1
|
Einsiedel L, Chiong F, Jersmann H, Taylor GP. Human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 associated pulmonary disease: clinical and pathological features of an under-recognised complication of HTLV-1 infection. Retrovirology 2021; 18:1. [PMID: 33407607 PMCID: PMC7789585 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-020-00543-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The lung is one of several organs that can be affected by HTLV-1 mediated inflammation. Pulmonary inflammation associated with HTLV-1 infection involves the interstitium, airways and alveoli, resulting in several clinical entities including interstitial pneumonias, bronchiolitis and alveolitis, depending on which structures are most affected. Augmentation of the inflammatory effects of HTLV-1 infected lymphocytes by recruitment of other inflammatory cells in a positive feedback loop is likely to underlie the pathogenesis of HTLV-1 associated pulmonary disease, as has been proposed for HTLV-1 associated myelopathy. In contrast to the conclusions of early case series, HTLV-1 associated pulmonary disease can be associated with significant parenchymal damage, which may progress to bronchiectasis where this involves the airways. Based on our current understanding of HTLV-1 associated pulmonary disease, diagnostic criteria are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd Einsiedel
- Department of Medicine, Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, 0870, Australia.
| | - Fabian Chiong
- Department of Medicine, Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, 0870, Australia
| | - Hubertus Jersmann
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Graham P Taylor
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Moats CR, Randall KT, Swanson TM, Crank HB, Armantrout KM, Barber-Axthelm AM, Burnett ND, Hobbs TR, Martin LD, Gilbride RM, Hansen S, Smedley JV. Non-bronchoscopic Bronchoalveolar Lavage as a Refinement for Safely Obtaining High-quality Samples from Macaques. Comp Med 2020; 70:520-525. [PMID: 33153516 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-99-990066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Nonbronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage (NB-BAL) is a minimally invasive diagnostic and research tool used to sample the cells of lower airways and alveoli without using a bronchoscope. Our study compared NB-BAL and bronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage (B-BAL) in terms of costs, cell yields, and the number of post-procedural complications in macaques. We also analyzed procedure times, BAL fluid volume yields, and vital signs in a subset of animals that underwent NB-BAL. Compared with the B-BAL technique, NB-BAL was less expensive to perform, with fewer complications, fewer animals requiring temporary or permanent cessation of BALs, and higher cell yields per mL of recovered saline. The average procedure time for NB-BAL was 6.8 ± 1.6 min, and the average NB-BAL lavage volume yield was 76 ± 9%. We found no significant differences in respiration rate before, during, or after NB-BAL but did find significant differences in heart rate and oxygen saturation (SpO₂). This study demonstrates that NB-BAL is a simple, cost-effective, and safe alternative to B-BAL that results in higher cell yields per mL, improved animal welfare, and fewer missed time points, and thus constitutes a refinement over the B-BAL in macaques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra R Moats
- Infectious Disease Resource, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon;,
| | - Kurt T Randall
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Tonya M Swanson
- Infectious Disease Resource, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Hugh B Crank
- Infectious Disease Resource, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Kimberly M Armantrout
- Infectious Disease Resource, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon
| | | | - Nicole D Burnett
- Infectious Disease Resource, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Theodore R Hobbs
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Lauren D Martin
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Roxanne M Gilbride
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Scott Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Jeremy V Smedley
- Infectious Disease Resource, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jeyanathan M, Afkhami S, Khera A, Mandur T, Damjanovic D, Yao Y, Lai R, Haddadi S, Dvorkin-Gheva A, Jordana M, Kunkel SL, Xing Z. CXCR3 Signaling Is Required for Restricted Homing of Parenteral Tuberculosis Vaccine-Induced T Cells to Both the Lung Parenchyma and Airway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:2555-2569. [PMID: 28827285 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Although most novel tuberculosis (TB) vaccines are designed for delivery via the muscle or skin for enhanced protection in the lung, it has remained poorly understood whether systemic vaccine-induced memory T cells can readily home to the lung mucosa prior to and shortly after pathogen exposure. We have investigated this issue by using a model of parenteral TB immunization and intravascular immunostaining. We find that systemically induced memory T cells are restricted to the blood vessels in the lung, unable to populate either the lung parenchymal tissue or the airway under homeostatic conditions. We further find that after pulmonary TB infection, it still takes many days before such T cells can enter the lung parenchymal tissue and airway. We have identified the acquisition of CXCR3 expression by circulating T cells to be critical for their entry to these lung mucosal compartments. Our findings offer new insights into mucosal T cell biology and have important implications in vaccine strategies against pulmonary TB and other intracellular infections in the lung.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mangalakumari Jeyanathan
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada.,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada; and
| | - Sam Afkhami
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada.,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada; and
| | - Amandeep Khera
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada.,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada; and
| | - Talveer Mandur
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada.,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada; and
| | - Daniela Damjanovic
