1
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Salemi O, Noormohammadi Z, Bahrami F, Siadat SD, Ajdary S. Evaluation of the Immunogenicity of Recombinant Espb, Espc Proteins from Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and the Fusion Espc/Espb Protein in BALB/C Mice. Rep Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 11:590-598. [PMID: 37131892 PMCID: PMC10149137 DOI: 10.52547/rbmb.11.4.590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Two newly identified proteins, EspB and EspC are involved in the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the immunogenicity of recombinant EspC, EspB, and EspC/EspB fusion proteins in mice. Methods BALB/c mice were immunized subcutaneously with recombinant EspC, EspB, and fusion EspC/EspB proteins, three times with along with Quil-A as an adjuvant. The cellular and humoral immune responses were evaluated by quantifying IFN-γ, IL-4, IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a antibodies against the antigens. Results The results showed that the mice immunized with recombinant EspC, EspB, and EspC/EspB proteins did not produce IL-4, whereas IFN-γ was secreted in response to all three proteins. EspC/EspB group produced significant amounts of IFN-γ in response to stimulation with all the three recombinant proteins (P<0.001). In mice immunized with EspC, high levels of IFN-γ were detected in response to EspC/EspB, and EspC (P<0.0001); while mice immunized with EspB produced lower levels of IFN-γ in response to EspC/EspB, and EspB (P<0.05).Mice immunized with recombinant EspC, EspB, and EspC/EspB proteins exhibited significantly high levels of IgG and IgG2a/IgG1 ratio (P< 0.001). Moreover, high levels of IgG and IgG2a were detected in the sera of mice immunized with EspC/EspB fusion protein. Conclusions All the three recombinant proteins induced Th1-type immune responses in mice against EspB and EspC; however, EspC/EspB protein is more desirable due to the presence of epitopes from both EspC and EspB proteins and the production of immune responses against both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Salemi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Zahra Noormohammadi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fariborz Bahrami
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69 Pasteur Ave, Tehran 13169-43551, Iran.
| | - Seyed Davar Siadat
- Department of Mycobacteriology and pulmonary research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69 Pasteur Ave., Tehran 13169-43551, Iran.
| | - Soheila Ajdary
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69 Pasteur Ave, Tehran 13169-43551, Iran.
- Corresponding author: Soheila Ajdary; Tel: +98 21 64 11 28 40; E-mail:
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2
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Pirmoradi S. In-silico Designing of Immunogenic Construct Based on Peptide Epitopes Using Immuno-informatics Tools Against Tuberculosis. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.30699/ijmm.16.6.506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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3
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Evaluating the Performance of PPE44, HSPX, ESAT-6 and CFP-10 Factors in Tuberculosis Subunit Vaccines. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:260. [PMID: 35852636 PMCID: PMC9295111 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-02949-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) is an intracellular pathogen causing long-term infection in humans that mainly attacks macrophages and can escape from the immune system with the various mechanisms. The only FDA-approved vaccine against M. tuberculosis (MTB) is Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). The protection of this vaccine typically lasts 10–15 years. Due to the increasing number of people becoming ill with MTB each year worldwide, the need to develop a new effective treatment against the disease has been increased. During the past two decades, the research budget for TB vaccine has quadrupled to over half a billion dollars. Most of these research projects were based on amplifying and stimulating the response of T-cells and developing the subunit vaccines. Additionally, these studies have demonstrated that secretory and immunogenic proteins of MTB play a key role in the pathogenesis of the bacteria. Therefore, these proteins were used to develop the new subunit vaccines. In this review, based on the use of these proteins in the successful new subunit vaccines, the PPE44, HSPX, CFP-10 and ESAT-6 antigens were selected and the role of these antigens in designing and developing new subunit vaccines against TB and for the prevention of TB were investigated.
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4
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Mirzaei R, Babakhani S, Ajorloo P, Ahmadi RH, Hosseini-Fard SR, Keyvani H, Ahmadyousefi Y, Teimoori A, Zamani F, Karampoor S, Yousefimashouf R. The emerging role of exosomal miRNAs as a diagnostic and therapeutic biomarker in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Mol Med 2021; 27:34. [PMID: 33794771 PMCID: PMC8017856 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-021-00296-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), has been the world's driving fatal bacterial contagious disease globally. It continues a public health emergency, and around one-third of the global community has been affected by latent TB infection (LTBI). This is mostly due to the difficulty in diagnosing and treating patients with TB and LTBI. Exosomes are nanovesicles (40-100 nm) released from different cell types, containing proteins, lipids, mRNA, and miRNA, and they allow the transfer of one's cargo to other cells. The functional and diagnostic potential of exosomal miRNAs has been demonstrated in bacterial infections, including TB. Besides, it has been recognized that cells infected by intracellular pathogens such as Mtb can be secreting an exosome, which is implicated in the infection's fate. Exosomes, therefore, open a unique viewpoint on the investigative process of TB pathogenicity. This study explores the possible function of exosomal miRNAs as a diagnostic biomarker. Moreover, we include the latest data on the pathogenic and therapeutic role of exosomal miRNAs in TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Mirzaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. .,Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sajad Babakhani
- Department of Microbiology, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Ajorloo
- Department of Biology, Sciences and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Razieh Heidari Ahmadi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Reza Hosseini-Fard
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Keyvani
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yaghoub Ahmadyousefi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ali Teimoori
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Farhad Zamani
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Rasoul Yousefimashouf
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. .,Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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5
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Li J, Zhao A, Tang J, Wang G, Shi Y, Zhan L, Qin C. Tuberculosis vaccine development: from classic to clinical candidates. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 39:1405-1425. [PMID: 32060754 PMCID: PMC7223099 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-020-03843-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has been in use for nearly 100 years and is the only licensed TB vaccine. While BCG provides protection against disseminated TB in infants, its protection against adult pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is variable. To achieve the ambitious goal of eradicating TB worldwide by 2050, there is an urgent need to develop novel TB vaccines. Currently, there are more than a dozen novel TB vaccines including prophylactic and therapeutic at different stages of clinical research. This literature review provides an overview of the clinical status of candidate TB vaccines and discusses the challenges and future development trends of novel TB vaccine research in combination with the efficacy of evaluation of TB vaccines, provides insight for the development of safer and more efficient vaccines, and may inspire new ideas for the prevention of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Model, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China.,Tuberculosis Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - Aihua Zhao
- Division of Tuberculosis Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, 102629, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Tang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Model, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China.,Tuberculosis Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - Guozhi Wang
- Division of Tuberculosis Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, 102629, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Shi
