaging and disease diagnosis. Researchers have made progress in utilizing surfactants and polymers to modify the surface of lanthanide nanoparticles to enhance biocompatibility. At the same time, specific antibodies and proteins can also be conjugated to these nanoparticles to increase targeting efficiency for specific tumor models. Finally, in the near-infrared II imaging window, lanthanide nanoparticles have been shown to exhibit extraordinary bright emission, which is an exciting development for image-guided surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qize Zhang
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, 1024 Marshak, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, New York 10031, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Stephen O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, 1024 Marshak, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, New York 10031, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Jan Grimm
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Paul S, Pan S, Mukherjee A, De P. Nitric Oxide Releasing Delivery Platforms: Design, Detection, Biomedical Applications, and Future Possibilities. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:3181-3205. [PMID: 34433264 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gasotransmitters belong to the subfamily of endogenous gaseous signaling molecules, which find a wide range of biomedical applications. Among the various gasotransmitters, nitric oxide (NO) has an enormous effect on the cardiovascular system. Apart from this, NO showed a pivotal role in neurological, respiratory, and immunological systems. Moreover, the paradoxical concentration-dependent activities make this gaseous signaling molecule more interesting. The gaseous NO has negligible stability in physiological conditions (37 °C, pH 7.4), which restricts their potential therapeutic applications. To overcome this issue, various NO delivering carriers were reported so far. Unfortunately, most of these NO donors have low stability, short half-life, or low NO payload. Herein, we review the synthesis of NO delivering motifs, development of macromolecular NO donors, their advantages/disadvantages, and biological applications. Various NO detection analytical techniques are discussed briefly, and finally, a viewpoint about the design of polymeric NO donors with improved physicochemical characteristics is predicted.
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Abstract
Multifunctional nanoparticles have been identified as a promising drug-delivery system for sustainable drug release. The structural and size tunability and disease-targeting ability of nanoparticles have made them more suitable for multiple drug loading and delivery, thereby enhancing therapeutic results through synergistic effects. Nanoparticulate carriers with specific features such as target specificity and stimuli-responsiveness enable selective drug delivery with lower potential side effects. In this review we have classified the recently published articles on polymeric and inorganic nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery into three different categories based on functionality and discussed their efficiency for drug delivery and their therapeutic outcomes in preclinical models. Most of the drug-loaded nanodelivery systems discussed have demonstrated negligible or very low systemic toxicity throughout the experimental period in animal models compared with free drug administration. In addition, some challenges associated with the translation of nanoparticle-based drug carrier responses to clinical application are highlighted.
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Hou K, Wang Z. Application of Nanotechnology to Enhance Adsorption and Bioavailability of Procyanidins: A Review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1888970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Hou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
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8
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Preparation and characterization of stable fluorescent As4S4/ZnS/Fe3O4 nanosuspension capped by Poloxamer 407 and folic acid. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-020-01345-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Ahmadi S, Rabiee N, Bagherzadeh M, Elmi F, Fatahi Y, Farjadian F, Baheiraei N, Nasseri B, Rabiee M, Dastjerd NT, Valibeik A, Karimi M, Hamblin MR. Stimulus-Responsive Sequential Release Systems for Drug and Gene Delivery. NANO TODAY 2020; 34:100914. [PMID: 32788923 PMCID: PMC7416836 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2020.100914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, a range of studies have been conducted with the aim to design and characterize delivery systems that are able to release multiple therapeutic agents in controlled and programmed temporal sequences, or with spatial resolution inside the body. This sequential release occurs in response to different stimuli, including changes in pH, redox potential, enzyme activity, temperature gradients, light irradiation, and by applying external magnetic and electrical fields. Sequential release (SR)-based delivery systems, are often based on a range of different micro- or nanocarriers and may offer a silver bullet in the battle against various diseases, such as cancer. Their distinctive characteristic is the ability to release one or more drugs (or release drugs along with genes) in a controlled sequence at different times or at different sites. This approach can lengthen gene expression periods, reduce the side effects of drugs, enhance the efficacy of drugs, and induce an anti-proliferative effect on cancer cells due to the synergistic effects of genes and drugs. The key objective of this review is to summarize recent progress in SR-based drug/gene delivery systems for cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Ahmadi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Faranak Elmi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Biology, Faculty of science, Marand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marand, Iran
| | - Yousef Fatahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Center (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Farjadian
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Baheiraei
- Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences Division, Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Nasseri
- Chemical Engineering Department, Bioengineering Division and Bioengineering Centre, Hacettepe University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
- Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry Department, Atilim University, 06830, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mohammad Rabiee
- Biomaterial Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloufar Tavakoli Dastjerd
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Ali Valibeik
