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Lin Y, Yan GJ, Liu MY, Cao Y, Zhang K, Wang N, Long FL, Mao DW. Review of the potential value of serum interleukin levels as prognostic biomarkers of liver failure. World J Clin Cases 2024; 12:6045-6056. [DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v12.i27.6045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver failure (LF) is prevalent in China and is characterized by complex pathogenesis, challenging clinical management, poor prognosis, and rising incidence and mortality rates. The immune status is an important factor affecting LF prognosis. Interleukins (Ils) are a type of cytokine that act and interact with multiple cells, including immune cells. These signaling molecules play important roles in intercellular information transmission, including the regulation of immune cells; mediation of the activation, proliferation, and differentiation of T and B cells; and orchestration of the inflammatory response. To date, many studies have explored the correlation between IL expression and liver disease prognosis, but few studies have evaluated Ils as the prognostic biomarkers of LF. This article reviews the potential use of Ils as the prognostic biomarkers of LF. Particularly, it evaluates the predictive values of IL-21, IL-22, and IL-31, the three often overlooked yet promising prognostic biomarkers, in predicting susceptibility to LF. Harnessing biomarkers for early prognostic insights can facilitate tailored treatment strategies and enhance patient survival. Thus, this article focuses on the identification of IL-21, IL-22, and IL-33 as biomarkers in preclinical and clinical studies on LF and reviews their role as biomarkers in the pathogenesis and diagnosis of LF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Lin
- Graduate School, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Geng-Jie Yan
- Graduate School, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Mei-Yan Liu
- Graduate School, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yin Cao
- Guangxi School of Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530022, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Kan Zhang
- Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530023, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Administration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530023, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Fu-Li Long
- Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530023, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - De-Wen Mao
- Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530023, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
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LIU X, ZHANG Y, ZHANG X, HE G, CAI W. [Progress of IL-21 and Tfh Mediated Immunotherapy in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2024; 27:550-558. [PMID: 39147710 PMCID: PMC11331254 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2024.101.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a prevalent and aggressive global malignancy. Conventional surgical treatments, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapies often fall short in halting disease progression due to inherent limitations, resulting in suboptimal prognosis. Despite the advent of immunotherapy drugs offering new hope for NSCLC treatment, current efficacy remains insufficient to meet all patient needs. Therefore, actively exploring novel immunotherapeutic approaches to further reduce mortality rates in NSCLC patients has become a crucial focus of NSCLC research. This article aims to systematically review the anti-tumor effects of interleukin-21 and follicular helper T cells in NSCLC immunotherapy by summarizing and analyzing relevant literatures from both domestic and international sources, as well as exploring the potential for enhancing NSCLC treatment prospects through immune checkpoint regulation via immunotherapeutic means.
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Saadh MJ, Alfattah MA, Ismail AH, Saeed BA, Abbas HH, Elashmawy NF, Hashim GA, Ismail KS, Abo-Zaid MA, Waggiallah HA. The role of Interleukin-21 (IL-21) in allergic disorders: Biological insights and regulatory mechanisms. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 134:111825. [PMID: 38723368 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, allergic diseases subsequent from an IgE-mediated response to specific allergens have become a progressively public chronic disease worldwide. They have shaped an important medical and socio-economic burden. A significant proportion of allergic disorders are branded via a form 2 immune response relating Th2 cells, type 2 natural lymphoid cells, mast cells and eosinophils. Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a participant of the type-I cytokine family manufactured through numerous subsets of stimulated CD4+ T cells and uses controlling properties on a diversity of immune cells. Increasingly, experimental sign suggests a character for IL-21 in the pathogenesis of numerous allergic disorders. The purpose of this review is to discuss the biological properties of IL-21 and to summaries current developments in its role in the regulation of allergic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed J Saadh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Middle East University, Amman 11831, Jordan
| | - Mohammed A Alfattah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Jazan University, P.O. Box. 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed H Ismail
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Jazan University, P.O. Box. 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bashar Abdullah Saeed
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technics, Al-Noor University College, Nineveh, Iraq
| | | | - Nabila F Elashmawy
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Jazan University, P.O. Box. 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghassan A Hashim
- Department of Nursing, Al-Zahrawi University College, Karbala, Iraq
| | - Khatib Sayeed Ismail
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Jazan University, P.O. Box. 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mabrouk A Abo-Zaid
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Jazan University, P.O. Box. 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hisham Ali Waggiallah
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
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Daneshmand A, Sharma NK, Kheravii SK, Hall L, Wu SB. Buffered formic acid and a monoglyceride blend improve performance and modulate gut bacteria and immunity gene expression in broilers under necrotic enteritis challenge. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102978. [PMID: 37598553 PMCID: PMC10458320 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the removal of antibiotics from animal feed, alternatives have been sought to control necrotic enteritis (NE) in broilers. The current study investigated the effects of buffered formic acid (Amasil NA) and monoglycerides of short- and medium-chain fatty acids (Balangut LS P) on the performance and gut health of broilers challenged with NE. A total of 816 as-hatched 1-d-old chicks (Cobb 500) were randomly assigned to 6 treatments with 8 replicates. Treatments were: T1) nonchallenged control; T2) NE challenged control; T3) Amasil NA (challenge plus Amasil NA, 0.3% throughout all phases); T4) Balangut LS P (challenge plus Balangut LS P, 0.5%, 0.3%, and 0.2% in the starter, grower and finisher phases, respectively; T5) Combined (challenge plus combination of T3 and T4); T6) Antibiotic (challenge plus Zn bacitracin, 0.05 % throughout all phases). Birds were orally gavaged with live Eimeria vaccine species (d 9) and with Clostridium perfringens (d 14 and 15). On d 16, birds were sampled to evaluate gut permeability, microbiota, and mRNA abundance in the jejunum. The data were analyzed in JMP software using one-way ANOVA with Tukey's test to separate means, and Kruskal-Wallis test was used for non-normally-distributed parameters. Results showed that Balangut LS P decreased (P<0.05) feed conversion ratio compared to nonchallenged ones at the end of the study. Balangut LS P reduced (P < 0.05) the level of cecal Bacteriods compared to nonchallenged group, whereas Amasil NA shifted the levels of ileal Bifidobacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, and Lactobacillus towards nonchallenged control (P > 0.05). NE challenge upregulated (P < 0.001) the expression of IL-21R, zeta chain of T cell receptor (ZAP70), and dual specificity phosphatase 4 (DUSP4) compared to nonchallenged birds, whereas Balangut LS P showed an intermediate (P > 0.05) expression pattern of these genes towards nonchallenged and antibiotic groups. In conclusion, combination of Balangut LS P and Amasil NA has the potential to be used as an additive to improve the performance and gut health of broiler chickens, especially under challenging conditions such as NE infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Daneshmand
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351 Australia
| | - Nishchal K Sharma
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351 Australia
| | - Sarbast K Kheravii
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351 Australia
| | - Leon Hall
- BASF Australia Ltd, 12/28 Freshwater Place, Southbank, VIC 3006, Australia
| | - Shu-Biao Wu
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351 Australia.
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Khanolkar A, Liu G, Simpson Schneider BM. Defining the Basal and Immunomodulatory Mediator-Induced Phosphoprotein Signature in Pediatric B Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (B-ALL) Diagnostic Samples. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13937. [PMID: 37762241 PMCID: PMC10531382 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
It is theorized that dysregulated immune responses to infectious insults contribute to the development of pediatric B-ALL. In this context, our understanding of the immunomodulatory-mediator-induced signaling responses of leukemic blasts in pediatric B-ALL diagnostic samples is rather limited. Hence, in this study, we defined the signaling landscape of leukemic blasts, as well as normal mature B cells and T cells residing in diagnostic samples from 63 pediatric B-ALL patients. These samples were interrogated with a range of immunomodulatory-mediators within 24 h of collection, and phosflow analyses of downstream proximal signaling nodes were performed. Our data reveal evidence of basal hyperphosphorylation across a broad swath of these signaling nodes in leukemic blasts in contrast to normal mature B cells and T cells in the same sample. We also detected similarities in the phosphoprotein signature between blasts and mature B cells in response to IFNγ and IL-2 treatment, but significant divergence in the phosphoprotein signature was observed between blasts and mature B cells in response to IL-4, IL-7, IL-10, IL-21 and CD40 ligand treatment. Our results demonstrate the existence of both symmetry and asymmetry in the phosphoprotein signature between leukemic and non-leukemic cells in pediatric B-ALL diagnostic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaruni Khanolkar
- Department of Pathology, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Guorong Liu
- Department of Pathology, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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IL-21/IL-21R Regulates the Neutrophil-Mediated Pathologic Immune Response during Chlamydial Respiratory Infection. Mediators Inflamm 2022; 2022:4322092. [PMID: 35693111 PMCID: PMC9177341 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4322092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-21/IL-21R was documented to participate in the regulation of multiple infection and inflammation. During Chlamydia muridarum (C. muridarum) respiratory infection, our previous study had revealed that the absence of this signal induced enhanced resistance to infection with higher protective Th1/Th17 immune responses. Here, we use the murine model of C. muridarum respiratory infection and IL-21R deficient mice to further identify a novel role of IL-21/IL-21R in neutrophilic inflammation. Resistant IL-21R−/− mice showed impaired neutrophil recruitment to the site of infection. In the absence of IL-21/IL-21R, pulmonary neutrophils also exhibited reduced activation status, including lower CD64 expression, MPO activity, and neutrophil-produced protein production. These results correlated well with the decrease of neutrophil-related chemokines (KC and MIP-2), inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and TLR/MyD88 pathway mediators (TLR2, TLR4, and MyD88) in infected lungs of IL-21R−/− mice than normal mice. Complementarily, decreased pulmonary neutrophil infiltration, activity, and levels of neutrophilic chemotactic factors and TLR/MyD88 signal in infected lungs can be corrected by rIL-21 administration. These results revealed that IL-21/IL-21R may aggravate the neutrophil inflammation through regulating TLR/MyD88 signal pathway during chlamydial respiratory infection.
