1
|
Research Note: Development and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies Specific for Chicken Interleukin-7 Receptor α (CD127). Poult Sci 2022; 101:102047. [PMID: 35973349 PMCID: PMC9396400 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chicken recombinant IL-7Ra (chCD127) was expressed and characterized. Six new mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for chCD127 were developed and characterized. All mouse anti-CD127 MAbs detected chCD127 protein in ELISA with two clones highly reactive with chicken leukocytes in flow cytometry. The CD127 as identified by the MAb 3B8 was highly expressed in thymus, lung, and spleen tissues of 3-week-old chickens. All six anti-chCD127 MAbs inhibited IL-7-induced thymocyte proliferation.
CD127, also named interleukin-7 receptor (IL-7R), is expressed on various cell types including naive and memory T cells, and plays a critical role in the differentiation and activation of T lymphocytes. The availability of poultry-specific immune reagents to identify and measure chicken CD127 response will enhance fundamental and applied research in poultry immunology. Mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against chicken CD127 (chCD127) were developed and characterized. More specifically, a 678 bp ectodomain of chCD127 gene was cloned in the pET28a (+) vector and expressed in BL21-AI E. coli competent cells. The recombinant chCD127 protein with a size of 30 KDa which was also recognized by a mouse anti-human CD127 MAb (Clone G-11) was used to immunize mice, and 6 new mouse MAbs which specifically detected chicken CD127 were developed and characterized. Availability of these new sets of chCD127-specific MAbs will facilitate the immunological studies on CD127 in poultry, especially in understanding effector and memory T immune cell responses in normal and diseased states.
Collapse
|
2
|
Leng XY, Yang J, Fan H, Chen QY, Cheng BJ, He HX, Gao F, Zhu F, Yu T, Liu YJ. JMJD3/H3K27me3 epigenetic modification regulates Th17/Treg cell differentiation in ulcerative colitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 110:109000. [PMID: 35777266 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic nonspecific inflammatory bowel disease characterized by chronic inflammation and ulceration of the colonic mucosa, frequent relapse, and cancerization that is difficult to cure. In recent years, the incidence of UC has increased. However, its etiology and pathogenesis are still not completely clear. In this study, dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) was used to induce the model, and GSK-J1 and dexamethasone were administered to the mice. A variety of molecular biology and immunological techniques, such as immunofluorescence, PCR and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), were used to examine JMJD3/H3K27me3-mediated regulation of Th17/Treg cell differentiation in UC by targeting histone modification. This study will provide an important theoretical basis for understanding the pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets of UC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Yuan Leng
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, PR China; Department of Endocrinology, The Third People's Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Jia Yang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, PR China
| | - Heng Fan
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, PR China
| | - Qian-Yun Chen
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, PR China.
| | - Bing-Jie Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third People's Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Hong-Xia He
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, PR China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, PR China
| | - Ting Yu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, PR China
| | - Yu-Jin Liu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ssemaganda A, Giddam AK, Zaman M, Skwarczynski M, Toth I, Stanisic DI, Good MF. Induction of Plasmodium-Specific Immune Responses Using Liposome-Based Vaccines. Front Immunol 2019; 10:135. [PMID: 30774635 PMCID: PMC6367261 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the development of vaccines, the ability to initiate both innate and subsequent adaptive immune responses need to be considered. Live attenuated vaccines achieve this naturally, while inactivated and sub-unit vaccines generally require additional help provided through delivery systems and/or adjuvants. Liposomes present an attractive adjuvant/delivery system for antigens. Here, we review the key aspects of immunity against Plasmodium parasites, liposome design considerations and their current application in the development of a malaria vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mehfuz Zaman
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Michael F. Good
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zumwalde NA, Gumperz JE. Modeling Human Antitumor Responses In Vivo Using Umbilical Cord Blood-Engrafted Mice. Front Immunol 2018; 9:54. [PMID: 29434589 PMCID: PMC5790779 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice engrafted with human immune cells offer powerful in vivo model systems to investigate molecular and cellular processes of tumorigenesis, as well as to test therapeutic approaches to treat the resulting cancer. The use of umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells as a source of human immune cells for engraftment is technically straightforward, and provides T lymphocytes and autologous antigen-presenting cells (including B cells, monocytes, and DCs) that bear cognate antigen presenting molecules. By using a human-specific oncogenic virus, such as Epstein-Barr virus, de novo neoplastic transformation of the human B cells can be induced in vivo in a manner that models progressive stages of tumorigenesis from nascent neoplasia to the establishment of vascularized tumor masses with an immunosuppressive environment. Moreover, since tumorigenesis occurs in the presence of autologous T cells, this type of system can be used to investigate how T cells become suppressed during tumorigenesis, and how immunotherapies counteract immunosuppression. This minireview will provide a brief overview of the use of human umbilical cord blood transplanted into immunodeficient murine hosts to model antitumor responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Zumwalde
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jenny E Gumperz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Population mechanics: A mathematical framework to study T cell homeostasis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9511. [PMID: 28842645 PMCID: PMC5573381 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09949-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike other cell types, T cells do not form spatially arranged tissues, but move independently throughout the body. Accordingly, the number of T cells in the organism does not depend on physical constraints imposed by the shape or size of specific organs. Instead, it is determined by competition for interleukins. From the perspective of classical population dynamics, competition for resources seems to be at odds with the observed high clone diversity, leading to the so-called diversity paradox. In this work we make use of population mechanics, a non-standard theoretical approach to T cell homeostasis that accounts for clone diversity as arising from competition for interleukins. The proposed models show that carrying capacities of T cell populations naturally emerge from the balance between interleukins production and consumption. These models also suggest remarkable functional differences in the maintenance of diversity in naïve and memory pools. In particular, the distribution of memory clones would be biased towards clones activated more recently, or responding to more aggressive pathogenic threats. In contrast, permanence of naïve T cell clones would be determined by their affinity for cognate antigens. From this viewpoint, positive and negative selection can be understood as mechanisms to maximize naïve T cell diversity.