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Mahdi Karimi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Science and Technology in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Applied Biotechnology Research Centre, Tehran Medical Science, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
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Mohammadpour R, Cheney DL, Grunberger JW, Yazdimamaghani M, Jedrzkiewicz J, Isaacson KJ, Dobrovolskaia MA, Ghandehari H. One-year chronic toxicity evaluation of single dose intravenously administered silica nanoparticles in mice and their Ex vivo human hemocompatibility. J Control Release 2020; 324:471-481. [PMID: 32464151 PMCID: PMC7429347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic toxicity evaluations of nanotechnology-based drugs are essential to support initiation of clinical trials. Ideally such evaluations should address the dosing strategy in human applications and provide sufficient information for long-term usage. Herein, we investigated one-year toxicity of non-surface modified silica nanoparticles (SNPs) with variations in size and porosity (Stöber SNPs 46 ± 4.9 and 432.0 ± 18.7 nm and mesoporous SNPs 466.0 ± 86.0 nm) upon single dose intravenous administration to female and male BALB/c mice (10 animal/sex/group) along with their human blood compatibility. Our evidence of clinical observation and blood parameters showed no significant changes in body weight, cell blood count, nor plasma biomarker indices. No significant changes were noted in post necropsy examination of internal organs and organ-to-body weight ratio. However, microscopic examination revealed significant amount of liver inflammation and aggregates of histocytes with neutrophils within the spleen suggesting an ongoing or resolving injury. The fast accumulation of these plain SNPs in the liver and spleen upon IV administration and the duration needed for their clearance caused these injuries. There were also subtle changes which were attributed to prior infarctions or resolved intravascular thrombosis and included calcifications in pulmonary vessels, focal cardiac fibrosis with calcifications, and focal renal injury. Most of the pathologic lesions were observed when large, non-porous SNPs were administered. Statistically significant chronic toxicity was not observed for the small non-porous particles and for the mesoporous particles. This one-year post-exposure evaluation indicate that female and male BALB/c mice need up to one year to recover from acute tissue toxic effects of silica nanoparticles upon single dose intravenous administration at their 10-day maximum tolerated dose. Further, ex vivo testing with human blood and plasma revealed no hemolysis or complement activation following incubation with these silica nanoparticles. These results can inform the potential utility of silica nanoparticles in biomedical applications such as controlled drug delivery where intravenous injection of the particles is intended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raziye Mohammadpour
- Utah Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, and University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Darwin L Cheney
- Utah Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, and University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Jason W Grunberger
- Utah Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, and University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Nano Institute of Utah, and University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Mostafa Yazdimamaghani
- Utah Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, and University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Nano Institute of Utah, and University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Jolanta Jedrzkiewicz
- Department of Pathology, Nano Institute of Utah, and University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Kyle J Isaacson
- Utah Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, and University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Marina A Dobrovolskaia
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Hamidreza Ghandehari
- Utah Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, and University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Nano Institute of Utah, and University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States.
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11
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Stimuli-responsive nano-assemblies for remotely controlled drug delivery. J Control Release 2020; 322:566-592. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Grieco GE, Brusco N, Licata G, Nigi L, Formichi C, Dotta F, Sebastiani G. Targeting microRNAs as a Therapeutic Strategy to Reduce Oxidative Stress in Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246358. [PMID: 31861156 PMCID: PMC6940935 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a group of heterogeneous metabolic disorders characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia as a consequence of pancreatic β cell loss and/or dysfunction, also caused by oxidative stress. The molecular mechanisms involved inβ cell dysfunction and in response to oxidative stress are also regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs are a class of negative gene regulators, which modulate pathologic mechanisms occurring in diabetes and its complications. Although several pharmacological therapies specifically targeting miRNAs have already been developed and brought to the clinic, most previous miRNA-based drug delivery methods were unable to target a specific miRNA in a single cell type or tissue, leading to important off-target effects. In order to overcome these issues, aptamers and nanoparticles have been described as non-cytotoxic vehicles for miRNA-based drug delivery. These approaches could represent an innovative way to specifically target and modulate miRNAs involved in oxidative stress in diabetes and its complications. Therefore, the aims of this review are: (i) to report the role of miRNAs involved in oxidative stress in diabetes as promising therapeutic targets; (ii) to shed light onto the new delivery strategies developed to modulate the expression of miRNAs in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Emanuela Grieco
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, V.le Bracci, 16, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.E.G.); (N.B.); (G.L.); (L.N.); (C.F.); (G.S.)
- Fondazione Umberto Di Mario ONLUS c/o Toscana Life Sciences, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Noemi Brusco
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, V.le Bracci, 16, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.E.G.); (N.B.); (G.L.); (L.N.); (C.F.); (G.S.)
- Fondazione Umberto Di Mario ONLUS c/o Toscana Life Sciences, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Giada Licata
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, V.le Bracci, 16, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.E.G.); (N.B.); (G.L.); (L.N.); (C.F.); (G.S.)
