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Zhang X, Feng S, Yang X, Peng Y, Du M, Zhang R, Sima J, Zou F, Wu X, Wang Y, Gao X, Luo Y, Zhang M. Neuroelectrophysiological alteration associated with cognitive flexibility after 24 h sleep deprivation in adolescents. Conscious Cogn 2024; 124:103734. [PMID: 39096822 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2024.103734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
The cognitive neural mechanisms by which sleep deprivation affects cognitive flexibility are poorly understood. Therefore, the study investigated the neuroelectrophysiological basis of the effect of 24 h sleep deprivation on cognitive flexibility in adolescents. 72 participants (36 females, mean age ± SD=20.46 ± 2.385 years old) participated in the study and were randomly assigned to the sleep deprivation group and control group. They were instructed to complete a task switch paradigm, during which participants' behavioral and electroencephalographic data were recorded. Behaviorally, there were significant between-group differences in accuracy. The results of event-related potential showed that the P2, N2 and P3 components had significant group effects or interaction effects. At the time-frequency level, there were statistically significant differences between the delta and theta bands. These results suggested that 24 h sleep deprivation affected problem-solving effectiveness rather than efficiency, mainly because it systematically impaired cognitive processing associated with cognitive flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xirui Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan 453003, China
| | - Shuqing Feng
- Department of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan 453003, China; Mental Illness and Cognitive Neuroscience Key Laboratory of Xinxiang (Xinxiang Medical University), Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, China
| | - Xiaochen Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan 453003, China
| | - Yunwen Peng
- Department of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan 453003, China; Mental Illness and Cognitive Neuroscience Key Laboratory of Xinxiang (Xinxiang Medical University), Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, China
| | - Mei Du
- Department of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan 453003, China; Mental Illness and Cognitive Neuroscience Key Laboratory of Xinxiang (Xinxiang Medical University), Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan 453003, China; Mental Illness and Cognitive Neuroscience Key Laboratory of Xinxiang (Xinxiang Medical University), Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, China
| | - Jiashan Sima
- Department of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan 453003, China; Mental Illness and Cognitive Neuroscience Key Laboratory of Xinxiang (Xinxiang Medical University), Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, China
| | - Feng Zou
- Department of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan 453003, China; Mental Illness and Cognitive Neuroscience Key Laboratory of Xinxiang (Xinxiang Medical University), Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan 453003, China; Mental Illness and Cognitive Neuroscience Key Laboratory of Xinxiang (Xinxiang Medical University), Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan 453003, China; Mental Illness and Cognitive Neuroscience Key Laboratory of Xinxiang (Xinxiang Medical University), Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, China
| | - Xiaomeng Gao
- Department of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan 453003, China; Mental Illness and Cognitive Neuroscience Key Laboratory of Xinxiang (Xinxiang Medical University), Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, China.
| | - Yanyan Luo
- School of Nursing, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan 453003, China.
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan 453003, China; Mental Illness and Cognitive Neuroscience Key Laboratory of Xinxiang (Xinxiang Medical University), Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, China.
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2
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Liu J, Fan L, Jiang J, Li C, Tian L, Zhang X, Feng W. Evidence for dynamic attentional bias toward positive emotion-laden words: A behavioral and electrophysiological study. Front Psychol 2022; 13:966774. [PMID: 36051211 PMCID: PMC9426460 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.966774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been no consensus on the neural dissociation between emotion-label and emotion-laden words, which remains one of the major concerns in affective neurolinguistics. The current study adopted dot-probe tasks to investigate the valence effect on attentional bias toward Chinese emotion-label and emotion-laden words. Behavioral data showed that emotional word type and valence interacted in attentional bias scores with an attentional bias toward positive emotion-laden words rather than positive emotion-label words and that this bias was derived from the disengagement difficulty in positive emotion-laden words. In addition, an attentional bias toward negative emotion-label words relative to positive emotion-label words was observed. The event-related potential (ERP) data demonstrated an interaction between emotional word type, valence, and hemisphere. A significant hemisphere effect was observed during the processing of positive emotion-laden word pairs rather than positive emotion-label, negative emotion-label, and negative emotion-laden word pairs, with positive emotion-laden word pairs eliciting an enhanced P1 in the right hemisphere as compared to the left hemisphere. Our results found a dynamic attentional bias toward positive emotion-laden words; individuals allocated more attention to positive emotion-laden words in the early processing stage and had difficulty disengaging attention from them in the late processing stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- School of Foreign Studies, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lin Fan
- National Research Centre for Foreign Language Education, Beijing Foreign Studies University, Beijing, China
- Artificial Intelligence and Human Languages Lab, Beijing Foreign Studies University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Lin Fan, ;
| | - Jiaxing Jiang
- Research Institute of Foreign Languages, Beijing Foreign Studies University, Beijing, China
| | - Chi Li
- Research Institute of Foreign Languages, Beijing Foreign Studies University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingyun Tian
- National Research Centre for Foreign Language Education, Beijing Foreign Studies University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaokun Zhang
- National Research Centre for Foreign Language Education, Beijing Foreign Studies University, Beijing, China
| | - Wangshu Feng
- Artificial Intelligence and Human Languages Lab, Beijing Foreign Studies University, Beijing, China
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3
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Chen J, Wu S, Li F. Cognitive Neural Mechanism of Backward Inhibition and Deinhibition: A Review. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:846369. [PMID: 35668866 PMCID: PMC9165717 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.846369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Task switching is one of the typical paradigms to study cognitive control. When switching back to a recently inhibited task (e.g., “A” in an ABA sequence), the performance is often worse compared to a task without N-2 task repetitions (e.g., CBA). This difference is called the backward inhibitory effect (BI effect), which reflects the process of overcoming residual inhibition from a recently performed task (i.e., deinhibition). The neural mechanism of backward inhibition and deinhibition has received a lot of attention in the past decade. Multiple brain regions, including the frontal lobe, parietal, basal ganglia, and cerebellum, are activated during deinhibition. The event-related potentials (ERP) studies have shown that deinhibition process is reflected in the P1/N1 and P3 components, which might be related to early attention control, context updating, and response selection, respectively. Future research can use a variety of new paradigms to separate the neural mechanisms of BI and deinhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwen Chen
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shujie Wu
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Fuhong Li
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
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4
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Chen Y, Cao B, Xie L, Wu J, Li F. Proactive and reactive control differ between task switching and response rule switching: Event-related potential evidence. Neuropsychologia 2022; 172:108272. [PMID: 35597267 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The distinction between task-switching (T-switch) and response-rule switching (RR-switch) has been reported in previous studies. However, it is unclear whether the neural correlates of proactive and reactive control differ between T-switch and RR-switch. In this study, a modified cue-target task was adopted. When the cue in the current trial differed from that in the preceding trial in shape (or color), the participants had to perform a T-switch (or RR-switch). Otherwise, they performed the same task following the same response rule. The behavioral results showed that the switch cost was greater for the RR-switch than for the T-switch. The event-related potential results indicated that (1) for cues, the switch-positivity in the late positive component (LPC) (500-800 ms) was more enhanced for the RR-switch than for the T-switch over the central to parietal regions, reflecting increased proactive control for the RR-switch compared with the T-switch; (2) for targets, the P3 amplitude was more attenuated in the RR-switch than the T-switch over the central and parietal regions, reflecting increased reactive control for the RR-switch; and (3) under the T-switch, the switch-positivity in the cue-LPC was negatively correlated with accuracy cost, while under the RR-switch, the switch negativity in the target-P3 was positively correlated with the reaction time cost. These findings suggest that similar proactive and reactive control are recruited in the T-switch and RR-switch, whereas cognitive control efforts clearly differ between them, perhaps due to different sub-processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Bihua Cao
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China.