Collapse
|
6
|
Mengel J, Cardillo F, Pontes-de-Carvalho L. Chronic Chagas' Disease: Targeting the Interleukin-2 Axis and Regulatory T Cells in a Condition for Which There Is No Treatment. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:675. [PMID: 27242702 PMCID: PMC4866556 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Mengel
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (FIOCRUZ)Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine of Petrópolis-FASERio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nogueira JDS, Canto FBD, Nunes CFCG, Vianna PHO, Paiva LDS, Nóbrega A, Bellio M, Fucs R. Enhanced renewal of regulatory T cells in relation to CD4(+) conventional T lymphocytes in the peripheral compartment. Immunology 2015; 147:221-39. [PMID: 26572097 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4(+) Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells are necessary for the maintenance of self-tolerance and T-cell homeostasis. This population is kept at stable frequencies in secondary lymphoid organs for the majority of the lifetime, despite permanent thymic emigration or in the face of thymic involution. Continuous competition is expected to occur between recently thymus-emigrated and resident Treg cells (either natural or post-thymically induced). In the present work, we analysed the renewal dynamics of Treg cells compared with CD4(+) Foxp3- conventional T cells (Tconv), using protocols of single or successive T-cell transfers into syngeneic euthymic or lymphopenic (nu/nu or RAG2(-/-)) mice, respectively. Our results show a higher turnover for Treg cells in the peripheral compartment, compared with Tconv cells, when B cell-sufficient euthymic or nude hosts are studied. This increased renewal within the Treg pool, shown by the greater replacement of resident Treg cells by donor counterparts, correlates with augmented rates of proliferation and is not modified following temporary environmental perturbations induced by inflammatory state or microbiota alterations. Notably, the preferential substitution of Treg lymphocytes was not observed in RAG2(-/-) hosts. We showed that limited B-cell replenishment in the RAG2(-/-) hosts decisively contributed to the altered peripheral T-cell homeostasis. Accordingly, weekly transfers of B cells to RAG2(-/-) hosts rescued the preferential substitution of Treg lymphocytes. Our study discloses a new aspect of T-cell homeostasis that depends on the presence of B lymphocytes to regulate the relative incorporation of recently arrived Treg and Tconv cells in the peripheral compartment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeane de Souza Nogueira
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goés (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fábio Barrozo do Canto
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goés (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Caroline Fraga Cabral Gomes Nunes
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goés (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Oliveira Vianna
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goés (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana de Souza Paiva
- Departamento de Imunobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alberto Nóbrega
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goés (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Bellio
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goés (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rita Fucs
- Departamento de Imunobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li S, Bian F, Yue L, Jin H, Hong Z, Shu G. Selenium-dependent antitumor immunomodulating activity of polysaccharides from roots of A. membranaceus. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 69:64-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
9
|
Shenoy AR, Kirschnek S, Häcker G. IL-15 regulates Bcl-2 family members Bim and Mcl-1 through JAK/STAT and PI3K/AKT pathways in T cells. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:2500-7. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aparna R. Shenoy
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene; University Medical Center Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Susanne Kirschnek
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene; University Medical Center Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Georg Häcker
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene; University Medical Center Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ndumbi P, Falutz J, Pant Pai N, Tsoukas CM. Delay in cART initiation results in persistent immune dysregulation and poor recovery of T-cell phenotype despite a decade of successful HIV suppression. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94018. [PMID: 24710051 PMCID: PMC3977984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Successful combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) increases levels of CD4+ T-cells, however this increase may not accurately reflect long-term immune recovery since T-cell dysregulation and loss of T-cell homeostasis often persist. We therefore assessed the impact of a decade of effective cART on immune regulation, T-cell homeostasis, and overall T-cell phenotype. Methods We conducted a retrospective study of 288 HIV+ cART-naïve patients initiating therapy. We identified 86 individuals who received cART for at least a decade, of which 44 consistently maintained undetectable plasma HIV-RNA levels throughout therapy. At baseline, participants were classified into three groups according to pre-treatment CD4+ T-cell counts: Group I (CD4<200 cells/mm3); Group II (CD4: 200–350 cells/mm3); Group III (CD4>350 cells/mm3). Outcomes of interest were: (1) CD4+ T-cell count restoration (CD4>532 cells/mm3); (2) normalization of CD4:CD8 T-cell ratio (1.2–3.3); (3) maintenance of CD3+ T-cell homeostasis (CD3: 65%–85% of peripheral lymphocytes); (4) normalization of the complete T-cell phenotype (TCP). Results Despite a decade of sustained successful cART, complete T-cell phenotype normalization only occurred in 16% of patients, most of whom had initiated therapy at high CD4+ T-cell counts (>350 cells/mm3). The TCP parameter that was the least restored among patients was the CD4:CD8 T-cell ratio. Conclusions Failure to normalize the complete T-cell phenotype was most apparent in patients who initiated cART with a CD4+ T-cell count <200 cells/mm3. The impact of this impaired T-cell phenotype on life-long immune function and potential comorbidities remains to be elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Ndumbi
- Immune Deficiency Treatment Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (Quebec), Canada
- * E-mail: (PN); (CMT)
| | - Julian Falutz
- Immune Deficiency Treatment Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (Quebec), Canada
| | - Nitika Pant Pai
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (Quebec), Canada
| | - Christos M. Tsoukas
- Immune Deficiency Treatment Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal (Quebec), Canada
- * E-mail: (PN); (CMT)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mutually exclusive regulation of T cell survival by IL-7R and antigen receptor-induced signals. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1735. [PMID: 23591902 PMCID: PMC3644093 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Two major processes govern T cell proliferation and survival: interleukin-7-mediated homeostasis and antigen-induced selection. How cells transit between the two states is unknown. Here we show that T cell receptor ligation actively inhibits homeostatic survival signals while initiating a new, dominant survival programme. This switch is mediated by a change in the expression of pro- and anti-apoptosis proteins through the downregulation of Bcl-2 and the induction of Bim, A1 and Bcl-xL. Calcineurin inhibitors prevent the initiation of the new survival programme, while permitting the dominant repression of Bcl-2. Thus, in the presence of these drugs the response to antigen receptor ligation is cell death. Our results identify a molecular switch that can serve as an attractive target for inducing antigen-specific tolerance in treating autoimmune disease patients and transplant recipients. Before antigen exposure, T cell survival is dependent on signalling stimulated by IL-7. Koenen et al. show that upon encountering specific antigen, T cell receptor signalling initiates a different set of survival pathways, which actively suppress those that sustain naive T cells.
Collapse
|
12
|
Shu G, Yang T, Wang C, Su H, Xiang M. Gastrodin stimulates anticancer immune response and represses transplanted H22 hepatic ascitic tumor cell growth: Involvement of NF-κB signaling activation in CD4+ T cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 269:270-9. [PMID: 23578476 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gastrodia elata Blume (G. elata) is a famous restorative food in East Asia. It can be used as an auxiliary reagent in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment. Previous studies unveiled that G. elata exhibited immunomodulatory activities. To explore the active ingredients contributing to its immunomodulatory activities, gastrodin, vanillin, and parishin B were purified from G. elata and their anti-HCC effects were assessed in vivo. Among these compounds, only gastrodin was capable of repressing transplanted H22 ascitic hepatic tumor cell growth in vivo with low toxicity. Further investigations were designed to explore the effects of gastrodin on the immune system of tumor-bearing mice and potential molecular mechanisms underlying these effects. Our data showed that gastrodin ameliorated tumor cell transplantation-induced activation of endogenous pro-apoptotic pathway in CD4+ T cells and abnormalities in serum cytokine profiles in host animals. These events enhanced cytotoxic activities of natural killer and CD8+ T cells against H22 hepatic cancer cells. Gastrodin administration specifically upregulated mRNA levels of several nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) responsive genes in CD4+ T cells but not in CD8+ T cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed that gastrodin increased the association of NF-κB p65 subunit to the promoter regions of IL-2 and Bcl-2 encoding genes in CD4+ T cells. Our investigations demonstrated that gastrodin is the main active ingredient contributing to the anticancer immunomodulatory properties of G. elata. Promoting NF-κB-mediated gene transcription in CD4+ T cells is implicated in its immunomodulatory activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangwen Shu
- College of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, PR China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Miao R, Huang S, Zhou Z, Quinn T, Van Treeck B, Nayyar T, Dim D, Jiang Z, Papasian CJ, Eugene Chen Y, Liu G, Fu M. Targeted disruption of MCPIP1/Zc3h12a results in fatal inflammatory disease. Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 91:368-76. [PMID: 23567898 PMCID: PMC3932977 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2013.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies using MCPIP1/Zc3h12a-deficient mice suggest that MCPIP1 is an important regulator of inflammation and immune homeostasis. However, the characterization of the immunological phenotype of MCPIP1-deficient mice has not been detailed. In this study, we performed evaluation through histological, flow cytometric, ELISA and real-time PCR analysis and found that targeted disruption of MCPIP1 gene leads to fatal, highly aggressive, and widespread immune-related lesions. In addition to previously observed growth retardation, splenomegaly, lymphoadenopathy, severe anemia and premature death, MCPIP1-deficient mice showed disorganization of lymphoid organs, including spleen, lymph nodes and thymus, and massive infiltration of lymphocytes, macrophages and neutrophils into many other non-lymphoid organs, primarily in lungs and liver. Flow cytometric analysis found significant increase in activated and differentiated T cells in peripheral blood and spleen of MCPIP1-deficient mice. Moreover, heightened production of inflammatory cytokines from activated macrophages and T cells were observed in MCPIP1-deficient mice. Interestingly, treatment of MCPIP1-deficient mice with antibiotics resulted in significant improvement of life-span and a decrease in inflammatory syndrome. Taken together, these results suggest a prominent role for MCPIP1 in the control of inflammation and immune homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruidong Miao