- Fondazione Umberto Di Mario ONLUS c/o Toscana Life Sciences, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Laura Nigi
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, V.le Bracci, 16, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.E.G.); (N.B.); (G.L.); (L.N.); (C.F.); (G.S.)
- Fondazione Umberto Di Mario ONLUS c/o Toscana Life Sciences, 53100 Siena, Italy
- UO Diabetologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Caterina Formichi
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, V.le Bracci, 16, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.E.G.); (N.B.); (G.L.); (L.N.); (C.F.); (G.S.)
- Fondazione Umberto Di Mario ONLUS c/o Toscana Life Sciences, 53100 Siena, Italy
- UO Diabetologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Francesco Dotta
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, V.le Bracci, 16, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.E.G.); (N.B.); (G.L.); (L.N.); (C.F.); (G.S.)
- Fondazione Umberto Di Mario ONLUS c/o Toscana Life Sciences, 53100 Siena, Italy
- UO Diabetologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0577-586269
| | - Guido Sebastiani
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, V.le Bracci, 16, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.E.G.); (N.B.); (G.L.); (L.N.); (C.F.); (G.S.)
- Fondazione Umberto Di Mario ONLUS c/o Toscana Life Sciences, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Jiang W, Yin L, Chen H, Paschall AV, Zhang L, Fu W, Zhang W, Todd T, Yu KS, Zhou S, Zhen Z, Butler M, Yao L, Zhang F, Shen Y, Li Z, Yin A, Yin H, Wang X, Avci FY, Yu X, Xie J. NaCl Nanoparticles as a Cancer Therapeutic. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1904058. [PMID: 31553099 PMCID: PMC6886716 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Many inorganic nanoparticles are prepared and their behaviors in living systems are investigated. Yet, common electrolytes such as NaCl are left out of this campaign. The underlying assumption is that electrolyte nanoparticles will quickly dissolve in water and behave similarly as their constituent salts. Herein, this preconception is challenged. The study shows that NaCl nanoparticles (SCNPs) but not salts are highly toxic to cancer cells. This is because SCNPs enter cells through endocytosis, bypassing cell regulations on ion transport. When dissolved inside cancer cells, SCNPs cause a surge of osmolarity and rapid cell lysis. Interestingly, normal cells are much more resistant to the treatment due to their relatively low sodium levels. Unlike conventional chemotherapeutics, SCNPs cause immunogenic cell death or ICD. In vivo studies show that SCNPs not only kill cancer cells, but also boost an anticancer immunity. The discovery opens up a new perspective on nanoparticle-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Lei Yin
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Hongmin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Amy Victoria Paschall
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Liuyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi, 710049, China
| | - Wenyan Fu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Weizhong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Trever Todd
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Kevin Shengyang Yu
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Shiyi Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Zipeng Zhen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Michael Butler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Li Yao
- Science Education, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Ye Shen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Zibo Li
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Amelia Yin
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Hang Yin
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Xianqiao Wang
- College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Fikri Y Avci
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Xiaozhong Yu
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Jin Xie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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14
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Recent trends in CRISPR-Cas system: genome, epigenome, and transcriptome editing and CRISPR delivery systems. Genes Genomics 2019; 41:871-877. [PMID: 31119685 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-019-00830-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The CRISPR-Cas systems have emerged as a robust genome editing tool useful in various fields of research. With the discovery and development of the orthologous CRISPR-Cas systems, their genome editing efficiency have improved. OBJECTIVE In this review, we aim to present the recent developments and applications of the CRISPR-Cas systems. METHODS First, we introduce how the advancements of CRISPR technology enabled genome editing to single base precision. Then, we discuss the CRISPR based methods for targeted transcriptional regulation, epigenome editing, and RNA editing. Finally, we review the CRISPR delivery systems highlighting recent attempts to integrate nanotechnology to develop novel CRISPR delivery modalities. CONCLUSION Here, we review the recent trends in CRISPR-based biotechnologies, encompassing genome editing, epigenome regulation and direct RNA targeting and provide an overview of methods employed for CRISPR delivery with an emphasis on the most recent nanotechnology-based delivery strategies. We anticipate that the development of CRISPR based technology will continue to explore novel methods.