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada.,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada; and
| | - Yushi Yao
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada.,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada; and
| | - Rocky Lai
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada.,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada; and
| | - Siamak Haddadi
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada.,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada; and
| | - Anna Dvorkin-Gheva
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada.,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada; and
| | - Manel Jordana
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada.,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada; and
| | - Steven L Kunkel
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Zhou Xing
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada; .,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada; and
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Padula AM, Balmes JR, Eisen EA, Mann J, Noth EM, Lurmann FW, Pratt B, Tager IB, Nadeau K, Hammond SK. Ambient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and pulmonary function in children. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2015; 25:295-302. [PMID: 24938508 PMCID: PMC4270934 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2014.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have examined the relationship between ambient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and pulmonary function in children. Major sources include vehicular emissions, home heating, wildland fires, agricultural burning, and power plants. PAHs are an important component of fine particulate matter that has been linked to respiratory health. This cross-sectional study examines the relationship between estimated individual exposures to the sum of PAHs with 4, 5, or 6 rings (PAH456) and pulmonary function tests (forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of vital capacity) in asthmatic and non-asthmatic children. We applied land-use regression to estimate individual exposures to ambient PAHs for averaging periods ranging from 1 week to 1 year. We used linear regression to estimate the relationship between exposure to PAH456 with pre- and postbronchodilator pulmonary function tests in children in Fresno, California (N=297). Among non-asthmatics, there was a statistically significant association between PAH456 during the previous 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year and postbronchodilator FEV1. The magnitude of the association increased with the length of the averaging period ranging from 60 to 110 ml decrease in FEV1 for each 1 ng/m(3) increase in PAH456. There were no associations with PAH456 observed among asthmatic children. We identified an association between annual PAHs and chronic pulmonary function in children without asthma. Additional studies are needed to further explore the association between exposure to PAHs and pulmonary function, especially with regard to differential effects between asthmatic and non-asthmatic children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy M. Padula
- Department of Pediatrics – Neonatology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - John R. Balmes
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ellen A. Eisen
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Mann
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Noth
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Boriana Pratt
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ira B. Tager
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kari Nadeau
- Department of Pediatrics – Neonatology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - S. Katharine Hammond
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Saraya T, Kurai D, Nakagaki K, Sasaki Y, Niwa S, Tsukagoshi H, Nunokawa H, Ohkuma K, Tsujimoto N, Hirao S, Wada H, Ishii H, Nakata K, Kimura H, Kozawa K, Takizawa H, Goto H. Novel aspects on the pathogenesis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia and therapeutic implications. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:410. [PMID: 25157244 PMCID: PMC4127663 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Mp) is a leading cause of community acquired pneumonia. Knowledge regarding Mp pneumonia obtained from animal models or human subjects has been discussed in many different reports. Accumulated expertise concerning this critical issue has been hard to apply clinically, and potential problems may remain undiscovered. Therefore, our multidisciplinary team extensively reviewed the literature regarding Mp pneumonia, and compared findings from animal models with those from human subjects. In human beings, the characteristic pathological features of Mp pneumonia have been reported as alveolar infiltration with neutrophils and lymphocytes and lymphocyte/plasma cell infiltrates in the peri-bronchovascular area. Herein, we demonstrated the novel aspects of Mp pneumonia that the severity of the Mp pneumonia seemed to depend on the host innate immunity to the Mp, which might be accelerated by antecedent Mp exposure (re-exposure or latent respiratory infection) through up-regulation of Toll-like receptor 2 expression on bronchial epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages. The macrolides therapy might be beneficial for the patients with macrolide-resistant Mp pneumonia via not bacteriological but immunomodulative effects. This exhaustive review focuses on pathogenesis and extends to some therapeutic implications such as clarithromycin, and discusses the various diverse aspects of Mp pneumonia. It is our hope that this might lead to new insights into this common respiratory disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Saraya
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine Mitaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kurai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine Mitaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Nakagaki
- Department of Virology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Animal Science University Mitaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Sasaki
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences Maebashi, Japan
| | - Shoichi Niwa
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences Maebashi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsukagoshi
