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Zhao T, Zhang Q, Wen Q, Liu S, Niu Z, Qu Y, Wang Y, Ding Q, Wei P, Li L, Kong T, Fu P, Qian S, Wang K, Wu X, Zheng J. Characteristics of T-Cell Receptor Repertoire for Differential Response to Methotrexate Treatment for Rheumatoid Arthritis. Immunol Invest 2024:1-12. [PMID: 39140790 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2024.2381078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methotrexate (MTX) serves as the initial treatment for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, a substantial proportion of RA patients, estimated between 30% and 50%, do not respond positively to MTX. While the T-cell receptor (TCR) is crucial for the immune response during RA, its role in differentiating MTX responsiveness has not been thoroughly investigated. METHODS This study used next-generation sequencing to analyze the TCR β-chain complementary determining region sequences in peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from RA patients before MTX treatment. This study aimed to compare the characteristics of the TCR repertoire between the MTX responder and non-responder groups. RESULTS The study identified a significant difference in the TRBV6-6 gene (p = .003) concerning MTX treatment response. Additionally, a significant difference was found in the number of "3" nucleotide deletions at the 5'Jdels site (p = .023) in the VDJ rearrangement. CONCLUSION These findings suggest distinct TCR repertoire characteristics between MTX responder and non-responder groups among RA patients. This discovery offers new insights into understanding the variable responses of RA patients to MTX therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taowa Zhao
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Ningbo, China
- Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Ningbo, China
| | - Qinwen Wen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Shuyin Liu
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Ningbo, China
- Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zitong Niu
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Ningbo, China
- Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yang Qu
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Ningbo, China
- Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yiting Wang
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Ningbo, China
| | - Qiaojiao Ding
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Ningbo, China
- Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, China
| | - Pengyao Wei
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Ningbo, China
- Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, China
| | - Lin Li
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Ningbo, China
| | - Tong Kong
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Ningbo, China
| | - Pan Fu
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Ningbo, China
| | - Sihua Qian
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Ningbo, China
| | - Kaizhe Wang
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Ningbo, China
| | - Xiudi Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Jianping Zheng
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Ningbo, China
- Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, China
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Gamma/Delta (γδ) T Cells: The Role of the T-Cell Receptor in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Hematologic Malignancies. Am J Dermatopathol 2022; 44:237-248. [PMID: 35287137 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000002041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT There are 2 types of T cells: αβ and γδ T cells, named based on the composition of the T-cell receptor. γδ T cells are rare, making up 0.5%-10% of T cells. Although most leukemias, lymphomas, and immune-mediated conditions derive from αβ T cells, a handful of rare but important diseases are generally derived from γδ T cells, particularly primary cutaneous γδ T-cell lymphoma, hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma, and monomorphic epitheliotropic intestinal T-cell lymphoma. There are also malignancies that may evince a γδ TCR phenotype, including large granulocytic lymphocyte leukemia, T-cell acute lymphobplastic leukemia (T-ALL), and mycosis fungoides, although such cases are rare. In this article, we will review the genesis of the T-cell receptor, the role of γδ T cells, and the importance of TCR type and methods of detection and outline the evidence for prognostic significance (or lack thereof) in lymphomas of γδ T cells. We will also highlight conditions that rarely may present with a γδ TCR phenotype and assess the utility of testing for TCR type in these diseases.
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3
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Krishnakumar V, Durairajan SSK, Alagarasu K, Li M, Dash AP. Recent Updates on Mouse Models for Human Immunodeficiency, Influenza, and Dengue Viral Infections. Viruses 2019; 11:E252. [PMID: 30871179 PMCID: PMC6466164 DOI: 10.3390/v11030252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Well-developed mouse models are important for understanding the pathogenesis and progression of immunological response to viral infections in humans. Moreover, to test vaccines, anti-viral drugs and therapeutic agents, mouse models are fundamental for preclinical investigations. Human viruses, however, seldom infect mice due to differences in the cellular receptors used by the viruses for entry, as well as in the innate immune responses in mice and humans. In other words, a species barrier exists when using mouse models for investigating human viral infections. Developing transgenic (Tg) mice models expressing the human genes coding for viral entry receptors and knock-out (KO) mice models devoid of components involved in the innate immune response have, to some extent, overcome this barrier. Humanized mouse models are a third approach, developed by engrafting functional human cells and tissues into immunodeficient mice. They are becoming indispensable for analyzing human viral diseases since they nearly recapitulate the human disease. These mouse models also serve to test the efficacy of vaccines and antiviral agents. This review provides an update on the Tg, KO, and humanized mouse models that are used in studies investigating the pathogenesis of three important human-specific viruses, namely human immunodeficiency (HIV) virus 1, influenza, and dengue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinodhini Krishnakumar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamilnadu, Tiruvarur 610 005, India.
| | | | - Kalichamy Alagarasu
- Dengue/Chikungunya Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411001, India.
| | - Min Li
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, HKSAR, China.