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Yan Q. The Yin-Yang Dynamics in Cancer Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2547:141-163. [PMID: 36068463 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2573-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The enormous heterogeneity of cancer systems has made it very challenging to overcome drug resistance and adverse reactions to achieve personalized therapies. Recent developments in systems biology, especially the perception of cancer as the complex adaptive system (CAS), may help meet the challenges by deciphering the interactions at various levels from the molecular, cellular, tissue-organ, to the whole organism. The ubiquitous Yin-Yang interactions among the coevolving components, including the genes and proteins, decide their spatiotemporal features at various stages from cancer initiation to metastasis. The Yin-Yang imbalances across different systems levels, from genetic mutations to tumor cells adaptation, have been related to the intra- and inter-tumoral heterogeneity in the micro- and macro-environments. At the molecular and cellular levels, dysfunctional Yin-Yang dynamics in the cytokine networks, mitochondrial activities, redox systems, apoptosis, and metabolism can contribute to tumor cell growth and escape of immune surveillance. Up to the organism and system levels, the Yin-Yang imbalances in the cancer microenvironments can lead to different phenotypes from breast cancer to leukemia. These factors may be considered the systems-based biomarkers and treatment targets. The features of adaptation and nonlinearity in Yin-Yang dynamical interactions should be addressed by individualized drug combinations, dosages, intensities, timing, and frequencies at different cancer stages. The comprehensive "Yin-Yang dynamics" framework would enable powerful approaches for personalized and systems medicine strategies.
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8
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Ji M, Ryu HJ, Hong JH. Signalling and putative therapeutic molecules on the regulation of synoviocyte signalling in rheumatoid arthritis. Bone Joint Res 2021; 10:285-297. [PMID: 33890482 PMCID: PMC8077181 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.104.bjr-2020-0331.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by symmetrical and chronic polyarthritis. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes are mainly involved in joint inflammation and cartilage and bone destruction by inflammatory cytokines and matrix-degrading enzymes in RA. Approaches that induce various cellular growth alterations of synoviocytes are considered as potential strategies for treating RA. However, since synoviocytes play a critical role in RA, the mechanism and hyperplastic modulation of synoviocytes and their motility need to be addressed. In this review, we focus on the alteration of synoviocyte signalling and cell fate provided by signalling proteins, various antioxidant molecules, enzymes, compounds, clinical candidates, to understand the pathology of the synoviocytes, and finally to achieve developed therapeutic strategies of RA. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(4):285–297.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjeong Ji
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hee Jung Ryu
- Department of Rheumatology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jeong Hee Hong
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Incheon, South Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
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9
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Hagn M, Jahrsdörfer B. Why do human B cells secrete granzyme B? Insights into a novel B-cell differentiation pathway. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:1368-1375. [PMID: 23243600 PMCID: PMC3518509 DOI: 10.4161/onci.22354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells are generally believed to operate as producers of high affinity antibodies to defend the body against microorganisms, whereas cellular cytotoxicity is considered as an exclusive prerogative of natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). In conflict with this dogma, recent studies have demonstrated that the combination of interleukin-21 (IL-21) and B-cell receptor (BCR) stimulation enables B cells to produce and secrete the active form of the cytotoxic serine protease granzyme B (GrB). Although the production of GrB by B cells is not accompanied by that of perforin as in the case of many other GrB-secreting cells, recent findings suggest GrB secretion by B cells may play a significant role in early antiviral immune responses, in the regulation of autoimmune responses, and in cancer immunosurveillance. Here, we discuss in detail how GrB-secreting B cells may influence a variety of immune processes. A better understanding of the role that GrB-secreting B cells are playing in the immune system may allow for the development and improvement of novel immunotherapeutic approaches against infectious, autoimmune and malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Hagn
- Cancer Immunology Program; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre; Melbourne, Australia
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Aghbash PS, Hemmat N, Nahand JS, Shamekh A, Memar MY, Babaei A, Baghi HB. The role of Th17 cells in viral infections. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 91:107331. [PMID: 33418239 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present review provides an overview of recent advances regarding the function of Th17 cells and their produced cytokines in the progression of viral diseases. Viral infections alone do not lead to virus-induced malignancies, as both genetic and host safety factors are also involved in the occurrence of malignancies. Acquired immune responses, through the differentiation of Th17 cells, form the novel components of the Th17 cell pathway when reacting with viral infections all the way from the beginning to its final stages. As a result, instead of inducing the right immune responses, these events lead to the suppression of the immune system. In fact, the responses from Th17 cells during persistent viral infections causes chronic inflammation through the production of IL-17 and other cytokines which provide a favorable environment for tumor growth and its development. Additionally, during the past decade, these cells have been understood to be involved in tumor progression and metastasis. However, further research is required to understand Th17 cells' immune mechanisms in the vast variety of viral diseases. This review aims to determine the roles and effects of the immune system, especially Th17 cells, in the progression of viral diseases; which can be highly beneficial for the diagnosis and treatment of these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Shiri Aghbash
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nima Hemmat
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran; Drug Applied Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javid Sadri Nahand
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 14155 Tehran, Iran; Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 14155 Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Shamekh
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Yousef Memar
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abouzar Babaei
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, ZIP Code 14155 Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran; Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran.
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11
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Shi W, Yang B, Sun Q, Meng J, Zhao X, Du S, Li X, Jiao S. PD-1 regulates CXCR5 + CD4 T cell-mediated proinflammatory functions in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 82:106295. [PMID: 32087496 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PD-1 inhibitors have been used to revive exhausted T cell responses in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and other malignancies. CXCR5+ T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are characterized by constitutive high PD-1 expression and have been associated with the formation of tertiary lymphoid structures and implicated in antitumor immunity. In this study, we investigated the effect of PD-1 and PD-1 inhibition on CXCR5+ CD4 T cells. Data showed that CXCR5+ CD4 T cells in both healthy subjects and NSCLC patients presented markedly higher PD-1 expression than CXCR5- CD4 T cells. Both CXCR5- and CXCR5+ CD4 T cells from NSCLC patients presented higher PD-1 expression than their counterparts in healthy subjects. PD-1+ CXCR5+ CD4 T cells were functional, could express IL-21, IL-10, and CXCL13 upon stimulation, demonstrated auxiliary effects toward CD8 T cell-mediated IFN-γ production and proliferation, and promoted IgM and IgG production. However, the potency of PD-1+ CXCR5+ CD4 T cells was lower than the potency of PD-1- CXCR5+ CD4 T cells. PD-1 blocking could significantly enhance the effector functions of PD-1+ CXCR5+ CD4 T cells. Overall, this study demonstrated that PD-1+ CXCR5+ CD4 T cells could promote CD8 T cell and B cell inflammation and could be modulated by PD-1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Shi
- Department of Oncology, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Oncology, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Sun
- Department of Oncology, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Meng
- Department of Oncology, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Zhao
- Department of Oncology, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Sicheng Du
- Department of Oncology, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Shunchang Jiao
- Department of Oncology, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Abstract
Intercellular communication mediated by cytokines is the main mechanism by which cells of the immune system talk to each other. Many aspects of cytokine signalling in the immune system have been explored in great detail at the structural, biophysical, biochemical and cellular levels. However, a systematic understanding of the quantitative rules that govern cytokine-mediated cell-to-cell communication is still lacking. Here, we discuss recent efforts in the field of systems immunology to bring about a quantitative understanding of cytokine-mediated communication between leukocytes and to provide novel insights into the orchestration of immune responses and inflammation.
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Park J, Yoo S, Lim M, Ryu J, Oh H, Hwang S, Yang S, Jung K, Yoon S, Park B, Park S, Kim H, Cho M, Park Y. A bispecific soluble receptor fusion protein that targets TNF‐α and IL‐21 for synergistic therapy in inflammatory arthritis. FASEB J 2019; 34:248-262. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900816rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin‐Sil Park
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine The Catholic University of Korea Seoul Republic of Korea
| | | | - Mi‐Ae Lim
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine The Catholic University of Korea Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Jun‐Geol Ryu
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine The Catholic University of Korea Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Hye‐Joa Oh
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine The Catholic University of Korea Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Sun‐Hee Hwang
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine The Catholic University of Korea Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - SeungCheon Yang
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine The Catholic University of Korea Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung‐Ah Jung
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine The Catholic University of Korea Seoul Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Sung‐Hwan Park
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine The Catholic University of Korea Seoul Republic of Korea
- Divison of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Ho‐Youn Kim
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine The Catholic University of Korea Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Mi‐La Cho
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine The Catholic University of Korea Seoul Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine The Catholic University of Korea Seoul Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Lifescience, College of Medicine The Catholic University of Korea Seoul Republic of Korea
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IL-21 Increases the Reactivity of Allogeneic Human Vγ9Vδ2 T Cells Against Primary Glioblastoma Tumors. J Immunother 2019; 41:224-231. [PMID: 29683891 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) remains the most frequent and deadliest primary brain tumor in adults despite aggressive treatments, because of the persistence of infiltrative and resistant tumor cells. Nonalloreactive human Vγ9Vδ2 T lymphocytes, the major peripheral γδ T-cell subset in adults, represent attractive effectors for designing immunotherapeutic strategies to track and eliminate brain tumor cells, with limited side effects. We analyzed the effects of ex vivo sensitizations of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells by IL-21, a modulating cytokine, on their cytolytic reactivity. We first showed that primary human GBM-1 cells were naturally eliminated by allogeneic Vγ9Vδ2 T lymphocytes, through a perforin/granzyme-mediated cytotoxicity. IL-21 increased both intracellular granzyme B levels and cytotoxicity of allogeneic human Vγ9Vδ2 T lymphocytes in vitro. Importantly, IL-21-enhanced cytotoxicity was rapid, which supports the development of sensitization(s) of γδ T lymphocytes before adoptive transfer, a process that avoids any deleterious effect associated with direct administrations of IL-21. Finally, we showed, for the first time, that IL-21-sensitized allogeneic Vγ9Vδ2 T cells significantly eliminated GBM tumor cells that developed in the brain after orthotopic administrations in vivo. Altogether our observations pave the way for novel efficient stereotaxic immunotherapies in GBM patients by using IL-21-sensitized allogeneic human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells.