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15
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Mohammadpour R, Dobrovolskaia MA, Cheney DL, Greish KF, Ghandehari H. Subchronic and chronic toxicity evaluation of inorganic nanoparticles for delivery applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 144:112-132. [PMID: 31295521 PMCID: PMC6745262 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic nanoparticles provide the opportunity to localize bioactive agents to the target sites and protect them from degradation. In many cases, acute toxicities of inorganic nanoparticles used for delivery applications have been investigated. However, little information is available regarding the long-term toxicity of such materials. This review focuses on the importance of subchronic and chronic toxicity assessment of inorganic nanoparticles investigated for delivery applications. We have attempted to provide a comprehensive review of the available literature for chronic toxicity assessment of inorganic nanoparticles. Where possible correlations are made between particle composition, physiochemical properties, duration, frequency and route of administration, as well as the sex of animals, with tissue and blood toxicity, immunotoxicity and genotoxicity. A critical gap analysis is provided and important factors that need to be considered for long-term toxicology of inorganic nanoparticles are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raziye Mohammadpour
- Utah Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Marina A Dobrovolskaia
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Darwin L Cheney
- Utah Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Khaled F Greish
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 329, Bahrain; Nanomedicine Research Unit, Princess Al-Jawhara Centre for Molecular Medicine and Inherited Disorders, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 329, Bahrain
| | - Hamidreza Ghandehari
- Utah Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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16
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Nanotheranostics Approaches in Antimicrobial Drug Resistance. Nanotheranostics 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-29768-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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17
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Tee JK, Peng F, Ho HK. Effects of inorganic nanoparticles on liver fibrosis: Optimizing a double-edged sword for therapeutics. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 160:24-33. [PMID: 30529191 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a condition of sustained wound healing in response to chronic liver injury caused by various factors such as viral, cholestatic and inflammatory diseases. Despite significant advances in the understanding of the mechanistic details of fibrosis, therapeutic intervention with the use of anti-fibrotic drugs achieved only marginal efficacy. Among which, pharmacokinetics profile of agents leading to off-targeting and suboptimal distribution are the principal limiting factors. Concurrently, inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) have gained significant recognition in biomedicine, owning to their unique physicochemical properties. Since NPs are known to accumulate in well vascularised organs, the intuitive therapeutic targeting of the liver using engineered NPs seems to be a plausible approach in treating liver fibrosis. However, the application of inorganic NPs also raised concerns of its potential long-term impact to humans. Current literatures have reported both negative risks as well as surprising benefits, thus sparking off a needful discussion about the feasibility of using inorganic NPs in treating liver fibrosis. Inorganic NPs entrapped in the liver may pose health risks, particularly due to their non-biodegradability and potential toxicity when accumulated in undesirable concentrations. This highlighted the need to assess the health risk of using inorganic NPs, and also to establish a framework to evaluate the conditions when the beneficial effects of these NPs would outweigh potential risks. Hence, this review takes a balanced approach on assessing the mechanistic details behind inorganic NP-induced biochemical perturbations, which could either alleviate or worsen liver fibrosis. Consequently, it attempts to chart out possibilities for future directions through optimizing therapeutic outcomes by design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Kai Tee
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fei Peng
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Han Kiat Ho
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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18
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Poon C, Gallo J, Joo J, Chang T, Bañobre-López M, Chung EJ. Hybrid, metal oxide-peptide amphiphile micelles for molecular magnetic resonance imaging of atherosclerosis. J Nanobiotechnology 2018; 16:92. [PMID: 30442135 PMCID: PMC6238287 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-018-0420-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Atherosclerosis, a major source of cardiovascular disease, is asymptomatic for decades until the activation of thrombosis and the rupture of enlarged plaques, resulting in acute coronary syndromes and sudden cardiac arrest. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive nuclear imaging technique to assess the degree of atherosclerotic plaque with high spatial resolution and excellent soft tissue contrast. However, MRI lacks sensitivity for preventive medicine, which limits the ability to observe the onset of vulnerable plaques. In this study, we engineered hybrid metal oxide-peptide amphiphile micelles (HMO-Ms) that combine an inorganic, magnetic iron oxide or manganese oxide inner core with organic, fibrin-targeting peptide amphiphiles, consisting of the sequence CREKA, for potential MRI imaging of thrombosis on atherosclerotic plaques. Results Hybrid metal oxide-peptide amphiphile micelles, consisting of an iron oxide (Fe-Ms) or manganese oxide (Mn-Ms) core with CREKA peptides, were self-assembled into 20–30 nm spherical nanoparticles, as confirmed by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. These hybrid nanoparticles were found to be biocompatible with human aortic endothelial cells in vitro, and HMO-Ms bound to human clots three to five times more efficiently than its non-targeted counterparts. Relaxivity studies showed ultra-high r2 value of 457 mM−1 s−1 and r1 value of 0.48 mM−1 s−1 for Fe-Ms and Mn-Ms, respectively. In vitro, MR imaging studies demonstrated the targeting capability of CREKA-functionalized hybrid nanoparticles with twofold enhancement of MR signals. Conclusion This novel hybrid class of MR agents has potential as a non-invasive imaging method that specifically detects thrombosis during the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12951-018-0420-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Poon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Juan Gallo
- Advanced (Magnetic) Theranostic Nanostructures Lab, Department of Life Sciences, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Avenida Mestre José Veiga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Johan Joo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Timothy Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Manuel Bañobre-López
- Advanced (Magnetic) Theranostic Nanostructures Lab, Department of Life Sciences, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Avenida Mestre José Veiga, Braga, Portugal.