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Model, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China.,Tuberculosis Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingjun Zhan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Model, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China. .,Tuberculosis Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chuan Qin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Model, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China. .,Tuberculosis Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Co-administration and Evaluation of Immune Responses of Three DNA Vaccines Encoding Immunogenic Antigens from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/archcid.79496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Li J, Zhao J, Shen J, Wu C, Liu J. Intranasal immunization with Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv3615c induces sustained adaptive CD4 + T-cell and antibody responses in the respiratory tract. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 23:596-609. [PMID: 30353641 PMCID: PMC6307849 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustained adaptive immunity to pathogens provides effective protection against infections, and effector cells located at the site of infection ensure rapid response to the challenge. Both are essential for the success of vaccine development. To explore new vaccination approach against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection, we have shown that Rv3615c, identified as ESX-1 substrate protein C of M.tb but not expressed in BCG, induced a dominant Th1-type response of CD4+ T cells from patients with tuberculosis pleurisy, which suggests a potential candidate for vaccine development. But subcutaneous immunization with Rv3615c induced modest T-cell responses systemically, and showed suboptimal protection against virulent M.tb challenge at the site of infection. Here, we use a mouse model to demonstrate that intranasal immunization with Rv3615c induces sustained capability of adaptive CD4+ T- and B-cell responses in lung parenchyma and airway. Rv3615c contains a dominant epitope of mouse CD4+ T cells, Rv3615c41-50 , and elicits CD4+ T-cell response with an effector-memory phenotype and multi-Th1-type cytokine coexpressions. Since T cells resident at mucosal tissue are potent at control of infection at early stage, our data show that intranasal immunization with Rv3615c promotes a sustained regional immunity to M.tb, and suggests a potency in control of M.tb infection. Our study warranties a further investigation of Rv3615c as a candidate for development of effective vaccination against M.tb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangping Li
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Vaccine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Shen
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changyou Wu
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Vaccine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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8
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Comparative study of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis protein profiles. JOURNAL OF SURGERY AND MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.28982/josam.417158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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9
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv3615c is a highly immunodominant antigen and specifically induces potent Th1-type immune responses in tuberculosis pleurisy. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:1859-1876. [PMID: 28588103 DOI: 10.1042/cs20170205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
T-cell responses have been demonstrated to be essential for preventing Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. The Th1-cytokines produced by T cells, such as INF-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α, not only limit the invasion of M. tuberculosis but also eliminate the pathogen at the site of infection. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is known to induce Th1-type responses but the protection is inadequate. Identification of immunogenic components, in addition to those expressed in BCG, and induction of a broad spectrum of Th1-type responses provide options for generating sufficient adaptive immunity. Here, we studied human pulmonary T-cell responses induced by the M. tuberculosis-specific antigen Rv3615c, a protein with a similar size and sequence homology to ESAT-6 and CFP-10, which induced dominant CD4+ T-cell responses in human tuberculosis (TB) models. We characterized T-cell responses including cytokine profiling, kinetics of activation, expansion, differentiation, TCR usage, and signaling of activation induced by Rv3615c compared with other M. tuberculosis-specific antigens. The expanded CD4+ T cells induced by Rv3615c predominately produced Th1, but less Th2 and Th17, cytokines and displayed effector/memory phenotypes (CD45RO+CD27-CD127-CCR7-). The magnitude of expansion and cytokine production was comparable to those induced by well-characterized the 6 kDa early secreted antigenic target (ESAT-6), the 10 kDa culture filtrate protein (CFP-10) and BCG. Rv3615c contained multiple epitopes Rv3615c1-15, Rv3615c6-20, Rv3615c66-80, Rv3615c71-85 and Rv3615c76-90 that activated CD4+ T cells. The Rv3615c-specific CD4+ T cells shared biased of T-cell receptor variable region of β chain (TCR Vβ) 1, 2, 4, 5.1, 7.1, 7.2 and/or 22 chains to promote their differentiation and proliferation respectively, by triggering a signaling cascade. Our data suggest that Rv3615c is a major target of Th1-type responses and can be a highly immunodominant antigen specific for M. tuberculosis infection.
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10
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Reasons for optimism in the search for new vaccines for tuberculosis. Epidemiol Infect 2017; 145:1750-1756. [PMID: 28414012 DOI: 10.1017/s095026881700067x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the development of vaccines for tuberculosis (TB), the combination of the will, funding, scientific rigor, new tools, refined animal models and improved clinical trial designs are all converging at an opportune moment. The lack of optimism that has surrounded the likelihood for finding novel TB vaccines has resulted from a lack of correlates of vaccine-induced protection, a lack of tool candidate vaccines to probe the immunologic space, which may be needed, and the negative result of one recent trial. A vaccine for TB that can be delivered at a reasonable cost to the marketplace will have greater impact on the incidence of new cases of TB than any intervention in world history. Now is the time to increase resources, both financial and human intellectual capacity, for a global tuberculosis vaccine effort.
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11
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Dong H, Jing W, Yingru X, Wenyang W, Ru C, Shengfa N, Congjing X, Jingjing D, Wan W, Jiang H, Rongbo Z. Enhanced anti-tuberculosis immunity by a TAT-Ag85B protein vaccine in a murine tuberculosis model. Pathog Glob Health 2016; 109:363-8. [PMID: 26924346 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2015.1111658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of more effective anti-tuberculosis vaccines would contribute to the control of the global problem of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Recently, increasing evidences showed that HIV-Tat protein transduction domain is implicated in promotion of vaccines by inducing cellular immuno-response. However, it is rare known about the role of TAT in vaccines against MTB. METHODS In this study, we expressed recombinant protein-fused Ag85B with TAT (TAT-Ag85B) which was used as a vaccine to inoculate mice infected with MTB. RESULTS As s result, both IgG2a in serum and IFN-γ or TNFα produced by spleen cells were all increased significantly in the mice inoculated by TAT-Ag85B. Furthermore, consistently, TAT-Ag85B inoculation significantly reduced MTB loads both in lung and spleen. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that a novel protein vaccine of TAT-Ag85B enhances immune response both in humoral and cellular immunity, and contributes to protective efficacy against MTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Dong
- 1 Department of Medical Immunology, Medical School, Anhui University of Science and Technology , Huainan, China
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12
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Buteme HK, Axelsson-Robertson R, Benson L, Joloba ML, Boom WH, Kallenius G, Maeurer M. Human leukocyte antigen class 1 genotype distribution and analysis in persons with active tuberculosis and household contacts from Central Uganda. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:504. [PMID: 27659198 PMCID: PMC5034515 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1833-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To determine the distribution of Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I genotypes in a Ugandan population of persons with tuberculosis (TB) and establish the relationship between class I HLA types and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) disease. Methods Blood samples were drawn from HIV negative individuals with active TB and HIV negative household controls. DNA was extracted from blood samples and HLA typed by the polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primer method. The allelic frequencies were determined by direct count. Results HLA-A*02, B*15, C*07, C*03, B*58, C*04, A*01, A*74, C*02 and A*30 were the dominant genotypes in this Ugandan cohort. There were differences in the distribution of HLA types between the individuals with active TB and the household controls with only HLA-A*03 allele showing a statistically significant difference (p = 0.017 crude; OR = 6.29 and p = 0.016; OR = 11.67 after adjustment for age). However, after applying the Benjamini and Hochberg adjustment for multiple comparisons the difference was no longer statistically significant (p = 0.374 and p = 0.176 respectively). Conclusions We identified a number of HLA class I alleles in a population from Central Uganda which will enable us to carry out a functional characterization of CD8+ T-cell mediated immune responses to MTB. Our results do not show a positive association between the HLA class I alleles and TB in this Ugandan population however the study sample was too small to draw any firm conclusions about the role of HLA class I alleles and TB development in Uganda. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1833-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen K Buteme
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda. .,Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institute, Södersjukhuset, SE-118 83, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Rebecca Axelsson-Robertson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Nobels vag 16, KI Solna Campus Karolinska Institute, Box 280, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lina Benson
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institute, Södersjukhuset, SE-118 83, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Moses L Joloba
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - W Henry Boom
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals' Case Medical Center, 10900 Euclid Avenue, BRB 1031, Cleveland, OH, 44106-4984, USA