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Bilal S, Lie KK, Sæle Ø, Hordvik I. T Cell Receptor Alpha Chain Genes in the Teleost Ballan Wrasse (Labrus bergylta) Are Subjected to Somatic Hypermutation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1101. [PMID: 29872436 PMCID: PMC5972329 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, somatic hypermutation (SHM) was considered to be exclusively associated with affinity maturation of antibodies, although it also occurred in T cells under certain conditions. More recently, it has been shown that SHM generates diversity in the variable domain of T cell receptor (TCR) in camel and shark. Here, we report somatic mutations in TCR alpha chain genes of the teleost fish, Ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta), and show that this mechanism adds extra diversity to the polymorphic constant (C) region as well. The organization of the TCR alpha/delta locus in Ballan wrasse was obtained from a scaffold covering a single copy C alpha gene, 65 putative J alpha segments, a single copy C delta gene, 1 J delta segment, and 2 D delta segments. Analysis of 37 fish revealed 6 allotypes of the C alpha gene, each with 1-3 replacement substitutions. Somatic mutations were analyzed by molecular cloning of TCR alpha chain cDNA. Initially, 79 unique clones comprising four families of variable (V) alpha genes were characterized. Subsequently, a more restricted PCR was performed to focus on a specific V gene. Comparison of 48 clones indicated that the frequency of somatic mutations in the VJ region was 4.5/1,000 base pairs (bps), and most prevalent in complementary determining region 2 (CDR2). In total, 45 different J segments were identified among the 127 cDNA clones, counting for most of the CDR3 diversity. The number of mutations in the C alpha chain gene was 1.76 mutations/1,000 bps and A nucleotides were most frequently targeted, in contrast to the VJ region, where G nucleotides appeared to be mutational hotspots. The replacement/synonymous ratios in the VJ and C regions were 2.5 and 1.85, respectively. Only 7% of the mutations were found to be linked to the activation-induced cytidine deaminase hotspot motif (RGYW/WRCY).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaira Bilal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Øystein Sæle
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Bergen, Norway
| | - Ivar Hordvik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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5
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Hodgins NO, Wang JTW, Al-Jamal KT. Nano-technology based carriers for nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates delivery as sensitisers of γδ T cells for anticancer immunotherapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 114:143-160. [PMID: 28694026 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen containing bisphosphonates (N-BPs) including zoledronate (ZOL) and alendronate (ALD) inhibit farnesyl diphosphate synthase, and have been shown to have a cytotoxic affect against cancer cells as a monotherapy and to also sensitise tumour cells to destruction by γδ T cells. γδ T cells are a subset of human T lymphocytes and have a diverse range of roles in the immune system including the recognition and destruction of cancer cells. This property of γδ T cells can be harnessed for use in cancer immunotherapy through in vivo expansion or the adoptive transfer of ex vivo activated γδ T cells. The use of N-BPs with γδ T cells has been shown to have a synergistic effect in in vitro, animal and clinical studies. N-BPs have limited in vivo activity due to rapid clearance from the circulation. By encapsulating N-BPs in liposomes (L) it is possible to increase the levels of N-BPs at non-osseous tumour sites. L-ZOL and L-ALD have been shown to have different toxicological profiles than free ZOL or ALD. Both L-ALD and L-ZOL led to increased spleen weight, leucocytosis, neutrophilia and lymphocytopenia in mice after intravenous injection. L-ALD was shown to be better tolerated than L-ZOL in murine studies. Biodistribution studies have been performed in order to better understand the interaction of N-BPs and γδ T cells in vivo. Additionally, in vivo therapy studies have shown that mice treated with both L-ALD and γδ T cells had a significant reduction in tumour growth compared to mice treated with L-ALD or γδ T cells alone. The use of ligand-targeted liposomes may further increase the efficacy of this combinatory immunotherapy. Liposomes targeting the αvβ6 integrin receptor using the peptide A20FMDV2 had a greater ability than untargeted liposomes in sensitising cancer cells to destruction by γδ T cells in αvβ6 positive cancer cell lines.
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Lorè NI, Bragonzi A, Cigana C. The IL-17A/IL-17RA axis in pulmonary defence and immunopathology. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 30:19-27. [PMID: 27033174 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The interleukin (IL)-17A/IL-17 receptor A (IL-17RA) axis is emerging as a key player in host defence. Several studies have demonstrated that IL-17A-mediated responses play a critical role in both acute and chronic inflammation induced by infectious agents, environmental stimuli and genetic diseases in the airways. In this regard, it is becoming evident that IL-17A/IL-17RA signalling may have a protective and beneficial impact on health, but that it can also result in detrimental outcomes. On one hand, the IL-17A/IL-17RA axis can contribute to the elimination of noxious stimuli and to the resolution of acute inflammatory processes; on the other hand, it can exacerbate immunopathological responses, contributing to the development and progression of chronic respiratory illnesses. In addition, cellular and molecular signatures underlying IL-17A/IL-17RA signalling have been increasingly identified, although further studies are needed to clarify such complex responses. Here, we discuss the latest discoveries on the role of the IL-17A/IL-17RA axis in driving host pulmonary defence and immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Ivan Lorè
- Infections and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Bragonzi
- Infections and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Cigana
- Infections and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
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7
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Lu H, Li DJ, Jin LP. γδT Cells and Related Diseases. Am J Reprod Immunol 2016; 75:609-18. [PMID: 26833725 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovered 30 years ago, γδT cells remain an enigmatic T-cell subset. Although they account for a small portion of the total human circulating T-cell pool, their associations with other immune cells and their potential regulatory roles in related diseases have been explored but still require further investigation. γδT cells which are MHC-unrestricted innate-like lymphocytes with more unique antigen receptors than αβT cells and B cells are considered to bridge innate and adaptive immunity. They have APC functions and initiate adaptive immunity. Due to their distribution in specific tissues, secretion of Th1-, Th2-, and Th17-type cytokines, and other characteristics, they are involved in a variety of physiology and pathology processes. They are barometers in HIV infection. However, different γδT cell subsets play opposing roles in HBV infections, autoimmune diseases, and several types of tumors. Moreover, decidual γδT cells have protective roles during pregnancies by synthesizing several cytokines. This emerging evidence provides an improved understanding of the immune mechanism of infection, autoimmunity, cancer, and other related disorders and better insights regarding the potential roles of γδT cells in immunological therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Lu
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Da-Jin Li
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Ping Jin
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
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8
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Malik S, Want MY, Awasthi A. The Emerging Roles of Gamma-Delta T Cells in Tissue Inflammation in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Front Immunol 2016; 7:14. [PMID: 26858718 PMCID: PMC4731487 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ (gamma–delta) T cells, a small population of unconventional T cells, have been found in central nervous system lesions of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, but their function in disease activity is not clearly understood. Previous studies in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) were inconsistent in identifying their specific roles in suppressing or promoting disease pathogenesis. Emerging advancements in the biology of γδ T cells especially in the context of their being the major initial producers of IL-17, suggested their crucial role in pathogenesis of EAE. In addition, γδ T cells express high levels of IL-23R and IL-1R, which further enhance their effector functions in the pathogenesis of EAE. Nonetheless, activated heterogeneous γδ T cells display functional dichotomy, which is crucial in determining the outcomes of tissue inflammation in EAE. In this review, we discussed recent advances in understanding the biology of γδ T cells in tissue inflammation as well as their roles in suppressing or promoting the development of EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Malik
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute , Faridabad , India
| | - Muzamil Yaqub Want
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute , Faridabad , India
| | - Amit Awasthi
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute , Faridabad , India
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Phalke SP, Chiplunkar SV. Activation status of γδ T cells dictates their effect on osteoclast generation and bone resorption. Bone Rep 2015; 3:95-103. [PMID: 28377972 PMCID: PMC5365245 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells, a small subset of T cell population (5–10%), forms a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. Although the role of γδ T cells in infectious diseases and antitumor immunity is well investigated, their role in bone biology needs to be explored. Aminobisphosphonates are used as a standard treatment modality for bone related disorders and are potent activators of γδ T cells. In the present study, we have compared the effect of “activated” and “freshly isolated” γδ T cells on osteoclast generation and function. We have shown that “activated” (αCD3/CD28 + rhIL2 or BrHPP + rhIL2 stimulated) γδ T cells inhibit osteoclastogenesis, while “freshly isolated” γδ T cells enhance osteoclast generation and function. Upon stimulation with phosphoantigen (BrHPP), “freshly isolated” γδ T cells were also able to suppress osteoclast generation and function. Cytokine profiles of these cells revealed that, “freshly isolated” γδ T cells secrete higher amounts of IL6 (pro-osteoclastogenic), while “activated” γδ T cells secrete high IFNγ levels (anti-osteoclastogenic). Neutralization of IFNγ and IL6 reversed the “inhibitory” or “stimulatory” effect of γδ T cells on osteoclastogenesis. In conclusion, we have shown that, activation status and dynamics of IL6 and IFNγ secretion dictate pro and anti-osteoclastogenic role of γδ T cells. Freshly isolated (unstimulated) γδ T cells enhance osteoclastogenesis. Activated γδ T cells inhibit osteoclast generation and function. Activated γδ T cells secrete high IFNγ, while freshly isolated secrete high IL6. Dynamics of IL6/IFNγ explains pro- and anti-osteoclastogenic effect of γδ T cells.