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15
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Bakr NM, Awad A, Moustafa EA, El-Gebaly AM. The association between interleukin-21 (rs2055979G/T) gene polymorphism and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and metastasis in patients with hepatitis C virus. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:18524-18532. [PMID: 31237020 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cancer prevalence is critically increasing worldwide; accordingly, improved prediction and therapeutic tools are necessary. Interleukin (IL)-21 is a potent antitumor cytokine, and the relationship between its gene variations and cancer risk is well established. Nevertheless, so far no study has investigated its role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression and metastasis in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected people. Therefore, the present investigation was led on 267 Egyptian participants, involving 177 patients with HCV of which 90 patients had HCC (HCC group), 87 patients without HCC (non-HCC group), and 90 unrelated healthy controls. The association between rs2221903A/G and rs2055979G/T of the IL-21 gene and the risk of HCC and metastasis, as well as the clinico-pathological features, were analyzed. While rs2221903A/G polymorphism was not polymorphic in our cohort, patients carrying the genotype TT and allele T of the rs2055979G/T polymorphism had a significantly lower risk of HCC when comparing with HCC group and healthy controls. Also, participants carrying the aforementioned genotype and allele had a significantly lower risk of metastasis when comparing metastatic group with both nonmetastatic group and control group. The rs2055979G/T polymorphism was not significantly associated with clinico-pathological features of HCC. This is the first study to report a relationship between an intronic polymorphism in IL-21 gene and HCC and metastasis risk in the Egyptian people, in addition to identifying a potential new marker for the early detection and treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha M Bakr
- Biochemistry Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ashraf Awad
- Department of Animal Wealth Development, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Emad A Moustafa
- Tropical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M El-Gebaly
- Tropical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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16
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Xue G, Zhong Y, Hua L, Zhong M, Liu X, Chen X, Gao D, Zhou N. Aberrant alteration of follicular T helper cells in ulcerative colitis patients and its correlations with interleukin-21 and B cell subsets. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e14757. [PMID: 30855475 PMCID: PMC6417626 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000014757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) are at increased risk of developing colitis-associated colon cancer. Accumulating evidence suggests that follicular T helper (TFH) cells play a crucial role in the pathogenic process of autoimmune diseases. However, little is known about the role of TFH cells in the development of UC. To investigate the role of TFH cells in the development of UC, the number of TFH cells, the level of interleukin-21 (IL-21), the numbers of B cell subsets, and clinical parameters were detected in peripheral blood from 31 UC patients and 29 healthy controls. TFH cells and the level of IL-21 were significantly higher in UC patients than in the healthy controls. A positive correlation between TFH and IL-21 cells was found in UC patients. Moreover, aberrant frequencies of different subsets of B cells were observed in UC patients, and a positive correlation was found between CD38CD19 B cells and TFH cells and between CD86CD19 B cells and TFH cells. A high number of TFH cells were positively associated with Mayo score, serum C-reaction protein (CRP) and serum IgG in UC patients. Our data indicate that TFH cells and IL-21 are involved in the pathogenesis of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohui Xue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiujiang No. 1 People's Hospital, Jiujiang
| | - Yao Zhong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second People's Hospital of Kunming, Kunming
| | - Lin Hua
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiujiang No. 1 People's Hospital, Jiujiang
| | - Meijun Zhong
- Department of General Practice, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiujiang No. 1 People's Hospital, Jiujiang
| | - Xueli Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiujiang No. 1 People's Hospital, Jiujiang
| | - Dian Gao
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Nanjin Zhou
- Jiangxi Academy of Medical Science, Nanchang
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17
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Solaymani-Mohammadi S, Berzofsky JA. Interleukin 21 collaborates with interferon-γ for the optimal expression of interferon-stimulated genes and enhances protection against enteric microbial infection. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007614. [PMID: 30818341 PMCID: PMC6413951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucosal surface of the intestinal tract represents a major entry route for many microbes. Despite recent progress in the understanding of the IL-21/IL-21R signaling axis in the generation of germinal center B cells, the roles played by this signaling pathway in the context of enteric microbial infections is not well-understood. Here, we demonstrate that Il21r-/- mice are more susceptible to colonic microbial infection, and in the process discovered that the IL-21/IL-21R signaling axis surprisingly collaborates with the IFN-γ/IFN-γR signaling pathway to enhance the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) required for protection, via amplifying activation of STAT1 in mucosal CD4+ T cells in a murine model of Citrobacter rodentium colitis. As expected, conditional deletion of STAT3 in CD4+ T cells indicated that STAT3 also contributed importantly to host defense against C. rodentium infection in the colon. However, the collaboration between IL-21 and IFN-γ to enhance the phosphorylation of STAT1 and upregulate ISGs was independent of STAT3. Unveiling this previously unreported crosstalk between these two cytokine networks and their downstream genes induced will provide insight into the development of novel therapeutic targets for colonic infections, inflammatory bowel disease, and promotion of mucosal vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Solaymani-Mohammadi
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SSM); (JAB)
| | - Jay A. Berzofsky
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SSM); (JAB)
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18
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Piper C, Drobyski WR. Inflammatory Cytokine Networks in Gastrointestinal Tract Graft vs. Host Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:163. [PMID: 30853956 PMCID: PMC6395399 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Graft vs. host disease (GVHD) is the major non-relapse complication associated with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Damage to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract from acute GVHD is a particularly serious event that can result in significant morbidity and mortality. Proinflammatory cytokines play a critical role in the pathophysiology of intestinal GVHD, in part by activating donor T cell populations which subsequently induce tissue damage. In this review, we summarize pre-clinical data derived from experimental murine models that have examined the role of inflammatory cytokine pathways that play critical roles in the pathophysiology of GVHD of the GI tract. Specific areas of focus are on STAT 3-dependent cytokines (e.g., IL-6, IL-23, and IL-21), and members of the IL-1 cytokine family, both of which have been shown to induce pathological damage within the GI tract during this disease. We also review established and ongoing efforts to translate these pre-clinical findings into the clinic in an effort to reduce morbidity and mortality due to this complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clint Piper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - William R Drobyski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Medicine, Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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Abstract
Studies in psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) would provide better insights into the "whole mind-body system." Systems biology models of the complex adaptive systems (CASs), such as a conceptual framework of "Yin-Yang dynamics," may be helpful for identifying systems-based biomarkers and targets for more effective prevention and treatment. The disturbances in the Yin-Yang dynamical balance may result in stress, inflammation, and various disorders including insomnia, Alzheimer's disease, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, skin disorders, and cancer. At the molecular and cellular levels, the imbalances in the cytokine pathways, mitochondria networks, redox systems, and various signaling pathways may contribute to systemic inflammation. In the nervous system, Yin and Yang may represent the dynamical associations between the progressive and regressive processes in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. In response to the damages to the heart, the Yin-Yang dynamical balance between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine networks is crucial. The studies of cancer have revealed the importance of the Yin-Yang dynamics in the tumoricidal and tumorigenic activities of the immune system. Stress-induced neuroimmune imbalances are also essential in chronic skin disorders including atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. With the integrative framework, the restoration of the Yin-Yang dynamics can become the objective of dynamical systems medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yan
- PharmTao, Santa Clara, CA, USA. .,University of Maryland University College, Adelphi, MD, USA.
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20
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Long D, Chen Y, Wu H, Zhao M, Lu Q. Clinical significance and immunobiology of IL-21 in autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2019; 99:1-14. [PMID: 30773373 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-21 (IL-21), an autocrine cytokine predominantly produced by follicular helper T (Tfh) and T helper 17 (Th17) cells, has been proven to play an important role in the immune system, for example, by promoting proliferation and the development of Tfh and Th17 cells, balancing helper T cell subsets, inducing B cell generation and differentiation into plasma cells, and enhancing the production of immunoglobulin. These effects are mainly mediated by activation of the JAK/STAT, MAPK and PI3K pathways. Some IL-21 target genes, such as B lymphocyte induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1), suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS), CXCR5 and Bcl-6, play important roles in the immune response. Therefore, IL-21 has been linked to autoimmune diseases. Indeed, IL-21 levels are increased in the peripheral blood and tissues of patients with systematic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), type 1 diabetes (T1D), immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS), autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) and psoriasis. This increased IL-21 even positively associates with Tfh cells, plasma cells, autoantibodies and disease activity in SLE and RA. Additionally, IL-21 has been utilized as a therapeutic target in SLE, RA, T1D and psoriatic mouse models. Profoundly, clinical trials have shown safety and improvement in RA patients. However, tolerance and long-term pharmacodynamics effects with low bioavailability have been found in SLE patients. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the latest progress on IL-21 function and its signaling pathway and discuss the role of IL-21 in the pathogenesis of and therapy for autoimmune diseases, with the hope of providing potential therapeutic and diagnostic strategies for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Long
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Yongjian Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Haijing Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, PR China.