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Akue AD, Lee JY, Jameson SC. Derivation and maintenance of virtual memory CD8 T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:2516-23. [PMID: 22308307 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Memory CD8(+) T cells are an important component of the adaptive immune response against many infections, and understanding how Ag-specific memory CD8(+) T cells are generated and maintained is crucial for the development of vaccines. We recently reported the existence of memory-phenotype, Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells in unimmunized mice (virtual memory or VM cells). However, it was not clear when and where these cells are generated during normal development, nor the factors required for their production and maintenance. This issue is especially pertinent given recent data showing that memory-like CD8 T cells can be generated in the thymus, in a bystander response to IL-4. In this study, we show that the size of the VM population is reduced in IL-4R-deficient animals. However, the VM population appears first in the periphery and not the thymus of normal animals, suggesting this role of IL-4 is manifest following thymic egress. We also show that the VM pool is durable, showing basal proliferation and long-term maintenance in normal animals, and also being retained during responses to unrelated infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adovi D Akue
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gemetzi C, Mavroudi I, Koutala H, Velegraki M, Choulaki C, Damianaki A, Pontikoglou C, Papadaki HA. Lymphopenia in patients with chronic idiopathic neutropenia is associated with decreased number of T-lymphocytes containing T-cell receptor excision circles. Eur J Haematol 2011; 88:210-23. [PMID: 22092365 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2011.01722.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chronic idiopathic neutropenia (CIN) is a disorder of granulopoiesis characterized by the presence of activated T-lymphocytes that induce/sustain apoptosis of bone marrow (BM) granulocytic progenitors. T-cell lymphopenia is commonly found in CIN. The aim of the study is to probe the mechanisms underlying T-cell lymphopenia in CIN. METHODS We investigated parameters of T-cell homeostasis namely the proliferation/apoptotic rate of naïve and memory T cells, the T-cell senescence by telomere measurement, the recent thymic T-cell production through quantification of T-cell receptor rearrangement excision circles (TRECs), and the production of interleukin (IL)-7. RESULTS Patients with CIN (n = 44) displayed lower proportion of naïve CD45RA(+) cells within the CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells compared with controls (n = 15). The proportion of apoptotic cells within the CD8(+) fraction was higher in patients compared with controls and was correlated with the percentage of Ki-67(+) cells, indicating an activation-induced accelerated CD8(+) cell death. The TREC content of CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells was lower in patients compared with controls and was correlated with the proportion of CD45RA(+) CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells and with the levels of serum and BM IL-7, which were significantly decreased in the patients. The mean relative telomere length of CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells was significantly lower in patients with CIN compared with age-matched controls. CONCLUSIONS The aberrant T-cell expansions associated with the pathogenesis of CIN result in increased proliferation/apoptosis and possibly exhaustion of peripheral blood T cells which, in association with the inadequate compensatory thymic export of new TREC expressing T cells partially because of IL-7 deficiency, may contribute to lymphopenia in CIN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Gemetzi
- Department of Haematology, University of Crete School of Medicine, Heraklion, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gonzalez-Quintial R, Lawson BR, Scatizzi JC, Craft J, Kono DH, Baccala R, Theofilopoulos AN. Systemic autoimmunity and lymphoproliferation are associated with excess IL-7 and inhibited by IL-7Rα blockade. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27528. [PMID: 22102903 PMCID: PMC3213145 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lupus is characterized by disturbances in lymphocyte homeostasis, as demonstrated by the marked accumulation of activated/memory T cells. Here, we provide evidence that proliferation of the CD8+ precursors for the accumulating CD4–CD8– T cells in MRL-Faslpr lupus-predisposed mice is, in part, driven by commensal antigens. The ensuing lymphadenopathy is associated with increased production of IL-7 due to expansion of fibroblastic reticular cells, the primary source of this cytokine. The excess IL-7 is not, however, consumed by CD4–CD8– T cells due to permanent down-regulation of IL-7Rα (CD127), but instead supports proliferation of autoreactive T cells and progression of autoimmunity. Accordingly, IL-7R blockade reduced T cell activation and autoimmune manifestations even when applied at advanced disease stage. These findings indicate that an imbalance favoring production over consumption of IL-7 may contribute to systemic autoimmunity, and correction of this imbalance may be a novel therapeutic approach in lymphoproliferative and autoimmune syndromes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Gonzalez-Quintial
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Brian R. Lawson
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - John C. Scatizzi
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph Craft
- Department of Immunobiology and Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Dwight H. Kono
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Roberto Baccala
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RB); (ANT)
| | - Argyrios N. Theofilopoulos
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RB); (ANT)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nadazdin O, Boskovic S, Murakami T, Tocco G, Smith RN, Colvin RB, Sachs DH, Allan J, Madsen JC, Kawai T, Cosimi AB, Benichou G. Host alloreactive memory T cells influence tolerance to kidney allografts in nonhuman primates. Sci Transl Med 2011; 3:86ra51. [PMID: 21653831 PMCID: PMC3261229 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3002093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Transplant tolerance, defined as indefinite allograft survival without immunosuppression, has been regularly achieved in laboratory mice but not in nonhuman primates or humans. In contrast to laboratory mice, primates regularly have high frequencies of alloreactive memory T cells (TMEMs) before transplantation. These TMEMs are poorly sensitive to conventional immunosuppression and costimulation blockade, and the presence of donor-reactive TMEMs in primates may account for their resistance to transplant tolerance protocols that have proven consistently effective in mice. We measured the frequencies of anti-donor TMEMs before and after transplantation in a series of rejecting and tolerant monkeys that underwent nonmyeloablative conditioning, short-term immunosuppression, and combined allogeneic kidney/cell transplantation. Transplants were acutely rejected in all the monkeys with high numbers of donor-specific TMEMs before transplantation. In contrast, long-term survival was observed in the recipients harboring lower frequencies of anti-donor TMEMs before transplantation. Similar amounts of TMEM homeostatic expansion were recorded in all transplanted monkeys upon hematopoietic reconstitution; however, only the tolerant monkeys had no expansion or activation of donor-reactive TMEMs after transplantation. These results indicate that the presence of high frequencies of host donor-reactive TMEMs before transplantation impairs tolerance induction to kidney allografts in this nonhuman primate model. Indeed, recipients harboring a low anamnestic reactivity to their donor before transplantation were successfully rendered tolerant via infusion of donor cells and short-term immunosuppression. This suggests that selection of allogeneic donors with low memory responses in recipients may be essential to successful transplant tolerance induction in patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ognjenka Nadazdin
- Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Svjetlan Boskovic
- Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Toru Murakami
- Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Georges Tocco
- Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Rex-Neal Smith
- Pathology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Robert B. Colvin
- Pathology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - David H. Sachs
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - James Allan
- Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Joren C. Madsen
- Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Tatsuo Kawai
- Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - A. Benedict Cosimi
- Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Gilles Benichou
- Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Muller YD, Seebach JD, Bühler LH, Pascual M, Golshayan D. Transplantation tolerance: Clinical potential of regulatory T cells. SELF/NONSELF 2011; 2:26-34. [PMID: 21776332 PMCID: PMC3136901 DOI: 10.4161/self.2.1.15422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The major challenge in transplantation medicine remains long-term allograft acceptance, with preserved allograft function under minimal chronic immunosuppression. To safely achieve the goal of sustained donor-specific T and B cell non-responsiveness, research efforts are now focusing on therapies based on cell subsets with regulatory properties. In particular the transfusion of human regulatory T cells (Treg) is currently being evaluated in phase I/II clinical trials for the treatment of graft versus host disease following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and is also under consideration for solid organ transplantation. The purpose of this review is to recapitulate current knowledge on naturally occurring as well as induced human Treg, with emphasis on their specific phenotype, suppressive function and how these cells can be manipulated in vitro and/or in vivo for therapeutic purposes in transplantation medicine. We highlight the potential but also possible limitations of Treg-based strategies to promote long-term allograft survival. It is evident that the bench-to-beside translation of these protocols still requires further understanding of Treg biology. Nevertheless, current data already suggest that Treg therapy alone will not be sufficient and needs to be combined with other immunomodulatory approaches in order to induce allograft tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yannick D Muller
- Surgical Research Unit; Department of Surgery; University Hospital Geneva
- Service of Clinical Immunology and Allergology; Department of Internal Medicine; University Hospital Geneva
| | - Jörg D Seebach
- Service of Clinical Immunology and Allergology; Department of Internal Medicine; University Hospital Geneva
| | - Leo H Bühler
- Surgical Research Unit; Department of Surgery; University Hospital Geneva
| | - Manuel Pascual
- Transplantation Centre and Transplantation Immunopathology Laboratory; Departments of Medicine and Surgery; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne; Switzerland
| | - Dela Golshayan
- Transplantation Centre and Transplantation Immunopathology Laboratory; Departments of Medicine and Surgery; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne; Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Suppression of innate immune pathology by regulatory T cells during Influenza A virus infection of immunodeficient mice. J Virol 2010; 84:12564-75. [PMID: 20943986 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01559-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The viral infection of higher vertebrates elicits potent innate and adaptive host immunity. However, an excessive or inappropriate immune response also may lead to host pathology that often is more severe than the direct effects of viral replication. Therefore, several mechanisms exist that regulate the magnitude and class of the immune response. Here, we have examined the potential involvement of regulatory T (Treg) cells in limiting pathology induced by influenza A virus (IAV) infection. Using lymphocyte-deficient mice as hosts, we showed that Treg cell reconstitution resulted in a significant delay in weight loss and prolonged survival following infection. The adoptively transferred Treg cells did not affect the high rate of IAV replication in the lungs of lymphocyte-deficient hosts, and therefore their disease-ameliorating effect was mediated through the suppression of innate immune pathology. Mechanistically, Treg cells reduced the accumulation and altered the distribution of monocytes/macrophages in the lungs of IAV-infected hosts. This reduction in lung monocytosis was associated with a specific delay in monocyte chemotactic protein-2 (MCP-2) induction in the infected lungs. Nevertheless, Treg cells failed to prevent the eventual development of severe disease in lymphocyte-deficient hosts, which likely was caused by the ongoing IAV replication. Indeed, using T-cell-deficient mice, which mounted a T-cell-independent B cell response to IAV, we further showed that the combination of virus-neutralizing antibodies and transferred Treg cells led to the complete prevention of clinical disease following IAV infection. Taken together, these results suggested that innate immune pathology and virus-induced pathology are the two main contributors to pathogenesis during IAV infection.