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Key Words
- Activation status
- BrHPP, bromohydrin pyrophosphate
- CBA, cytometric bead array
- Cytokines
- FCS, Fetal calf serum
- FH, Ficoll-Hypaque
- IFNγ, interferon gamma
- IL6, interleukin 6
- MACS, magnetic-activated cell sorting
- MFI, mean fluorescent intensity
- OAAS, osteoclast activity assay substrate
- OPCs, osteoclast precursor cells
- Osteoclasts
- PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- Phosphoantigen
- RPMI, Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium
- SEM, standard error of mean
- TRAP, tartarate resistant acid phosphatase
- cαMEM, complete minimum essential medium with alpha modification
- rhIL2, recombinant human interleukin 2
- rhMCSF, recombinant human macrophage-colony stimulating factor
- rhRANKL, recombinant human receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand
- αIFNγ, anti-interferon gamma
- αIL6, anti-interleukin 6
- γδ T cells
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shubhada V. Chiplunkar
- Corresponding author at: Chiplunkar Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India.Chiplunkar LaboratoryAdvanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC)Tata Memorial CentreKharghar, Navi Mumbai410210India
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Moulana M, Taylor EB, Edholm ES, Quiniou SMA, Wilson M, Bengtén E. Identification and characterization of TCRγ and TCRδ chains in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Immunogenetics 2014; 66:545-61. [PMID: 25129471 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-014-0793-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, T cell receptors (TCR) γ and δ were identified by mining of expressed sequence tag databases, and full-length sequences were obtained by 5'-RACE and RT-PCR protocols. cDNAs for each of these TCR chains encode typical variable (V), diversity (D), joining (J), and constant (C) regions. Three TCRγ V families, seven TCRγ J sequences, and three TCRγ C sequences were identified from sequencing of cDNA. Primer walking on bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) confirmed that the TRG locus contained seven TRGJ segments and indicated that the locus consists of (Vγ3-Jγ6-Cγ2)-(Vγ1n-Jγ7-Cγ3)-(Vγ2-Jγ5-Jγ4-Jγ3-Jγ2-Jγ1-Cγ1). In comparison for TCRδ, two V families, four TCRδ D sequences, one TCRδ J sequence, and one TCRδ C sequence were identified by cDNA sequencing. Importantly, the finding that some catfish TCRδ cDNAs contain TCR Vα-D-Jδ rearrangements and some TCRα cDNAs contain Vδ-Jα rearrangements strongly implies that the catfish TRA and TRD loci are linked. Finally, primer walking on BACs and Southern blotting suggest that catfish have four TRDD gene segments and a single TRDJ and TRDC gene. As in most vertebrates, all three reading frames of each of the catfish TRDD segments can be used in functional rearrangements, and more than one TRDD segment can be used in a single rearrangement. As expected, catfish TCRδ CDR3 regions are longer and more diverse than TCRγ CDR3 regions, and as a group they utilize more nucleotide additions and contain more nucleotide deletions than catfish TCRγ rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohadetheh Moulana
- Department of Microbiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216-4505, USA
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11
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Serwatowska-Bargieł A, Wąsik M, Katarzyna Kornacka M, Górska E, Kozarski R. T-cell subpopulations αβ and γδ in cord blood of very preterm infants: the influence of intrauterine infection. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2014; 61:495-501. [PMID: 23959110 PMCID: PMC3898335 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-013-0244-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Preterm infants are very susceptible to infections. Immune response mechanisms in this group of patients and factors that influence cord blood mononuclear cell populations remain poorly understood and are considered insufficient. However, competent immune functions of the cord blood mononuclear cells are also described. The aim of this work was to evaluate the T-cell population (CD3+) with its subpopulations bearing T-cell receptor (TCR) αβ or TCR γδ in the cord blood of preterm infants born before 32 weeks of gestation by mothers with or without an intrauterine infection. Being a pilot study, it also aimed at feasibility check and assessment of an expected effect size. The cord blood samples of 46 infants age were subjected to direct immunofluorescent staining with monoclonal antibodies and then analyzed by flow cytometry. The percentage of CD3+ cells in neonates born by mothers with diagnosis of intrauterine infection was significantly lower than in neonates born by mothers without infection (p = 0.005; Mann–Whitney U test). The number of cells did not differ between groups. Infection present in the mother did not have an influence on the TCR αβ or TCR γδ subpopulations. Our study contributes to a better understanding of preterm infants’ immune mechanisms, and sets the stage for further investigations.