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences Maebashi, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nunokawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine Mitaka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Ohkuma
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine Mitaka, Japan
| | - Naoki Tsujimoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine Mitaka, Japan
| | - Susumu Hirao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine Mitaka, Japan
| | - Hiroo Wada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine Mitaka, Japan
| | - Haruyuki Ishii
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine Mitaka, Japan
| | - Koh Nakata
- Bioscience Medical Research Center, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital Niigata, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kimura
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kunihisa Kozawa
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences Maebashi, Japan
| | - Hajime Takizawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine Mitaka, Japan
| | - Hajime Goto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine Mitaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Turner DL, Bickham KL, Thome JJ, Kim CY, D'Ovidio F, Wherry EJ, Farber DL. Lung niches for the generation and maintenance of tissue-resident memory T cells. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:501-10. [PMID: 24064670 PMCID: PMC3965651 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The extent to which tissue-specific viral infections generate memory T cells specifically adapted to and maintained within the target infection site is unknown. Here, we show that respiratory virus-specific memory T cells in mice and humans are generated and maintained in compartmentalized niches in lungs, distinct from populations in lymphoid tissue or circulation. Using a polyclonal mouse model of influenza infection combined with an in vivo antibody labeling approach and confocal imaging, we identify a spatially distinct niche in the lung where influenza-specific T-cell responses are expanded and maintained long term as tissue-resident memory (T(RM)) CD4 and CD8 T cells. Lung T(RM) are further distinguished from circulating memory subsets in lung and spleen based on CD69 expression and persistence independent of lymphoid stores. In humans, influenza-specific T cells are enriched within the lung T(RM) subset, whereas memory CD8 T cells specific for the systemic virus cytomegalovirus are distributed in both lung and spleen, suggesting that the site of infection affects T(RM) generation. Our findings reveal a precise spatial organization to virus-specific T-cell memory, determined by the site of the initial infection, with important implications for the development of targeted strategies to boost immunity at appropriate tissue sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D L Turner
- 1] Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA [2] Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - K L Bickham
- 1] Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA [2] Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - J J Thome
- 1] Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA [2] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - C Y Kim
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - F D'Ovidio
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - E J Wherry
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - D L Farber
- 1] Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA [2] Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sant AJ, Chaves FA, Krafcik FR, Lazarski CA, Menges P, Richards K, Weaver JM. Immunodominance in CD4 T-cell responses: implications for immune responses to influenza virus and for vaccine design. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 6:357-68. [PMID: 17542751 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.6.3.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
CD4 T cells play a primary role in regulating immune responses to pathogenic organisms and to vaccines. Antigen-specific CD4 T cells provide cognate help to B cells, a requisite event for immunoglobulin switch and affinity maturation of B cells that produce neutralizing antibodies and also provide help to cytotoxic CD8 T cells, critical for their expansion and persistence as memory cells. Finally, CD4 T cells may participate directly in pathogen clearance via cell-mediated cytotoxicity or through production of cytokines. Understanding the role of CD4 T-cell immunity to viruses and other pathogens, as well as evaluation of the efficacy of vaccines, requires insight into the specificity of CD4 T cells. This review focuses on the events within antigen-presenting cells that focus CD4 T cells toward a limited number of peptide antigens within the pathogen or vaccine. The molecular events are discussed in light of the special challenges that the influenza virus poses, owing to the high degree of genetic variability, unpredictable pathogenicity and the repeated encounters that human populations face with this highly infectious pathogenic organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Sant
- David H Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Guzzetta G, Kirschner D. The roles of immune memory and aging in protective immunity and endogenous reactivation of tuberculosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60425. [PMID: 23580062 PMCID: PMC3620273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Finding more effective vaccines against tuberculosis (TB) and improved preventive treatments against endogenous reactivation of latent TB is strategic to block transmission and reach the WHO goal of eliminating TB by 2050. Key related open questions in TB research include: i) what are the determinants of a strong memory response upon primary infection? ii) what is the role of cytokines towards protective memory response against a secondary infection? iii) what are the mechanisms responsible for the increased risk of reactivation in elderly individuals? To address these questions, we explored a computational model of the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis including a mathematical description of immunosenescence and the generation and maintenance of immune memory. Sensitivity analysis techniques, together with extensive model characterization and in silico experiments, were applied to identify key mechanisms controlling TB reactivation and immunological memory. Key findings of this study are summarized by the following model predictions: i) increased strength and duration of memory protection is associated with higher levels of Tumor Necrosis Factor- (TNF) during primary infection; ii) production of TNF, but not of interferon-, by memory T cells during secondary infection is a major determinant of effective protection; iii) impaired recruitment of CD4+ T cells may promote reactivation of latent TB infections in aging hosts. This study is a first attempt to consider the immune dynamics of a persistent infection throughout the lifetime of the host, taking into account immunosenescence and memory. While the model is TB specific, the results are applicable to other persistent bacterial infections and can aid in the development, evaluation and refinement of TB treatment and/or vaccine protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Guzzetta