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21
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Varkey R, Du Q, Karnell JL, Xiao X, Casey KA, Woods R, Rosenthal K, Wilson S, Dall’Acqua WF, Wu H, Herbst R, Ettinger R, Damschroder M. Discovery and characterization of potent IL-21 neutralizing antibodies via a novel alternating antigen immunization and humanization strategy. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211236. [PMID: 30682117 PMCID: PMC6347146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-21 (IL-21), a member of the common cytokine receptor γ chain (γc) family, is secreted by CD4+ T cells and natural killer T cells and induces effector function through interactions with the IL-21 receptor (IL-21R)/γc complex expressed on both immune and non-immune cells. Numerous studies suggest that IL-21 plays a significant role in autoimmune disorders. Therapeutic intervention to disrupt the IL-21/IL-21R/γc interaction and inhibit subsequent downstream signal transduction could offer a treatment paradigm for these diseases. Potent neutralizing antibodies reported in the literature were generated after extensive immunizations with human IL-21 alone and in combination with various adjuvants. To circumvent the laborious method of antibody generation while targeting a conserved functional epitope, we designed a novel alternating-antigen immunization strategy utilizing both human and cynomolgus monkey (cyno) IL-21. Despite the high degree of homology between human and cyno IL-21, our alternating-immunization strategy elicited higher antibody titers and more potent neutralizing hybridomas in mice than did the immunization with human IL-21 antigen alone. The lead hybridoma clone was humanized by grafting the murine complementarity-determining regions onto human germline framework templates, using a unique rational design. The final humanized and engineered antibody, MEDI7169, encodes only one murine residue at the variable heavy/light-chain interface, retains the sub-picomolar affinity for IL-21, specifically inhibits IL-21/IL-21R-mediated signaling events and is currently under clinical development as a potential therapeutic agent for autoimmune diseases. This study provides experimental evidence of the immune system's potential to recognize and respond to shared epitopes of antigens from distinct species, and presents a generally applicable, novel method for the rapid generation of exceptional therapeutic antibodies using the hybridoma platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Varkey
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Qun Du
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jodi L. Karnell
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xiaodong Xiao
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kerry A. Casey
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rob Woods
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kim Rosenthal
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Susan Wilson
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - William F. Dall’Acqua
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Herren Wu
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ronald Herbst
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rachel Ettinger
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Melissa Damschroder
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Zhang K, Sun YL, Yang F, Shi YC, Jin L, Liu ZW, Wang FS, Shi M. A pilot study on the characteristics of circulating T follicular helper cells in liver transplant recipients. Transpl Immunol 2018; 47:32-36. [PMID: 29360498 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Circulating CD4+CXCR5+ T follicular helper cells (cTfh) have been demonstrated to be involved in B cell-mediated systemic autoimmune diseases and alloreactive responses following kidney transplantation; however, whether cTfh cells are involved in alloreactive responses after liver transplantation (LT) remains unclear. Our present study aimed to investigate the characteristics of cTfh, as well as CXCR3+CCR6-Tfh1, CXCR3-CCR6-Tfh2, and CXCR3-CCR6+Tfh17 subsets in liver allograft recipients. A total of 30 liver transplant recipients were enrolled in this study. The frequencies of cTfh, Tfh1, Tfh2, and Tfh17 subsets, and interleukin (IL)-21-producing Tfh cells in the circulating blood were analyzed by flow cytometry. The capacity of cTfh cells to help B cells differentiate into plasmablasts was determined one day before and one month after LT. The results revealed that the frequency of cTfh cells remained unaltered before and after LT. However, the frequency of the cTfh subsets (e.g., Tfh1 and Tfh2 cells) and B cells were reduced one month after LT. Functionally, the capacity of Tfh cells to produce IL-21 was reduced one month after LT. In addition, cTfh cells exhibited the capacity to help B cells differentiate into plasmablasts in an IL-21-dependent manner in vitro, which was reduced after LT, despite the unaltered production of IgM and IgG by plasmablasts. Thus, our data suggest that cTfh cells may be involved in alloreactive responses following LT via helping B cells differentiate into plasmablasts and plasma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhang
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Disease, 302 Military Hospital of China, Peking University Teaching Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Ling Sun
- Research Center for Liver transplantation, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Yan-Chao Shi
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Disease, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Jin
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Disease, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen-Wen Liu
- Research Center for Liver transplantation, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Wang
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Disease, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Shi
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Disease, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China.
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23
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Abstract
Evaluation of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) is a significant component in any assessment designed to predict the full range of potential immunotoxic risk underlying health risks. Among measures of CMI, the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response is recognized as perhaps the most relevant functional measure that reflects cell-mediated acquired immune defense against viral infections and cancer. The CTL response against T-dependent antigens requires the cooperation of at least three different major categories of immune cells. These include professional antigen-presenting cells (e.g., dendritic cells), CD4+ T helper lymphocytes, and CD8+ T effector lymphocytes. It is also among the few functional responses dependent on and, hence, capable of evaluating effective antigen presentation via both class I and class II molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). For this reason, the CTL assay is an excellent candidate for evaluation of potential immunotoxicity. This chapter provides an example of a mouse CTL assay against influenza virus that has been utilized for this purpose.
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Shiels MS, Shu XO, Chaturvedi AK, Gao YT, Xiang YB, Cai Q, Hu W, Shelton G, Ji BT, Pinto LA, Kemp TJ, Rothman N, Zheng W, Hildesheim A, Lan Q. A prospective study of immune and inflammation markers and risk of lung cancer among female never smokers in Shanghai. Carcinogenesis 2017; 38:1004-1010. [PMID: 28981818 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgx075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a paucity of data on risk factors for lung cancer among never smokers. Here, we have carried out the first large study of circulating inflammation markers and lung cancer risk among female never smokers in Shanghai. A study of 248 lung cancer cases in female never smokers and 263 controls was nested within the Shanghai Women's Health Study (n = 75221), matched by dates of birth and blood collection (mean follow-up time = 7.5 years). Prediagnostic plasma levels of 65 inflammation markers were measured using a Luminex bead-based assay. Odds ratios (ORs) were estimated with multivariable logistic regression. Nine of 61 evaluable markers were statistically significantly associated with lung cancer risk among never smoking Chinese women (P-trend across categories <0.05). Soluble interleukin-6 receptor [sIL-6R; highest versus lowest category OR = 2.37; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.40-4.02) and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2/monocyte chemotactic protein 1; (OR = 1.62; 95% CI 0.94-2.80) were associated with an increased risk of lung cancer, whereas interleukin (IL)-21 (OR = 0.53; 95%CI 0.31-0.93), chemokine (C-X3-C motif) ligand 1/fractalkine (OR = 0.54; 95% CI 0.30-0.96), soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (sVEGFR2, OR = 0.45; 95% CI 0.26-0.76), sVEGFR3 (OR = 0.53; 95% CI 0.32-0.90), soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor I (OR = 0.49; 95% CI 0.29-0.83), IL-10 (OR = 0.60; 95% CI 0.34-1.05) and C-reactive protein (OR = 0.63; 95% CI 0.37-1.06) were associated with a decreased risk. sIL-6R remained significantly associated with lung cancer risk >7.5 years prior to diagnosis. Markers involved in various aspects of the immune response were associated with subsequent lung cancer risk, implicating inflammation in the etiology of lung cancer among female never smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith S Shiels
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Anil K Chaturvedi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yu-Tang Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Bing Xiang
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuyin Cai
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Wei Hu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gloriana Shelton
- HPV Immunology Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Bu-Tian Ji
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ligia A Pinto
- HPV Immunology Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Troy J Kemp
- HPV Immunology Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Allan Hildesheim
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Qing Lan
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
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25
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Dinesh P, Rasool M. Multifaceted role of IL‐21 in rheumatoid arthritis: Current understanding and future perspectives. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:3918-3928. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Palani Dinesh
- Immunopathology LabSchool of Bio Sciences and TechnologyVIT UniversityVelloreTamil NaduIndia
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26