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12
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Kanda R, Sutoh Y, Kasamatsu J, Maenaka K, Kasahara M, Ose T. Crystal structure of the lamprey variable lymphocyte receptor C reveals an unusual feature in its N-terminal capping module. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85875. [PMID: 24465760 PMCID: PMC3900441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Jawless vertebrates represented by lampreys and hagfish use variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs) as antigen receptors to mount adaptive immune responses. VLRs generate diversity that is comparable to immunoglobulins and T-cell receptors by a gene conversion-like mechanism, which is mediated by cytosine deaminases. Currently, three types of VLRs, VLRA, VLRB, and VLRC, have been identified in lampreys. Crystal structures of VLRA and VLRB in complex with antigens have been reported recently, but no structural information is available for VLRC. Here, we present the first crystal structure of VLRC from the Japanese lamprey (Lethenteron japonicum). Similar to VLRA and VLRB, VLRC forms a typical horseshoe-like solenoid structure with a variable concave surface. Strikingly, its N-terminal cap has a long loop with limited sequence variability that protrudes toward the concave surface, which is the putative antigen-binding surface. Furthermore, as predicted previously, its C-terminal cap lacks a highly variable protruding loop that plays an important role in antigen recognition by lamprey VLRA and VLRB. Recent work suggests that VLRC+ lymphocytes in jawless vertebrates might be akin to γδ T cells in jawed vertebrates. Structural features of lamprey VLRC described here suggest that it may recognize antigens in a unique manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Kanda
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoichi Sutoh
- Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jun Kasamatsu
- Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Katsumi Maenaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masanori Kasahara
- Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toyoyuki Ose
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Brenu EW, Huth TK, Hardcastle SL, Fuller K, Kaur M, Johnston S, Ramos SB, Staines DR, Marshall-Gradisnik SM. Role of adaptive and innate immune cells in chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis. Int Immunol 2013; 26:233-42. [PMID: 24343819 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxt068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Perturbations in immune processes are a hallmark of a number of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. Chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) is an inflammatory disorder with possible autoimmune correlates, characterized by reduced NK cell activity, elevations in regulatory T cells (Tregs) and dysregulation in cytokine levels. The purpose of this article is to examine innate and adaptive immune cell phenotypes and functional characteristics that have not been previously examined in CFS/ME patients. Thirty patients with CFS/ME and 25 non-fatigued controls were recruited for this study. Whole blood samples were collected from all participants for the assessment of cell phenotypes, functional properties, receptors, adhesion molecules, antigens and intracellular proteins using flow cytometric protocols. The cells investigated included NK cells, dendritic cells, neutrophils, B cells, T cells, γδT cells and Tregs. Significant changes were observed in B-cell subsets, Tregs, CD4(+)CD73(+)CD39(+) T cells, cytotoxic activity, granzyme B, neutrophil antigens, TNF-α and IFN-γ in the CFS/ME patients in comparison with the non-fatigued controls. Alterations in B cells, Tregs, NK cells and neutrophils suggest significant impairments in immune regulation in CFS/ME and these may have similarities to a number of autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekua Weba Brenu
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia
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14
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Barakonyi A, Miko E, Szereday L, Polgar PD, Nemeth T, Szekeres-Bartho J, Engels GL. Cell Death Mechanisms and Potentially Cytotoxic Natural Immune Cells in Human Pregnancies Complicated by Preeclampsia. Reprod Sci 2013; 21:155-66. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719113497288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aliz Barakonyi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Clinical Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- Janos Szentagothai Research Centre, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Eva Miko
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Clinical Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- Janos Szentagothai Research Centre, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Szereday
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Clinical Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- Janos Szentagothai Research Centre, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Petra Dora Polgar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Clinical Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Timea Nemeth
- Department of Languages for Specific Purposes, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Julia Szekeres-Bartho
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Clinical Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- Janos Szentagothai Research Centre, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Geraldine Laura Engels
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Clinical Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
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15
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Chang YJ, DeKruyff RH, Umetsu DT. The role of type 2 innate lymphoid cells in asthma. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 94:933-40. [PMID: 23801654 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0313127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a complex and heterogeneous disease with several phenotypes, including an allergic asthma phenotype, characterized by Th2 cytokine production and associated with allergen sensitization and adaptive immunity. Asthma also includes nonallergic asthma phenotypes that require innate rather than adaptive immunity. These innate pathways to asthma involve macrophages, neutrophils, as well as ILCs, newly described cell types that produce a variety of cytokines, including IL-5 and IL-13. We review the recent data regarding ILCs and their role in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jen Chang
- 1.Harvard Medical School, Karp Labs, Room 10127, One Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA. ; Ya-Jen Chang, Academia Sinica, 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan. E-mail:
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16
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Microglia play a major role in direct viral-induced demyelination. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:510396. [PMID: 23864878 PMCID: PMC3705805 DOI: 10.1155/2013/510396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the resident macrophage-like populations in the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia remain quiescent, unable to perform effector and antigen presentation (APC) functions until activated by injury or infection, and have been suggested to represent the first line of defence for the CNS. Previous studies demonstrated that microglia can be persistently infected by neurotropic mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) which causes meningoencephalitis, myelitis with subsequent axonal loss, and demyelination and serve as a virus-induced model of human neurological disease multiple sclerosis (MS). Current studies revealed that MHV infection is associated with the pronounced activation of microglia during acute inflammation, as evidenced by characteristic changes in cellular morphology and increased expression of microglia-specific proteins, Iba1 (ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1), which is a macrophage/microglia-specific novel calcium-binding protein and involved in membrane ruffling and phagocytosis. During chronic inflammation (day 30 postinfection), microglia were still present within areas of demyelination. Experiments performed in ex vivo spinal cord slice culture and in vitro neonatal microglial culture confirmed direct microglial infection. Our results suggest that MHV can directly infect and activate microglia during acute inflammation, which in turn during chronic inflammation stage causes phagocytosis of myelin sheath leading to chronic inflammatory demyelination.
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17
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Deng L, Luo M, Velikovsky A, Mariuzza RA. Structural Insights into the Evolution of the Adaptive Immune System. Annu Rev Biophys 2013; 42:191-215. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biophys-083012-130422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Deng
- Division of Hematology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Ming Luo
- University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, W.M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, Rockville, Maryland 20850;
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Alejandro Velikovsky
- University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, W.M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, Rockville, Maryland 20850;
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Roy A. Mariuzza
- University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, W.M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, Rockville, Maryland 20850;
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
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18
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Type 2 innate lymphoid cells: friends or foes-role in airway allergic inflammation and asthma. J Allergy (Cairo) 2012; 2012:130937. [PMID: 23209480 PMCID: PMC3503334 DOI: 10.1155/2012/130937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate-like lymphocytes (ILLs) and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are two newly characterized families of lymphocytes with limited and no rearranged antigen receptors, respectively. These soldiers provide a first line of defense against foreign insults by triggering a prompt innate immune response and bridging the gap of innate and adaptive immunity. Type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILCs2) are newly identified members of the ILC family that play a key role in type 2 immune responses by prompt production of type 2 cytokines (especially IL-5 and IL-13) in response to antigen-induced IL-25/33 and by recruiting type 2 “immune franchise.” Regarding the two different roles of type 2 cytokines, helminth expulsion and type 2-related diseases, here we review the latest advances in ILC2 biology and examine the pivotal role of resident ILCs2 in allergen-specific airway inflammation and asthma.
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19
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Braza MS, Klein B. Anti-tumour immunotherapy with Vγ9Vδ2 T lymphocytes: from the bench to the bedside. Br J Haematol 2012; 160:123-32. [PMID: 23061882 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Gamma delta (γδ) Τ cells are non-conventional T lymphocyte effectors that can interact with and eradicate tumour cells. Several data demonstrate that these T cells, which are implicated in the first line of defence against pathogens, have anti-tumour activity against many cancers and suggest that γδ Τ cell-mediated immunotherapy is feasible and might induce objective tumour responses. Due to the importance of γδ Τ lymphocytes in the induction and control of immunity, a complete understanding of their biology is crucial for the development of a potent cancer immunotherapy. This review discusses recent advances in γδ Τ basic research and data from clinical trials on the use of γδ Τ cells in the treatment of different cancers. It analyses how this knowledge might be applied to develop new strategies for the clinical manipulation and the potentiation of γδ Τ lymphocyte activity in cancer immunotherapy.