| | - Gunilla Kallenius
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institute, Södersjukhuset, SE-118 83, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Maeurer
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Nobels vag 16, KI Solna Campus Karolinska Institute, Box 280, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Liu SD, Su J, Zhang SM, Dong HP, Wang H, Luo W, Wen Q, He JC, Yang XF, Ma L. Identification of HLA-A*11:01-restricted Mycobacterium tuberculosis CD8(+) T cell epitopes. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 20:1718-28. [PMID: 27072810 PMCID: PMC4988290 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
New vaccines are needed to combat Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infections. The currently employed Bacillus Calmette‐Guérin vaccine is becoming ineffective, due in part to the emergence of multidrug‐resistant tuberculosis (MDR‐TB) strains and the reduced immune capacity in cases of HIV coinfection. CD8+ T cells play an important role in the protective immunity against MTB infections, and the identification of immunogenic CD8+ T cell epitopes specific for MTB is essential for the design of peptide‐based vaccines. To identify CD8+ T cell epitopes of MTB proteins, we screened a set of 94 MTB antigens for HLA class I A*11:01‐binding motifs. HLA‐A*11:01 is one of the most prevalent HLA molecules in Southeast Asians, and definition of T cell epitopes it can restrict would provide significant coverage for the Asian population. Peptides that bound with high affinity to purified HLA molecules were subsequently evaluated in functional assays to detect interferon‐γ release and CD8+ T cell proliferation in active pulmonary TB patients. We identified six novel epitopes, each derived from a unique MTB antigen, which were recognized by CD8+ T cells from active pulmonary TB patients. In addition, a significant level of epitope‐specific T cells could be detected ex vivo in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from active TB patients by an HLA‐A*11:01 dextramer carrying the peptide Rv3130c194‐204 (from the MTB triacylglycerol synthase Tgs1), which was the most frequently recognized epitope in our peptide library. In conclusion, this study identified six dominant CD8+ T cell epitopes that may be considered potential targets for subunit vaccines or diagnostic strategies against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Dong Liu
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Su
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Meng Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Ping Dong
- Department of Severe Tuberculosis Medicine, Guangzhou Chest Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Wen
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Chun He
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Yang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Ma
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Current perspective in tuberculosis vaccine development for high TB endemic regions. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 98:149-58. [PMID: 27156631 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a global epidemic, despite of the availability of Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccine for more than six decades. In an effort to eradicate TB, vaccinologist around the world have made considerable efforts to develop improved vaccine candidates, based on the understanding of BCG failure in developing world and immune response thought to be protective against TB. The present review represents a current perspective on TB vaccination research, including additional research strategies needed for increasing the efficacy of BCG, and for the development of new effective vaccines for high TB endemic regions.
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15
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Son SJ, Harris PWR, Squire CJ, Baker EN, Brimble MA. Synthesis and structural insight into ESX-1 Substrate Protein C, an immunodominant Mycobacterium tuberculosis-secreted antigen. Biopolymers 2016; 106:267-74. [PMID: 26999334 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis, the second leading cause of death from a single infectious agent, is recognized as a major threat to human health due to a lack of practicable vaccines against the disease and the widespread occurrence of drug resistance. With a pressing need for a novel protein target as a platform for new vaccine development, ESX-1 Substrate Protein C (EspC) was recently identified as a novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis-secreted antigen that is as immunodominant as the two specific immunodiagnostic T-cell antigens, CFP-10 and ESAT-6. Here, we present the first chemical total synthesis, folding conditions, and circular dichroism data of EspC. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 106: 267-274, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Jung Son
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, 3a Symonds Street, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Paul W R Harris
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, 3a Symonds Street, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand.,School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, 3a Symonds Street, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Chris J Squire
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, 3a Symonds Street, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, 3a Symonds Street, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Edward N Baker
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, 3a Symonds Street, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, 3a Symonds Street, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, 3a Symonds Street, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand.,School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, 3a Symonds Street, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
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16
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Evans TG, Schrager L, Thole J. Status of vaccine research and development of vaccines for tuberculosis. Vaccine 2016; 34:2911-2914. [PMID: 26973073 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.02.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
TB is now the single pathogen that causes the greatest mortality in the world, at over 1.6 million deaths each year. The widely used the 90 year old BCG vaccine appears to have minimal impact on the worldwide incidence despite some efficacy in infants. Novel vaccine development has accelerated in the past 15 years, with 15 candidates entering human trials; two vaccines are now in large-scale efficacy studies. Modeling by three groups has consistently shown that mass vaccination that includes activity in the latently infected population, especially adolescents and young adults, will likely have the largest impact on new disease transmission. At present the field requires better validated animal models, better understanding of a correlate of immunity, new cost-effective approaches to Proof of Concept trials, and increased appreciation by the public health and scientific community for the size of the problem and the need for a vaccine. Such a vaccine is likely to also play a role in the era of increasing antibiotic resistance. Ongoing efforts and studies are working to implement these needs over the next 5 years, which will lead to an understanding that will increase the likelihood of a successful TB vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Evans
- Aeras, 1405 Research Blvd, Rockville, MD 20850, United States.
| | - Lew Schrager
- Aeras, 1405 Research Blvd, Rockville, MD 20850, United States.
| | - Jelle Thole
- Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Lelystad, Netherlands.
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17
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Hokey DA, Wachholder R, Darrah PA, Bolton DL, Barouch DH, Hill K, Dheenadhayalan V, Schwander S, Godin CS, Douoguih M, Pau MG, Seder RA, Roederer M, Sadoff JC, Sizemore D. A nonhuman primate toxicology and immunogenicity study evaluating aerosol delivery of AERAS-402/Ad35 vaccine: Evidence for transient t cell responses in peripheral blood and robust sustained responses in the lungs. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:2199-210. [PMID: 25424923 DOI: 10.4161/hv.29108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), the only licensed vaccine for the prevention of tuberculosis (TB), provides only limited protection against certain forms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. While infection with Mtb can be treated with antibiotics, the therapy is expensive, toxic, and requires several months for treatment. In addition, the emergence of drug resistant strains limits the impact of antibiotics and underlines the importance of developing a more effective vaccine to control this disease. Given that pulmonary TB is the most common form of the disease, a vaccine capable of inducing lung-resident immunity may be advantageous for combating this infection. New advances in pulmonary delivery make this route of vaccination feasible and affordable. Here, we evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of an aerosolized Ad35-based vaccine, AERAS-402, delivered to the lungs in nonhuman primates as part of a GLP acute and chronic toxicology and safety study. In this study, animals received three high doses (1 x 10(11) vp) of AERAS-402 by inhalation via a nebulizer at 1-week intervals. Aerosol delivery of AERAS-402 resulted in an increase in relative lung weights as well as microscopic findings in the lungs, mediastinal lymph nodes, bronchus-associated lymphatic tissue, and the naso-oropharynx that were consistent with the induction of an immune response during the acute phase. These findings resolved by the chronic phase and were considered to be non-adverse. Furthermore, we observed transient vaccine-specific immune responses in the peripheral blood as well as sustained high-level polyfunctional CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of vaccinated nonhuman primates. The data suggest that pulmonary delivery of Ad35-based vaccines can be safe and can induce potent lung-resident immunity.