| | - Liufang Xie
- School of Education Science, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, 530299, China
| | - Jianxiao Wu
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China; School of Business Administration, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang, 330099, China
| | - Fuhong Li
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
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5
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Legaz A, Abrevaya S, Dottori M, Campo CG, Birba A, Caro MM, Aguirre J, Slachevsky A, Aranguiz R, Serrano C, Gillan CM, Leroi I, García AM, Fittipaldi S, Ibañez A. Multimodal mechanisms of human socially reinforced learning across neurodegenerative diseases. Brain 2021; 145:1052-1068. [PMID: 34529034 PMCID: PMC9128375 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Social feedback can selectively enhance learning in diverse domains. Relevant
neurocognitive mechanisms have been studied mainly in healthy persons, yielding
correlational findings. Neurodegenerative lesion models, coupled with multimodal
brain measures, can complement standard approaches by revealing direct
multidimensional correlates of the phenomenon. To this end, we assessed socially reinforced and non-socially reinforced learning
in 40 healthy participants as well as persons with behavioural variant
frontotemporal dementia (n = 21), Parkinson’s
disease (n = 31) and Alzheimer’s disease
(n = 20). These conditions are typified by
predominant deficits in social cognition, feedback-based learning and
associative learning, respectively, although all three domains may be partly
compromised in the other conditions. We combined a validated behavioural task
with ongoing EEG signatures of implicit learning (medial frontal negativity) and
offline MRI measures (voxel-based morphometry). In healthy participants, learning was facilitated by social feedback relative to
non-social feedback. In comparison with controls, this effect was specifically
impaired in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia and Parkinson’s
disease, while unspecific learning deficits (across social and non-social
conditions) were observed in Alzheimer’s disease. EEG results showed
increased medial frontal negativity in healthy controls during social feedback
and learning. Such a modulation was selectively disrupted in behavioural variant
frontotemporal dementia. Neuroanatomical results revealed extended
temporo-parietal and fronto-limbic correlates of socially reinforced learning,
with specific temporo-parietal associations in behavioural variant
frontotemporal dementia and predominantly fronto-limbic regions in
Alzheimer’s disease. In contrast, non-socially reinforced learning was
consistently linked to medial temporal/hippocampal regions. No associations with
cortical volume were found in Parkinson’s disease. Results are consistent
with core social deficits in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia, subtle
disruptions in ongoing feedback-mechanisms and social processes in
Parkinson’s disease and generalized learning alterations in
Alzheimer’s disease. This multimodal approach highlights the impact of
different neurodegenerative profiles on learning and social feedback. Our findings inform a promising theoretical and clinical agenda in the fields of
social learning, socially reinforced learning and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Legaz
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC), Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, C1011ACC, Argentina.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, C1425FQB, Argentina.,Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Psicología, Córdoba, CU320, Argentina
| | - Sofía Abrevaya
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, C1425FQB, Argentina.,Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, CONICET, Buenos Aires, C1021, Argentina
| | - Martín Dottori
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC), Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, C1011ACC, Argentina
| | - Cecilia González Campo
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC), Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, C1011ACC, Argentina.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, C1425FQB, Argentina
| | - Agustina Birba
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC), Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, C1011ACC, Argentina.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, C1425FQB, Argentina
| | - Miguel Martorell Caro
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, C1425FQB, Argentina.,Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, CONICET, Buenos Aires, C1021, Argentina
| | - Julieta Aguirre
- Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas (IIPsi), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, CB5000, Argentina
| | - Andrea Slachevsky
- Memory and Neuropsychiatric Clinic (CMYN) Neurology Department, Hospital delSalvador, SSMO & Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Gerosciences Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile.,Neuropsychology and Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory, Physiopathology Department, ICBM, Neurosciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile.,Servicio de Neurología, Departamento de Medicina, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Chile
| | | | - Cecilia Serrano
- Neurología Cognitiva, Hospital Cesar Milstein, Buenos Aires, C1221, Argentina
| | - Claire M Gillan
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Iracema Leroi
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Adolfo M García
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC), Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, C1011ACC, Argentina.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, C1425FQB, Argentina.,Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Faculty of Education, National University of Cuyo, Mendoza, M5502JMA, Argentina.,Departamento de Lingüística y Literatura, Facultad de Humanidades, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sol Fittipaldi
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC), Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, C1011ACC, Argentina.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, C1425FQB, Argentina.,Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Psicología, Córdoba, CU320, Argentina
| | - Agustín Ibañez
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC), Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, C1011ACC, Argentina.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, C1425FQB, Argentina.,Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
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6
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Petruo VA, Beste C. Task Switching and the Role of Motor Reprogramming in Parietal Structures. Neuroscience 2021; 461:23-35. [PMID: 33675917 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Human behaviour amazes with extraordinary flexibility and the underlying neural mechanisms have often been studied using task switching. Despite extensive research, the relative importance of "cognitive" and "motor" aspects during switching is unclear. In the current study we examine this question combining EEG analysis techniques and source localization to examine whether the selection of the response, or processes during the execution of the response, contribute most to switching effects. A clear dissociation was observed in the signal decomposition, since codes relating to motor aspects play a significant role in task switching and the scope of the switching costs. This was not the case for signals that denote reaction selection or decision processes that respond to selection or basic stimulus processing codes. On a functional neuroanatomical level, these modulations in motor processes showed a clear temporal sequence in that motor codes are processed primarily in superior parietal regions (Brodman area 7) and only then in premotor regions (Brodman area 6). The observed modulations may reflect motor reprogramming processes. The study shows how EEG signal analysis in combination with brain mapping methods can inform debates on theories of human cognitive flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa A Petruo
- Brain and Creativity Institute, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, 3620A McClintock Avenue Bldg. #292, Los Angeles, CA 90089 United States
| | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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7