| | - Eun Ji Chung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, University of Southern California, 925 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA. .,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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19
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Li R, Chai Y, Jiang Y, Ashby PD, Toor A, Russell TP. Carboxylated Fullerene at the Oil/Water Interface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:34389-34395. [PMID: 28885823 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b07154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembly of carboxylated fullerene with poly(styrene-b-2-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P2VP) with different molecular weights, poly-2-vinylpyridine, and amine-terminated polystyrene, at the interface between toluene and water was investigated. For all values of the pH, the functionalized fullerene interacted with the polymers at the water/toluene interface, forming a nanoparticle network, reducing the interfacial tension. At pH values of 4.84 and 7.8, robust, elastic films were formed at the interface, such that hollow tubules could be formed in situ when an aqueous solution of the functionalized fullerene was jetted into a toluene solution of PS-b-P2VP at a pH of 4.84. With variation of the pH, the mechanical properties of the fullerene/polymer assemblies can be varied by tuning the strength of the interactions between the functionalized fullerenes and the PS-b-P2VP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongqiang Li
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University , Zhumadian, Henan 463000, P. R. China
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yu Chai
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yufeng Jiang
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Paul D Ashby
- Molecular Foundry Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Anju Toor
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Thomas P Russell
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029, P. R. China
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20
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Cutrone G, Casas-Solvas JM, Vargas-Berenguel A. Cyclodextrin-Modified inorganic materials for the construction of nanocarriers. Int J Pharm 2017; 531:621-639. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.06.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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21
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Zia Q, Mohammad O, Rauf MA, Khan W, Zubair S. Biomimetically engineered Amphotericin B nano-aggregates circumvent toxicity constraints and treat systemic fungal infection in experimental animals. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11873. [PMID: 28928478 PMCID: PMC5605718 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11847-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomimetic synthesis of nanoparticles offers a convenient and bio friendly approach to fabricate complex structures with sub-nanometer precision from simple precursor components. In the present study, we have synthesized nanoparticles of Amphotericin B (AmB), a potent antifungal agent, using Aloe vera leaf extract. The synthesis of AmB nano-assemblies (AmB-NAs) was established employing spectro-photometric and electron microscopic studies, while their crystalline nature was established by X-ray diffraction. AmB-nano-formulation showed much higher stability in both phosphate buffer saline and serum and exhibit sustained release of parent drug over an extended time period. The as-synthesized AmB-NA possessed significantly less haemolysis as well as nephrotoxicity in the host at par with Ambisome®, a liposomized AmB formulation. Interestingly, the AmB-NAs were more effective in killing various fungal pathogens including Candida spp. and evoked less drug related toxic manifestations in the host as compared to free form of the drug. The data of the present study suggest that biomimetically synthesized AmB-NA circumvent toxicity issues and offer a promising approach to eliminate systemic fungal infections in Balb/C mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qamar Zia
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Owais Mohammad
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Mohd Ahmar Rauf
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Wasi Khan
- Department of Applied Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Swaleha Zubair
- Women's College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
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22
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Ju-Nam Y, Abdussalam-Mohammed W, Ojeda JJ. Highly stable noble metal nanoparticles dispersible in biocompatible solvents: synthesis of cationic phosphonium gold nanoparticles in water and DMSO. Faraday Discuss 2017; 186:77-93. [PMID: 26796782 DOI: 10.1039/c5fd00131e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report the synthesis of novel cationic phosphonium gold nanoparticles dispersible in water and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for their potential use in biomedical applications. All the cationic-functionalising ligands currently reported in the literature are ammonium-based species. Here, the synthesis and characterisation of an alternative system, based on phosphonioalkylthiosulfate zwitterions and phosphonioalkylthioacetate were carried out. We have also demonstrated that our phosphonioalkylthiosulfate zwitterions readily disproportionate into phosphonioalkylthiolates in situ during the synthesis of gold nanoparticles produced by the borohydride reduction of gold(III) salts. The synthesis of the cationic gold nanoparticles using these phosphonium ligands was carried out in water and DMSO. UV-visible spectroscopic and TEM studies have shown that the phosphonioalkylthiolates bind to the surface of gold nanoparticles which are typically around 10 nm in diameter. The resulting cationic-functionalised gold nanoparticles are dispersible in aqueous media and in DMSO, which is the only organic solvent approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for drug carrier tests. This indicates their potential future use in biological applications. This work shows the synthesis of a new family of phosphonium-based ligands, which behave as cationic masked thiolate ligands in the functionalisation of gold nanoparticles. These highly stable colloidal cationic phosphonium gold nanoparticles dispersed in water and DMSO can offer a great opportunity for the design of novel biorecognition and drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yon Ju-Nam
- Swansea University, College of Engineering, Engineering Central Building, Bay Campus, Crymlyn Burrows, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK.