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20
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Tesarova L, Koutna I, Dvorakova M, Klabusay M. Relative expression of γδ T-cell receptor gene families detected by RT-PCR and capillary electrophoresis. Int J Immunogenet 2012; 39:381-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2012.01114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Jiang Y, Guo Y, Xi X, Cui L, He W. Flanking V and J sequences of complementary determining region 3 of T cell receptor (TCR) δ1 (CDR3δ1) determine the structure and function of TCRγ4δ1. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:25611-9. [PMID: 21606499 PMCID: PMC3138283 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.239624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The γδ T cell receptor (TCR) differs from immunoglobulin and αβ TCR in its overall binding mode. In human, genes δ1, δ2, and δ3 are used for TCRδ chains. Previously, we have studied antigen binding determinants of TCRδ2 derived from dominant γδ T cells residing in peripheral blood. In this study we have investigated the critical determinants for antigen recognition and TCR function in TCRδ1 originated from gastric tumor-infiltrating γδ T lymphocytes using three independent experimental strategies including complementary determining region 3 (CDR3) of TCRδ1 (CDR3δ1)-peptide mediated binding, CDR3δ1-grafted TCR fusion protein-mediated binding, and TCRγ4δ1- and mutant-expressing cell-mediated binding. All three approaches consistently showed that the conserved flanking V and J sequences but not the diverse D segment in CDR3δ1 determine the antigen binding. Most importantly, we found that mutations in the V and J regions of CDR3δ1 also abolish the assembly of TCR and TCR-CD3 complexes in TCRγ4δ1-transduced J.RT3-T3.5 cells. Together with our previous studies on CDR3δ2 binding, our finding suggests that both human TCRδ1 and TCRδ2 recognize antigen predominately via flanking V and J regions. These results indicate that TCRγδ recognizes antigens using conserved parts in their CDR3, which provides an explanation for a diverse repertoire of γδTCRs only recognizing a limited number of antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jiang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China
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22
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Prinz I. Dynamics of the interaction of γδ T cells with their neighbors in vivo. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:2391-8. [PMID: 21584813 PMCID: PMC11114905 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0701-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells are a diverse component of the immune system in humans and mice with presumably important but still largely unknown functions. Understanding the dynamic interaction of γδ T cells with their neighbors should help to understand their physiological role. This review addresses recent advances and strategies to visualize the dynamic interactions of γδ T cells with their neighbors in vivo. Current knowledge regarding the dynamic contacts of tissue resident γδ T cells and epithelial cells, but also of the communication between circulating γδ T cells and DCs, monocytes and FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells is revisited with emphasis on the role of γδ T cell motility.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Communication/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Mice
- Microscopy, Confocal/methods
- Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton/methods
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Immo Prinz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany, Prinz.
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23
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Tu W, Zheng J, Liu Y, Sia SF, Liu M, Qin G, Ng IHY, Xiang Z, Lam KT, Peiris JSM, Lau YL. The aminobisphosphonate pamidronate controls influenza pathogenesis by expanding a gammadelta T cell population in humanized mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:1511-22. [PMID: 21708931 PMCID: PMC3135369 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20110226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
As shown in humanized mice, a population of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells can reduce the severity and mortality of disease caused by infection with human and avian influenza viruses. There are few antiviral drugs for treating influenza, and the emergence of antiviral resistance has further limited the available therapeutic options. Furthermore, antivirals are not invariably effective in severe influenza, such as that caused by H5N1 viruses. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop alternative therapeutic strategies. Here, we show that human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells expanded by the aminobisphosphonate pamidronate (PAM) kill influenza virus–infected cells and inhibit viral replication in vitro. In Rag2−/−γc−/− immunodeficient mice reconstituted with human peripheral mononuclear cells (huPBMCs), PAM reduces disease severity and mortality caused by human seasonal H1N1 and avian H5N1 influenza virus, and controls the lung inflammation and viral replication. PAM has no such effects in influenza virus–infected Rag2−/−γc−/− mice reconstituted with Vγ9Vδ2 T cell–depleted huPBMCs. Our study provides proof-of-concept of a novel therapeutic strategy for treating influenza by targeting the host rather than the virus, thereby reducing the opportunity for the emergence of drug-resistant viruses. As PAM has been commonly used to treat osteoporosis and Paget’s disease, this new application of an old drug potentially offers a safe and readily available option for treating influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwei Tu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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24
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Verdino P, Witherden DA, Podshivalova K, Rieder SE, Havran WL, Wilson IA. cDNA sequence and Fab crystal structure of HL4E10, a hamster IgG lambda light chain antibody stimulatory for γδ T cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19828. [PMID: 21629689 PMCID: PMC3101210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hamsters are widely used to generate monoclonal antibodies against mouse, rat, and human antigens, but sequence and structural information for hamster immunoglobulins is sparse. To our knowledge, only three hamster IgG sequences have been published, all of which use kappa light chains, and no three-dimensional structure of a hamster antibody has been reported. We generated antibody HL4E10 as a probe to identify novel costimulatory molecules on the surface of γδ T cells which lack the traditional αβ T cell co-receptors CD4, CD8, and the costimulatory molecule CD28. HL4E10 binding to γδ T cell, surface-expressed, Junctional Adhesion Molecule-Like (JAML) protein leads to potent costimulation via activation of MAP kinase pathways and cytokine production, resulting in cell proliferation. The cDNA sequence of HL4E10 is the first example of a hamster lambda light chain and only the second known complete hamster heavy chain sequence. The crystal structure of the HL4E10 Fab at 2.95 Å resolution reveals a rigid combining site with pockets faceted by solvent-exposed tyrosine residues, which are structurally optimized for JAML binding. The characterization of HL4E10 thus comprises a valuable addition to the spartan database of hamster immunoglobulin genes and structures. As the HL4E10 antibody is uniquely costimulatory for γδ T cells, humanized versions thereof may be of clinical relevance in treating γδ T cell dysfunction-associated diseases, such as chronic non-healing wounds and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Verdino
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Deborah A. Witherden
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Katie Podshivalova
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Stephanie E. Rieder
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Wendy L. Havran
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ian A. Wilson