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Tran KH, McDonald AP, D'Arcy RCN, Song X. Contextual Processing and the Impacts of Aging and Neurodegeneration: A Scoping Review. Clin Interv Aging 2021; 16:345-361. [PMID: 33658771 PMCID: PMC7917362 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s287619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Contextual processing (or context processing; CP) is an integral component of cognition. CP allows people to manage their thoughts and actions by adjusting to surroundings. CP involves the formation of an internal representation of context in relation to the environment, maintenance of this information over a period of time, and the updating of mental representations to reflect changes in the environment. Each of these functions can be affected by aging and associated conditions. Here, we introduced contextual processing research and summarized the literature studying the impact of normal aging and neurodegeneration-related cognitive decline on CP. Through searching the PubMed, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar databases, 23 studies were retrieved that focused on the impact of aging, mild cogniitve impairment (MCI), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD) on CP. Results indicated that CP is particularly vulnerable to aging and neurodegeneration. Older adults had a delayed onset and reduced amplitude of electrophysiological response to information detection, comparison, and execution. MCI patients demonstrated clear signs of impaired CP compared to normal aging. The only study on AD suggested a decreased proactive control in AD participants in maintaining contextual information, but seemingly intact reactive control. Studies on PD restricted to non-demented older participants, who showed limited ability to use contextual information in cognitive and motor processes, exhibiting impaired reactive control but more or less intact proactive control. These data suggest that the decline in CP with age is further impacted by accelerated aging and neurodegeneration, providing insights for improving intervention strategies. This review highlights the need for increased attention to research this important but understudied field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim H Tran
- Clinical Research Centre, Surrey Memorial Hospital, Fraser Health Authority, Surrey, BC, Canada.,Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Andrew P McDonald
- Clinical Research Centre, Surrey Memorial Hospital, Fraser Health Authority, Surrey, BC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ryan C N D'Arcy
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Xiaowei Song
- Clinical Research Centre, Surrey Memorial Hospital, Fraser Health Authority, Surrey, BC, Canada.,Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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8
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Wolff N, Beste C. Short-term Smartphone App–Based Focused Attention Meditation Diminishes Cognitive Flexibility. J Cogn Neurosci 2020; 32:1484-1496. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Cognitive flexibility is an important aspect relevant to daily life situations, and there is an increasing public interest to optimize these functions, for example, using (brief) meditation practices. However, the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms remain poorly understood. On the basis of theoretical considerations, both improvements and deteriorations of cognitive flexibility are possible through focused attention meditation (FAM). We investigated the effect of a brief smartphone app–based FAM on task switching using EEG methods, temporal signal decomposition, and source localization techniques (standardized low-resolution electromagnetic brain tomography). The study was conducted using a crossover study design. We show that even 15 min of FAM practicing modulates memory-based task switching, on a behavioral level and a neurophysiological level. More specifically, FAM hampers response selection and conflict resolution processes and seem to reduce cognitive resources, which are necessary to rapidly adapt to changing conditions. These effects are represented in the N2 and P3 time windows and associated with ACC. It seems that FAM increases the attention to one specific aspect, which may help to focus but carries also the risk that behavior becomes too rigid. FAM thus seems to modulate both the stimulus- and response-related aspects of conflict monitoring in ACC. Motor-related processes were not affected. The results can be explained using a cognitive control dilemma framework, suggesting that particularly alterations in background monitoring may be important to consider when explaining the effects of FAM during task switching.
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9
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Sidlauskaite J, Dhar M, Sonuga-Barke E, Wiersema JR. Altered proactive control in adults with ADHD: Evidence from event-related potentials during cued task switching. Neuropsychologia 2019; 138:107330. [PMID: 31887312 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive control has two distinct modes - proactive and reactive (Braver, T. S. (2012). The variable nature of cognitive control: a dual mechanisms framework. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(2), 105-112). ADHD has been associated with cognitive control impairments. However, studies have mainly focused on reactive control and not proactive control. Here we investigated neural correlates of proactive and reactive cognitive control in a group of adults with ADHD versus healthy controls by employing a cued switching task while cue informativeness was manipulated and EEG recorded. On the performance level, only a trend to generally slower responding was found in the ADHD group. Cue-locked analyses revealed an attenuated informative-positivity - a differential component appearing when contrasting informative with non-informative alerting cues - and potentially altered lateralisation of the switch-positivity - evident in the contrast between switch and repeat trials for informative cues - in ADHD. No difference in target-locked activity was found. Our results indicate altered proactive rather than reactive control in adults with ADHD, evidenced by less use of cued advance information and abnormal preparatory processes for upcoming tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justina Sidlauskaite
- Motor Control and Neural Plasticity Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, Leuven University, Belgium.
| | - Monica Dhar
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Clinical and Lifespan Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Edmund Sonuga-Barke
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Jan R Wiersema
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium; Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Ghent University, Belgium
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10
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Crago RV, Renoult L, Biggart L, Nobes G, Satmarean T, Bowler JO. Physical aggression and attentional bias to angry faces: An event related potential study. Brain Res 2019; 1723:146387. [PMID: 31419430 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the neural correlates of aggression-related attentional selectivity to angry faces in physical aggression. Physical aggression in a non-clinical sample of young men (N = 36) was measured using an aggression questionnaire. Visual attentional bias to angry faces was assessed using a dot-probe task during which angry and neutral faces were presented simultaneously, and EEG was recorded. Median split and correlational analyses were conducted to assess the relationship between physical aggression and attentional bias. Behavioural results indicated that higher levels of physical aggression were associated with greater attentional bias to angry faces. ERP results revealed an interaction where males with higher physical aggression had undifferentiated P3 amplitudes to angry and neutral trials, whereas low physical aggression males exhibited greater P3 amplitude to angry than to neutral trials (effect of probe congruency). Increased levels of physical aggression were also significantly correlated with increased P3 amplitude to probes replacing neutral faces, relative to angry faces. It was concluded that the aggressive males selectively attend to angry faces, and that attentional bias is characterized by undifferentiated P3 amplitude. We propose that this results from an inferior ability to downregulate competing angry face distractors when responding to probes replacing neutral faces (as reflected by the P3 response). These findings indicate that attentional bias to angry faces in individuals with higher physical aggression is characterized by a distinctive ERP signature; this could inform the development of therapeutic interventions seeking to reduce aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca V Crago
- School of Psychology, Lawrence Stenhouse Building (LSB), University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Louis Renoult
- School of Psychology, Lawrence Stenhouse Building (LSB), University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Laura Biggart
- School of Psychology, Lawrence Stenhouse Building (LSB), University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Gavin Nobes
- School of Psychology, Lawrence Stenhouse Building (LSB), University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Tamara Satmarean
- School of Psychology, Lawrence Stenhouse Building (LSB), University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Jennifer O Bowler
- School of Psychology, Lawrence Stenhouse Building (LSB), University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom.