- Department of Statistics and Mathematics Applied to Economics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bivas-Benita M, Gillard GO, Bar L, White KA, Webby RJ, Hovav AH, Letvin NL. Airway CD8(+) T cells induced by pulmonary DNA immunization mediate protective anti-viral immunity. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6:156-66. [PMID: 22806099 PMCID: PMC3534169 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination strategies for protection against a number of respiratory pathogens must induce T-cell populations in both the pulmonary airways and peripheral lymphoid organs. In this study, we show that pulmonary immunization using plasmid DNA formulated with the polymer polyethyleneimine (PEI-DNA) induced antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells in the airways that persisted long after antigen local clearance. The persistence of the cells was not mediated by local lymphocyte proliferation or persistent antigen presentation within the lung or airways. These vaccine-induced CD8(+) T cells effectively mediated protective immunity against respiratory challenges with vaccinia virus and influenza virus. Moreover, this protection was not dependent upon the recruitment of T cells from peripheral sites. These findings demonstrate that pulmonary immunization with PEI-DNA is an efficient approach for inducing robust pulmonary CD8(+) T-cell populations that are effective at protecting against respiratory pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Bivas-Benita
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,()
| | - G O Gillard
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - L Bar
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - K A White
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - R J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - A-H Hovav
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - N L Letvin
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chen X, Xiu F, Horvath CN, Damjanovic D, Thanthrige-Don N, Jeyanathan M, Xing Z. Regulation of TB vaccine-induced airway luminal T cells by respiratory exposure to endotoxin. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41666. [PMID: 22844510 PMCID: PMC3402539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) vaccine-induced airway luminal T cells (ALT) have recently been shown to be critical to host defense against pulmonary TB. However, the mechanisms that maintain memory ALT remain poorly understood. In particular, whether respiratory mucosal exposure to environmental agents such as endotoxin may regulate the size of vaccine-induced ALT population is still unclear. Using a murine model of respiratory genetic TB vaccination and respiratory LPS exposure, we have addressed this issue in the current study. We have found that single or repeated LPS exposure increases the number of antigen-specific ALT which are capable of robust secondary responses to pulmonary mycobacterial challenge. To investigate the potential mechanisms by which LPS exposure modulates the ALT population, we have examined the role of ALT proliferation and peripheral T cell recruitment. We have found that LPS exposure-increased ALT is not dependent on increased ALT proliferation as respiratory LPS exposure does not significantly increase the rate of proliferation of ALT. But rather, we find it to be dependent upon the recruitment of peripheral T cells into the airway lumen as blockade of peripheral T cell supplies markedly reduces the initially increased ALT. Thus, our data suggest that environmental exposure to airborne agents such as endotoxin has a profound modulatory effect on TB vaccine-elicited T cells within the respiratory tract. Our study provides a new, M.tb antigen-independent mechanism by which the respiratory mucosal anti-TB memory T cells may be maintained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuerong Chen
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fangming Xiu
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carly N. Horvath
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniela Damjanovic
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Niroshan Thanthrige-Don
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mangalakumari Jeyanathan
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhou Xing
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Horvath CN, Shaler CR, Jeyanathan M, Zganiacz A, Xing Z. Mechanisms of delayed anti-tuberculosis protection in the lung of parenteral BCG-vaccinated hosts: a critical role of airway luminal T cells. Mucosal Immunol 2012; 5:420-31. [PMID: 22453678 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The immune mechanisms underlying unsatisfactory pulmonary mucosal protection by parenteral Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunization remain poorly understood. We found that parenteral BCG immunization failed to elicit airway luminal T cells (ALT) whereas it induced significant T cells in the lung interstitium. After Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) challenge, ALT remained missing for 10 days. The lack of ALT correlated with lack of lung protection for 14 days post-M.tb challenge. To further investigate the role of ALT, ALT were elicited in BCG-immunized animals by intranasal inoculation of M.tb culture-filtrate (CF) proteins. Installment of ALT by CF restored protection in the early phases of M.tb infection, which was linked to rapid increases in ALT, but not in lung interstitial T cells. Also, adoptive transfer of T cells to the airway lumen of BCG-immunized animals also accelerated protection. This study thus provides novel evidence that unsatisfactory lung protection by parenteral BCG immunization is due to delayed ALT recruitment after pulmonary M.tb exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C N Horvath