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Bao S, Zheng J, Shi G. The role of T helper 17 cells in the pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus-related liver cirrhosis (Review). Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:3713-3719. [PMID: 28731149 PMCID: PMC5646947 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected patients, T helper 17 (Th17) cells are significantly elevated. Th17 cells initiate immune-mediated pathogenesis and have a critical role in the process of HBV-related liver cirrhosis (HBV-LC). The mechanisms underlying this process are attributed to Th17-secreted cytokines, which include interleukin (IL)-17, IL-21 and IL-22; however, a systemic analysis regarding these mechanisms has yet to be conducted. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the role of Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of HBV-LC. All randomized clinical trials, case series, case reports and meta-analyses that contained the aforementioned keywords were included in the review process. In addition, unpublished information from the Food and Drug Administration was included. The findings indicated that Th17-secreted cytokines, including IL-17, IL-21 and IL-22, function by activating or silencing hepatic stellate cells, modulating proinflammatory and pro- or antifibrogenic effectors, regulating extracellular matrix formation, upregulating chemokine expression, and inducing hepatocellular damage or hepatoprotection during the HBV-LC process. In addition, Th17 cells and Th17-secreted cytokines may be considered a potential tool in the diagnosis or treatment of HBV-LC. The present review summarized the role of Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of HBV-LC in order to deepen the clinical understanding of the role of Th17 cells and also to support the development of effective therapies for patients with HBV-LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suxia Bao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Jianming Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Guangfeng Shi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
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Chen T, Lu L, Xu C, Lin X, Leung YK, Ho SM, Ruan XZ, Lian X. Inhibition Role of Atherogenic Diet on Ethyl Carbamate Induced Lung Tumorigenesis in C57BL/6J Mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4723. [PMID: 28680122 PMCID: PMC5498653 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05053-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With emerging evidence connecting cholesterol dysregulation with disturbed pulmonary homeostasis, we are wondering if diet induced hypercholesterolemia would influence the susceptibility to chemical induced lung tumorigenesis in mice. Six to eight week-old male C57BL/6J mice were fed with either a high-cholesterol atherogenic diet (HCD) or matching normal diet (ND), respectively. Following 3 weeks diet adapting, a multi-dose intraperitoneal injections of ethyl carbamate (urethane, 1 g/kg body weight) were established and lung tumorigenesis assessments were taken after 15 weeks latency period. Compared to the urethane treated ND-fed mice, the HCD-fed mice exhibited significantly decreased lung tumor multiplicity and attenuated pulmonary inflammation, which including reduced influx of leukocytes and down regulated tumor-promoting cyto-/chemokine profile in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, decreased TLR2/4 expression and NF-κB activation in the lung. As a sensor regulating intracellular cholesterol homeostasis, nuclear receptor LXR-α was up-regulated significantly in the urethane treated HCD-fed mice lungs compared to the ND-fed mice lungs, accompanied with decreased pulmonary free cholesterol content and suppressed tumor cell proliferation. These results suggested that intrapulmonary cholesterol homeostasis, other than systematic cholesterol level, is important in lung tumorigenesis, and LXR activation might partly contribute to the inhibitory role of atherogenic diet on lung tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- Center for Lipid Research, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medical and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Lu
- Center for Lipid Research, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medical and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Cai Xu
- Center for Lipid Research, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medical and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaojing Lin
- Center for Lipid Research, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medical and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuet-Kin Leung
- Division of Environmental Genetics and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Shuk-Mei Ho
- Division of Environmental Genetics and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Xiong Z Ruan
- Center for Lipid Research, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,John Moorhead Research Laboratory, Centre for Nephrology, University College London (UCL) Medical School, London, UK
| | - Xuemei Lian
- Center for Lipid Research, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. .,Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medical and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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28
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Mizutani H, Tamagawa-Mineoka R, Nakamura N, Masuda K, Katoh N. Serum IL-21 levels are elevated in atopic dermatitis patients with acute skin lesions. Allergol Int 2017; 66:440-444. [PMID: 27884624 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin (IL)-21 is a member of the type I cytokine family and plays a role in the pathogenesis of T helper type 2 allergic diseases. It has been reported that IL-21 expression is upregulated in acute skin lesions in atopic dermatitis (AD) patients; however, little is known about the serum IL-21 levels of AD patients. The aim of this study was to quantify the serum IL-21 levels of AD patients and to evaluate the relationships between the serum IL-21 level and disease severity, laboratory markers, and eruption type in AD patients. METHODS We measured the serum IL-21 levels of adult AD patients and healthy control subjects using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The adult AD patients exhibited significantly higher serum IL-21 levels than the healthy control subjects. A comparison of the patients' serum IL-21 levels based on the clinical severity of their AD revealed that the patients with severe AD demonstrated significantly higher serum IL-21 levels than those with mild AD and the healthy control subjects. The serum IL-21 levels were significantly correlated with the skin severity score, and especially with the degree of acute lesions such as erythema and edema/papules. The serum IL-21 level was not associated with laboratory markers, such as the serum IgE level, the serum thymus and activation-related chemokine level, blood eosinophilia, and the serum lactate dehydrogenase level. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that IL-21 might be involved in the pathogenesis of AD, especially the development of acute skin lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Mizutani
- Departments of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Risa Tamagawa-Mineoka
- Departments of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Naomi Nakamura
- Departments of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koji Masuda
- Departments of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Norito Katoh
- Departments of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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29
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Ohl K, Wiener A, Lippe R, Schippers A, Zorn C, Roth J, Wagner N, Tenbrock K. CREM Alpha Enhances IL-21 Production in T Cells In Vivo and In Vitro. Front Immunol 2016; 7:618. [PMID: 28066428 PMCID: PMC5165720 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cAMP-responsive element modulator alpha (CREMα) plays a role in autoimmunity and, in particular, in systemic lupus erythematosus. CREMα negatively regulates IL-2 transcription and activates IL-17 expression by direct transcriptional mechanisms. To understand the role of CREM in autoimmunity, we recently generated a mouse with a transgenic overexpression of CREMα selectively in T cells. This mouse is characterized by enhanced IL-17 and IL-21 expression. We, herein, dissect the transcriptional mechanisms of enhanced IL-21 transcription in these mice. T cells of CREMα transgenic mice display an enhanced binding of CREMα to the CD3ζ chain promoter resulting in decreased CD3ζ chain expression. This is accompanied by a decreased excitation threshold and enhanced Ca2+ influx, which is known to induce IL-21 expression via NFATc2 activation. However, CREMα directly binds to cAMP-response element (CRE) half-site within the Il-21 promoter, which results in enhanced promoter activity shown by promoter reporter assays. CREMα-induced IL-21 transcription is not abrogated in the presence of cyclosporine A but depends on an intact CRE site within the IL-21 promoter, which suggests that CREM largely enhances IL-21 expression by direct transcriptional regulation. IL-21 transcription is critical for IL-17 generation in these mice, since IL-21 receptor blockade downregulates IL-17 transcription to wild-type levels. Finally, this is of functional relevance since CREMα transgenic mice display enhanced disease activity in dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis accompanied by higher local IL-21 expression. Thus, we describe two novel mechanisms of CREMα-dependent IL-21 transcription. Since T cells of systemic lupus erythematosus patients are characterized by enhanced IL-21 transcription, this might also be of functional relevance in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Ohl
- Pediatric Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
| | - Anastasia Wiener
- Pediatric Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
| | - Ralph Lippe
- Institute of Immunology, University of Münster , Münster , Germany
| | - Angela Schippers
- Pediatric Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
| | - Carolin Zorn
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Immunology, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
| | - Johannes Roth
- Institute of Immunology, University of Münster , Münster , Germany
| | - Norbert Wagner
- Pediatric Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
| | - Klaus Tenbrock
- Pediatric Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
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30
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Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a worldwide health problem, with approximately one third of populations have been infected, among which 3-5% of adults and more than 90% of children developed to chronic HBV infection. Host immune factors play essential roles in the outcome of HBV infection. Thus, ineffective immune response against HBV may result in persistent virus replications and liver necroinflammations, then lead to chronic HBV infection, liver cirrhosis, and even hepatocellular carcinoma. Cytokine balance was shown to be an important immune characteristic in the development and progression of hepatitis B, as well as in an effective antiviral immunity. Large numbers of cytokines are not only involved in the initiation and regulation of immune responses but also contributing directly or indirectly to the inhibition of virus replication. Besides, cytokines initiate downstream signaling pathway activities by binding to specific receptors expressed on the target cells and play important roles in the responses against viral infections and, therefore, might affect susceptibility to HBV and/or the natural course of the infection. Since cytokines are the primary causes of inflammation and mediates liver injury after HBV infection, we have discussed recent advances on the roles of various cytokines [including T helper type 1 cells (Th1), Th2, Th17, regulatory T cells (Treg)-related cytokines] in different phases of HBV infection and cytokine-related mechanisms for impaired viral control and liver damage during HBV infection. We then focus on experimental therapeutic applications of cytokines to gain a better understanding of this newly emerging aspect of disease pathogenesis.