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11
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Altered predictive contextual processing of emotional faces versus abstract stimuli in adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Clin Neurophysiol 2019; 130:963-975. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Worringer B, Langner R, Koch I, Eickhoff SB, Eickhoff CR, Binkofski FC. Common and distinct neural correlates of dual-tasking and task-switching: a meta-analytic review and a neuro-cognitive processing model of human multitasking. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:1845-1869. [PMID: 31037397 PMCID: PMC7254756 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01870-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Although there are well-known limitations of the human cognitive system in performing two tasks simultaneously (dual-tasking) or alternatingly (task-switching), the question for a common vs. distinct neural basis of these multitasking limitations is still open. We performed two Activation Likelihood Estimation meta-analyses of neuroimaging studies on dual-tasking or task-switching and tested for commonalities and differences in the brain regions associated with either domain. We found a common core network related to multitasking comprising bilateral intraparietal sulcus (IPS), left dorsal premotor cortex (dPMC), and right anterior insula. Meta-analytic contrasts revealed eight fronto-parietal clusters more consistently activated in dual-tasking (bilateral frontal operculum, dPMC, and anterior IPS, left inferior frontal sulcus and left inferior frontal gyrus) and, conversely, four clusters (left inferior frontal junction, posterior IPS, and precuneus as well as frontomedial cortex) more consistently activated in task-switching. Together with sub-analyses of preparation effects in task-switching, our results argue against purely passive structural processing limitations in multitasking. Based on these findings and drawing on current theorizing, we present a neuro-cognitive processing model of multitasking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Worringer
- Clinical and Cognitive Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Center for Health and Society, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Robert Langner
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Iring Koch
- Institute of Psychology, RWTH Aachen University, Jägerstr. 17-19, 52066, Aachen, Germany
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Claudia R Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ferdinand C Binkofski
- Clinical and Cognitive Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-4), Research Center Jülich, Pauwelsstr. 30, Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance JARA-BRAIN, Pauwelsstr. 30, Aachen, Germany
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13
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Han J, Xie L, Cao B, Li J, Chen Y, Li F. More abstract, more difficult to shift: Behavior and electrophysiological evidence. Behav Brain Res 2019; 362:273-278. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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Grundy JG, Bialystok E. Monolinguals and bilinguals disengage attention differently following conflict and errors: Evidence from ERPs. Brain Cogn 2018; 128:28-36. [PMID: 30447505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Monolingual and bilingual young adults performed a task-switching experiment while EEG was recorded to investigate how bilingualism affects cognitive control following conflict. Participants were given pure blocks composed of three intermixed tasks, each consisting of univalent trials in which they responded to one feature of the stimulus - color, shape, or size. In the crucial conflict block, an irrelevant feature was added to one of the tasks, creating bivalent trials that included conflict. Behaviorally, all participants slowed responses to univalent trials that followed conflict, reflecting the post-conflict slowing effect. Electrophysiologically, monolinguals displayed longer-lasting post-conflict ERP effects and showed larger ERN amplitudes following responses than bilinguals, amplitudes that were associated with adjustments in response times. The interpretation is that bilinguals disengage attention following conflict from misleading stimuli or error responses more rapidly than do monolinguals.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Grundy
- Department of Psychology, Iowa State University, Iowa, USA.
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15
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Gajewski PD, Ferdinand NK, Kray J, Falkenstein M. Understanding sources of adult age differences in task switching: Evidence from behavioral and ERP studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 92:255-275. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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16
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Task switching in autism: An EEG study on intentions and actions. Neuropsychologia 2018; 117:398-407. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Molla MKI, Morikawa N, Islam MR, Tanaka T. Data-Adaptive Spatiotemporal ERP Cleaning for Single-Trial BCI Implementation. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2018; 26:1334-1344. [PMID: 29993552 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2018.2844109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a data-adaptive approach to enhance the discriminative information of event-related potential (ERP) for the implementation of a brain-computer interface (BCI). The use of single-trial ERP in a real-time BCI application is challenging, due to its inherent noise contamination. Usually, multiple-trial ERPs are averaged to derive discriminative features of different classes by reducing their noise effects. Time-domain filtering is implemented here using an array wavelet transform. Sometimes, several channels can carry the signals, which are irrelevant to actual EPR information against the respective stimuli. A spatial filtering method based on clustering is introduced, to suppress such channels if any. Hence, the single-trial ERP is filtered in both the spatial and temporal domains to improve its discriminative features. The spatial-temporal discriminate analysis is employed to derive the features leading to the performance of target and non-target classification by using linear discriminant analysis. The proposed method is validated using a data set recorded from our experiments. The experimental results show that the performance of the proposed method is superior to that of the recently developed algorithms for single-trial ERP classification.
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18
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Petruo VA, Mückschel M, Beste C. On the role of the prefrontal cortex in fatigue effects on cognitive flexibility - a system neurophysiological approach. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6395. [PMID: 29686384 PMCID: PMC5913330 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24834-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Demanding tasks like cognitive flexibility show time-related deterioration of performance (i.e. fatigability effects). Fatigability has been associated with structural and functional properties of the prefrontal cortex. However, the electrophysiological underpinnings of these processes are not well understood. We examined n = 34 healthy participants with a task switching paradigm in which switches were either signaled by cues or needed to be maintained by working memory processes. We analyzed event-related potentials (ERPs) and performed residue iteration decomposition (RIDE) to account for effects of fatigue on intra-individual variability of neurophysiological data. This was combined with source localization methods. We show that task switching is affected by time on task (TOT) effects mostly when working memory processes are needed. On a neurophysiological level, this effect could not be observed in standard ERPs, but only after accounting for intra-individual variability using RIDE. The RIDE data suggests that during task switching, fatigability specifically affects response recoding processes that are associated with functions of the middle frontal gyrus (MFG; BA10). The results underline propositions of the ‘opportunity cost model’, which states that fatigability effects of executive functions depend on the degree to which tasks engage similar prefrontal regions - in this case working memory and task switching mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa A Petruo
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Moritz Mückschel
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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19
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Han J, Dai Y, Xie L, Li F. Brain responses associated with different hierarchical effects on cues and targets during rule shifting. Biol Psychol 2018; 134:52-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Wong ASW, Cooper PS, Conley AC, McKewen M, Fulham WR, Michie PT, Karayanidis F. Event-Related Potential Responses to Task Switching Are Sensitive to Choice of Spatial Filter. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:143. [PMID: 29568260 PMCID: PMC5852402 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Event-related potential (ERP) studies using the task-switching paradigm show that multiple ERP components are modulated by activation of proactive control processes involved in preparing to repeat or switch task and reactive control processes involved in implementation of the current or new task. Our understanding of the functional significance of these ERP components has been hampered by variability in their robustness, as well as their temporal and scalp distribution across studies. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of choice of reference electrode or spatial filter on the number, timing and scalp distribution of ERP elicited during task-switching. We compared four configurations, including the two most common (i.e., average mastoid reference and common average reference) and two novel ones that aim to reduce volume conduction (i.e., reference electrode standardization technique (REST) and surface Laplacian) on mixing cost and switch cost effects in cue-locked and target-locked ERP waveforms in 201 healthy participants. All four spatial filters showed the same well-characterized ERP components that are typically seen in task-switching paradigms: the cue-locked switch positivity and target-locked N2/P3 effect. However, both the number of ERP effects associated with mixing and switch cost, and their temporal and spatial resolution were greater with the surface Laplacian transformation which revealed rapid temporal adjustments that were not identifiable with other spatial filters. We conclude that the surface Laplacian transformation may be more suited to characterize EEG signatures of complex spatiotemporal networks involved in cognitive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron S W Wong
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Patrick S Cooper
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Alexander C Conley
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, Center for Cognitive Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Montana McKewen
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - W Ross Fulham
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Patricia T Michie
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Frini Karayanidis
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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21
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Processing of implicit versus explicit predictive contextual information in Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychologia 2018; 109:39-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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22
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Specific neurophysiological mechanisms underlie cognitive inflexibility in inflammatory bowel disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13943. [PMID: 29066846 PMCID: PMC5655331 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14345-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is highly prevalent. While the pathophysiological mechanisms of IBD are increasingly understood, there is a lack of knowledge concerning cognitive dysfunctions in IBD. This is all the more the case concerning the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms. In the current study we focus on possible dysfunctions of cognitive flexibility (task switching) processes in IBD patients using a system neurophysiological approach combining event-related potential (ERP) recordings with source localization analyses. We show that there are task switching deficits (i.e. increased switch costs) in IBD patients. The neurophysiological data show that even though the pathophysiology of IBD is diverse and wide-spread, only specific cognitive subprocesses are altered: There was a selective dysfunction at the response selection level (N2 ERP) associated with functional alterations in the anterior cingulate cortex and the right inferior frontal gyrus. Attentional selection processes (N1 ERP), perceptual categorization processes (P1 ERP), or mechanisms related to the flexible implementation of task sets and related working memory processes (P3 ERP) do not contribute to cognitive inflexibility in IBD patients and were unchanged. It seems that pathophysiological processes in IBD strongly compromise cognitive-neurophysiological subprocesses related to fronto-striatal networks. These circuits may become overstrained in IBD when cognitive flexibility is required.