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Brincks EL, Gurung P, Langlois RA, Hemann EA, Legge KL, Griffith TS. The magnitude of the T cell response to a clinically significant dose of influenza virus is regulated by TRAIL. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:4581-8. [PMID: 21940678 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An immune response of appropriate magnitude should be robust enough to control pathogen spread but not simultaneously lead to immunopathology. Primary infection with influenza A virus (IAV) results in a localized pulmonary infection and inflammation and elicits an IAV-specific CD8 T cell immune response necessary for viral clearance. Clearance of IAV-infected cells, and recovery from infection, is mediated by perforin/granzyme B- and Fas/FasL-mediated mechanisms. We recently reported that TRAIL is another means by which IAV-specific CD8 T cells can kill IAV-infected cells. The current study examined the role of TRAIL in the pulmonary CD8 T cell response to a clinically significant IAV [A/PR/8/34 (PR8; H1N1)] infection (i.e., leads to observable, but limited, morbidity and mortality in wild-type [WT] mice). Compared with WT mice, IAV-infected Trail(-/-) mice experienced increased morbidity and mortality despite similar rates of viral clearance from the lungs. The increased morbidity and mortality in Trail(-/-) mice correlated with increased pulmonary pathology and inflammatory chemokine production. Analysis of lung-infiltrating lymphocytes revealed increased numbers of IAV-specific CD8 T cells in infected Trail(-/-) mice, which correlated with increased pulmonary cytotoxic activity and increased pulmonary expression of MIG and MIP-1α. In addition, there was decreased apoptosis and increased proliferation of IAV-specific CD8 T cells in the lungs of Trail(-/-) mice compared with WT mice. Together, these data suggest that TRAIL regulates the magnitude of the IAV-specific CD8 T cell response during a clinically significant IAV infection to decrease the chance for infection-induced immunopathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik L Brincks
- Department of Urology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kreisel D, Lai J, Richardson SB, Ibricevic A, Nava RG, Lin X, Li W, Kornfeld CG, Miller MJ, Brody SL, Gelman AE, Krupnick AS. Polarized alloantigen presentation by airway epithelial cells contributes to direct CD8+ T cell activation in the airway. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 44:749-54. [PMID: 21653906 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0099oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated T lymphocytes are abundant in the airway during lung allograft rejection. Based on respiratory viral studies, it is the current paradigm that T cells cannot divide in the airway, and that their accumulation in the lumen of the respiratory tract is the exclusive result of recruitment from other sites, such as mediastinal lymph nodes. Here, we show that CD8(+) T cell activation and proliferation can occur in the airway after orthotopic lung transplantation. We also demonstrate that airway epithelium expresses major histocompatibility class I predominantly on the apical surface, both in vitro and in vivo, and initiates CD8(+) T cell responses in a polarized fashion, favoring luminal activation. Our data identify a unique site for CD8(+) T cell activation after lung transplantation, and suggest that attenuating these responses may provide a clinically relevant target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kreisel
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110-1013, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kreisel D, Lai J, Richardson SB, Ibricevic A, Nava RG, Lin X, Li W, Kornfeld CG, Miller MJ, Brody SL, Gelman AE, Krupnick AS. Polarized Alloantigen Presentation by Airway Epithelial Cells Contributes to Direct CD7 + T Cell Activation in the Airway. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011. [DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0099rc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
15
|
Nadeau K, McDonald-Hyman C, Noth EM, Pratt B, Hammond SK, Balmes J, Tager I. Ambient air pollution impairs regulatory T-cell function in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 126:845-852.e10. [PMID: 20920773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is the most frequent chronic disease in children, and children are at high risk for adverse health consequences associated with ambient air pollution (AAP) exposure. Regulatory T (Treg) cells are suppressors of immune responses involved in asthma pathogenesis. Treg-cell impairment is associated with increased DNA methylation of Forkhead box transcription factor 3 (Foxp3), a key transcription factor in Treg-cell activity. Because AAP exposure can induce epigenetic changes, we hypothesized that Treg-cell function would be impaired by AAP, allowing amplification of an inflammatory response. OBJECTIVES To assess whether exposure to AAP led to hypermethylation of the Foxp3 gene, causing impaired Treg-cell suppression and worsened asthma symptom scores. METHODS Children with and without asthma from Fresno, Calif (high pollution, Fresno Asthma Group [FA], n = 71, and Fresno Non Asthmatic Group, n = 30, respectively), and from Stanford, Calif (low pollution, Stanford Asthma Group, n = 40, and Stanford Non Asthmatic Group, n = 40), were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. Peripheral blood Treg cells were used in functional and epigenetic studies. Asthma outcomes were assessed by Global Initiative in Asthma score. RESULTS Fresno Asthma Group Treg-cell suppression was impaired and FA Treg-cell chemotaxis were reduced compared with other groups (P ≤ .05). Treg-cell dysfunction was associated with more pronounced decreases in asthma Global Initiative in Asthma score in FA versus the Stanford Asthma Group. Foxp3 was decreased in FA compared with the Fresno Non Asthmatic Group (P ≤ .05). FA also contained significantly higher levels of methylation at the Foxp3 locus (P ≤ .05). CONCLUSION Increased exposure to AAP is associated with hypermethylation of the Foxp3 locus, impairing Treg-cell function and increasing asthma morbidity. AAP could play a role in mediating epigenetic changes in Treg cells, which may worsen asthma by an immune mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kari Nadeau