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18
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Evans TG, Brennan MJ, Barker L, Thole J. Preventive vaccines for tuberculosis. Vaccine 2014; 31 Suppl 2:B223-6. [PMID: 23598486 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.11.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
There are nearly ten million new cases and 1.4 million deaths from tuberculosis (TB) each year, and the 90-year old bacille calmette-guérin (BCG) vaccine in widespread use appears to have minimal impact on the worldwide incidence, despite demonstrating reasonable efficacy against complications of infant TB and death. Novel vaccine development has accelerated in the past ten years, with at least 16 candidates entering human trials, and a few vaccines have entered into Phase 2b efficacy studies. However, different vaccines may be needed due to the varying disease states (naïve, latently infected, or active), the ages affected (infants, adolescents and young adults, the elderly), and patient health status (HIV and immunocompromised patients especially). Modeling has shown that mass vaccination of latently infected populations, especially adolescents and young adults, will likely have the largest impact on new infection rates. At present, research and development of TB vaccines is hampered by the lack of validated animal models, the absence of correlates of immunity and a human challenge model, as well as by the size and cost of Proof-of-Concept clinical trials. Nonetheless, ongoing research and clinical studies should remove many of these barriers over the next five years, and lead to an increased understanding of the pathogenicity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and what may constitute protective immunity during various stages of infection and disease.
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Tu HAT, Vu HD, Rozenbaum MH, Woerdenbag HJ, Postma MJ. A review of the literature on the economics of vaccination against TB. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 11:303-17. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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21
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Abstract
Tuberculosis continues to persist despite widespread use of BCG, the only licensed vaccine to prevent TB. BCG's limited efficacy coupled with the emergence of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis emphasizes the need for a more effective vaccine for combatting this disease. However, the development of a TB vaccine is hindered by the lack of immune correlates, suboptimal animal models, and limited funding. An adolescent/adult vaccine would have the greatest public health impact, but effective delivery of such a vaccine will require a better understanding of global TB epidemiology, improved infrastructure, and engagement of public health leaders and global manufacturers. Here we discuss the current state of tuberculosis vaccine research and development, including our understanding of the underlying immunology as well as the challenges and opportunities that may hinder or facilitate the development of a new and efficacious vaccine.
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22
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El Daker S, Sacchi A, Montesano C, Altieri AM, Galluccio G, Colizzi V, Martini F, Martino A. An abnormal phenotype of lung Vγ9Vδ2 T cells impairs their responsiveness in tuberculosis patients. Cell Immunol 2013; 282:106-12. [PMID: 23770719 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Antigen-specific γδ T cells represent an early innate defense known to play an important role in anti-mycobacterial immunity. We have investigated the immune functions of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells from Broncho-Alveolar lavages (BAC) samples of active TB patients. We observed that BAC Vγ9Vδ2 T cells presented a strong down-modulation of CD3 expression compared with Vγ9Vδ2 T cells from peripheral blood. Furthermore, Vγ9Vδ2 T cells mainly showed a central memory phenotype, expressed high levels of NK inhibitory receptors and TEMRA cells showed low expression of CD16 compared to circulating Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Interestingly, the ability of BAC Vγ9Vδ2 T cells to respond to antigen stimulation was dramatically reduced, differently from blood counterpart. These observations indicate that γδ T cell functions are specifically impaired in situ by active TB, suggesting that the alveolar ambient during tuberculosis may affect resident γδ T cells in comparison to circulating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sary El Daker
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome, Italy.
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Differentially imprinted innate immunity by mucosal boost vaccination determines antituberculosis immune protective outcomes, independent of T-cell immunity. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6:612-25. [PMID: 23131783 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Homologous and heterologous parenteral prime-mucosal boost immunizations have shown great promise in combating mucosal infections such as tuberculosis and AIDS. However, their immune mechanisms remain poorly defined. In particular, it is still unclear whether T-cell and innate immunity may be independently affected by these immunization modalities and how it impacts immune protective outcome. Using two virus-based tuberculosis vaccines (adenovirus (Ad) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) vectors), we found that while both homologous (Ad/Ad) and heterologous (Ad/VSV) respiratory mucosal boost immunizations elicited similar T-cell responses in the lung, they led to drastically different immune protective outcomes. Compared with Ad-based boosting, VSV-based boosting resulted in poorly enhanced protection against tuberculosis. Such inferior protection was associated with differentially imprinted innate phagocytes, particularly the CD11c(+)CD11b(+/-) cells, in the lung. We identified heightened type 1 interferon (IFN) responses to be the triggering mechanism. Thus, increased IFN-β severely blunted interleukin-12 responses in infected phagocytes, which in turn impaired their nitric oxide production and antimycobacterial activities. Our study reveals that vaccine vectors may differentially imprint innate cells at the mucosal site of immunization, which can impact immune-protective outcome, independent of T-cell immunity, and it is of importance to determine both T-cell and innate cell immunity in vaccine studies.
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Lienhardt C, Fruth U, Greco M. The blueprint for vaccine research & development: walking the path for better TB vaccines. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2012; 92 Suppl 1:S33-5. [PMID: 22441158 DOI: 10.1016/s1472-9792(12)70011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Much progress has been made in TB vaccine research over the past ten years, and a series of new live genetically altered mycobacterial vaccines, viral-vectored vaccines and sub-unit vaccines composed of recombinant antigens are presently in clinical development phases. A series of challenges remain, however, to be addressed in order to develop new and better candidate TB vaccines, especially an expansion of our knowledge of what constitutes protective immunity in TB, the identification of the most suitable vaccination strategies, the capacity and infrastructure to conduct large-scale trials in endemic countries, the investment in vaccine manufacturing capacity, and the development of effective regulatory pathways that shorten review timelines. In this brief paper, we review how the Vaccine Blueprint places itself in the continuation and expansion of two groundbreaking initiatives taking place over the last two years, that is, an invigorated Global Plan to Stop TB 2011-2015 that gives a clear emphasis on Research and Development, and the International Roadmap for TB Research, that identifies key priorities for research on TB vaccines, spanning from the most fundamental research aspects to the more field-based epidemiological aspects.