| | - Wanisa Abdussalam-Mohammed
- Swansea University, College of Engineering, Engineering Central Building, Bay Campus, Crymlyn Burrows, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK.
| | - Jesus J Ojeda
- Swansea University, College of Engineering, Engineering Central Building, Bay Campus, Crymlyn Burrows, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK. and Brunel University London, Institute of Materials and Manufacturing, Experimental Technique Centre, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK
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23
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Marega R, Prasetyanto EA, Michiels C, De Cola L, Bonifazi D. Fast Targeting and Cancer Cell Uptake of Luminescent Antibody-Nanozeolite Bioconjugates. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:5431-5441. [PMID: 27510846 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201601447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the targeted cellular uptake of nanomaterials is an essential step to engineer and program functional and effective biomedical devices. In this respect, the targeting and ultrafast uptake of zeolite nanocrystals functionalized with Cetuximab antibodies (Ctxb) by cells overexpressing the epidermal growth factor receptor are described here. Biochemical assays show that the cellular uptake of the bioconjugate in the targeted cancer cells already begins 15 min after incubation, at a rate around tenfold faster than that observed in the negative control cells. These findings further show the role of Ctxb exposed at the surfaces of the zeolite nanocrystals in mediating the targeted and rapid cellular uptake. By using temperature and pharmacological inhibitors as modulators of the internalization pathways, the results univocally suggest a dissipative uptake mechanism of these nanomaterials, which seems to occur using different internalization pathways, according to the targeting properties of these nanocrystals. Owing to the ultrafast uptake process, harmless for the cell viability, these results further pave the way for the design of novel theranostic tools based on nanozeolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Marega
- Namur Research College (NARC) and Department of Chemistry, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, Namur, B-5000, Belgium
| | - Eko Adi Prasetyanto
- Institut de science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaire (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg, 8 Rue Gaspard Monge, BP 70028, Strasbourg, F-67000, France
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie KIT-INT, Karlsruhe, D-76131, Germany
| | - Carine Michiels
- Cellular Biology Research Unit - NARILIS, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, Namur, B-5000, Belgium
| | - Luisa De Cola
- Institut de science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaire (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg, 8 Rue Gaspard Monge, BP 70028, Strasbourg, F-67000, France.
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie KIT-INT, Karlsruhe, D-76131, Germany.
| | - Davide Bonifazi
- Namur Research College (NARC) and Department of Chemistry, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, Namur, B-5000, Belgium.
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom.
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25
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Rotello VM. Organic chemistry meets polymers, nanoscience, therapeutics and diagnostics. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:1638-46. [PMID: 27559417 PMCID: PMC4979691 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The atom-by-atom control provided by synthetic organic chemistry presents a means of generating new functional nanomaterials with great precision. Bringing together these two very disparate skill sets is, however, quite uncommon. This autobiographical review provides some insight into how my program evolved, as well as giving some idea of where we are going.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent M Rotello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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26
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Hildebrandt N, Spillmann CM, Algar WR, Pons T, Stewart MH, Oh E, Susumu K, Díaz SA, Delehanty JB, Medintz IL. Energy Transfer with Semiconductor Quantum Dot Bioconjugates: A Versatile Platform for Biosensing, Energy Harvesting, and Other Developing Applications. Chem Rev 2016; 117:536-711. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 457] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Niko Hildebrandt
- NanoBioPhotonics
Institut d’Electronique Fondamentale (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, 91400 Orsay, France
| | | | - W. Russ Algar
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Thomas Pons
- LPEM;
ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University; CNRS; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, F-75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Eunkeu Oh
- Sotera Defense Solutions, Inc., Columbia, Maryland 21046, United States
| | - Kimihiro Susumu
- Sotera Defense Solutions, Inc., Columbia, Maryland 21046, United States
| | - Sebastian A. Díaz
- American Society for Engineering Education, Washington, DC 20036, United States
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27
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Chakravarty R, Hong H, Cai W. Image-Guided Drug Delivery with Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography: A Review of Literature. Curr Drug Targets 2016; 16:592-609. [PMID: 25182469 DOI: 10.2174/1389450115666140902125657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tremendous resources are being invested all over the world for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of various types of cancer. Successful cancer management depends on accurate diagnosis of the disease along with precise therapeutic protocol. The conventional systemic drug delivery approaches generally cannot completely remove the competent cancer cells without surpassing the toxicity limits to normal tissues. Therefore, development of efficient drug delivery systems holds prime importance in medicine and healthcare. Also, molecular imaging can play an increasingly important and revolutionizing role in disease management. Synergistic use of molecular imaging and targeted drug delivery approaches provides unique opportunities in a relatively new area called 'image-guided drug delivery' (IGDD). Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is the most widely used nuclear imaging modality in clinical context and is increasingly being used to guide targeted therapeutics. The innovations in material science have fueled the development of efficient drug carriers based on, polymers, liposomes, micelles, dendrimers, microparticles, nanoparticles, etc. Efficient utilization of these drug carriers along with SPECT imaging technology have the potential to transform patient care by personalizing therapy to the individual patient, lessening the invasiveness of conventional treatment procedures and rapidly monitoring the therapeutic efficacy. SPECT-IGDD is not only effective for the treatment of cancer but might also find utility in the management of several other diseases. Herein, we provide a concise overview of the latest advances in SPECT-IGDD procedures and discuss the challenges and opportunities for advancement of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubel Chakravarty
- Isotope Production and Applications Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India.