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lines JL, Hoskins S, Hollifield M, Cauley LS, Garvy BA. The migration of T cells in response to influenza virus is altered in neonatal mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:2980-8. [PMID: 20656925 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virus is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in children; however, little is known about the T cell response in infant lungs. Neonatal mice are highly vulnerable to influenza and only control very low doses of virus. We compared the T cell response to influenza virus infection between mice infected as adults or at 2 d old and observed defective migration into the lungs of the neonatal mice. In the adult mice, the numbers of T cells in the lung interstitia peaked at 10 d postinfection, whereas neonatal T cell infiltration, activation, and expression of TNF-alpha was delayed until 2 wk postinfection. Although T cell numbers ultimately reached adult levels in the interstitia, they were not detected in the alveoli of neonatal lungs. Instead, the alveoli contained eosinophils and neutrophils. This altered infiltrate was consistent with reduced or delayed expression of type 1 cytokines in the neonatal lung and differential chemokine expression. In influenza-infected neonates, CXCL2, CCL5, and CCL3 were expressed at adult levels, whereas the chemokines CXCL1, CXCL9, and CCL2 remained at baseline levels, and CCL11 was highly elevated. Intranasal administration of CCL2, IFN-gamma, or CXCL9 was unable to draw the neonatal T cells into the airways. Together, these data suggest that the T cell response to influenza virus is qualitatively different in neonatal mice and may contribute to an increased morbidity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Louise Lines
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Airway luminal T cells: a newcomer on the stage of TB vaccination strategies. Trends Immunol 2010; 31:247-52. [PMID: 20542470 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Protection against pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) by vaccination is often ascribed to the presence of TB-reactive T cells in the lung before infection. Challenging this view, new studies analyzing vaccine-induced T cells in various tissue compartments after parenteral immunization suggest a poor correlation between the presence of anti-TB T cells in the lung interstitium and spleen before Mycobacterium tuberculosis exposure and protection. In contrast, respiratory mucosal immunization leads to distribution of T cells not only in the lung interstitium and spleen, but also in the airway lumen, and the presence of these cells correlates well with protection. Furthermore, airway luminal recruitment of parenteral vaccine-induced T cells in peripheral tissues prior to M. tuberculosis challenge restores protection. We propose that understanding the biology of airway luminal T cells holds important implications for developing effective TB vaccination strategies.
Collapse
|
18
|
Xing Z. Importance of T-cell location rekindled: implication for tuberculosis vaccination strategies. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010; 8:1465-8. [PMID: 19863237 DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
19
|
Hasegawa A, Hayashi K, Kishimoto H, Yang M, Tofukuji S, Suzuki K, Nakajima H, Hoffman RM, Shirai M, Nakayama T. Color-coded real-time cellular imaging of lung T-lymphocyte accumulation and focus formation in a mouse asthma model. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125:461-468.e6. [PMID: 20031194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Revised: 07/26/2009] [Accepted: 08/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A critical role for CD4(+)T(H)2 cells in the pathogenesis of acute asthma has been demonstrated in the studies of human asthma as well as of animal models of asthma. T(H)2-cell migration into the lung is crucial for the initiation of asthma phenotype, but the dynamics of this process are poorly understood because it has been difficult to visualize this process. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to image the cellular dynamics of the migration of T(H)2 cells into the lung of living animals in a mouse model of asthma and identify the cellular processes required for the initiation of the asthma phenotype. METHODS We developed a color-coded real-time imaging model of cell migration into the lung using green fluorescent protein (GFP) and red fluorescent protein (RFP) transgenic CD4 T cells. RESULTS Selective accumulation of antigen-specific CD4 T cells in the lungs was quantitatively imaged in a mouse model of asthma. The inhibition of accumulation by dexamethasone was imaged. Accumulating GFP(+) T(H)2 cells formed foci in the lungs from 6 to 20 hours after antigen inhalation. This process was also inhibited by the administration of anti-intercellular adhesion molecule 1 or anti-vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 mAbs. Two days after inhalation of antigen, GFP(+) T(H)2 cells were detected in the area of eosinophil infiltration. CONCLUSION Focus formation generated by accumulating antigen-specific T(H)2 cells in the lung appeared to be a critical process in the initiation of the asthma phenotype. This new model enables the study of in vivo cell biology of airway inflammation and novel drug discovery for lung inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Hasegawa
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hammitt LL, Bartlett JP, Li S, Rahkola J, Lang N, Janoff EN, Levin MJ, Weinberg A. Kinetics of viral shedding and immune responses in adults following administration of cold-adapted influenza vaccine. Vaccine 2009; 27:7359-66. [PMID: 19800447 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The optimal type and timing of specimens to study the immune responses to cold-adapted influenza vaccine (CAIV) and shedding of vaccine virus are not well established. Healthy adults were vaccinated with CAIV (n=10) or trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) (n=5). Shedding of vaccine strain influenza B was detected by culture in 6 of 10 CAIV recipients; influenza A was also detected in one of these subjects. Viral shedding by quantitative RT-PCR was detected in 9 of 10 subjects. We detected a > or = 2-fold increase in influenza-specific IgA in nasal wash in 80-100% of CAIV recipients following vaccination, but specific IgG increased in neither nasal wash nor saliva. Recipients of TIV had significant increases in specific serum IgG antibodies. Recipients of both CAIV and TIV had significant increases in IFNgamma-secreting peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). PBMCs from subjects receiving CAIV showed a higher proportion of functional, tissue-tropic T-cells (CD4+CD69+CD18+MIP1alpha+) specific for homotypic and heterosubtypic strains of influenza by flow cytometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Hammitt