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25
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Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a novel recombinant BCG strain overexpressing antigens Ag85A and Ag85B. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:563838. [PMID: 22570667 PMCID: PMC3337592 DOI: 10.1155/2012/563838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (rBCG) strain is the promising vaccine candidate for tuberculosis (TB) prevention, which aims at providing more enduring and enhanced protection than the parental BCG vaccine. In this study, three rBCG strains overexpressing immunodominant antigens Ag85B (rBCG::85B), Ag85A (rBCG::85A), or both (rBCG::AB) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were constructed, respectively. rBCG strains showed higher level of overexpression of Ag85A and/or Ag85B proteins than BCG containing empty vector pMV261(rBCG::261), which had low levels of endogenous expression of both proteins as expected. rBCG::AB strain could provide the strongest short-term and long-term protection in the lung against intravenous infection with virulent M. tuberculosis than rBCG::261 control and other two rBCG strains overexpressing single antigen. The stronger and longer-lasting protection provided by rBCG::AB than rBCG::261 was correlated with systemic in vitro antigen-specific IFN-γ responses. Therefore, our results indicate that rBCG::AB could be a very promising TB vaccine candidate and should be further evaluated for the preclinical test.
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26
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Mortaz E, Varahram M, Farnia P, Bahadori M, Masjedi MR. New Aspects in Immunopathology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.5402/2012/963879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of tuberculosis (TB) pathology and immunology has become extensively deeper and more refined since the identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) as the etiologic agent of disease by Dr. Robert Koch in 1882. A great challenge in chronic disease is to understand the complexities, mechanisms, and consequences of host interactions with pathogens. TB, caused by MTB, is a major health problem in world, with 10 million new cases diagnosed each year. Innate immunity is shown playing an important role in the host defense against the MTB, and the first step in this process is recognition of MTB by cells of the innate immune system. Several classes of pattern recognition receptors (PPRs) are involved in the recognition of MTB, including toll-like receptors (TLRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), and nod-like receptors (NLRs). Among the TLR family, TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 and their down streams, proteins play the most prominent roles in the initiation of the immune response against MTB. Beside of TLRs signaling, recently the activation of inflammasome pathway in the pathogenesis of TB much appreciated. Knowledge about these signaling pathways is crucial for understanding the pathophysiology of TB, on one hand, and for the development of novel strategies of vaccination and treatment such as immunotherapy on the other. Given the critical role of TLRs/inflammasome signaling in innate immunity and initiation of the appropriate adaptive response, the regulation of these pathways is likely to be an important determinant of the clinical outcome of MTB infection. In this review paper we focused on the immune response, which is the recognition of MTB by inflammatory innate immune cells following infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Mortaz
- Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Division of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M. Varahram
- Mycobacteriology Research Centre, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - P. Farnia
- Mycobacteriology Research Centre, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - M. Bahadori
- Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - MR Masjedi
- Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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27
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Brennan MJ, Clagett B, Fitzgerald H, Chen V, Williams A, Izzo AA, Barker LF. Preclinical evidence for implementing a prime-boost vaccine strategy for tuberculosis. Vaccine 2012; 30:2811-23. [PMID: 22387630 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this review, published peer-reviewed preclinical studies using prime-boost tuberculosis (TB) vaccine regimens in animal challenge models for tuberculosis have been evaluated. These studies have been divided into groups that describe prime-boost vaccine combinations that performed better than, equivalent to, or worse than the currently used BCG vaccine. Review of the data has revealed interesting findings, including that more than half of the published studies using BCG as a prime combined with a novel boost vaccine give better efficacy than BCG alone and that the greatest reduction in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb.) colonization of animal tissues is provided by viral vectored vaccines delivered intranasally. Careful evaluation of these data should assist in defining the value of prime-boost regimens for advancement into human TB vaccine trials and stimulate the development of criteria for choosing which vaccine candidates should be studied further.
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28
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Luo Y, Jiang W, Da Z, Wang B, Hu L, Zhang Y, An R, Yu H, Sun H, Tang K, Tang Z, Wang Y, Jing T, Zhu B. Subunit Vaccine Candidate AMM Down-Regulated the Regulatory T Cells and Enhanced the Protective Immunity of BCG on a Suitable Schedule. Scand J Immunol 2012; 75:293-300. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02666.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Barker LF, Leadman AE, Clagett B. The challenges of developing new tuberculosis vaccines. Health Aff (Millwood) 2011; 30:1073-9. [PMID: 21653959 DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization estimates that tuberculosis is causing nearly two million deaths annually, mostly in developing countries. Widespread administration of the current tuberculosis vaccine to newborns is not a reliable route for preventing the disease in adults, the population that drives the epidemic. Several new vaccine candidates are in development, and a few have entered clinical trials. However, the field faces formidable scientific and policy challenges. A collaborative approach to solving scientific, policy, and resource obstacles--as well as new partnerships among emerging economies and vaccine development organizations--will be critical to developing a new tuberculosis vaccine that could achieve its public health potential to save lives and reduce the burden of disease.