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28
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Elci SG, Yan B, Kim ST, Saha K, Jiang Y, Klemmer GA, Moyano DF, Tonga GY, Rotello VM, Vachet RW. Quantitative imaging of 2 nm monolayer-protected gold nanoparticle distributions in tissues using laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Analyst 2016; 141:2418-25. [PMID: 26979648 DOI: 10.1039/c6an00123h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have unique properties that make them important biomedical materials. Optimal use of these materials, though, requires an understanding of their fate in vivo. Here we describe the use of laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to image the biodistributions of AuNPs in tissues from mice intravenously injected with AuNPs. We demonstrate for the first time that the distributions of very small (∼2 nm core) monolayer-protected AuNPs can be imaged in animal tissues at concentrations in the low parts-per-billion range. Moreover, the LA-ICP-MS images reveal that the monolayer coatings on the injected AuNPs influence their distributions, suggesting that the AuNPs remain intact in vivo and their surface chemistry influences how they interact with different organs. We also demonstrate that quantitative images of the AuNPs can be generated when the appropriate tissue homogenates are chosen for matrix matching. Overall, these results demonstrate the utility of LA-ICP-MS for tracking the fate of biomedically-relevant AuNPs in vivo, facilitating the design of improved AuNP-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gokhan Elci
- Deparment of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01002, USA.
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Tao J, Buchko GW, Shaw WJ, De Yoreo JJ, Tarasevich BJ. Sequence-Defined Energetic Shifts Control the Disassembly Kinetics and Microstructure of Amelogenin Adsorbed onto Hydroxyapatite (100). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:10451-10460. [PMID: 26381243 PMCID: PMC4917396 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b02549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between proteins and surfaces are critical to a number of important processes including biomineralization, the biocompatibility of biomaterials, and the function of biosensors. Although many proteins exist as monomers or small oligomers, amelogenin is a unique protein that self-assembles into supramolecular structures called "nanospheres," aggregates of hundreds of monomers that are 20-60 nm in diameter. The nanosphere quaternary structure is observed in solution; however, the quaternary structure of amelogenin adsorbed onto hydroxyapatite (HAP) surfaces is not known even though it may be important to amelogenin's function in forming highly elongated and intricately assembled HAP crystallites during enamel formation. We report studies of the interactions of the enamel protein, amelogenin (rpM179), with a well-defined (100) face prepared by the synthesis of large crystals of HAP. High-resolution in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to directly observe protein adsorption onto HAP at the molecular level within an aqueous solution environment. Our study shows that the amelogenin nanospheres disassemble onto the HAP surface, breaking down into oligomeric (25-mer) subunits of the larger nanosphere. In some cases, the disassembly event is directly observed by in situ imaging for the first time. Quantification of the adsorbate amounts by size analysis led to the determination of a protein binding energy (17.1k(b)T) to a specific face of HAP (100). The kinetics of disassembly are greatly slowed in aged solutions, indicating that there are time-dependent increases in oligomer-oligomer binding interactions within the nanosphere. A small change in the sequence of amelogenin by the attachment of a histidine tag to the N-terminus of rpM179 to form rp(H)M180 results in the adsorption of a complete second layer on top of the underlying first layer. Our research elucidates how supramolecular protein structures interact and break down at surfaces and how small changes in the primary sequence of amelogenin can affect the disassembly process.