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, United States.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hutchison S, Choo-Kang BSW, Gibson VB, Bundick RV, Leishman AJ, Brewer JM, McInnes IB, Garside P. An investigation of the impact of the location and timing of antigen-specific T cell division on airways inflammation. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 155:107-16. [PMID: 19076834 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03800.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that allergic asthma is orchestrated by T helper type 2 lymphocytes specific for inhaled allergen. However, it remains unclear where and when T cell activation and division occurs after allergen challenge, and whether these factors have a significant impact on airways inflammation. We therefore employed a CD4-T cell receptor transgenic adoptive transfer model in conjunction with laser scanning cytometry to characterize the location and timing of T cell division in asthma in vivo. Thus, for the first time we have directly assessed the division of antigen-specific T cells in situ. We found that accumulation of divided antigen-specific T cells in the lungs appeared to occur in two waves. The first very early wave was apparent before dividing T cells could be detected in the lymph node (LN) and coincided with neutrophil influx. The second wave of divided T cells accumulating in lung followed the appearance of these cells in LN and coincided with peak eosinophilia. Furthermore, accumulation of antigen-specific T cells in the draining LN and lung tissue, together with accompanying pathology, was reduced by intervention with the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor agonist FTY720 2 days after challenge. These findings provide greater insight into the timing and location of antigen-specific T cell division in airways inflammation, indicate that distinct phases and locations of antigen presentation may be associated with different aspects of pathology and that therapeutics targeted against leukocyte migration may be useful in these conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Hutchison
- Centre for Biophotonics, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yagui-Beltrán A, Coussens LM, Jablons DM. Respiratory Homeostasis and Exploitation of the Immune System for Lung Cancer Vaccines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 58:40-48. [PMID: 22368692 DOI: 10.17925/ohr.2009.05.1.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of all cancer deaths in the US. The international scientific and clinical community has made significant advances toward understanding specific molecular mechanisms underlying lung carcinogenesis; however, despite these insights and advances in surgery and chemoradiotherapy, the prognosis for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains poor. Nonetheless, significant effort is being focused on advancing translational research evaluating the efficacy of novel targeted therapeutic strategies for lung cancer. Illustrative examples of this include antagonists of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as gefitinib and erlotinib, and a diverse assortment of anti-angiogenic compounds targeting growth factors and/or their receptors that regulate tumor-associated angiogenic programs. In addition, with the increased awareness of the significant role chronically activated leukocytes play as potentiators of solid-tumor development, the role of innate and adaptive immune cells as regulators of lung carcinogenesis is being examined. While some of these studies are examining how novel therapeutic strategies may enhance the efficacy of lung cancer vaccines, others are evaluating the intrinsic characteristics of the immune response to lung cancer in order to identify rate-limiting molecular and/or cellular programs to target with novel anticancer therapeutics. In this article, we explore important aspects of the immune system and its role in regulating normal respiratory homeostasis compared with the immune response accompanying development of lung cancer. These hallmarks are then discussed in the context of recent efforts to develop lung cancer vaccines, where we have highlighted important concepts that must be taken into consideration for future development of novel therapeutic strategies and clinical trials assessing their efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Yagui-Beltrán
- Post-doctoral Fellow, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Jeyanathan M, Mu J, Kugathasan K, Zhang X, Damjanovic D, Small C, Divangahi M, Petrof BJ, Hogaboam CM, Xing Z. Airway Delivery of Soluble Mycobacterial Antigens Restores Protective Mucosal Immunity by Single Intramuscular Plasmid DNA Tuberculosis Vaccination: Role of Proinflammatory Signals in the Lung. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:5618-26. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.8.5618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
24
|
Kohlmeier JE, Miller SC, Smith J, Lu B, Gerard C, Cookenham T, Roberts AD, Woodland DL. The chemokine receptor CCR5 plays a key role in the early memory CD8+ T cell response to respiratory virus infections. Immunity 2008; 29:101-13. [PMID: 18617426 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Revised: 04/24/2008] [Accepted: 05/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Innate recognition of invading pathogens in peripheral tissues results in the recruitment of circulating memory CD8(+) T cells to sites of localized inflammation during the early phase of a recall response. However, the mechanisms that control the rapid recruitment of these cells to peripheral sites are poorly understood, particularly in relation to influenza and parainfluenza infections of the respiratory tract. In this study, we demonstrate a crucial role for C-C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) in the accelerated recruitment of memory CD8(+) T cells to the lung airways during virus challenge. Most importantly, CCR5 deficiency resulted in decreased recruitment of memory T cells expressing key effector molecules and impaired control of virus replication during the initial stages of a secondary response. These data highlight the critical importance of early memory T cell recruitment for the efficacy of cellular immunity in the lung.