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23
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Wolff N, Mückschel M, Ziemssen T, Beste C. The role of phasic norepinephrine modulations during task switching: evidence for specific effects in parietal areas. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 223:925-940. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1531-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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24
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Provost A, Jamadar S, Heathcote A, Brown SD, Karayanidis F. Intertrial RT variability affects level of target‐related interference in cued task switching. Psychophysiology 2017; 55. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Provost
- School of PsychologyUniversity of NewcastleCallaghan New South Wales Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health, University of NewcastleCallaghan New South Wales Australia
| | - Sharna Jamadar
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain FunctionCanberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash UniversityMelbourne Victoria Australia
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Science, Monash UniversityMelbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Andrew Heathcote
- School of PsychologyUniversity of NewcastleCallaghan New South Wales Australia
- Division of Psychology, School of MedicineUniversity of TasmaniaHobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Scott D. Brown
- School of PsychologyUniversity of NewcastleCallaghan New South Wales Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health, University of NewcastleCallaghan New South Wales Australia
| | - Frini Karayanidis
- School of PsychologyUniversity of NewcastleCallaghan New South Wales Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health, University of NewcastleCallaghan New South Wales Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of NewcastleCallaghan New South Wales Australia
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25
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Wolff N, Buse J, Tost J, Roessner V, Beste C. Modulations of cognitive flexibility in obsessive compulsive disorder reflect dysfunctions of perceptual categorization. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2017; 58:939-949. [PMID: 28452405 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite cognitive inflexibility is trait like in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) patients and underlies clinical symptomatology, it is elusive at what stage of information processing deficits, leading to cognitive inflexibility, emerges. We hypothesize that inhibitory control mechanisms during early stimulus categorization and integration into a knowledge system underlie these deficits. METHODS We examined N = 25 adolescent OCD patients and matched healthy controls (HC) in a paradigm manipulating the importance of the knowledge system to perform task switching. This was done using a paradigm in which task switches were signaled either by visual stimuli or by working memory processes. This was combined with event-related potential recordings and source localization. RESULTS Obsessive compulsive disorder patients showed increased switch costs in the memory as compared with the cue-based block, while HC showed similar switch costs in both blocks. At the neurophysiological level, these changes in OCD were not reflected by the N2 and P3 reflecting response-associated processes but by the P1 reflecting inhibitory control during sensory categorization processes. Activation differences in the right inferior frontal gyrus and superior temporal gyrus are associated with the P1 effect. CONCLUSIONS Cognitive flexibility in adolescent OCD patients is strongly modulated by working memory load. Contrary to common sense, not response-associated processes, but inhibitory control mechanisms during early stimulus categorization processes are likely to underlie cognitive inflexibility in OCD. These processes are associated with right inferior frontal and superior temporal gyrus mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Wolff
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Judith Buse
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jadwiga Tost
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Veit Roessner
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
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26
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Wolff N, Mückschel M, Beste C. Neural mechanisms and functional neuroanatomical networks during memory and cue-based task switching as revealed by residue iteration decomposition (RIDE) based source localization. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:3819-3831. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1437-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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27
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Electrophysiological correlates of the cognitive control processes underpinning mixing and switching costs. Brain Res 2016; 1646:160-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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28
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Pintzinger NM, Pfabigan DM, Pfau L, Kryspin-Exner I, Lamm C. Temperament differentially influences early information processing in men and women: Preliminary electrophysiological evidence of attentional biases in healthy individuals. Biol Psychol 2016; 122:69-79. [PMID: 27396749 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Preferential processing of threat-related information is a robust finding in anxiety disorders. The observation that attentional biases are also present in healthy individuals suggests factors other than clinical symptoms to play a role. Using a dot-probe paradigm while event-related potentials were recorded in 59 healthy adults, we investigated whether temperament and gender, both related to individual variation in anxiety levels, influence attentional processing. All participants showed protective attentional biases in terms of enhanced attention engagement with positive information, indexed by larger N1 amplitudes in positive compared to negative conditions. Taking gender differences into account, we observed that women showed enhanced attention engagement with negative compared to neutral information, indicated by larger P2 amplitudes in congruent than in incongruent negative conditions. Attentional processing was influenced by the temperament traits negative affect and effortful control. Our results emphasize that gender and temperament modulate attentional biases in healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina M Pintzinger
- Department of Health, Development and Psychological Intervention, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Daniela M Pfabigan
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lorenz Pfau
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ilse Kryspin-Exner
- Department of Health, Development and Psychological Intervention, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claus Lamm
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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29
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Elchlepp H, Lavric A, Chambers CD, Verbruggen F. Proactive inhibitory control: A general biasing account. Cogn Psychol 2016; 86:27-61. [PMID: 26859519 PMCID: PMC4825542 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Flexible behavior requires a control system that can inhibit actions in response to changes in the environment. Recent studies suggest that people proactively adjust response parameters in anticipation of a stop signal. In three experiments, we tested the hypothesis that proactive inhibitory control involves adjusting both attentional and response settings, and we explored the relationship with other forms of proactive and anticipatory control. Subjects responded to the color of a stimulus. On some trials, an extra signal occurred. The response to this signal depended on the task context subjects were in: in the 'ignore' context, they ignored it; in the 'stop' context, they had to withhold their response; and in the 'double-response' context, they had to execute a secondary response. An analysis of event-related brain potentials for no-signal trials in the stop context revealed that proactive inhibitory control works by biasing the settings of lower-level systems that are involved in stimulus detection, action selection, and action execution. Furthermore, subjects made similar adjustments in the double-response and stop-signal contexts, indicating an overlap between various forms of proactive action control. The results of Experiment 1 also suggest an overlap between proactive inhibitory control and preparatory control in task-switching studies: both require reconfiguration of task-set parameters to bias or alter subordinate processes. We conclude that much of the top-down control in response inhibition tasks takes place before the inhibition signal is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Elchlepp
- Psychology, College for Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, UK.
| | - Aureliu Lavric
- Psychology, College for Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, UK
| | - Christopher D Chambers
- School of Psychology and Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Frederick Verbruggen
- Psychology, College for Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, UK.
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30
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Sikora K, Roelofs A, Hermans D. Electrophysiology of executive control in spoken noun-phrase production: Dynamics of updating, inhibiting, and shifting. Neuropsychologia 2016; 84:44-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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31
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Hawkes TD, Manselle W, Woollacott MH. Tai Chi and meditation-plus-exercise benefit neural substrates of executive function: a cross-sectional, controlled study. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 11:279-88. [PMID: 25294719 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2013-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We report the first controlled study of Tai Chi effects on the P300 event-related potential, a neuroelectric index of human executive function. Tai Chi is a form of exercise and moving meditation. Exercise and meditation have been associated with enhanced executive function. This cross-sectional, controlled study utilized the P300 event-related potential (ERP) to compare executive network neural function between self-selected long-term Tai Chi, meditation, aerobic fitness, and sedentary groups. We hypothesized that because Tai Chi requires moderate aerobic and mental exertion, this group would show similar or better executive neural function compared to meditation and aerobic exercise groups. We predicted all health training groups would outperform sedentary controls. METHODS Fifty-four volunteers (Tai Chi, n=10; meditation, n=16; aerobic exercise, n=16; sedentary, n=12) were tested with the Rockport 1-mile walk (estimated VO2 Max), a well-validated measure of aerobic capacity, and an ecologically valid visuo-spatial, randomized, alternating runs Task Switch test during dense-array electroencephalographic (EEG) recording. RESULTS Only Tai Chi and meditation plus exercise groups demonstrated larger P3b ERP switch trial amplitudes compared to sedentary controls. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest long-term Tai Chi practice, and meditation plus exercise may benefit the neural substrates of executive function.