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Kreslavsky T, Gleimer M, Garbe AI, von Boehmer H. αβ versus γδ fate choice: counting the T-cell lineages at the branch point. Immunol Rev 2011; 238:169-81. [PMID: 20969592 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2010.00947.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Both αβ and γδ T cells develop in the thymus from a common progenitor. Historically distinguished by their T-cell receptor (TCR), these lineages are now defined on the basis of distinct molecular programs. Intriguingly, in many transgenic and knockout systems these programs are mismatched with the TCR type, leading to the development of γδ lineage cells driven by αβTCR and vice versa. These puzzling observations were recently explained by the demonstration that TCR signal strength, rather than TCR type per se, instructs lineage fate, with stronger TCR signal favoring γδ and weaker signal favoring αβ lineage fates. These studies also highlighted the ERK (extracellular signal regulated kinase)-Egr (early growth response)-Id3 (inhibitor of differentiation 3) axis as a potential molecular switch downstream of TCR that determines lineage choice. Indeed, removal of Id3 was sufficient to redirect TCRγδ transgenic cells to the αβ lineage, even in the presence of strong TCR signal. However, in TCR non-transgenic Id3 knockout mice the overall number of γδ lineage cells was increased due to an outgrowth of a Vγ1Vδ6.3 subset, suggesting that not all γδ T cells depend on this molecular switch for lineage commitment. Thus, the γδ lineage may in fact be a collection of two or more lineages not sharing a common molecular program and thus equipollent to the αβ lineage. TCR signaling is not the only factor that is required for development of αβ and γδ lineage cells; other pathways, such as signaling from Notch and CXCR4 receptors, cooperate with the TCR in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taras Kreslavsky
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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26
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Champagne E. γδ T cell receptor ligands and modes of antigen recognition. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2011; 59:117-37. [PMID: 21298486 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-011-0118-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
T lymphocytes expressing the γδ-type of T cell receptors (TCRs) for antigens contribute to all aspects of immune responses, including defenses against viruses, bacteria, parasites and tumors, allergy and autoimmunity. Multiple subsets have been individualized in humans as well as in mice and they appear to recognize in a TCR-dependent manner antigens as diverse as small non-peptidic molecules, soluble or membrane-anchored polypeptides and molecules related to MHC antigens on cell surfaces, implying diverse modes of antigen recognition. We review here the γδ TCR ligands which have been identified along the years and their characteristics, with emphasis on a few systems which have been extensively studied such as human γδ T cells responding to phosphoantigens or murine γδ T cells activated by allogeneic MHC antigens. We discuss a speculative model of antigen recognition involving simultaneous TCR recognition of MHC-like and non-MHC ligands which could fit with most available data and shares many similarities with the classical model of MHC-restricted antigen recognition for peptides or lipids by T cells subsets with αβ-type TCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Champagne
- INSERM U1043/CNRS U5282; Université de Toulouse, UPS, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France.
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27
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Mariuzza RA, Velikovsky CA, Deng L, Xu G, Pancer Z. Structural insights into the evolution of the adaptive immune system: the variable lymphocyte receptors of jawless vertebrates. Biol Chem 2011; 391:753-60. [PMID: 20482318 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2010.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive immunity in jawless vertebrates is mediated by antigen receptors that are fundamentally different from those of jawed vertebrates. Whereas antibodies and T cell receptors (TCRs) are composed of immunoglobulin (Ig) domains, the variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs) of jawless fish consist of leucine-rich repeat (LRR) modules. As with antibodies and TCRs, VLRs are assembled by DNA recombination in a process that generates a vast repertoire of receptors. VLRs recognize as diverse an array of particulate and soluble antigens as Ig-based antibodies, and do so with similar affinity and specificity. X-ray crystallographic studies of VLRs in complex with protein and carbohydrate antigens have shown that these LRR-based receptors use nearly all their concave surface to bind ligands, in addition to a highly variable loop in their C-terminal LRR capping module. This structural information, combined with a comprehensive analysis of VLR sequences, has revealed an almost perfect match between antigen-contacting positions and positions with highest sequence diversity. The independent evolution approximately 500 million years ago of LRR-based and Ig-based receptors of comparable diversity and antigen-binding properties provides evidence for the survival value of adaptive immunity in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy A Mariuzza
- University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, WM Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
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28
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Kreslavsky T, von Boehmer H. gammadeltaTCR ligands and lineage commitment. Semin Immunol 2010; 22:214-21. [PMID: 20447836 PMCID: PMC2912151 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Two major T lymphocyte lineages--alphabeta and gammadelta T cells--develop in the thymus from common precursors. Differentiation of both lineages requires signals coming from TCRs. Development of alphabeta T cells is driven at early stages by signaling from the pre-TCR, most likely in a ligand-independent fashion, and later--by signals delivered by alphabetaTCRs binding to their ligands--classical or non-classical MHC molecules. gammadelta lineage cells likewise require TCR signaling for their differentiation. Recent work from several groups suggests that TCR signaling not only ensures the developmental progression towards alphabeta and gammadelta lineages but that signal strength instructs lineage fate: weaker TCR signal results in alphabeta and stronger--in gammadelta lineage commitment. However, as most gammadeltaTCRs remain orphan receptors, it is still debated whether strong signals from gammadeltaTCRs in development are generated in a ligand-dependent manner (as in the case of alphabetaTCRs), ligand-independent manner (as for pre-TCR) or both. Here we summarize evidence supporting a possible role for ligands in gammadelta T cell lineage commitment and the generation of gammadelta sublineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taras Kreslavsky
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Biology, Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Smith 736, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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29
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Hayes SM, Laird RM, Love PE. Beyond alphabeta/gammadelta lineage commitment: TCR signal strength regulates gammadelta T cell maturation and effector fate. Semin Immunol 2010; 22:247-51. [PMID: 20452783 PMCID: PMC3129014 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Revised: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Signaling by the gammadelta T cell receptor (TCR) is required not only for alphabeta/gammadelta lineage commitment but also to activate and elicit effector functions in mature gammadelta T cells. Notably, at both of these stages, the signal delivered by the gammadeltaTCR is more robust than the one delivered by either the preTCR or the alphabetaTCR. Recent studies now provide evidence that signaling by the gammadeltaTCR is also required at other stages during gammadelta T cell development. Remarkably, the strength of the gammadeltaTCR signal also plays a role at these other stages, as evidenced by the findings that genetic manipulation of gammadeltaTCR signal strength affects gammadelta T cell maturation and effector fate. In this review, we discuss how a strong TCR signal is a recurring theme in gammadelta T cell development and activation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Lineage
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Hayes
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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30
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A structural basis for antigen recognition by the T cell-like lymphocytes of sea lamprey. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:13408-13. [PMID: 20616002 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1005475107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive immunity in jawless vertebrates is mediated by leucine-rich repeat proteins called "variable lymphocyte receptors" (VLRs). Two types of VLR (A and B) are expressed by mutually exclusive lymphocyte populations in lamprey. VLRB lymphocytes resemble the B cells of jawed vertebrates; VLRA lymphocytes are similar to T cells. We determined the structure of a high-affinity VLRA isolated from lamprey immunized with hen egg white lysozyme (HEL) in unbound and antigen-bound forms. The VLRA-HEL complex demonstrates that certain VLRAs, like gammadelta T-cell receptors (TCRs) but unlike alphabeta TCRs, can recognize antigens directly, without a requirement for processing or antigen-presenting molecules. Thus, these VLRAs feature the nanomolar affinities of antibodies, the direct recognition of unprocessed antigens of both antibodies and gammadelta TCRs, and the exclusive expression on the lymphocyte surface that is unique to alphabeta and gammadelta TCRs.