Collapse
|
20
|
Luo W, Liao WJ, Ma L, Huang YT, Shi M, Wen Q, Wang XN. Dynamic monitoring the TCR CDR3 spectratypes in patients with metastatic CRC treated with a combination of bevacizumab, irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:247-56. [PMID: 19652968 PMCID: PMC11030754 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0745-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, either modified IFL regimen (modified irinotecan, fluorouracil and leucovorin, mIFL) alone or in combination with bevacizumab was used to treat patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). Treatment efficacy was assessed using coupled tomography imaging diagnosis. The toxicity accompany with treatment was evaluated, as well as T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire before and several cycles after therapy was dynamically monitored by analyzing the complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) length distribution within CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell subsets. The degrees of normalization of the T cell repertoire in CRC patients treated with the two methods were compared. The results showed that mIFL combined with bevacizumab was more effective in treating patients with metastatic CRC, and was accompanied by an increase in side effects such as proteinuria and hematuria. An even more restricted CDR3 profile in patients with metastatic CRC compared with healthy control has been detected. A prominent usage of TCR beta chain variable (BV) gene BV12 and BV16 families within the CD4(+) T cell subset and BV19 and BV21 families within the CD8(+) T cell subset have been found before treatment. Moreover, CD8(+) T cells showed more restricted patterns than CD4(+) T cells, especially in patients before treatment. For patients with stable disease (SD) or partial remission (PR) after treatment, a less restricted CDR3 profile in post-treatment compared with pre-treatment has been found, but the opposite result was observed for patients with progressive disease (PD). The less restricted CDR3 pattern suggested a trend toward normalization of the TCR repertoire. The normalization of TCR repertoire significantly increased in patients treated with mIFL in combination with bevacizumab, but slightly in patients treated with mIFL alone. The results demonstrate a positive correlation between post-therapy TCR repertoire normalization and remission of metastatic CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Luo
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Wang-Jun Liao
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Li Ma
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Yong-Ta Huang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Min Shi
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Qian Wen
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Xiao-Ning Wang
- School of Biosciences & Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641 China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zou JX, Rollison DE, Boulware D, Chen DT, Sloand EM, Pfannes LV, Goronzy JJ, Bai F, Painter JS, Wei S, Cosgrove D, List AF, Epling-Burnette PK. Altered naive and memory CD4+ T-cell homeostasis and immunosenescence characterize younger patients with myelodysplastic syndrome. Leukemia 2009; 23:1288-96. [PMID: 19282834 PMCID: PMC3252820 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2009.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 12/31/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Response to immunosuppressive therapy (IST) in younger patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) has been linked to a T-cell-dominant autoimmune process that impairs hematopoiesis. Analysis of the age-adjusted CD4:CD8 ratio in 76 MDS patients compared with 54 healthy controls showed that inadequate CD4+, rather than expansion of CD8+ T cells, was associated with a lower ratio in a group that included both lower and higher risk MDS patients defined by the International Prognostic Scoring System. In younger MDS patients, naive and memory phenotypes defined by CD45RA and CD62L display showed depletion of naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, suggesting a possible relationship to IST responsiveness. To determine the correlation between T-cell subset distribution, T-cell turnover and autoimmunity, a cohort of 20 patients were studied before and after IST. The CD4:CD8 ratio correlated inversely with the proliferative T-cell index before treatment in IST-responsive patients, suggesting that proliferation may be linked to accelerated CD4+ T-cell turnover and hematopoietic failure. Our data show seminal findings that both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subsets are dysregulated in MDS. Association between these T-cell defects and response to IST suggests that aberrant T-cell homeostasis and chronic activation are critical determinants influencing autoimmune hematopoietic suppression in younger patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- JX Zou
- Immunology Program at the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - DE Rollison
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control at the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - D Boulware
- Biostatistics Program at the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - D-T Chen
- Biostatistics Program at the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - EM Sloand
- NIH, NHLBI, Hematology Branch, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - LV Pfannes
- NIH, NHLBI, Hematology Branch, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - JJ Goronzy
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - F Bai
- Immunology Program at the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - JS Painter
- Immunology Program at the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - S Wei
- Immunology Program at the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - D Cosgrove
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - AF List
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - PK Epling-Burnette
- Immunology Program at the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- James A. Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ciupe SM, Devlin BH, Markert ML, Kepler TB. The dynamics of T-cell receptor repertoire diversity following thymus transplantation for DiGeorge anomaly. PLoS Comput Biol 2009; 5:e1000396. [PMID: 19521511 PMCID: PMC2690399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell populations are regulated both by signals specific to the T-cell receptor (TCR) and by signals and resources, such as cytokines and space, that act independently of TCR specificity. Although it has been demonstrated that disruption of either of these pathways has a profound effect on T-cell development, we do not yet have an understanding of the dynamical interactions of these pathways in their joint shaping of the T cell repertoire. Complete DiGeorge Anomaly is a developmental abnormality that results in the failure of the thymus to develop, absence of T cells, and profound immune deficiency. After receiving thymic tissue grafts, patients suffering from DiGeorge anomaly develop T cells derived from their own precursors but matured in the donor tissue. We followed three DiGeorge patients after thymus transplantation to utilize the remarkable opportunity these subjects provide to elucidate human T-cell developmental regulation. Our goal is the determination of the respective roles of TCR-specific vs. TCR-nonspecific regulatory signals in the growth of these emerging T-cell populations. During the course of the study, we measured peripheral blood T-cell concentrations, TCRbeta V gene-segment usage and CDR3-length spectratypes over two years or more for each of the subjects. We find, through statistical analysis based on a novel stochastic population-dynamic T-cell model, that the carrying capacity corresponding to TCR-specific resources is approximately 1000-fold larger than that of TCR-nonspecific resources, implying that the size of the peripheral T-cell pool at steady state is determined almost entirely by TCR-nonspecific mechanisms. Nevertheless, the diversity of the TCR repertoire depends crucially on TCR-specific regulation. The estimated strength of this TCR-specific regulation is sufficient to ensure rapid establishment of TCR repertoire diversity in the early phase of T cell population growth, and to maintain TCR repertoire diversity in the face of substantial clonal expansion-induced perturbation from the steady state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stanca M. Ciupe
- Center for Computational Immunology, Department of Biostatistics and
Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United
States of America
| | - Blythe H. Devlin
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North
Carolina, United States of America
| | - M. Louise Markert
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North
Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North
Carolina, United States of America
| | - Thomas B. Kepler
- Center for Computational Immunology, Department of Biostatistics and
Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United
States of America
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North
Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Maldonado RA, Soriano MA, Perdomo LC, Sigrist K, Irvine DJ, Decker T, Glimcher LH. Control of T helper cell differentiation through cytokine receptor inclusion in the immunological synapse. J Exp Med 2009; 206:877-92. [PMID: 19349465 PMCID: PMC2715121 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20082900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The antigen recognition interface formed by T helper precursors (Thps) and antigen-presenting cells (APCs), called the immunological synapse (IS), includes receptors and signaling molecules necessary for Thp activation and differentiation. We have recently shown that recruitment of the interferon-gamma receptor (IFNGR) into the IS correlates with the capacity of Thps to differentiate into Th1 effector cells, an event regulated by signaling through the functionally opposing receptor to interleukin-4 (IL4R). Here, we show that, similar to IFN-gamma ligation, TCR stimuli induce the translocation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) to IFNGR1-rich regions of the membrane. Unexpectedly, STAT1 is preferentially expressed, is constitutively serine (727) phosphorylated in Thp, and is recruited to the IS and the nucleus upon TCR signaling. IL4R engagement controls this process by interfering with both STAT1 recruitment and nuclear translocation. We also show that in cells with deficient Th1 or constitutive Th2 differentiation, the IL4R is recruited to the IS. This observation suggest that the IL4R is retained outside the IS, similar to the exclusion of IFNGR from the IS during IL4R signaling. This study provides new mechanistic cues for the regulation of lineage commitment by mutual immobilization of functionally antagonistic membrane receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto A Maldonado
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Takae Y, Nishikawa T, Amagai M. Pemphigus mouse model as a tool to evaluate various immunosuppressive therapies. Exp Dermatol 2009; 18:252-60. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00776.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
25
|
Hernández-Castro B, Doníz-Padilla LM, Salgado-Bustamante M, Rocha D, Ortiz-Pérez MD, Jiménez-Capdeville ME, Portales-Pérez DP, Quintanar-Stephano A, González-Amaro R. Effect of arsenic on regulatory T cells. J Clin Immunol 2009; 29:461-9. [PMID: 19247822 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-009-9280-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Arsenic (As) affects the function and survival of lymphocytes, and some arsenic compounds exert a relevant antineoplastic effect. We have explored the effect of As on T regulatory cells. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In vitro experiments with peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy subjects showed that low concentrations of As tended to increase the number of natural T regulatory (nTreg) lymphocytes, whereas concentrations >5.0 muM had an opposite effect. Furthermore, rats exposed to As showed redistribution of nTreg cells, and As administration to rats with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis increased the levels of nTreg cells in spleen and diminished the severity of this condition. On the other hand, in 47 apparently healthy subjects chronically exposed to As, we found significant inverse correlation between urinary As levels and the number and function of nTreg lymphocytes. Although most of these individuals showed enhanced levels of apoptotic lymphocytes in peripheral blood, with a diminution of mitochondrial membrane potential, no significant correlation between these parameters and urinary As was detected. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that As seems to have a relevant and complex effect on nTreg cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Hernández-Castro
- Department of Immunology, Facultad de Medicina, UASLP, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Unsinger J, Kazama H, McDonough JS, Hotchkiss RS, Ferguson TA. Differential lymphopenia-induced homeostatic proliferation for CD4+ and CD8+ T cells following septic injury. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 85:382-90. [PMID: 19088177 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0808491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a severe, life-threatening infection and a leading cause of death in hospitals. A hallmark of sepsis is the profound apoptosis-induced depletion of lymphocytes generating a lymphopenic environment. As lymphopenia can induce nonantigen-driven homeostatic proliferation (HP), we examined this process during sepsis. CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, which were depleted within 24 h of sepsis induction, remained at significantly reduced levels until Day 21 when normal numbers were detected. When HP was examined, naïve CD8(+) T cells proliferated between Day 7 and Day 21 post-cecal ligation and puncture, developing into memory cells with relatively few cells expressing an activation phenotype. Conversely, naïve CD4(+) T cells did not undergo HP, but proportionally higher numbers expressed activation markers. Adoptive transfer studies revealed that T cells from mice that had recovered from sepsis were not protective when transferred to naïve mice undergoing sepsis. In addition, the TCR repertoire was not skewed toward any specific Vbeta type but resembled the repertoire found in normal mice, suggesting that T cells were not primed to antigens resulting from the infection. Interestingly, depletion of endogenous CD8(+) but not CD4(+) T cells restored the ability of naive CD4(+) T cells to undergo HP, increasing the number of CD4(+) T cells with memory but not activation markers. We conclude that homeostatic control in the postseptic environment permits recovery of the T cell repertoire to normal levels without generating antigen-specific memory or aberrant T cell specificities. Restoration of homeostatic control mechanisms might be a rational therapy for this disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Unsinger
- Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
The transcriptional regulator PLZF induces the development of CD44 high memory phenotype T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:17919-24. [PMID: 19004789 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0805733105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional pathways controlling the development of CD44(hi) memory phenotype (MP) T cells with "innate-like" functions are not well understood. Here we show that the BTB (bric-a-brac, tramtrack, broad complex) domain-containing protein promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF) is expressed in CD44(hi), but not in CD44(lo), CD4(+) T cells. Transgenic expression of PLZF during T cell development and in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells induced a T cell intrinsic program leading to an increase in peripheral CD44(hi) MP CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and a corresponding decrease of naïve CD44(lo) T cells. The MP CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells produced IFNgamma upon PMA/ionomycin stimulation, thus showing innate-like function. Changes in the naïve versus memory-like subset distribution were already evident in single-positive thymocytes, indicating PLZF-induced T cell developmental alterations. In addition, CD1d-restricted natural killer T cells in PLZF transgenic mice showed impaired development and were severely reduced in the periphery. Finally, after anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation, CD4(+) transgenic T cells showed reduced IL-2 and IFNgamma production but increased IL-4 secretion as a result of enhanced IL-4 production of the CD44(hi)CD62L(+) subset. Our data indicate that PLZF is a novel regulator of the development of CD44(hi) MP T cells with a characteristic partial innate-like phenotype.
Collapse
|
28
|
Frommer F, Heinen TJAJ, Wunderlich FT, Yogev N, Buch T, Roers A, Bettelli E, Müller W, Anderton SM, Waisman A. Tolerance without clonal expansion: self-antigen-expressing B cells program self-reactive T cells for future deletion. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:5748-59. [PMID: 18832734 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.8.5748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
B cells have been shown in various animal models to induce immunological tolerance leading to reduced immune responses and protection from autoimmunity. We show that interaction of B cells with naive T cells results in T cell triggering accompanied by the expression of negative costimulatory molecules such as PD-1, CTLA-4, B and T lymphocyte attenuator, and CD5. Following interaction with B cells, T cells were not induced to proliferate, in a process that was dependent on their expression of PD-1 and CTLA-4, but not CD5. In contrast, the T cells became sensitive to Ag-induced cell death. Our results demonstrate that B cells participate in the homeostasis of the immune system by ablation of conventional self-reactive T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Frommer
- I. Medical Department, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 63, Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Regulation and Privilege in Transplantation Tolerance. J Clin Immunol 2008; 28:716-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-008-9249-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2008] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
30
|
Abstract
Abstract
T-cell depletion associated with HIV infection or cytoreductive therapies triggers potential T-cell regenerative mechanisms such as peripheral T-lymphocyte expansion to weak antigenic stimuli and the increased availability of interleukin-7 (IL-7), a cytokine with potent antiapoptotic and proliferative activities. Deleterious mechanisms also associated with lymphopenia, such as increased Fas expression and apoptosis of T cell, however, may result in opposing effects. In this study, we show that Fas molecules, primarily associated with T-cell depletion in lymphopenic settings, may also contribute to compensatory T-cell expansion through transmitting costimulatory signals to suboptimally activated T cells. Proliferation of T lymphocytes in response to concomitant Fas and T-cell receptor (TCR) triggering was shown to be increased in HIV-infected individuals compared with noninfected controls. As IL-7 levels are often elevated in lymphopenic individuals in association with increased Fas expression, we analyzed whether IL-7 would influence Fas-mediated proliferative signals in T cells. We show that IL-7 is able to increase the efficacy of Fas to induce proliferation of suboptimally activated T cells. Thus, high IL-7 levels associated with lymphopenic conditions may simultaneously induce sensitivity to Fas-mediated apoptosis in nonactivated T cells and increase Fas-induced costimulatory signals in T cells recognizing low-affinity antigens.