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Fogelson N. Neural correlates of local contextual processing across stimulus modalities and patient populations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 52:207-20. [PMID: 25795520 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the current review is to integrate information from a series of studies, employing a paradigm that evaluates local contextual processing using electrophysiological measures. Collectively these studies provide an overview of how utilization of predictive context changes as a function of stimulus modality and across different patient populations, as well as the networks that may be critical for this function. The following aspects of local contextual processing will be discussed and reviewed: (i) the correlates associated with contextual processing that have been identified in healthy adults, (ii) stimulus modality effects, (iii) specific alterations and deficits of local contextual processing in aging and across different neurological and psychiatric patient populations, including patients with prefrontal cortex lesions, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and major depressive disorder, (iv) the potential for utilizing the correlates of local context as biomarkers for frontal cognitive dysfunction and (v) the role of frontal networks in the processing of contextual information. Overall findings show that behavioral and neural correlates associated with processing of local context are comparable across stimulus modalities, but show specific alterations in aging and across different neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Fogelson
- EEG and Cognition Laboratory, University of A Coruña, Spain; The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.
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Hsieh S, Wu M, Lin F. Neural correlates of response-effector switching using event-related potentials. Biol Psychol 2014; 103:332-48. [PMID: 25448134 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The primary aim of the present study was to explore whether response-effector shifts can be considered as a cognitive component in models of task switching. The secondary aim was to provide some information regarding the issue of whether the two types of task shifts, stimulus-dimension shift and response-effector shift, share common and/or distinct switch-related ERP modulations. The tertiary aim was to illuminate the organization of task-set components by comparing the performance of a concurrent shift of both stimulus dimensions and response effectors to that of a single shift. Two experiments with two different types of judgment tasks (Experiment 1: a same-match-to-sample task; Experiment 2: a categorical-judgment task) were conducted. Intermittently cued task switching was employed. Each trial was composed of a series of stimulus displays following a transition-cue display, which indicated whether the current trial was identical to (repeat) or different from the previous trial (switch). There were stimulus-dimension (color and shape) and response-effector (hand and foot) variables that could be repeated or switched independently with an equal probability from the previous trial. Regarding the primary issue, the results of the two experiments reported in this study consistently showed significant RT switch costs as well as switch-related ERP modulations for a shift of response effectors. Yet, one of the switch-related ERPs, i.e., the cue-locked P3b, observed in this study was found to be reduced rather than increased in amplitudes. As to the secondary issue, the two experiments consistently showed that the two single shifts share some common switch-related ERPs. Finally, this study also provides ERP evidence for the integrated model of task-set organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulan Hsieh
- Cognitive Electrophysiology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
| | - Mengyao Wu
- Cognitive Electrophysiology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Fan Lin
- Cognitive Electrophysiology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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Braverman A, Berger A, Meiran N. The hierarchy of task decision and response selection: A task-switching event related potentials study. Brain Cogn 2014; 88:35-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Whitson LR, Karayanidis F, Fulham R, Provost A, Michie PT, Heathcote A, Hsieh S. Reactive control processes contributing to residual switch cost and mixing cost across the adult lifespan. Front Psychol 2014; 5:383. [PMID: 24817859 PMCID: PMC4012181 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In task-switching paradigms, performance is better when repeating the same task than when alternating between tasks (switch cost) and when repeating a task alone rather than intermixed with another task (mixing cost). These costs remain even after extensive practice and when task cues enable advanced preparation (residual costs). Moreover, residual reaction time mixing cost has been consistently shown to increase with age. Residual switch and mixing costs modulate the amplitude of the stimulus-locked P3b. This mixing effect is disproportionately larger in older adults who also prepare more for and respond more cautiously on these “mixed” repeat trials (Karayanidis et al., 2011). In this paper, we analyze stimulus-locked and response-locked P3 and lateralized readiness potentials to identify whether residual switch and mixing cost arise from the need to control interference at the level of stimulus processing or response processing. Residual mixing cost was associated with control of stimulus-level interference, whereas residual switch cost was also associated with a delay in response selection. In older adults, the disproportionate increase in mixing cost was associated with greater interference at the level of decision-response mapping and response programming for repeat trials in mixed-task blocks. These findings suggest that older adults strategically recruit greater proactive and reactive control to overcome increased susceptibility to post-stimulus interference. This interpretation is consistent with recruitment of compensatory strategies to compensate for reduced repetition benefit rather than an overall decline on cognitive flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa R Whitson
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Newcastle Callaghan, NSW, Australia ; Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health Research, The University of Newcastle Callaghan, NSW, Australia ; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights NSW, Australia
| | - Frini Karayanidis
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Newcastle Callaghan, NSW, Australia ; Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health Research, The University of Newcastle Callaghan, NSW, Australia ; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights NSW, Australia
| | - Ross Fulham
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Newcastle Callaghan, NSW, Australia ; Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health Research, The University of Newcastle Callaghan, NSW, Australia ; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights NSW, Australia
| | - Alexander Provost
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Newcastle Callaghan, NSW, Australia ; Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health Research, The University of Newcastle Callaghan, NSW, Australia ; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights NSW, Australia
| | - Patricia T Michie
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Newcastle Callaghan, NSW, Australia ; Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health Research, The University of Newcastle Callaghan, NSW, Australia ; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Heathcote
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Newcastle Callaghan, NSW, Australia ; Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health Research, The University of Newcastle Callaghan, NSW, Australia ; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights NSW, Australia
| | - Shulan Hsieh
- Department of Psychology and Institute of Allied Health Sciences, National Cheng Kung University Tainan City, Taiwan
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Grundy JG, Shedden JM. Support for a history-dependent predictive model of dACC activity in producing the bivalency effect: an event-related potential study. Neuropsychologia 2014; 57:166-78. [PMID: 24686093 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we examine electrophysiological correlates of factors influencing an adjustment in cognitive control known as the bivalency effect. During task-switching, the occasional presence of bivalent stimuli in a block of univalent trials is enough to elicit a response slowing on all subsequent univalent trials. Bivalent stimuli can be congruent or incongruent with respect to the response afforded by the irrelevant stimulus feature. Here we show that the incongruent bivalency effect, the congruent bivalency effect, and an effect of a simple violation of expectancy are captured at a frontal ERP component (between 300 and 550ms) associated with ACC activity, and that the unexpectedness effect is distinguished from both congruent and incongruent bivalency effects at an earlier component (100-120ms) associated with the temporal parietal junction. We suggest that the frontal component reflects the dACC's role in predicting future cognitive load based on recent history. In contrast, the posterior component may index early visual feature extraction in response to bivalent stimuli that cue currently ongoing tasks; dACC activity may trigger the temporal parietal activity only when specific task cueing is involved and not for simple violations of expectancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Grundy
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4K1.