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31
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Ahmad SF, Ansari MA, Nadeem A, Zoheir KMA, Bakheet SA, Alsaad AMS, Al-Shabanah OA, Attia SM. STA-21, a STAT-3 inhibitor, attenuates the development and progression of inflammation in collagen antibody-induced arthritis. Immunobiology 2016; 222:206-217. [PMID: 27717524 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We set out to investigate the influence of STA-21, a dynamic STAT-3 inhibitor, on the expansion and progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and to determine its potential mechanisms of action in a mouse model of collagen antibody-induced arthritis (CAIA). To this end, arthritis was induced via intravenous (IV) injection of Balb/c mice with a cocktail of antibodies directed against type II collagen (1.5μg/mouse, IV), followed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at a dose of (25μg/mouse, i.p.) on day 3. Mice were then left untreated or were simultaneously treated with STA-21 (0.5mg/kg, i.p., once daily for 2 weeks) followed by evaluation for clinical and histological features of arthritic inflammation and flow cytometric analysis of cytokines and transcription factors in peripheral blood. STA-21 enhanced the clinical course of arthritis in CAIA mice and decreased CD8+RORγt+ and CD8+IL-21+ cells while inducing the production of CD8+Foxp3+ cells. Furthermore, STA-21 prevented the production of TNF-α and IL-6 in peripheral blood and increased IL-27 production by CD14+ cells. Moreover, STA-21 not only regulates Th1/Th2 serum cytokine levels but also the mRNA and protein expression of key factors including NF-κB p65, RORγt, T-bet, IL-4, GATA-3, JAK1, Stat3, and IL-21. Thus, administration of the Stat3 inhibitor STA-21 inhibits cellular signaling pathways and downstream activation of key transcription factors previously shown to play key roles in the pathogenesis of RA. Therefore, these data suggest that STA-21 could be considered as a potential treatment for patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Fayaz Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad Ansari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Nadeem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khairy M A Zoheir
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Cell Biology, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Saleh A Bakheet
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz M S Alsaad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Othman A Al-Shabanah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabry M Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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32
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Xing R, Zhang Y, Li C, Sun L, Yang L, Zhao J, Liu X. Interleukin-21 promotes osteoclastogenesis in RAW264.7 cells through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway independently of RANKL. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:1125-34. [PMID: 27599586 PMCID: PMC5029957 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines play a key role in the bone destruction of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Interleukin-21 (IL-21) promotes osteoclastogenesis in RA in a receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-dependent way. Whether IL-21 is capable of promoting osteoclastogenesis directly in the absence of RANKL remains unknown. In the present study, we examined the osteoclastogenic activity of IL-21 in RAW264.7 cells in the absence of RANKL. We found that IL-21 enhanced osteoclastogenesis and this was demonstrated by increased numbers of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive stained, multinucleated cells compared with the negative control. Western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry showed the positive expression of calcitonin receptor (CTR) in the IL-21 group. RT-PCR and RT-qPCR also verified the increased mRNA expression of CTR and cathepsin K in the IL-21 group compared with the negative control. The scanning electronic microscope images showed a few resorption pits on the bone slices cultured with IL-21. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway inhibitor LY294002 significantly suppressed IL-21-induced osteoclastogenesis. Taken together, these findings suggest that IL-21 has direct osteoclastogenic potential independently of RANKL. IL-21 may promote osteoclastogenesis through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Therapy targeting IL-21 may be of value in preventing bone erosions in patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xing
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Yingjian Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Changhong Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Jinxia Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyuan Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
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33
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Xiao L, Jia L, Bai L, He L, Yang B, Wu C, Li H. Phenotypic and functional characteristics of IL-21-expressing CD8(+) T cells in human nasal polyps. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30362. [PMID: 27468819 PMCID: PMC4965861 DOI: 10.1038/srep30362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although CD4+ T cells are recognized to play an important role in the inflammatory response of nasal polyps (NPs), the biological functions of CD8+ T cells in polypogenesis remain unclear. In this study, we analyzed cell markers, cytokine expression and transcription factors in IL-21-expressing CD8+ T cells in polyp tissues of NP patients. The results showed that the majority of IL-21-producing CD8+ T cells were effector memory cells and they co-expressed IFN-γ. IL-21-expressing CD8+ T cells in polyp tissues expressed higher CXCR5, PD-1, and ICOS levels than cells in control tissues and showed significantly higher T-bet and Bcl-6 expression levels compared with IL-21−CD8+ T cells. Purified polyp CD8+ T cells promoted IgG production from isolated polyp B cells in vitro, and recombinant IL-12 modulated the expression of IL-21, IFN-γ and CD40L in purified polyp CD8+ T cells. Moreover, the percentage of IL-21+CD8+ T cells in polyp tissues was positively correlated with endoscopic and CT scan scores in NP patients. These findings indicated that polyp CD8+ T cells, by co-expressing IL-21 and IFN-γ and other markers, display a Tfh cell functionality, which is associated with the clinical severity of NP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiao
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control Research of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Jia
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control Research of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Allergy Center, Otorhinolarygology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Bai
- Department of Otolaryngology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Long He
- Department of Otolaryngology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Binyan Yang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control Research of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Allergy Center, Otorhinolarygology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changyou Wu
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control Research of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huabin Li
- Allergy Center, Otorhinolarygology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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34
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Miao T, Pu Y, Zhou B, Chen P, Wang Y, Song Y, Zhao J, Zhang L. Association between polymorphisms inIL21gene and risk for sepsis. Biomarkers 2016; 22:14-18. [DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2016.1201537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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35
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Yang DJ, Han B. [Roles of interleukin-21 and its receptor in autoimmune diseases]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2016; 18:466-471. [PMID: 27165599 PMCID: PMC7390374 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a new member of the interleukin-2 family. It is mainly synthesized and secreted by the activated of CD4(+) T cells and natural killer T cells. IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) is mainly expressed in T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. After binding to its receptor, IL-21 can regulate the activation and proliferation of T cells, B cells, and NK cells through activating JAKs-STATs signaling pathways. As a new immunoregulatory factor, IL-21 and its receptor play important roles in the development and progression of various autoimmune diseases. Regulation of the expression levels of IL-21 and IL-21R and blocking of their signal transduction pathways with blockers may be new treatment options for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Juan Yang
- Department of pediatric Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China.
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36
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Yang DJ, Han B. [Roles of interleukin-21 and its receptor in autoimmune diseases]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2016; 18:466-71. [PMID: 27165599 PMCID: PMC7390374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a new member of the interleukin-2 family. It is mainly synthesized and secreted by the activated of CD4(+) T cells and natural killer T cells. IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) is mainly expressed in T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. After binding to its receptor, IL-21 can regulate the activation and proliferation of T cells, B cells, and NK cells through activating JAKs-STATs signaling pathways. As a new immunoregulatory factor, IL-21 and its receptor play important roles in the development and progression of various autoimmune diseases. Regulation of the expression levels of IL-21 and IL-21R and blocking of their signal transduction pathways with blockers may be new treatment options for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Juan Yang
- Department of pediatric Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China.
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37
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Zhang QX, Li SL, Yao YQ, Li TJ. Association between interleukin-21 gene polymorphisms (rs12508721) and HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Immunogenet 2016; 43:151-8. [PMID: 27122304 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-21 (IL-21), as a multifunctional cytokine, plays an important role in many diseases, such as cancer, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. We aimed to investigate the relationship between polymorphisms of IL-21 gene and susceptibility of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in a Chinese population. Studied subjects were divided into three groups: 100 patients with HBV-related HCC, 115 patients with chronic HBV infection and 127 healthy controls. Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood, and the polymerase chain reaction-ligase detection reaction (PCR-LDR) method was used to genotype the SNPs (rs2221903, rs907715 and rs12508721) within IL-21 gene. Our results showed that IL-21 polymorphisms were associated with the risk of HCC and chronic HBV infection when compared with healthy controls. The rs2221903A/G AG genotype was associated with a higher risk of chronic HBV infection when compared with healthy controls [AG versus AA + GG, P = 0.036, OR = 1.898, 95%CI = 1.038-3.471]. The rs12508721C/T TT genotype was related with a lower risk of chronic HBV infection and HBV-related HCC than in healthy controls [TT versus CT + CC, P = 0.026, OR = 0.451, 95%CI = 0.221-0.920; P = 0.049, OR = 0.482, 95%CI = 0.231-1.005]. No significant difference in the genotype and allele distrubutions of rs907715G/A SNP was observed in the HBV-related HCC group, chronic HBV-infected group and the healthy control group when compared to each other. Our findings suggest that the rs12508721T/C and rs2221903A/G polymorphisms of IL-21 gene are associated with the susceptibility of HBV-related HCC and chronic HBV infection. The genetic variant may in fact cause protection against the HBV-related HCC. However, the function in these SNPs of IL-21 gene needs to clarify the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of HBV-related HCC further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q X Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - S L Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Y Q Yao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - T J Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Quiescent and Active Tear Protein Profiles to Predict Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis Reactivation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:9672082. [PMID: 26989694 PMCID: PMC4773530 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9672082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Objective. Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a chronic recurrent bilateral inflammation of the conjunctiva associated with atopy. Several inflammatory and tissue remodeling factors contribute to VKC disease. The aim is to provide a chip-based protein analysis in tears from patients suffering from quiescent or active VKC. Methods. This study cohort included 16 consecutive patients with VKC and 10 controls. Participants were subjected to clinical assessment of ocular surface and tear sampling. Total protein quantification, total protein sketch, and protein array (sixty protein candidates) were evaluated. Results. An overall increased Fluorescent Intensity expression was observed in VKC arrays. Particularly, IL1β, IL15, IL21, Eotaxin2, TACE, MIP1α, MIP3α, NCAM1, ICAM2, βNGF, NT4, BDNF, βFGF, SCF, MMP1, and MMP2 were increased in quiescent VKC. Of those candidates, only IL1β, IL15, IL21, βNGF, SCF, MMP2, Eotaxin2, TACE, MIP1α, MIP3α, NCAM1, and ICAM2 were increased in both active and quiescent VKC. Finally, NT4, βFGF, and MMP1 were highly increased in active VKC. Conclusion. A distinct “protein tear-print” characterizes VKC activity, confirming some previously reported factors and highlighting some new candidates common to quiescent and active states. Those candidates expressed in quiescent VKC might be considered as predictive indicators of VKC reactivation and/or exacerbation out-of-season.
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39
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Evaluation of Chosen Cytokine Levels among Patients with Herpes Zoster as Ability to Provide Immune Response. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150301. [PMID: 26934574 PMCID: PMC4775057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim and Background Herpes zoster is a viral disease caused by the reactivation of varicella–zoster virus (VZV) which remained latent in the cranial nerve or dorsal root ganglia. Cell-mediated immunity is known to decline with age as part of immunosenescence and can lead to the reactivation of VZV. Whereas herpes zoster is usually mild in healthy young persons, older patients are at increased risk for complications. In the present study we investigated the serum cytokine profile (IL-17, IL-23, IL-21, IL-4, IL-12), representing cellular and humoral immunity and assessed the level of VZV IgG antibodies in patients with herpes zoster. Methods We investigated the serum concentrations of IL-17, IL-23, IL-21, IL-4, IL-12 and the level of VZV IgG antibodies in 23 patients with herpes zoster who did not develop superinfection. The control group was represented by 21 individuals in similar age with no inflammatory and infectious diseases. Cytokine and antibodies levels were measured by ELISA method. Statistical analysis was performed using the ROC curve (receiver operating characteristic), t-test, Welch’s t-test, and nonparametric tests with STATISTICA 10 software. Results In patients with herpes zoster, the serum level of IL-17, IL-23, IL-21, IL-4 and IL-12 as well as VZV IgG antibodies titer were statistically significantly increased compared to control group. Conclusion Our results confirm the broad activation of the immune system involving humoral and cell-mediated immunity.