Collapse
|
31
|
Voehringer D, Liang HE, Locksley RM. Homeostasis and effector function of lymphopenia-induced "memory-like" T cells in constitutively T cell-depleted mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:4742-53. [PMID: 18354198 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.7.4742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Naive T lymphocytes acquire a phenotype similar to Ag-experienced memory T cells as a result of proliferation under lymphopenic conditions. Such "memory-like" T (T(ML)) cells constitute a large fraction of the peripheral T cell pool in patients recovering from T cell ablative therapies, HIV patients under highly active antiretroviral therapy, and in the elderly population. To generate a model that allows characterization of T(ML) cells without adoptive transfer, irradiation, or thymectomy, we developed genetically modified mice that express diphtheria toxin A under control of a loxP-flanked stop cassette (R-DTA mice). Crossing these mice to CD4Cre mice resulted in efficient ablation of CD4 single-positive thymocytes, whereas double-positive and CD8 single-positive thymocytes were only partially affected. In the periphery the pool of naive (CD44(low)CD62L(high)) T cells was depleted. However, some T cells were resistant to Cre activity, escaped deletion in the thymus, and underwent lymphopenia-induced proliferation resulting in a pool of T(ML) cells that was similar in size and turnover to the pool of CD44(high)CD62L(low) "memory phenotype" T cells in control mice. CD4Cre/R-DTA mice remained lymphopenic despite the large available immunological "space" and normal Ag-induced T cell proliferation. CD4Cre/R-DTA mice showed a biased TCR repertoire indicating oligoclonal T cell expansion. Infection with the helminth Nippostrongylus brasiliensis resulted in diminished effector cell recruitment and impaired worm expulsion, demonstrating that T(ML) cells are not sufficient to mediate an effective immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Voehringer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Xiao S, Su DM, Manley NR. Atypical memory phenotype T cells with low homeostatic potential and impaired TCR signaling and regulatory T cell function in Foxn1Delta/Delta mutant mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 179:8153-63. [PMID: 18056358 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.12.8153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Foxn1Delta/Delta mutants have a block in thymic epithelial cell differentiation at an intermediate progenitor stage, resulting in reduced thymocyte cellularity and blocks at the double-negative and double-positive stages. Whereas naive single-positive thymocytes were reduced >500-fold in the adult Foxn1Delta/Delta thymus, peripheral T cell numbers were reduced only 10-fold. The current data shows that Foxn1Delta/Delta peripheral T cells had increased expression of activation markers and the ability to produce IL-2 and IFN-gamma. These cells acquired this profile immediately after leaving the thymus as early as the newborn stage and maintained high steady-state proliferation in vivo but decreased proliferation in response to TCR stimulation in vitro. Single-positive thymocytes and naive T cells also had constitutively low alphabetaTCR and IL7R expression. These cells also displayed reduced ability to undergo homeostatic proliferation and increased rates of apoptosis. Although the frequency of Foxp3+CD4+CD25+ T cells was normal in Foxn1Delta/Delta mutant mice, these cells failed to have suppressor function, resulting in reduced regulatory T cell activity. Recent data from our laboratory suggest that T cells in the Foxn1Delta/Delta thymus develop from atypical progenitor cells via a noncanonical pathway. Our results suggest that the phenotype of peripheral T cells in Foxn1Delta/Delta mutant mice is the result of atypical progenitor cells developing in an abnormal thymic microenvironment with a deficient TCR and IL7 signaling system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiyun Xiao
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Simpson E. Special regulatory T-cell review: Regulation of immune responses--examining the role of T cells. Immunology 2008; 123:13-6. [PMID: 18154613 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02775.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The history of regulatory T cells goes back to the realisation that T cells could provide 'help' for antibody responses: the obverse of this is their ability to hold them in check. This brief personal overview follows the initial designation of T cells as 'suppressor' and the various hypotheses, some now disproved, put forward for their mechanism of action. We now cautiously label them T regulatory cells, but realise they do not control not all immune regulation. They probably operate through several mechanisms, and some of these are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Simpson
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
|
35
|
Cho JH, Boyman O, Kim HO, Hahm B, Rubinstein MP, Ramsey C, Kim DM, Surh CD, Sprent J. An intense form of homeostatic proliferation of naive CD8+ cells driven by IL-2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:1787-801. [PMID: 17664294 PMCID: PMC2118670 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20070740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In conditions of T lymphopenia, interleukin (IL) 7 levels rise and, via T cell receptor for antigen–self–major histocompatibility complex (MHC) interaction, induce residual naive T cells to proliferate. This pattern of lymphopenia-induced “homeostatic” proliferation is typically quite slow and causes a gradual increase in total T cell numbers and differentiation into cells with features of memory cells. In contrast, we describe a novel form of homeostatic proliferation that occurs when naive T cells encounter raised levels of IL-2 and IL-15 in vivo. In this situation, CD8+ T cells undergo massive expansion and rapid differentiation into effector cells, thus closely resembling the T cell response to foreign antigens. However, the responses induced by IL-2/IL-15 are not seen in MHC-deficient hosts, implying that the responses are driven by self-ligands. Hence, homeostatic proliferation of naive T cells can be either slow or fast, with the quality of the response to self being dictated by the particular cytokine (IL-7 vs. IL-2/IL-15) concerned. The relevance of the data to the gradual transition of naive T cells into memory-phenotype (MP) cells with age is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ho Cho
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ji H, Rintelen F, Waltzinger C, Bertschy Meier D, Bilancio A, Pearce W, Hirsch E, Wymann MP, Rückle T, Camps M, Vanhaesebroeck B, Okkenhaug K, Rommel C. Inactivation of PI3Kgamma and PI3Kdelta distorts T-cell development and causes multiple organ inflammation. Blood 2007; 110:2940-7. [PMID: 17626838 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-04-086751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice lacking both the p110gamma and p110delta isoforms display severe impairment of thymocyte development. Here, we show that this phenotype is recapitulated in p110gamma-/-/p110delta(D910A/D910A) (p110gamma(KO)delta(D910A)) mice where the p110delta isoform has been inactivated by a point mutation. Moreover, we have examined the pathological consequences of the p110gammadelta deficiency, which include profound T-cell lymphopenia, T-cell and eosinophil infiltration of mucosal organs, elevated IgE levels, and a skewing toward Th2 immune responses. Using small-molecule selective inhibitors, we demonstrated that in mature T cells, p110delta, but not p110gamma, controls Th1 and Th2 cytokine secretion. Thus, the pathology in the p110gammadelta-deficient mice is likely to be secondary to a developmental block in the thymus that leads to lymphopenia-associated inflammatory responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ji
- Merck Serono S. A., Geneva Research Center, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Shi Y, Feng Y, Kang J, Liu C, Li Z, Li D, Cao W, Qiu J, Guo Z, Bi E, Zang L, Lu C, Zhang JZ, Pei G. Critical regulation of CD4+ T cell survival and autoimmunity by beta-arrestin 1. Nat Immunol 2007; 8:817-24. [PMID: 17618287 DOI: 10.1038/ni1489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2007] [Accepted: 06/15/2007] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are important in adaptive immunity, but their dysregulation can cause autoimmunity. Here we demonstrate that the multifunctional adaptor protein beta-arrestin 1 positively regulated naive and activated CD4+ T cell survival. We found enhanced expression of the proto-oncogene Bcl2 through beta-arrestin 1-dependent regulation of acetylation of histone H4 at the Bcl2 promoter. Mice deficient in the gene encoding beta-arrestin 1 (Arrb1) were much more resistant to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, whereas overexpression of Arrb1 increased susceptibility to this disease. CD4+ T cells from patients with multiple sclerosis had much higher Arrb1 expression, and 'knockdown' of Arrb1 by RNA-mediated interference in those cells increased apoptosis induced by cytokine withdrawal. Our data demonstrate that beta-arrestin 1 is critical for CD4+ T cell survival and is a factor in susceptibility to autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Shi