| | - Judith M Shedden
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4K1
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Fogelson N, Fernandez-Del-Olmo M. Implicit versus explicit local contextual processing. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65914. [PMID: 23785458 PMCID: PMC3681826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of implicit local contextual processing using behavioral and electrophysiological measures. EEG recording blocks consisted of targets preceded by either randomized sequences of standards or by sequences including a predictive sequence signaling the occurrence of a target event. Subjects performed two sessions: in the first the regularity of the predictive sequence was implicit, while in the second this regularity was made explicit. Subjects pressed a button in response to targets. Both the implicit and explicit sessions showed shorter reaction times and peak P3b latencies for predicted versus random targets, although to a greater extent in the explicit session. In both sessions the middle and last most-informative stimuli of the three-standard predictive sequence induced a significant larger P3b compared with randomized standards. The findings show that local contextual information is processed implicitly, but that this modulation was significantly greater when subjects were explicitly instructed to attend to target-predictive contextual information. The findings suggest that top-down attentional networks have a role in modulating the extent to which contextual information is utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Fogelson
- Department of Psychology, University of A Coruña, La Coruña, Spain.
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Poljac E, Yeung N. Dissociable neural correlates of intention and action preparation in voluntary task switching. Cereb Cortex 2012; 24:465-78. [PMID: 23104682 PMCID: PMC3888369 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This electroencephalographic (EEG) study investigated the impact of between-task competition on intentional control in voluntary task switching. Anticipatory preparation for an upcoming task switch is a hallmark of top-down intentional control. Meanwhile, asymmetries in performance and voluntary choice when switching between tasks differing in relative strength reveal the effects of between-task competition, reflected in a surprising bias against switching to an easier task. Here, we assessed the impact of this bias on EEG markers of intentional control during preparation for an upcoming task switch. The results revealed strong and varied effects of between-task competition on EEG markers of global task preparation—a frontal contingent negative variation (CNV), a posterior slow positive wave, and oscillatory activity in the alpha band (8–12 Hz) over posterior scalp sites. In contrast, we observed no between-task differences in motor-specific task preparation, as indexed by the lateralized readiness potential and by motor-related amplitude asymmetries in the mu (9–13 Hz) and beta (18–26 Hz) frequency bands. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that between-task competition directly influences the formation of top-down intentions, not only their expression in overt behavior. Specifically, this influence occurs at the level of global task intention rather than the preparation of specific actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edita Poljac
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Li L, Wang M, Zhao QJ, Fogelson N. Neural mechanisms underlying the cost of task switching: an ERP study. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42233. [PMID: 22860090 PMCID: PMC3408496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background When switching from one task to a new one, reaction times are prolonged. This phenomenon is called switch cost (SC). Researchers have recently used several kinds of task-switching paradigms to uncover neural mechanisms underlying the SC. Task-set reconfiguration and passive dissipation of a previously relevant task-set have been reported to contribute to the cost of task switching. Methodology/Principal Findings An unpredictable cued task-switching paradigm was used, during which subjects were instructed to switch between a color and an orientation discrimination task. Electroencephalography (EEG) and behavioral measures were recorded in 14 subjects. Response-stimulus interval (RSI) and cue-stimulus interval (CSI) were manipulated with short and long intervals, respectively. Switch trials delayed reaction times (RTs) and increased error rates compared with repeat trials. The SC of RTs was smaller in the long CSI condition. For cue-locked waveforms, switch trials generated a larger parietal positive event-related potential (ERP), and a larger slow parietal positivity compared with repeat trials in the short and long CSI condition. Neural SC of cue-related ERP positivity was smaller in the long RSI condition. For stimulus-locked waveforms, a larger switch-related central negative ERP component was observed, and the neural SC of the ERP negativity was smaller in the long CSI. Results of standardized low resolution electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) for both ERP positivity and negativity showed that switch trials evoked larger activation than repeat trials in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and posterior parietal cortex (PPC). Conclusions/Significance The results provide evidence that both RSI and CSI modulate the neural activities in the process of task-switching, but that these have a differential role during task-set reconfiguration and passive dissipation of a previously relevant task-set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
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40
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Local contextual processing of abstract and meaningful real-life images in professional athletes. Exp Brain Res 2012; 219:27-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-012-3064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Leleu A, Caharel S, Carré J, Montalan B, Afrani-Jones A, Vom Hofe A, Charvin H, Lalonde R, Rebaï M. Asymmetric switch-costs and ERPs reveal facial identity dominance over expression. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2012; 139:492-500. [PMID: 22365899 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies on face processing have revealed an asymmetric overlap between identity and expression, as identity is processed irrespective of expression while expression processing partly depends on identity. To investigate whether this relative interaction is caused by dominance of identity over expression, participants performed familiarity and expression judgments during task switching. This paradigm reveals task-set dominance with a paradoxical asymmetric switch-cost (i.e., greater difference between switch and repeat trials when switching toward the dominant task). Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded to find the neural signature of the asymmetric cost. As expected, greater switch-cost was shown in the familiarity task with respect to response times, indicating its dominance over the expression task. Moreover, a left-sided ERP correlate of this effect was observed at the level of the frontal N2 component, interpreted as an index of modulations in endogenous executive control. Altogether, these results confirm the overlap between identity and expression during face processing and further indicate their relative dominance.
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Grundy JG, Benarroch MFF, Woodward TS, Metzak PD, Whitman JC, Shedden JM. The bivalency effect in task switching: event-related potentials. Hum Brain Mapp 2011; 34:999-1012. [PMID: 22162123 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
During task switching, if we occasionally encounter stimuli that cue more than one task (i.e., bivalent stimuli), response slowing is observed on all univalent trials within that block, even when no features overlap with the bivalent stimuli. This observation is known as the bivalency effect. Previous fMRI work (Woodward et al., 2008) clearly suggests a role for the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) in the bivalency effect, but the time course remains uncertain. Here, we present the first high-temporal resolution account for the bivalency effect using stimulus-locked event-related potentials. Participants alternated among three simple tasks in six experimental blocks, with bivalent stimuli appearing occasionally in bivalent blocks (blocks 2, 4, and 6). The increased reaction times for univalent stimuli in bivalent blocks demonstrate that these stimuli are being processed differently from univalent stimuli in purely univalent blocks. Frontal electrode sites captured significant amplitude differences associated with the bivalency effect within time windows 100-120 ms, 375-450 ms, and 500-550 ms, which may reflect additional extraction of visual features present in bivalent stimuli (100-120 ms) and suppression of processing carried over from irrelevant cues (375-450 ms and 500-550 ms). Our results support the fMRI findings and provide additional evidence for involvement of the dACC. Furthermore, the bivalency effect dissipated with extended practice both behaviorally and electrophysiologically. These findings are discussed in relation to the differential processing involved in a controlled response style.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Grundy
- Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
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"Smart inhibition": electrophysiological evidence for the suppression of conflict-generating task rules during task switching. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2011; 11:292-308. [PMID: 21590505 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-011-0037-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge for task switching is maintaining a balance between high task readiness and effectively ignoring irrelevant task rules. This calls for finely tuned inhibition that targets only the source of interference without adversely influencing other task-related representations. The authors show that irrelevant task rules generating response conflict are inhibited, causing their inefficient execution on the next trial (indicating the presence of competitor rule suppression[CRS];Meiran, Hsieh, & Dimov, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 36, 992-1002, 2010). To determine whether CRS influences task rules, rather than target stimuli or responses, the authors focused on the processing of the task cue before the target stimulus was presented and before the response could be chosen. As was predicted, CRS was found in the event-related potentials in two time windows during task cue processing. It was also found in three time windows after target presentation. Source localization analyses suggest the involvement of the right dorsal prefrontal cortex in all five time windows.