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30
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Yin Y, Li H, Wu S, Dong D, Zhang J, Fu L, Xu J, Chen W. Hepatitis B virus core particles displaying Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen ESAT-6 enhance ESAT-6-specific immune responses. Vaccine 2011; 29:5645-51. [PMID: 21689705 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Early secreted antigenic target-6 (ESAT-6), an important Mycobacterium tuberculosis T-cell antigen, is an attractive candidate antigen for tuberculosis subunit vaccine development. Because ESAT-6 has a low inherent immunogenicity, we used Hepatitis B virus core (HBc) protein as an immune carrier to enhance ESAT-6 immunogenicity. The ESAT-6 gene was inserted into the major immunodominant region of the HBc molecule by fusion PCR. The recombinant protein, HBc-ESAT-6 (HE6), was expressed in Escherichia coli, and electron microscopy confirmed the formation of virus-like particles. The immunogenicity of the chimeric particles was assessed in mice. Serological assays and in vitro Th1-biased cytokine assays found that immunization with HE6 particles elicited significantly higher ESAT-6-specific antibodies and CD4⁺/CD8⁺ T cell responses in mice compared to immunization with recombinant ESAT-6 protein. These data demonstrate the feasibility of HBc particles serving as an efficient immune carrier for ESAT-6 and suggest that HE6 has potential for use in a tuberculosis subunit vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dongdajie, Fengtai, Beijing 100071, China
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31
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Bold TD, Banaei N, Wolf AJ, Ernst JD. Suboptimal activation of antigen-specific CD4+ effector cells enables persistence of M. tuberculosis in vivo. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002063. [PMID: 21637811 PMCID: PMC3102708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptive immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis controls progressive bacterial growth and disease but does not eradicate infection. Among CD4+ T cells in the lungs of M. tuberculosis-infected mice, we observed that few produced IFN-γ without ex vivo restimulation. Therefore, we hypothesized that one mechanism whereby M. tuberculosis avoids elimination is by limiting activation of CD4+ effector T cells at the site of infection in the lungs. To test this hypothesis, we adoptively transferred Th1-polarized CD4+ effector T cells specific for M. tuberculosis Ag85B peptide 25 (P25TCRTh1 cells), which trafficked to the lungs of infected mice and exhibited antigen-dependent IFN-γ production. During the early phase of infection, ∼10% of P25TCRTh1 cells produced IFN-γ in vivo; this declined to <1% as infection progressed to chronic phase. Bacterial downregulation of fbpB (encoding Ag85B) contributed to the decrease in effector T cell activation in the lungs, as a strain of M. tuberculosis engineered to express fbpB in the chronic phase stimulated P25TCRTh1 effector cells at higher frequencies in vivo, and this resulted in CD4+ T cell-dependent reduction of lung bacterial burdens and prolonged survival of mice. Administration of synthetic peptide 25 alone also increased activation of endogenous antigen-specific effector cells and reduced the bacterial burden in the lungs without apparent host toxicity. These results indicate that CD4+ effector T cells are activated at suboptimal frequencies in tuberculosis, and that increasing effector T cell activation in the lungs by providing one or more epitope peptides may be a successful strategy for TB therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler D. Bold
- Department of Pathology, New York University
School of Medicine, New York City, New York, United States of
America
| | - Niaz Banaei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of
Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, New York,
United States of America
| | - Andrea J. Wolf
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of
Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, New York,
United States of America
| | - Joel D. Ernst
- Department of Pathology, New York University
School of Medicine, New York City, New York, United States of
America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of
Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, New York,
United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, New York
University School of Medicine, New York City, New York, United States of
America
- * E-mail:
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32
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Tebianian M, Hoseini AZ, Ebrahimi SM, Memarnejadian A, Mokarram AR, Mahdavi M, Sohrabi N, Taghizadeh M. Cloning, expression, and immunogenicity of novel fusion protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis based on ESAT-6 and truncated C-terminal fragment of HSP70. Biologicals 2011; 39:143-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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The M. tuberculosis phosphate-binding lipoproteins PstS1 and PstS3 induce Th1 and Th17 responses that are not associated with protection against M. tuberculosis infection. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2011:690328. [PMID: 21603219 PMCID: PMC3095447 DOI: 10.1155/2011/690328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The M. tuberculosis phosphate-binding transporter lipoproteins PstS1 and PstS3 were good immunogens inducing CD8+ T-cell activation and both Th1 and Th17 immunity in mice. However, this antigen-specific immunity, even when amplified by administration of the protein with the adjuvant LTK63 or by the DNA priming/protein boosting regimen, was not able to contain M. tuberculosis replication in the lungs of infected mice. The lack of protection might be ascribed with the scarce/absent capacity of PstS1/PstS3 antigens to modulate the IFN-γ response elicited by M. tuberculosis infection during which, however, PstS1-specific IL-17 secreting cells were generated in both unvaccinated and BCG-vaccinated mice. In spite of a lack of protection by PstS1/PstS3 immunizations, our results do show that PstS1 is able to induce IL-17 response upon M. tuberculosis infection which is of interest in the study of anti-M. tuberculosis immunity and as potential immunomodulator in combined vaccines.
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34
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Rv3615c is a highly immunodominant RD1 (Region of Difference 1)-dependent secreted antigen specific for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:5730-5. [PMID: 21427227 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1015153108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The 6-kDa early secretory antigenic target of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (ESAT-6) and the 10-kDa culture filtrate antigen (CFP-10), encoded in region of difference 1 (RD1) and secreted by the ESAT-6 system 1 (Esx-1) secretion system, are the most immunodominant and highly M. tuberculosis (MTB)-specific antigens. These attributes are responsible for their primary importance in tuberculosis (TB) immunodiagnosis and vaccine development. Rv3615c [Esx-1 substrate protein C (EspC)], encoded outside RD1, is similar in size and sequence homology to CFP-10 and ESAT-6, suggesting it might be a target of cellular immunity in TB. Using ex vivo enzyme-linked immunospot- and flow cytometry-based cytokine-secretion assay, we comprehensively assessed cellular immune responses to EspC in patients with active TB, latently infected persons, and uninfected bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-vaccinated controls. EspC was at least as immunodominant as ESAT-6 and CFP-10 in both active and latent TB infection. EspC contained broadly recognized CD4(+) and CD8(+) epitopes, inducing a predominantly CD4(+) T-cell response that comprised functional T-cell subsets secreting both IFN-γ and IL-2 as well as functional T-cell subsets secreting only IFN-γ. Surprisingly, T-cell responses to EspC were as highly specific (93%) for MTB infection as responses to ESAT-6 and CFP-10, with only 2 of 27 BCG-vaccinated controls responding to each antigen. Using quantitative proteomics and metabolically labeled mutant and genetically complemented MTB strains, we identified the mechanism of the specificity of anti-EspC immunity as the Esx-1 dependence of EspC secretion. The high immunodominance of EspC, equivalent to that of ESAT-6 and CFP-10, makes it a TB vaccine candidate, and its high specificity confers strong potential for T-cell-based immunodiagnosis.
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Exogenous control of the expression of Group I CD1 molecules competent for presentation of microbial nonpeptide antigens to human T lymphocytes. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2011:790460. [PMID: 21603161 PMCID: PMC3095450 DOI: 10.1155/2011/790460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Group I CD1 (CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c) glycoproteins expressed on immature and mature dendritic cells present nonpeptide antigens (i.e., lipid or glycolipid molecules mainly of microbial origin) to T cells. Cytotoxic CD1-restricted T lymphocytes recognizing mycobacterial lipid antigens were found in tuberculosis patients. However, thanks to a complex interplay between mycobacteria and CD1 system, M. tuberculosis possesses a successful tactic based, at least in part, on CD1 downregulation to evade CD1-dependent immunity. On the ground of these findings, it is reasonable to hypothesize that modulation of CD1 protein expression by chemical, biological, or infectious agents could influence host's immune reactivity against M. tuberculosis-associated lipids, possibly affecting antitubercular resistance. This scenario prompted us to perform a detailed analysis of the literature concerning the effect of external agents on Group I CD1 expression in order to obtain valuable information on the possible strategies to be adopted for driving properly CD1-dependent immune functions in human pathology and in particular, in human tuberculosis.