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Mellanby RJ, Thomas D, Phillips JM, Cooke A. Diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice is not associated with quantitative changes in CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Immunology 2007; 121:15-28. [PMID: 17428252 PMCID: PMC2265922 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02546.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in maintaining self tolerance has been intensively researched and there is a growing consensus that a decline in Treg function is an important step towards the development of autoimmune diseases, including diabetes. Although we show here that CD25+ cells delay diabetes onset in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, we found, in contrast to previous reports, neither an age-related decline nor a decline following onset of diabetes in the frequency of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that CD4+ CD25+ cells from both the spleen and pancreatic draining lymph nodes of diabetic and non-diabetic NOD mice are able to suppress the proliferation of CD4+ CD25- cells to a similar extent in vitro. We also found that pretreatment of NOD mice with anti-CD25 antibody allowed T cells with a known reactivity to islet antigen to proliferate more in the pancreatic draining lymph nodes of NOD mice, regardless of age. In addition, we demonstrated that onset of diabetes in NOD.scid mice is faster when recipients are co-administered splenocytes from diabetic NOD donors and anti-CD25. Finally, we found that although diabetic CD4+ CD25+ T cells are not as suppressive in cotransfers with effectors into NOD.scid recipients, this may not indicate a decline in Treg function in diabetic mice because over 10% of CD4+ CD25+ T cells are non-Foxp3 and the phenotype of the CD25- contaminating population significantly differs in non-diabetic and diabetic mice. This work questions whether onset of diabetes in NOD mice is associated with a decline in Treg function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Mellanby
- Immunology Division, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ribeiro LC, Dickman R, Bernardes AT, Vaz NM. Dynamic stability in random and scale-free B-lymphocyte networks. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2007; 75:031911. [PMID: 17500730 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.75.031911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2006] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
One of the most intriguing features of the immune system is regulation: a limited response when perturbed repeatedly. We propose a minimal network model for immune regulation in a lymphocyte network containing two types of elements: B lymphocytes and ligands that bind to their receptors. Effective interactions between B cells, mediated by other components of the immune system can be excitatory or inhibitory. In our model, B cell clones and ligand species are represented by nodes, and interactions by links. We expect that, as in many complex systems, the connectivity distribution is broad, motivating study of the model on a scale-free network; for comparison we study the same dynamics on a random graph. We characterize the dynamics of the model and its response to perturbations. Our model reproduces several key features of immune system dynamics: regulation (saturation of response), and more rapid response upon repeated perturbation with the same agents. Our results suggest that a scale-free network of interactions contributes to the regulation and dynamics of the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo C Ribeiro
- Departamento de Física, ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 30161-970 Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Rezvany MR, Tehrani MJ, Karlsson C, Lundin J, Rabbani H, Osterborg A, Mellstedt H. Reconstitution of the T-cell repertoire following treatment with alemtuzumab (anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody) in patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2006; 135:475-85. [PMID: 16995884 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2006.06324.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this pilot study, T-cell receptor B-variable (TCR-BV) gene usage in CD4 and CD8 T cells was assessed, by real-time polymerase chain reaction, as well as complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3)-length polymorphism, before and after therapy in five patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia who received alemtuzumab (anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody) as first-line therapy. A decline in expression of most BV family genes in both CD4 and CD8 T cells was observed after alemtuzumab treatment, which was followed by a gradual increase in most BV families during long-term follow-up. After treatment, CDR3-length polymorphism showed an even more restricted pattern in CD4 T cells compared with pretreatment, with a shift towards a monoclonal/oligoclonal pattern. The clonally restricted pattern was significantly reduced in CD4 (P < 0.01) but not in CD8 T cells. This was followed by a gradual increase in the number of peaks within the CDR3 region of the different TCR-BV families, i.e. a polyclonal repertoire, during long-term follow-up. A restricted CDR3 pattern became even more restricted after treatment, but normalised during unmaintained follow-up. These results indicate that perturbations in the T-cell alterations following alemtuzumab are complex and include not only changes in CD4/CD8 T-cell numbers but also a highly restricted T-cell repertoire especially in CD4 T cells.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Aged
- Alemtuzumab
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/therapeutic use
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD52 Antigen
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Complementarity Determining Regions/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Pilot Projects
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effects
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Rezvany
- Immune and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Centre Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Reibke R, Garbi N, Ganss R, Hämmerling GJ, Arnold B, Oelert T. CD8+ regulatory T cells generated by neonatal recognition of peripheral self-antigen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:15142-7. [PMID: 17008409 PMCID: PMC1622790 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0602622103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2006] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In comparison with CD4+ regulatory T cells, the generation and function of immunomodulatory CD8+T cells is less well defined. Here we describe the existence of regulatory anti-Kb-specific CD8+ T cells that are rendered tolerant during neonatal life via antigen contact exclusively on keratinocytes. These regulatory T cells maintain tolerance during adulthood as they prevent Kb-specific graft rejection by naïve CD8+ T cells. Third-party immune responses remain unaffected. Up-regulation of TGF-beta1 and granzyme B in the regulatory CD8+ T cell population suggests the involvement of these molecules in common suppressive pathways shared with CD4+ regulatory T cells. In summary, CD8+ regulatory T cells can be induced extrathymically through antigen contact on neonatally accessible parenchymal cells and maintain tolerance throughout adult life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Reibke
- *Division of Molecular Immunology (D050), German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; and
| | - Natalio Garbi
- *Division of Molecular Immunology (D050), German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; and
| | - Ruth Ganss
- *Division of Molecular Immunology (D050), German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; and
- Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth WA 6000, Australia
| | - Günter J. Hämmerling
- *Division of Molecular Immunology (D050), German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; and
| | - Bernd Arnold
- *Division of Molecular Immunology (D050), German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; and
| | - Thilo Oelert
- *Division of Molecular Immunology (D050), German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; and
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Recognition of a systemic antigen by CD4+ T cells in a lymphopenic host leads to the sequential generation of pathogenic effector cells and protective CD25+ forkhead box protein (Foxp3+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the periphery. Such an experimental model is potentially valuable for defining the stimuli that determine the balance of effector and regulatory T cells. Our studies have shown that interleukin-2 (IL-2) enhances the development of effector cells and is essential for the peripheral generation of regulatory cells. Other models of peripheral Treg generation suggest that the concentration of antigen, the nature of the antigen-presenting cells, and cytokines such as transforming growth factor-beta and IL-10 may all influence the peripheral generation of Tregs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Lohr
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143-0511, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Waldmann H, Adams E, Fairchild P, Cobbold S. Infectious tolerance and the long-term acceptance of transplanted tissue. Immunol Rev 2006; 212:301-13. [PMID: 16903922 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2006.00406.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Short courses of antibody treatment aimed at blocking the coreceptors CD4 and CD8 and/or costimulatory molecules such as CD40L are able to bring about long-term acceptance and tolerance of allogeneic transplants. This tolerant state is operational, in that potential effector cells remain but are tightly regulated through the induction of antigen-specific CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ Tregs appear to play a prominent role, although other categories of Tregs have been documented. Transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) has been found to play a major role in the induction of the tolerant state with therapeutic antibodies as well as promoting the induction of FoxP3+ T cells from naïve populations. The observation that Tregs can be found in tolerated grafts has led to the idea that they may interact with the grafted tissue to establish a state of acquired privilege symmetrical with a similar privileged microenvironment around antigen-presenting cells in lymphoid tissues. Dampening of aggressive immune responses by Tregs allows antigen to persist and be presented in an innocuous way to promote tolerance in new cohorts of T cells throughout the life of the tolerated graft. Regulation may operate at many stages of an immune response, even as a censor at the terminal differentiation stages of effector function.