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Ito Y, Usui T, Kobayashi S, Iguchi-Hashimoto M, Ito H, Yoshitomi H, Nakamura T, Shimizu M, Kawabata D, Yukawa N, Hashimoto M, Sakaguchi N, Sakaguchi S, Yoshifuji H, Nojima T, Ohmura K, Fujii T, Mimori T. Gamma/delta T cells are the predominant source of interleukin-17 in affected joints in collagen-induced arthritis, but not in rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 60:2294-303. [PMID: 19644886 DOI: 10.1002/art.24687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although interleukin-17 (IL-17)-producing gamma/delta T cells were reported to play pathogenic roles in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), their characteristics remain unknown. The aim of this study was to clarify whether gamma/delta T cells or CD4+ T cells are the predominant IL-17-producing cells, and to determine what stimulates gamma/delta T cells to secret IL-17 in mice with CIA. The involvement of IL-17-producing gamma/delta T cells in SKG mice with autoimmune arthritis and patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was also investigated. METHODS IL-17-producing cells in the affected joints of mice with CIA were counted by intracellular cytokine staining during 6 distinct disease phases, and these cells were stimulated with various combinations of cytokines or specific antigens to determine the signaling requirements. Similar studies were performed using SKG mice with arthritis and patients with RA. RESULTS Gamma/delta T cells were the predominant population in IL-17-producing cells in the swollen joints of mice with CIA, and the absolute numbers of these cells increased in parallel with disease activity. IL-17-producing gamma/delta T cells expressed CC chemokine receptor 6, were maintained by IL-23 but not by type II collagen in vitro, and were induced antigen independently in vivo. Furthermore, IL-17 production by gamma/delta T cells was induced by IL-1beta plus IL-23 independently of T cell receptor. In contrast to what was observed in mice with CIA, IL-17-producing gamma/delta T cells were nearly absent in the affected joints of SKG mice and patients with RA, and Th1 cells were predominant in the joints of patients with RA. CONCLUSION Gamma/delta T cells were antigen independently stimulated by inflammation at affected joints and produced enhanced amounts of IL-17 to exacerbate arthritis in mice with CIA but not in SKG mice with arthritis or patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinaga Ito
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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The deduced structure of the T cell receptor gamma locus in Canis lupus familiaris. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:2728-36. [PMID: 19539375 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Analyzing the recent high-quality genome sequence of the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris), we deduced for the first time in a mammalian species belonging to Carnivora order, the genomic structure and the putative origin of the TRG locus. New variable (TRGV), joining (TRGJ) and constant (TRGC) genes for a total of 40 are organized into eight cassettes aligned in tandem in the same transcriptional orientation, each containing the basic recombinational unit V-J-J-C, except for a J-J-C cassette, that lacks the V gene and occupies the 3' end of the locus. Amphiphysin (AMPH) and related to steroidogenic acute regulatory protein D3-N-terminal like (STARD3NL) genes flank, respectively, the 5' and 3' ends of the canine TRG locus that spans about 460kb. Moreover LINE1 elements, evenly distributed along the entire sequence, significantly (20.59%) contribute to the architecture of the dog TRG locus. Eight of the 16 TRGV genes are functional and belong to 4 different subgroups. Canine TRGJ genes are two for each cassette and only seven out of 16 are functional. The germline configuration and the exon-intron organization of the 8 TRGC genes was determined, six of them resulting functional. The dot plot similarity genomic comparison of human, mouse and dog TRG loci highlighted the occurrence of reiterated duplications of the cassettes during the dog TRG locus evolution. On the other hand the low ratio of functional genes to the total number of canine TRG genes (21/40), suggest that there is no correlation between the extensive duplications of the cassettes and a need for new functional genes. Furthermore the comparison revealed that the TRGC6, C7 and C8 genes are highly related across species suggesting these existed before the primate-rodent-canidae lineages diverged.
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Jensen KDC, Chien YH. Thymic maturation determines gammadelta T cell function, but not their antigen specificities. Curr Opin Immunol 2009; 21:140-5. [PMID: 19321327 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2009.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
gammadelta T cells contribute uniquely to host immune defense, but how they do so remains unclear. Recent work suggests that thymic selection does little to constrain gammadelta T cell antigen specificities, but instead determines their effector fate. When triggered through the T cell receptor, ligand-experienced cells make IFNgamma, whereas ligand-naïve gammadelta T cells produce IL-17, a major initiator of inflammation. These advances warrant a fresh look at how gammadelta T cells may function in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk D C Jensen
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Beckman B255, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Mahan CS, Thomas JJ, Boom WH, Rojas RE. CD4+ CD25(high) Foxp3+ regulatory T cells downregulate human Vdelta2+ T-lymphocyte function triggered by anti-CD3 or phosphoantigen. Immunology 2008; 127:398-407. [PMID: 19019089 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.02982.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Vdelta2+ T cells, the major circulating T-cell receptor-gammadelta-positive (TCR-gammadelta+) T-cell subset in healthy adults, are involved in immunity against many microbial pathogens including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Vdelta2+ T cells recognize small phosphorylated metabolites (phosphoantigens), expand in response to whole M. tuberculosis bacilli, and complement the protective functions of CD4+ T cells. CD4+ CD25(high) Foxp3+ T cells (Tregs) comprise 5-10% of circulating T cells and are increased in patients with active tuberculosis (TB). We investigated whether, in addition to their known role in suppressing TCR-alphabeta+ lymphocytes, Tregs suppress Vdelta2+ T-cell function. We found that depletion of Tregs from peripheral blood mononuclear cells increased Vdelta2+ T-cell expansion in response to M. tuberculosis (H37Ra) in tuberculin-skin-test-positive donors. We developed a suppression assay with fluorescence-activated cell sorting-purified Tregs and Vdelta2+ T cells by coincubating the two cell types at a 1 : 1 ratio. The Tregs partially suppressed interferon-gamma secretion by Vdelta2+ T cells in response to anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody plus interleukin-2 (IL-2). In addition, Tregs downregulated the Vdelta2+ T-cell interferon-gamma responses induced by phosphoantigen (BrHPP) and IL-2. Under the latter conditions there was no TCR stimulus for Tregs and therefore IL-2 probably triggered suppressor activity. Addition of purified protein derivative (PPD) increased the suppression of Vdelta2+ T cells, suggesting that PPD activated antigen-specific Tregs. Our study provides evidence that Tregs suppress both anti-CD3 and antigen-driven Vdelta2+ T-cell activation. Antigen-specific Tregs may therefore contribute to the Vdelta2+ T-cell functional deficiencies observed in TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Scott Mahan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, MetroHealth Medical Center, MetroHealth Drive, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA.