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Festjens N, Bogaert P, Batni A, Houthuys E, Plets E, Vanderschaeghe D, Laukens B, Asselbergh B, Parthoens E, De Rycke R, Willart MA, Jacques P, Elewaut D, Brouckaert P, Lambrecht BN, Huygen K, Callewaert N. Disruption of the SapM locus in Mycobacterium bovis BCG improves its protective efficacy as a vaccine against M. tuberculosis. EMBO Mol Med 2011; 3:222-34. [PMID: 21328541 PMCID: PMC3377067 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201000125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) provides only limited protection against pulmonary tuberculosis. We tested the hypothesis that BCG might have retained immunomodulatory properties from its pathogenic parent that limit its protective immunogenicity. Mutation of the molecules involved in immunomodulation might then improve its vaccine potential. We studied the vaccine potential of BCG mutants deficient in the secreted acid phosphatase, SapM, or in the capping of the immunomodulatory ManLAM cell wall component with α-1,2-oligomannoside. Both systemic and intratracheal challenge of mice with Mycobacterium tuberculosis following vaccination showed that the SapM mutant, compared to the parental BCG vaccine, provided better protection: it led to longer-term survival. Persistence of the SapM-mutated BCG in vivo resembled that of the parental BCG indicating that this mutation will likely not compromise the safety of the BCG vaccine. The SapM mutant BCG vaccine was more effective than the parental vaccine in inducing recruitment and activation of CD11c(+) MHC-II(int) CD40(int) dendritic cells (DCs) to the draining lymph nodes. Thus, SapM acts by inhibiting recruitment of DCs and their activation at the site of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Festjens
- Unit for Medical Biotechnology, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, Ghent, Belgium.
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Hinchey J, Jeon BY, Alley H, Chen B, Goldberg M, Derrick S, Morris S, Jacobs WR, Porcelli SA, Lee S. Lysine auxotrophy combined with deletion of the SecA2 gene results in a safe and highly immunogenic candidate live attenuated vaccine for tuberculosis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e15857. [PMID: 21264335 PMCID: PMC3018466 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a major global health problem, despite the widespread use of the M. bovis Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine and the availability of drug therapies. In recent years, the high incidence of coinfection of M. tuberculosis and HIV, as well as escalating problems associated with drug resistance, has raised ominous concerns with regard to TB control. Vaccination with BCG has not proven highly effective in controlling TB, and also has been associated with increasing concerns about the potential for the vaccine to cause disseminated mycobacterial infection in HIV infected hosts. Thus, the development of an efficacious and safe TB vaccine is generally viewed as a critical to achieving control of the ongoing global TB pandemic. In the current study, we have analyzed the vaccine efficacy of an attenuated M. tuberculosis strain that combines a mutation that enhances T cell priming (ΔsecA2) with a strongly attenuating lysine auxotrophy mutation (ΔlysA). The ΔsecA2 mutant was previously shown to be defective in the inhibition of apoptosis and markedly increased priming of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in vivo. Similarly, the ΔsecA2ΔlysA strain retained enhanced apoptosis and augmented CD8+ T cell stimulatory effects, but with a noticeably improved safety profile in immunosuppressed mice. Thus, the M. tuberculosis ΔsecA2ΔlysA mutant represents a live attenuated TB vaccine strain with the potential to deliver increased protection and safety compared to standard BCG vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Hinchey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Bo Y. Jeon
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Holly Alley
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Bing Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael Goldberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Steven Derrick
- Center for Biologics Evaluation, US Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sheldon Morris
- Center for Biologics Evaluation, US Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - William R. Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Steven A. Porcelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Sunhee Lee
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Woodworth JS, Shin D, Volman M, Nunes-Alves C, Fortune SM, Behar SM. Mycobacterium tuberculosis directs immunofocusing of CD8+ T cell responses despite vaccination. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 186:1627-37. [PMID: 21178003 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines that elicit T cell responses try to mimic protective memory T cell immunity after infection by increasing the frequency of Ag-specific T cells in the immune repertoire. However, the factors that determine immunodominance during infection and after vaccination and the relation between immunodominance and protection are incompletely understood. We previously identified TB10.4(20-28) as an immunodominant epitope recognized by H2-K(d)-restricted CD8(+) T cells after M. tuberculosis infection. Here we report a second epitope, EspA(150-158), that is recognized by a substantial number of pulmonary CD8(+) T cells. The relative abundance of these T cells in the naive repertoire only partially predicts their relative frequency after M. tuberculosis infection. Furthermore, although vaccination with recombinant vaccinia virus expressing these epitopes changes their relative immunodominance in the preinfection T cell repertoire, this change is transient after challenge with M. tuberculosis. We speculate that factors intrinsic to the chronic nature of M. tuberculosis infection establishes the hierarchy of immunodominance and may explain the failure of some vaccines to provide protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Woodworth
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Beaulieu AM, Rath P, Imhof M, Siddall ME, Roberts J, Schnappinger D, Nathan CF. Genome-wide screen for Mycobacterium tuberculosis genes that regulate host immunity. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15120. [PMID: 21170273 PMCID: PMC3000826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of its highly immunogenic properties, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) establishes persistent infection in otherwise healthy individuals, making it one of the most widespread and deadly human pathogens. Mtb's prolonged survival may reflect production of microbial factors that prevent even more vigorous immunity (quantitative effect) or that divert the immune response to a non-sterilizing mode (qualitative effect). Disruption of Mtb genes has produced a list of several dozen candidate immunomodulatory factors. Here we used robotic fluorescence microscopy to screen 10,100 loss-of-function transposon mutants of Mtb for their impact on the expression of promoter-reporter constructs for 12 host immune response genes in a mouse macrophage cell line. The screen identified 364 candidate immunoregulatory genes. To illustrate the utility of the candidate list, we confirmed the impact of 35 Mtb mutant strains on expression of endogenous immune response genes in primary macrophages. Detailed analysis focused on a strain of Mtb in which a transposon disrupts Rv0431, a gene encoding a conserved protein of unknown function. This mutant elicited much more macrophage TNFα, IL-12p40 and IL-6 in vitro than wild type Mtb, and was attenuated in the mouse. The mutant list provides a platform for exploring the immunobiology of tuberculosis, for example, by combining immunoregulatory mutations in a candidate vaccine strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee M. Beaulieu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Poonam Rath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Marianne Imhof
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mark E. Siddall
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Julia Roberts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Dirk Schnappinger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Carl F. Nathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Schwander S, Dheda K. Human lung immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis: insights into pathogenesis and protection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 183:696-707. [PMID: 21075901 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201006-0963pp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of human pulmonary immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) provides a unique window into the biological interactions between the human host and M.tb within the broncho-alveolar microenvironment, the site of natural infection. Studies of bronchoalveolar cells (BACs) and lung tissue evaluate innate, adaptive, and regulatory immune mechanisms that collectively contribute to immunological protection or its failure. In aerogenically M.tb-exposed healthy persons lung immune responses reflect early host pathogen interactions that may contribute to sterilization, the development of latent M.tb infection, or progression to active disease. Studies in these persons may allow the identification of biomarkers of protective immunity before the initiation of inflammatory and disease-associated immunopathological changes. In healthy close contacts of patients with tuberculosis (TB) and during active pulmonary TB, immune responses are compartmentalized to the lungs and characterized by an exuberant helper T-cell type 1 response, which as suggested by recent evidence is counteracted by local suppressive immune mechanisms. Here we discuss how exploring human lung immunity may provide insights into disease progression and mechanisms of failure of immunological protection at the site of the initial host-pathogen interaction. These findings may also aid in the identification of new biomarkers of protective immunity that are urgently needed for the development of new and the improvement of current TB vaccines, adjuvant immunotherapies, and diagnostic technologies. To facilitate further work in this area, methodological and procedural approaches for bronchoalveolar lavage studies and their limitations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Schwander
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, UMDNJ-School of Public Health, 683 Hoes Lane West, Room 305, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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Aerosol vaccines for tuberculosis: a fine line between protection and pathology. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2010; 91:82-5. [PMID: 21067975 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary delivery of vaccines against airborne infection is being investigated worldwide, but there is limited effort directed at developing inhaled vaccines for tuberculosis (TB). This review addresses some of the challenges confronting vaccine development for TB and attempts to link these challenges to the promises of mucosal immunity offered by pulmonary delivery. There are several approaches working toward this goal including subunit vaccines, recombinant strains, a novel vaccine strain Mycobacterium w, and DNA vaccine approaches. While it is clear that lung-resident adaptive immunity is an attainable goal, vaccine platforms must ensure that damage to the lung is limited during both vaccination and when memory cells respond to pathogenic infection.