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Seledtsov VI, Goncharov AG, Seledtsova GV. Clinically feasible approaches to potentiating cancer cell-based immunotherapies. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:851-69. [PMID: 25933181 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1009814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system exerts both tumor-destructive and tumor-protective functions. Mature dendritic cells (DCs), classically activated macrophages (M1), granulocytes, B lymphocytes, aβ and ɣδ T lymphocytes, natural killer T (NKT) cells, and natural killer (NK) cells may be implicated in antitumor immunoprotection. Conversely, tolerogenic DCs, alternatively activated macrophages (M2), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and regulatory T (Tregs) and B cells (Bregs) are capable of suppressing antitumor immune responses. Anti-cancer vaccination is a useful strategy to elicit antitumor immune responses, while overcoming immunosuppressive mechanisms. Whole tumor cells or lysates derived thereof hold more promise as cancer vaccines than individual tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), because vaccinal cells can elicit immune responses to multiple TAAs. Cancer cell-based vaccines can be autologous, allogeneic or xenogeneic. Clinical use of xenogeneic vaccines is advantageous in that they can be most effective in breaking the preexisting immune tolerance to TAAs. To potentiate immunotherapy, vaccinations can be combined with other modalities that target different immune pathways. These modalities include 1) genetic or chemical modification of cell-based vaccines; 2) cross-priming TAAs to T cells by engaging dendritic cells; 3) T-cell adoptive therapy; 4) stimulation of cytotoxic inflammation by non-specific immunomodulators, toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, cytokines, chemokines or hormones; 5) reduction of immunosuppression and/or stimulation of antitumor effector cells using antibodies, small molecules; and 6) various cytoreductive modalities. The authors envisage that combined immunotherapeutic strategies will allow for substantial improvements in clinical outcomes in the near future.
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Key Words
- ADCC, antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity
- APC, antigen-presenting cell
- Ab, antibodies
- BCG, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin
- Breg, regulatory B cell
- CAR, chimeric antigen receptor
- COX, cyclooxygenase
- CTA, cancer/testis antigen
- CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte
- CTLA-4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4
- DC, dendritic cell
- DTH, delayed-type hypersensitivity
- GITR, glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor
- GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor
- HIFU, high-intensity focused ultrasound
- IDO, indoleamine-2, 3-dioxygenase
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- LAK, lymphokine-activated killer
- M, macrophage
- M1, classically activated macrophage
- M2, alternatively activated macrophage, MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cell
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- NK, natural killer (cell)
- PD-1, programmed death-1
- PGE2, prostaglandin E2
- RFA, radiofrequency ablation
- RNS, reactive nitrogen species
- ROS
- TAA, tumor-associated antigen
- TGF, transforming growth factor
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- Th, T-helper cell
- Treg, regulatory T cell
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- antitumor immunoprotection
- cancer cell-based vaccines
- combined immunotherapy
- immunosuppression
- reactive oxygen species
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Affiliation(s)
- V I Seledtsov
- a lmmanuel Kant Baltic Federal University ; Kaliningrad , Russia
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Halwani R, Sultana A, Al-Kufaidy R, Jamhawi A, Vazquez-Tello A, Al-Muhsen S. Th-17 regulatory cytokines inhibit corticosteroid induced airway structural cells apoptosis. Respir Res 2016; 17:6. [PMID: 26772733 PMCID: PMC4715361 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-015-0307-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although corticosteroid is a powerful anti-inflammatory drug that is used widely to control asthma, still severe asthmatics can develop steroid resistance. Airway fibroblasts are quite resistant to steroids during Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and fibrosis in asthmatic lungs is not always controlled. Th-17 regulatory cytokine which are elevated in lung tissues of asthmatics were shown to enhance the survival of various types of cells. STAT factors are central to this anti-apoptotic function. However, it is not yet clear whether these cytokines contribute to steroid hypo-responsiveness in asthma. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the ability of Th-17 regulatory cytokines, specifically IL-21, IL22 and IL23, to protect structural airway cells against dexamethasone-induced apoptosis. Methods Primary human fibroblasts, ASM cells, and lung endothelial cells line were treated with IL-21, IL-22, and IL-23 cytokines before incubation with dexamethasone and the level of apoptosis was determined by measuring cellular Annexin-V using Flow cytometry. Results Our data indicated that treatment with Th-17 regulatory cytokines was effective in inhibiting induced apoptosis for both fibroblasts and endothelial cells but not ASM cells. STAT3 phosphorylation levels were also upregulated in fibroblasts and endothelial upon treatment with these cytokines. Interestingly, inhibiting STAT3 phosphorylation abrogated IL-21, IL-22, and IL-23 anti-apoptotic effect on fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Conclusions This data suggest that Th-17 regulatory cytokines may play a critical role in regulating the survival of fibroblasts during asthma, IPF as well as other chronic lung inflammatory diseases leading to enhanced fibrosis. Accordingly, findings of this paper may pave the way for more extensive research on the role of these regulatory cytokines in fibrosis development in various chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabih Halwani
- Prince Naif Center for Immunology Research and Asthma Research Chair, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2925, Postal Code 11461, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Asma Sultana
- Prince Naif Center for Immunology Research and Asthma Research Chair, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2925, Postal Code 11461, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Prince Naif Health Research Center, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roua Al-Kufaidy
- Prince Naif Center for Immunology Research and Asthma Research Chair, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2925, Postal Code 11461, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amer Jamhawi
- Prince Naif Center for Immunology Research and Asthma Research Chair, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2925, Postal Code 11461, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alejandro Vazquez-Tello
- Prince Naif Center for Immunology Research and Asthma Research Chair, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2925, Postal Code 11461, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Al-Muhsen
- Prince Naif Center for Immunology Research and Asthma Research Chair, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2925, Postal Code 11461, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Genetic Factors in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Contribution to Disease Phenotype. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:745647. [PMID: 26798662 PMCID: PMC4699011 DOI: 10.1155/2015/745647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic factors exert an important role in determining Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) susceptibility, interplaying with environmental factors. Several genetic studies in various SLE populations have identified numerous susceptibility loci. From a clinical point of view, SLE is characterized by a great heterogeneity in terms of clinical and laboratory manifestations. As widely demonstrated, specific laboratory features are associated with clinical disease subset, with different severity degree. Similarly, in the last years, an association between specific phenotypes and genetic variants has been identified, allowing the possibility to elucidate different mechanisms and pathways accountable for disease manifestations. However, except for Lupus Nephritis (LN), no studies have been designed to identify the genetic variants associated with the development of different phenotypes. In this review, we will report data currently known about this specific association.
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Xing R, Yang L, Jin Y, Sun L, Li C, Li Z, Zhao J, Liu X. Interleukin-21 Induces Proliferation and Proinflammatory Cytokine Profile of Fibroblast-like Synoviocytes of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Scand J Immunol 2015; 83:64-71. [PMID: 26482544 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Xing
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology; Peking University Third Hospital; Beijing 100191 China
| | - L. Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology; Peking University Third Hospital; Beijing 100191 China
| | - Y. Jin
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology; Peking University Third Hospital; Beijing 100191 China
| | - L. Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology; Peking University Third Hospital; Beijing 100191 China
| | - C. Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology; Peking University Third Hospital; Beijing 100191 China
| | - Z. Li
- Department of Anesthesiology; Peking University Third Hospital; Beijing 100191 China
| | - J. Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology; Peking University Third Hospital; Beijing 100191 China
| | - X. Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology; Peking University Third Hospital; Beijing 100191 China
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Elevated expression of interleukin-21 and its correlation to T-cell subpopulation in patients with ulcerative colitis. Cent Eur J Immunol 2015; 40:331-6. [PMID: 26648777 PMCID: PMC4655383 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2015.54595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the expression of interleukin-21 (IL-21) and its correlation to T-cell subpopulation including Th1, Tc1 and Th17 cells in Ulcerative colitis (UC). Material and methods We examined the expression of IL-21, IL-17 and IFN-γ in UC patients and controls by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and flow cytometry. Results We found that IL-21 was expressed on CD3+CD8-T cells by flow cytometry. Plasma IL-21 level and the percentage of CD3+CD8-IL-21+ T cells were significantly elevated in UC patients compared to controls. The percentage of CD3+CD8-IL-17+ T (Th17), CD3+CD8-IFN-γ+ T (Th1) and CD3+CD8+ IFN-γ+ T (Tc1) cells was also significantly increased in UC patients. Moreover, we found a significant positive correlation between CD3+CD8-IL-21+T cells and Th17 cells. Conclusions Elevated IL-21 and its positive correlation to Th17 cells may play a role in the pathogenesis of UC.