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Zhou H, Wei J, Dai Q, Wang L, Luo J, Cheang T, Wang S. CaCO₃/CaIP₆ composite nanoparticles effectively deliver AKT1 small interfering RNA to inhibit human breast cancer growth. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:4255-66. [PMID: 26170662 PMCID: PMC4494612 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s73269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated gene therapy is a promising strategy to temporarily inhibit the expression of genes involved in development of breast cancer. The lack of a safe and efficient gene delivery system has become a major hurdle for siRNA-mediated gene therapy in breast cancer. Our previous studies have demonstrated that inorganic amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) hybrid nanospheres functionalized with CaIP6 (ACC/CaIP6) nanoparticles are an efficient nucleic acid delivery tool. The present study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficiency of ACC/CaIP6 in delivering siRNA targeting AKT1 (siAKT1) for the treatment of breast cancer. Methods The cytotoxicity of the ACC/CaIP6 nanoparticles was evaluated using a tetrazolium assay. The transfection efficiency and intracellular distribution of ACC/siAKT1 were analyzed by flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy, respectively. A series of in vitro and in vivo assays was performed to evaluate the effects of ACC/CaIP6/siAKT1 on growth of breast cancer cells. Results ACC/CaIP6 nanoparticles effectively transfected cells with little or no toxicity. AKT1 knockdown by ACC/CaIP6/siAKT1 inhibited cell cycle progression and promoted apoptosis of MCF-7 cells. Intratumoral injection of ACC/CaIP6/siAKT1 significantly suppressed the growth of breast cancer in mice. Conclusion ACC/CaIP6 nanoparticles are a safe and efficient method of delivering siRNA for gene therapy in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Zhou
- Department of Neurological Intensive Care Unit, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhuan Wei
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiangsheng Dai
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhang Luo
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tuckyun Cheang
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenming Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Kim C, Tonga GY, Yan B, Kim CS, Kim ST, Park MH, Zhu Z, Duncan B, Creran B, Rotello VM. Regulating exocytosis of nanoparticles via host-guest chemistry. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:2474-2479. [PMID: 25569869 PMCID: PMC4323993 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02433h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged retention of internalized nanoparticulate systems inside cells improves their efficacy in imaging, drug delivery, and theranostic applications. Especially, regulating exocytosis of the nanoparticles is a key factor in the fabrication of effective nanocarriers for chemotherapeutic treatments but orthogonal control of exocytosis in the cellular environment is a major challenge. Herein, we present the first example of regulating exocytosis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), a model drug carrier, by using a simple host-guest supramolecular system. AuNPs featuring quaternary amine head groups were internalized into the cells through endocytosis. Subsequent in situ treatment of a complementary cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) to the amine head groups resulted in the AuNP-CB[7] complexation inside cells, rendering particle assembly. This complexation induced larger particle assemblies that remained sequestered in the endosomes, inhibiting exocytosis of the particles without any observed cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaekyu Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Gulen Yesilbag Tonga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Bo Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Chang Soo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Sung Tae Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Myoung-Hwan Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Zhengjiang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Bradley Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Brian Creran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Vincent M. Rotello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Gaspar V, de Melo-Diogo D, Costa E, Moreira A, Queiroz J, Pichon C, Correia I, Sousa F. Minicircle DNA vectors for gene therapy: advances and applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 15:353-79. [PMID: 25539147 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.996544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nucleic-acid-based biopharmaceuticals enclose a remarkable potential for treating debilitating or life-threatening diseases that currently remain incurable. This promising area of research envisages the creation of state-of-the-art DNA vaccines, pluripotent cells or gene-based therapies, which can be used to overcome current issues. To achieve this goal, DNA minicircles are emerging as ideal nonviral vectors due to their safety and persistent transgene expression in either quiescent or actively dividing cells. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on the characteristics of minicircle DNA (mcDNA) technology and the current advances in their production. The possible modifications to further improve minicircle efficacy are also emphasized and discussed in light of recent advances. As a final point, the main therapeutic applications of mcDNA are summarized, with a special focus on pluripotent stem cells production and cancer therapy. EXPERT OPINION Achieving in-target and persistent transgene expression is a challenging issue that is of critical importance for a successful therapeutic outcome. The use of miniaturized mcDNA cassettes with additional modifications that increase and prolong expression may contribute to an improved generation of biopharmaceuticals. The unique features of mcDNA render it an attractive alternative to overcome current technical issues and to bridge the significant gap that exists between basic research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vítor Gaspar
- University of Beira Interior, CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Center , Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã , Portugal +351 275 329 002, +351 275 329 055 ; +351 275 329 099 ; ;
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Ren H, Zhu C, Li Z, Yang W, Song E. Emodin-loaded magnesium silicate hollow nanocarriers for anti-angiogenesis treatment through inhibiting VEGF. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:16936-48. [PMID: 25250911 PMCID: PMC4200802 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150916936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The applications of anti-VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) treatment in ophthalmic fields to inhibit angiogenesis have been widely documented in recent years. However, the hydrophobic nature of many agents makes its delivery difficult in practice. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to introduce a new kind of hydrophobic drug carrier by employing nanoparticles with a hollow structure inside. Followed by the synthesis and characterization of magnesium silicate hollow spheres, cytotoxicity was evaluated in retina capillary endothelial cells. The loading and releasing capacity were tested by employing emodin, and the effect on VEGF expression was performed at the gene and protein level. Finally, an investigation on angiogenesis was carried on fertilized chicken eggs. The results indicated that the magnesium silicate nanoparticles had low toxicity. Emodin–MgSiO3 can inhibit the expression of both VEGF gene and protein effectively. Angiogenesis of eggs was also reduced significantly. Based on the above results, we concluded that magnesium silicate hollow spheres were good candidates as drug carriers with enough safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Ren
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Chao Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Zhaohui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Changchun City, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - E Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
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