Collapse
|
44
|
Dejaco C, Duftner C, Schirmer M. Induction of Tolerance in Autoimmune Diseases Rather Than Cure of Cancer by Interleukin-2 Therapy. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24:e34; author reply e35-6. [PMID: 16829643 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2006.06.5201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
45
|
Kaparakis M, Laurie KL, Wijburg O, Pedersen J, Pearse M, van Driel IR, Gleeson PA, Strugnell RA. CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells modulate the T-cell and antibody responses in helicobacter-infected BALB/c mice. Infect Immun 2006; 74:3519-29. [PMID: 16714584 PMCID: PMC1479277 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01314-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric Helicobacter spp. induce chronic gastritis that may lead to ulceration and dysplasia. The host elicits a T helper 1 (Th1) response that is fundamental to the pathogenesis of these bacteria. We analyzed immune responses in Helicobacter-infected, normal mice depleted of CD4+ CD25+ T cells to investigate the in vivo role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the modulation of Helicobacter immunopathology. BALB/c and transgenic mice were depleted of CD4+ CD25+ T cells by administration of an anti-CD25 antibody either at the time of infection with Helicobacter or during chronic infection and gastritis. Depletion of CD25+ Tregs prior to and during infection of mice with Helicobacter spp. did not affect either bacterial colonization or severity of gastritis. Depletion of CD25+ Tregs was associated with increased Helicobacter-specific antibody levels and an altered isotype distribution. Paragastric lymph node cells from CD25+ Treg-depleted and control infected mice showed similar proliferation to Helicobacter antigens, but only cells from anti-CD25-treated animals secreted Th2 cytokines. CD25+ Tregs do not control the level of gastritis induced by gastric Helicobacter spp. in normal, thymus-intact BALB/c mice. However, CD25+ Tregs influence the cytokine and antibody responses induced by infection. Autoimmune gastritis is not induced in Helicobacter-infected mice depleted of CD25+ Tregs but is induced in CD25+ Treg-depleted mice, which have a higher frequency of autoreactive T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kaparakis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the NHMRC Bacterial Pathogenesis Group, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Hamilton SE, Wolkers MC, Schoenberger SP, Jameson SC. The generation of protective memory-like CD8+ T cells during homeostatic proliferation requires CD4+ T cells. Nat Immunol 2006; 7:475-81. [PMID: 16604076 DOI: 10.1038/ni1326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2005] [Accepted: 02/21/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Antigen-specific memory T cells are a critical component of protective immunity because of their increased frequency and enhanced reactivity after restimulation. However, it is unclear whether 'memory-like' T cells generated during lymphopenia-induced homeostatic proliferation can also offer protection against pathogens. Here we show that homeostatic proliferation-induced memory (HP-memory) CD8(+) T cells controlled bacterial infection as effectively as 'true' memory CD8(+) T cells, but their protective capacity required the presence of CD4(+) T cells during homeostatic proliferation. The necessity for CD4 help was overcome, however, if the HP-memory CD8(+) T cells lacked expression of TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand; also called Apo-2L). Thus, like conventional CD8(+) memory T cells, the protective function of HP-memory CD8(+) T cells shows dependence on CD4(+) T cell help.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Hamilton
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Center for Immunology, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55454, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Dejaco C, Duftner C, Grubeck-Loebenstein B, Schirmer M. Imbalance of regulatory T cells in human autoimmune diseases. Immunology 2006; 117:289-300. [PMID: 16476048 PMCID: PMC1782226 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The breakdown of mechanisms assuring the recognition of self and non-self is a hallmark feature of autoimmune diseases. In the past 10 years, there has been a steadily increasing interest in a subpopulation of regulatory T cells, which exert their suppressive function in vitro in a contact-dependent manner and preferentially express high levels of CD25 and forkhead and winged-helix family transcription factor forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) (TREGs). Recent findings of changed prevalences and functional efficiencies indicate that these TREGs play a unique role in autoimmune diseases. Clinical findings in patients with mutated FOXP3 genes and a specific polymorphism in the promotor region of FOXP3 also support the role of FOXP3 as a 'master control gene' in the development and functioning of TREGs. Both altered generation of TREGs and insufficient suppression of inflammation in autoimmune diseases are considered to be crucial for the initiation and perpetuation of disease. TREG-related somatic cell therapy is considered as an intriguing new intervention to approach autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Dejaco
- Clinical Department of Internal Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Staton PJ, Carpenter AB, Jackman SH. IL-7 Is a Critical Factor in Modulating Lesion Development in Skn-Directed Autoimmunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:3978-86. [PMID: 16547232 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.7.3978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In a murine model of autoimmunity targeted against the epidermal cell Ags, Skn, adoptive transfer of Skn-immune T cells to immunosuppressed recipients elicits skin lesions in areas of mild epidermal trauma. In this study, we examined peripheral regulation of Skn-induced autoreactivity disrupted by rendering the mice immunoincompetent. We found that regulation of Skn-directed autoimmunity was restored by cotransfer of normal syngeneic spleen cells at twice the concentration of Skn-immune cells and was evidenced by significantly reduced lesion severity by days 5-7 post-cotransfer compared with animals given injections of Skn-immune cells alone. Enrichment and depletion of normal CD4(+) or CD8(+) spleen cells and RT-PCR analysis of selected cytokines identified CD4(+) cells as the regulatory cells in the cotransfer inoculum; however, significant reduction in lesion severity was observed only when there was a concomitant increase in levels of IL-7. The role of IL-7 was further supported in that mice cotransferred with Skn-immune cells plus normal spleen cells, but also treated with anti-IL-7 Ab, no longer exhibited reduced lesion severity. To determine whether IL-7 expression without normal spleen cell cotransfer could modulate lesion development, an IL-7-encoding plasmid (pCMV-Tag1-IL-7) was topically delivered to sites flanking the stressed skin site in Skn-induced autoimmune mice. Daily application of 15 mug of pCMV-Tag1-IL-7 significantly suppressed lesion severity. Our results support a mechanism for CD4(+) T cells and IL-7 in contributing to the control of autoreactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J Staton
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25704, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Duszczyszyn DA, Beck JD, Antel J, Bar-Or A, Lapierre Y, Gadag V, Haegert DG. Altered naive CD4 and CD8 T cell homeostasis in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: thymic versus peripheral (non-thymic) mechanisms. Clin Exp Immunol 2006; 143:305-13. [PMID: 16412055 PMCID: PMC1809592 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02990.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have reported previously that naive T cells from relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients have T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire shifts, but the basis of these TCR repertoire shifts was uncertain. Here, we questioned whether RRMS patients have altered naive CD4 and CD8 T cell homeostasis by studying homeostatic proliferation and thymic production in RRMS patients and healthy controls. We measured thymic production by quantifying signal joint T cell receptor excision circles (sjTRECs). Both naive T subsets from controls showed an age-associated decrease in sjTRECs, i.e. evidence of progressive thymic involution, but we detected no age-associated decrease in sjTRECs in RRMS patients. Instead, naive CD8 T cells from patients had lower sjTRECs (P = 0.012) and higher Ki-67 proliferation levels (P = 0.04) than controls. Naive CD4 T cell sjTRECs did not differ between patients and controls. However, in RRMS these sjTRECs correlated strongly with CD31, a marker expressed by newly generated CD4 T cells but not by naive CD4 T cells that have undergone homeostatic proliferation. HLA-DR2 positivity correlated negatively with naive CD4 T cell CD31 expression in RRMS (P = 0.002). We conclude in RRMS that naive T subsets have homeostatic abnormalities due probably to peripheral (non-thymic) mechanisms. These abnormalities could have relevance for MS pathogenesis, as naive T cell changes may precede MS onset.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Duszczyszyn
- Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Our ability to harness tolerance mechanisms will have a major impact in organ transplantation. It should enable drug minimization, and eventually, the elimination of all immunosuppressive drugs. An improved understanding of the biology of regulatory T cells will make it possible to replace current induction regimens with those favouring the selective vaccination of T cells that prevent graft rejection. Once regulation is established, the continued supply of graft antigens should empower T cell regulation to become the dominant natural mechanism to prevent graft rejection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Herman Waldmann
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|