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Brodeur TY, Robidoux TE, Weinstein JS, Craft J, Swain SL, Marshak-Rothstein A. IL-21 Promotes Pulmonary Fibrosis through the Induction of Profibrotic CD8+ T Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 195:5251-60. [PMID: 26519529 PMCID: PMC4655158 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 effector production of IL-13, a demonstrated requirement in models of fibrosis, is routinely ascribed to CD4(+) Th2 cells. We now demonstrate a major role for CD8(+) T cells in a murine model of sterile lung injury. These pulmonary CD8(+) T cells differentiate into IL-13-producing Tc2 cells and play a major role in a bleomycin-induced model of fibrosis. Differentiation of these Tc2 cells in the lung requires IL-21, and bleomycin treated IL-21- and IL-21R-deficient mice develop inflammation but not fibrosis. Moreover, IL-21R-expressing CD8(+) cells are sufficient to reconstitute the fibrotic response in IL-21R-deficient mice. We further show that the combination of IL-4 and IL-21 skews naive CD8(+) T cells to produce IL-21, which, in turn, acts in an autocrine manner to support robust IL-13 production. Our data reveal a novel pathway involved in the onset and regulation of pulmonary fibrosis and identify Tc2 cells as key mediators of fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tia Y Brodeur
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Tara E Robidoux
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Jason S Weinstein
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and
| | - Joseph Craft
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and
| | - Susan L Swain
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Ann Marshak-Rothstein
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605;
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Tudoran O, Virtic O, Balacescu L, Lisencu C, Fetica B, Gherman C, Balacescu O, Berindan-Neagoe I. Baseline blood immunological profiling differentiates between Her2-breast cancer molecular subtypes: implications for immunomediated mechanisms of treatment response. Onco Targets Ther 2015; 8:3415-23. [PMID: 26604799 PMCID: PMC4655955 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s91720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Breast cancer patients’ response to treatment is highly dependent on the primary tumor molecular features, with triple-negative breast tumors having the worst prognosis of all subtypes. According to the molecular features, tumors stimulate the microenvironment to induce distinct immune responses, baseline immune activation being associated with higher likelihood of pathologic response. In this study, we investigated the deconvolution of the immunological status of triple-negative tumors in comparison with luminal tumors and the association with patients’ clinicopathological characteristics. Patients and methods Gene expression of 84 inflammatory molecules and their receptors were analyzed in 40 peripheral blood samples from patients with Her2− primary breast cancer tumors. We studied the association of triple-negative phenotype with age, clinical stage, tumor size, lymph nodes, and menopausal status. Results We observed that more patients with estrogen (ER)/progesterone (PR)-negative tumors had grade III, while more patients with ER/PR-positive tumors had grade II tumors. Gene expression analysis revealed a panel of 14 genes to have differential expression between the two groups: several interleukins: IL13, IL16, IL17C and IL17F, IL1A, IL3; interleukin receptors: IL10RB, IL5RA; chemokines: CXCL13 and CCL26; and cytokines: CSF2, IFNA2, OSM, TNSF13. Conclusion The expression levels of these genes have been previously shown to be associated with reduced immunological status; indeed, the triple-negative breast cancer patients presented with lower counts of lymphocytes and eosinophils than the ER/PR-positive ones. These results contribute to a better understanding of the possible role of antitumor immune responses in mediating the clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Tudoran
- Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental Pathology, The Oncology Institute "Prof Dr Ion Chiricuţă", Cluj-Napoca, Romania ; Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Oana Virtic
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Loredana Balacescu
- Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental Pathology, The Oncology Institute "Prof Dr Ion Chiricuţă", Cluj-Napoca, Romania ; Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | | | - Bogdan Fetica
- Department of Pathology, The Oncology Institute "Prof Dr Ion Chiricuţă", Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Claudia Gherman
- Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental Pathology, The Oncology Institute "Prof Dr Ion Chiricuţă", Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Balacescu
- Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental Pathology, The Oncology Institute "Prof Dr Ion Chiricuţă", Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental Pathology, The Oncology Institute "Prof Dr Ion Chiricuţă", Cluj-Napoca, Romania ; Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania ; Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Liu L, Shi F, Li S, Liu X, Wei L, Zhang J, Ju X, Yu J. IL-21 polymorphisms rs907715 and rs2221903 are associated with decreased non-small cell lung cancer susceptibility. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:19460-19465. [PMID: 26770592 PMCID: PMC4694492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of lung cancer is still incompletely understood. Previous studies have suggested the association between IL-21 polymorphisms and autoimmune diseases, however, little is known about its role in lung cancer susceptibility. Here, we investigated the role of two SNPs of IL-21 gene in a cohort of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. A total of 128 NSCLC patients and 156 healthy controls were genotyped. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the association between IL-21 polymorphisms and NSCLC risk. Our data showed that both rs907715 and rs2221903 were significantly associated with lung cancer susceptibility, and patients carrying rs907715A (P = 0.007, adjusted OR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.42-0.87) or rs2221903G (P = 0.020, adjusted OR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.30-0.90) allele had a decreased risk of NSCLC. Further study identified that the association between IL-21 polymorphisms and NSCLC risk was limited to lung adenocarcinoma. Haplotype analysis revealed that the AG (P = 0.006, OR = 0.072 95% CI = 0.011-0.451) and AA (P = 0.022, OR = 0.657, 95% CI = 0.458-0.941) haplotypes of rs907715/rs2221903 were associated with a decreased risk of NSCLC, whereas the GA (P = 0.0001, OR = 1.932, 95% CI = 1.378-2.710) haplotype was associated with an increased risk. In conclusion, our study demonstrates the association between IL-21 polymorphisms (rs907715 and rs2221903) and NSCLC risk in a Chinese Han population, indicating their potential role in lung cancer detection and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanping Liu
- Department of Oncology, Shandong UniversityJinan, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and InstituteJinan, China
| | - Fang Shi
- Department of Oncology, Shandong UniversityJinan, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and InstituteJinan, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and InstituteJinan, China
| | - Xiuju Liu
- Internal Medicine-Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and InstituteJinan, China
| | - Lili Wei
- Department of Clinical Lab, Shandong Cancer Hospital and InstituteJinan, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and InstituteJinan, China
| | - Xiao Ju
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and InstituteJinan, China
| | - Jinming Yu
- Department of Oncology, Shandong UniversityJinan, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and InstituteJinan, China
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Chao PZ, Hsieh MS, Lee FP, Chen SY, Cheng CW, Chang HW, Lin YT, Ting LL, Lin YF, Chen CH. Serum level of interleukin-21 is elevated in chronic rhinosinusitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2015; 29:e1-6. [PMID: 25590304 DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2015.29.4117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is an inflammatory disease of the sinuses and mucosa with unclear pathogenesis. Interleukin (IL)-21 is mainly expressed in activated cluster of differentiation (CD)4(+) T cells and has potent regulatory effects on the immune system. OBJECTIVE This study is to determine whether IL-21 in the blood is correlated with CRS. METHODS The blood samples from CRS patients and normal controls were analyzed in correlation with clinical features. The eosinophil percentage was counted, and serum levels of total immunoglobulin E (IgE) and IL-21 were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, IL-21 and interferon (IFN)-γ secreted from stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were measured by ELISA, and their mRNA expression levels were analyzed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Disease severity was scored based on computed tomography (CT) scan, nasal endoscopy, and global osteitis scoring scale (GOSS). RESULTS A total of 55 CRS and 37 healthy subjects were recruited. The average levels of serum total IgE were 20 kU/L in normal group, 290 kU/L in CRS with nasal polys (CRSwNP), and 187 kU/L in CRS without nasal polys (CRSsNP). IL-21 levels were 28 pg/mL in normal group, 54 pg/mL in CRSwNP, and 71 pg/mL in CRSsNP. Both IgE and IL-21 were significantly elevated in both CRS patient subgroups. However, no significant difference was found between these two patient subgroups. The serum IL-21 levels correlated well with the disease severity in the patients. In addition, the secreted IL-21 was enhanced significantly in the patient's PBMCs stimulated by phytohemagglutin (PHA). CONCLUSION IL-21 could be a target for diagnosis and treatment of CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Zhir Chao
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Daferera N, Kumawat AK, Hultgren-Hörnquist E, Ignatova S, Ström M, Münch A. Fecal stream diversion and mucosal cytokine levels in collagenous colitis: A case report. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:6065-6071. [PMID: 26019474 PMCID: PMC4438044 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i19.6065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this case report, we examined the levels of cytokines expressed before and during fecal stream diversion and after intestinal continuity was restored in a patient with collagenous colitis. We report the case of a 46-year-old woman with chronic, active collagenous colitis who either failed to achieve clinical remission or experienced adverse effects with the following drugs: loperamide, cholestyramine, budesonide, methotrexate and adalimumab. Due to the intractable nature of the disease and because the patient was having up to 15 watery bowel movements per day, she underwent a temporary ileostomy. Colonic biopsies were analyzed for mucosal cytokine protein levels before and during fecal stream diversion and after intestinal continuity was restored. Mucosal protein levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12, IL-17 A, IL-23, TNF, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-13 were all higher during active disease and decreased to non-detectable or considerably lower levels during fecal stream diversion. One month after the restoration of bowel continuity, when the patient experienced a relapse of symptoms, IL-2, IL-23 and IL-21 levels were again increased. Our results indicate that fecal stream diversion in this patient suppressed the levels of all cytokines analyzed in colonic biopsies. With the recurrence of clinical symptoms and histological changes after bowel reconstruction, the levels of primarily proinflammatory cytokines increased. Our findings support the hypothesis that a luminal factor triggers the inflammation observed in collagenous colitis.
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Davis MR, Zhu Z, Hansen DM, Bai Q, Fang Y. The role of IL-21 in immunity and cancer. Cancer Lett 2015; 358:107-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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