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Gajewski PD, Hengstler JG, Golka K, Falkenstein M, Beste C. The Met-allele of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism enhances task switching in elderly. Neurobiol Aging 2011; 32:2327.e7-19. [PMID: 21803453 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study we examined the relevance of the functional brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Val66Met polymorphism as a modulator of task-switching performance in healthy elderly by using behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) measures. Task switching was examined in a cue-based and a memory-based paradigm. Val/Val carriers were generally slower, showed enhanced reaction time variability and higher error rates, particularly during memory-based task switching than the Met-allele individuals. On a neurophysiological level these dissociative effects were reflected by variations in the N2 and P3 ERP components. The task switch-related N2 was increased while the P3 was decreased in Met-allele carriers, while the Val/Val genotype group revealed the opposite pattern of results. In cue-based task-switching no behavioral and ERP differences were seen between the genotypes. These data suggest that superior memory-based task-switching performance in elderly Met-allele carriers may emerge due to more efficient response selection processes. The results implicate that under special circumstances the Met-allele renders cognitive processes more efficient than the Val/Val genotype in healthy elderly, corroborating recent findings in young subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D Gajewski
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany.
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Elchlepp H, Lavric A, Mizon GA, Monsell S. A brain-potential study of preparation for and execution of a task-switch with stimuli that afford only the relevant task. Hum Brain Mapp 2011; 33:1137-54. [PMID: 21630376 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioural and neurophysiological studies of task-switching have tended to employ 'bivalent' stimuli (which afford responses in two tasks). Using brain potential recordings, we investigated task-switching with 'univalent' stimuli affording responses in only one of the tasks, and compared the outcomes to those recently obtained with bivalent stimuli (Lavric et al. [2008]: Eur J Neurosci 1-14), in order to examine two phenomena. First, when only univalent stimuli are presented, the processing of task cues becomes optional. Our results showed that in these circumstances linguistic (but not pictorial) cues were still effective in eliciting at least some degree of preparation for a task-switch, as evidenced by the reduction in the error cost of switching at the longer preparation interval and by a posterior switch-induced ERP positivity at about 450-800 ms in the cue-stimulus interval. Second, single affordance stimuli not only reduced behavioural switch costs relative to bivalent stimuli; they also produced a smaller post-stimulus switch-induced negativity, consistent with the latter being a marker of conflict between task-sets. However, using stimuli not associated with responses in the alternative task did not completely eliminate the negativity. We speculate that the residue reflects other sources of conflict: attention to the irrelevant perceptual dimension and/or persistence of task goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Elchlepp
- School of Psychology, University of Exeter, United Kingdom.
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Woodcock KA, Oliver C, Humphreys GW. The relationship between specific cognitive impairment and behaviour in Prader-Willi syndrome. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2011; 55:152-171. [PMID: 21199046 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2010.01368.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) have been shown to demonstrate a particular cognitive deficit in attention switching and high levels of preference for routine and temper outbursts. This study assesses whether a specific pathway between a cognitive deficit and behaviour via environmental interaction can exist in individuals with PWS. METHODS Four individuals with PWS participated in a series of three single-case experiments including laboratory-based and natural environment designs. Cognitive (computer-based) challenges placed varying demands on attention switching or controlled for the cognitive demands of the tasks while placing no demands on switching. Unexpected changes to routines or expectations were presented in controlled games, or imposed on participants' natural environments and compared with control conditions during which no unexpected changes occurred. Behaviour was observed and heart rate was measured. RESULTS Participants showed significantly increased temper outburst related behaviours during cognitive challenges that placed demands on attention switching, relative to the control cognitive challenges. Participants showed significantly increased temper outburst related behaviours when unexpected changes occurred in an experimental or the natural environment compared with when no changes occurred. CONCLUSIONS Difficult behaviours that could be triggered reliably in an individual by a specific cognitive demand could also be triggered via manipulation of the environment. Results suggest that a directional relationship between a specific cognitive deficit and behaviour, via environmental interaction, can exist in individuals with PWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Woodcock
- Cerebra Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK.
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47
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Martin CD, Barcelo F, Hernandez M, Costa A. The time course of the asymmetrical "local" switch cost: evidence from event-related potentials. Biol Psychol 2010; 86:210-8. [PMID: 21167903 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the study was to explore the time-course of the asymmetrical "local" switch cost observed in task switching. We investigated event-related potentials induced by cue and target processing when participants were engaged in a card-sorting switching task. Participants were instructed to match each card (target) following one of two possible task rules, the color or the form. The correct task rule changed unpredictably after a variable number of trials, and was signalled by cues indicating to switch or repeat the previous task rule. We observed that transition type (switch versus repeat) and task rule (color versus form) influenced both cue and target processing. Interestingly, the interaction between transition type and task rule, indicating an asymmetry in the local switch cost, affected the brain responses during target processing but not during cue processing. These results suggest that the asymmetry in the local switch cost relates to task execution processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara D Martin
- Departament de Tecnologies de la Informació i les Comunicacions, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
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48
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Do the early attentional components of ERPs reflect attentional bias in depression? It depends on the stimulus presentation time. Clin Neurophysiol 2010; 122:1371-81. [PMID: 20961804 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2010.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study aimed to utilize behavioral and electrophysiological data to investigate whether depressed patients show an attentional bias in a task that allows for explicit insight into the time course of selective attention processes. METHODS Event-related potentials (ERPs) were collected from 24 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 25 never-depressed individuals (ND) during a dot-probe task, using pairs of affectively valenced pictures as cues. Cue presentation time was either 100 ms or 500 ms. RESULTS When the cue presentation time was 500 ms, bias scores for positive-neutral picture pairs (POS-NEU) were negative for the MDD group and positive for the ND group which means ND individuals were able to successfully select positive information. These behavioral effects were supported by ERP results. In the ND group, at the right parietal-occipital region, P1 amplitude during valid POS-NEU pairs was significantly larger than that during invalid POS-NEU pairs; this pattern did not appear in the MDD group. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that MDD patients are characterized by a deficit in protection bias, meaning that these participants cannot avoid attending to negative information in their environment, but only when negative stimuli are presented for a sufficient period of time. SIGNIFICANCE Attentional bias is modulated by duration of emotional pictures presentation in depression.
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Gajewski PD, Wild-Wall N, Schapkin SA, Erdmann U, Freude G, Falkenstein M. Effects of aging and job demands on cognitive flexibility assessed by task switching. Biol Psychol 2010; 85:187-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Revised: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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50
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Local Contextual Processing Effects with Increasing Stimulus Presentation Rate. Brain Topogr 2010; 23:385-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s10548-010-0160-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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