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CD4+ CD25+ Treg cells inhibit human memory gammadelta T cells to produce IFN-gamma in response to M tuberculosis antigen ESAT-6. Blood 2008; 111:5629-36. [PMID: 18388182 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-02-139899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Gammadelta T cells play an important role in innate immunity against infections; however, the regulation of these cells remains largely unknown. In the present study, we show that ESAT-6, an antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, induces IFN-gamma secretion by human gammadelta T cells. In addition, ESAT-6 also induces the activation and proliferation of gammadelta T cells. Phenotypic analysis indicates that IFN-gamma-producing gammadelta T cells are mainly effector memory cells with the surface phenotype of CD45RA(-)CD62L(-)CCR7(-). These results were further confirmed by the fact that naive gammadelta T cells from cord blood did not produce IFN-gamma in response to ESAT-6. Further studies indicated that stimulation with ESAT-6 directly induced purified gammadelta T cells to produce IFN-gamma, independent of both antigen-presenting cells and CD4(+) T cells. Unexpectedly, depletion of CD4(+) T cells markedly enhanced IFN-gamma production by gammadelta T cells, indicating that CD4(+) T cells regulate the response of gammadelta T cells. Importantly, CD4(+)CD25(+) T regulatory (Treg) cells but not CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells significantly inhibited IFN-gamma production by gammadelta T cells. Taken together, these data demonstrate for the first time that Treg cells can play an important role in the regulation of immune responses of antigen-specific human memory gammadelta T cells.
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The Multifunctional Role of Antibodies in the Protective Response to Bacterial T Cell-Independent Antigens. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2008; 319:17-40. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-73900-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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37
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Stewart CA, Walzer T, Robbins SH, Malissen B, Vivier E, Prinz I. Germ-line and rearranged Tcrd transcription distinguish bona fide NK cells and NK-like gammadelta T cells. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:1442-52. [PMID: 17492716 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
NK cells and gammadelta T cells are distinct subsets of lymphocytes that contextually share multiple phenotypic and functional characteristics. However, the acquisition and the extent of these similarities remain poorly understood. Here, using T cell receptor delta locus-histone 2B-enhanced GFP (Tcrd-H2BEGFP) reporter mice, we show that germ-line transcription of Tcrd occurs in all maturing NK cells. We also describe a population of mouse NK-like cells that are indistinguishable from "bona fide" NK cells using standard protocols. Requirements for V(D)J recombination and a functional thymus, along with very low-level expression of surface TCRgammadelta but high intracellular CD3, define these cells as gammadelta T cells. "NK-like gammadelta T cells" are CD127+, have a memory-activated phenotype, express multiple NK cell receptors and readily produce interferon-gamma in response to IL-12/IL-18 stimulation. The close phenotypic resemblance between NK cells and NK-like gammadelta T cells is a source of experimental ambiguity in studies bridging NK and T cell biology, such as those on thymic NK cell development. Instead, it ascribes chronic TCRgammadelta engagement as a means of acquiring NK-like function.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Animals
- Antigens, Surface/metabolism
- Bone Marrow Cells/cytology
- Bone Marrow Cells/immunology
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- CD3 Complex/genetics
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- Cell Lineage/immunology
- Cytokines/pharmacology
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Gene Expression
- Gene Rearrangement, delta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Histones/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Immunophenotyping
- Integrin alpha2/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-2 Receptor beta Subunit/analysis
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein 1/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Nude
- Mice, Transgenic
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B
- Phosphoproteins/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Stewart
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerranée, and Service d'Immunologie, Hôpital de Conception, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, France.
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38
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Abstract
In light of recent data showing that both helper and cytotoxic T cells can detect even a single molecule of an agonist peptide-MHC, alphabeta T cells are clearly a type of sensory cell, comparable to any in the nervous system. In addition, endogenous (self) peptides bound to MHCs are not just important for thymic selection, but also play an integral role in T cell activation in the response to foreign antigens. With the multitude of specificities available to most T cells, they can thus be considered as a sensory organ, trained on self-peptide-MHCs and primed to detect nonself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Davis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
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39
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Abstract
Studies in tumor immunology have relied upon the classic paradigm of distinct innate and adaptive parts of the immune system. However, recent advances in immunology suggest that this division may be overly simplistic, with emerging evidence of a breakdown in conventional hallmarks of each system. Here, we provide an overview of this area and discuss how the concept of a continuum of immune cell populations suggests novel areas of investigation in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Borghesi
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Department School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.
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40
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O'Brien RL, Roark CL, Jin N, Aydintug MK, French JD, Chain JL, Wands JM, Johnston M, Born WK. gammadelta T-cell receptors: functional correlations. Immunol Rev 2007; 215:77-88. [PMID: 17291280 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2006.00477.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The gammadelta T-cell receptors (TCRs) are limited in their diversity, suggesting that their natural ligands may be few in number. Ligands for gammadeltaTCRs that have thus far been determined are predominantly of host rather than foreign origin. Correlations have been noted between the Vgamma and/or Vdelta genes a gammadelta T cell expresses and its functional role. The reason for these correlations is not yet known, but several different mechanisms are conceivable. One possibility is that interactions between particular TCR-V domains and ligands determine function or functional development. However, a recent study showed that at least for one ligand, receptor specificity is determined by the complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) component of the TCR-delta chain, regardless of the Vgamma and/or Vdelta. To determine what is required in the TCR for other specificities and to test whether recognition of certain ligands is connected to cell function, more gammadeltaTCR ligands must be defined. The use of recombinant soluble versions of gammadeltaTCRs appears to be a promising approach to finding new ligands, and recent results using this method are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L O'Brien
- Integrated Deaprtment of Immunology, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
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41
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Born WK, Jin N, Aydintug MK, Wands JM, French JD, Roark CL, O'Brien RL. gammadelta T lymphocytes-selectable cells within the innate system? J Clin Immunol 2007; 27:133-44. [PMID: 17333410 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-007-9077-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2007] [Accepted: 01/22/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytes expressing gammadelta T cell receptors (TCR) constitute an entire system of functionally specialized subsets that have been implicated in the regulation of immune responses, including responses to pathogens and allergens, and in tissue repair. The gammadelta TCRs share structural features with adaptive receptors and peripheral selection of gammadelta T cells occurs. Nevertheless, their specificities may be primarily directed at self-determinants, and the responses of gammadelta T cells exhibit innate characteristics. Continuous cross talk between gammadelta T cells and myeloid cells is evident in histological studies and in in vitro co-culture experiments, suggesting that gammadelta T cells play a functional role as an integral component of the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willi K Born
- Department of Immunology at National Jewish Medical and Research Center, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA.
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