Collapse
|
25
|
Wissinger EL, Saldana J, Didierlaurent A, Hussell T. Manipulation of acute inflammatory lung disease. Mucosal Immunol 2008; 1:265-78. [PMID: 19079188 PMCID: PMC7100270 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2008.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory lung disease to innocuous antigens or infectious pathogens is a common occurrence and in some cases, life threatening. Often, the inflammatory infiltrate that accompanies these events contributes to pathology by deleterious effects on otherwise healthy tissue and by compromising lung function by consolidating (blocking) the airspaces. A fine balance, therefore, exists between a lung immune response and immune-mediated damage, and in some the "threshold of ignorance" may be set too low. In most cases, the contributing, potentially offending, cell population or immune pathway is known, as are factors that regulate them. Why then are targeted therapeutic strategies to manipulate them not more commonplace in clinical medicine? This review highlights immune homeostasis in the lung, how and why this is lost during acute lung infection, and strategies showing promise as future immune therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E L Wissinger
- Imperial College London, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, London, UK
| | - J Saldana
- Imperial College London, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, London, UK
| | - A Didierlaurent
- Imperial College London, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, London, UK
- Present Address: Present address: GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rue de l'Institut 89, Rixensart B-1330, Belgium,
| | - T Hussell
- Imperial College London, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Inflammation and the elimination of infected host cells during an immune response often cause local tissue injury and immunopathology, which can disrupt the normal functions of tissues such as the lung. Here, we show that both virus-induced inflammation and the host tissue environment combine to influence the capacity of virus-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells to produce cytokines in various tissues. Decreased production of cytokines, such as IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, by antigen-specific T cells is more pronounced in peripheral tissues, such as the lung and kidney, than in secondary lymphoid organs, such as the spleen or lymph nodes. We also demonstrate that tissues regulate cytokine production by memory T cells independently of virus infection, as memory T cells that traffic into the lungs of naïve animals exhibit a reduced ability to produce cytokines following direct ex vivo peptide stimulation. Furthermore, we show that cytokine production by antigen-specific memory CD4 and CD8 T cells isolated from the lung parenchyma can be rescued by stimulation with exogenous peptide-pulsed antigen-presenting cells. Our results suggest that the regulation of T-cell cytokine production by peripheral tissues may serve as an important mechanism to prevent immunopathology and preserve normal tissue function.
Collapse
|
27
|
Holt PG, Strickland DH, Wikström ME, Jahnsen FL. Regulation of immunological homeostasis in the respiratory tract. Nat Rev Immunol 2008; 8:142-52. [DOI: 10.1038/nri2236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
28
|
Kohlmeier JE, Miller SC, Woodland DL. Cutting edge: Antigen is not required for the activation and maintenance of virus-specific memory CD8+ T cells in the lung airways. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:4721-5. [PMID: 17404250 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.8.4721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory virus infections establish a population of memory CD8(+) T cells in the lung airways that persist for months after infection. However, the relationship between Ag-specific memory T cells in the lung airways and the systemic memory T cell pool is not well understood. The majority of lung airway memory T cells express a highly activated phenotype (CD69(+)/CD127(-)), suggesting that recent Ag stimulation is required to drive T cell activation and recruitment to the lung airways. In this study, we demonstrate that the lung airway environment itself in the absence of cognate Ag alters the expression of acute activation markers such as CD69 and CD127 on memory CD8(+) T cells. Furthermore, the steady-state recruitment of virus-specific memory CD8(+) T cells to the lung airways from the circulation can occur without recent Ag stimulation. These findings alter the current perceptions concerning the contribution of Ag to the maintenance of peripheral T cell memory.
Collapse
|
29
|
|