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Nolan ST, Lamichhane G. Protective efficacy of BCG overexpressing an L,D-transpeptidase against M. tuberculosis infection. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13773. [PMID: 21048936 PMCID: PMC2966435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND M. bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), currently the only available vaccine against tuberculosis (TB), fails to adequately protect individuals from active and latent TB infection. New vaccines are desperately needed to decrease the worldwide burden of TB. METHODS AND FINDINGS We created a recombinant strain of BCG that overproduces an L,D-transpeptidase in order to alter the bacterial peptidoglycan layer and consequently increase the ability of this immunogen to protect against virulent M. tuberculosis (Mtb). We demonstrate that this novel recombinant BCG protects mice against virulent Mtb at least as well as control BCG, as measured by its ability to reduce bacterial burden in lungs and spleen, reduce lung histopathology, and prolong survival. A nutrient starved recombinant BCG preparation, while offering comparable protection, elicited a response characterized by elevated levels of select Th1 cytokines. CONCLUSIONS Recombinant BCG overexpressing a L,D-transpeptidase that is nutrient starved elicits a stronger Th1 type response and is at least as protective as parent BCG. Results from this study suggest that nutrient starvation treatment of live BCG vaccines should be further investigated as a way to increase host induction of Th-1 related cytokines in the development of experimental anti-TB vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott T. Nolan
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gyanu Lamichhane
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Surface expression of MPT64 as a fusion with the PE domain of PE_PGRS33 enhances Mycobacterium bovis BCG protective activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice. Infect Immun 2010; 78:5202-13. [PMID: 20921146 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00267-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the current vaccine against tuberculosis, a recombinant strain of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (rBCG) expressing a Mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccine candidate antigen (MPT64) in strong association with the mycobacterial cell wall was developed. To deliver the candidate antigen on the surface, we fused the mpt64 gene to the sequence encoding the PE domain of the PE_PGRS33 protein of M. tuberculosis (to create strain (H)PE-ΔMPT64-BCG), which we have previously shown to transport proteins to the bacterial surface. In a series of protection experiments in the mouse model of tuberculosis, we showed that (i) immunization of mice with (H)PE-ΔMPT64-BCG provides levels of protection significantly higher than those afforded by the parental BCG strain, as assessed by bacterial colonization in lungs and spleens and by lung involvement (at both 28 and 70 days postchallenge), (ii) rBCG strains expressing MPT64 provide better protection than the parental BCG strain only when this antigen is surface expressed, and (iii) the (H)PE-ΔMPT64-BCG-induced MPT64-specific T cell repertoire when characterized by β chain variable region-β chain joining region (BV-BJ) spectratyping indicates that protection is correlated with the ability to recruit gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-secreting T cells carrying the BV8.3-BJ1.5 (172 bp) shared rearrangement. These results demonstrate that (H)PE-ΔMPT64-BCG is one of the most effective new vaccines tested so far in the mouse model of tuberculosis and underscore the impact of antigen cellular localization on the induction of the specific immune response induced by rBCG.
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Tam PH, Lowary TL. Mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan fragments as haptens for potential anti-tuberculosis vaccines. CARBOHYDRATE CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849730891-00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pui-Hang Tam
- Alberta Ingenuity Centre for Carbohydrate Science and Department of Chemistry, The University of Alberta Gunning-Lemieux Chemistry Centre Edmonton AB, T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Todd L. Lowary
- Alberta Ingenuity Centre for Carbohydrate Science and Department of Chemistry, The University of Alberta Gunning-Lemieux Chemistry Centre Edmonton AB, T6G 2G2 Canada
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Nasal associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) contributes little to protection against aerosol challenge with Mycobacterium tuberculosis after immunisation with a recombinant adenoviral vaccine. Vaccine 2010; 28:5179-84. [PMID: 20558252 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Intra-nasal administration of a recombinant adenovirus expressing Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen 85A (Ad85A) has been shown to provide protection against challenge with M. tuberculosis. However the role of the upper respiratory tract associated lymphoid tissue, specifically the nasal associated lymphoid tissue (NALT), in providing protection has yet to be elucidated. Here we administered Ad85A to BALB/c mice alone or following BCG priming, using intranasal inocula targeting the whole respiratory tract or only the NALT, to show that Ad85A induces an immune response in the NALT insufficient to provide protection. Rather, Ad85A delivered through the respiratory tract must induce a deep lung immune response in order to protect against M. tuberculosis.
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Palma C, Vendetti S, Cassone A. Role of 4-1BB receptor in the control played by CD8(+) T cells on IFN-gamma production by Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen-specific CD4(+) T Cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11019. [PMID: 20544034 PMCID: PMC2882340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antigen-specific IFN-γ producing CD4+ T cells are the main mediators of protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection both under natural conditions and following vaccination. However these cells are responsible for lung damage and poor vaccine efficacy when not tightly controlled. Discovering new tools to control nonprotective antigen-specific IFN-γ production without affecting protective IFN-γ is a challenge in tuberculosis research. Methods and Findings Immunization with DNA encoding Ag85B, a candidate vaccine antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, elicited in mice a low but protective CD4+ T cell-mediated IFN-γ response, while in mice primed with DNA and boosted with Ag85B protein a massive increase in IFN-γ response was associated with loss of protection. Both protective and non-protective Ag85B-immunization generated antigen-specific CD8+ T cells which suppressed IFN-γ-secreting CD4+ T cells. However, ex vivo ligation of 4-1BB, a member of TNF-receptor super-family, reduced the massive, non-protective IFN-γ responses by CD4+ T cells in protein-boosted mice without affecting the low protective IFN-γ-secretion in mice immunized with DNA. This selective inhibition was due to the induction of 4-1BB exclusively on CD8+ T cells of DNA-primed and protein-boosted mice following Ag85B protein stimulation. The 4-1BB-mediated IFN-γ inhibition did not require soluble IL-10, TGF-β, XCL-1 and MIP-1β. In vivo Ag85B stimulation induced 4-1BB expression on CD8+ T cells and in vivo 4-1BB ligation reduced the activation, IFN-γ production and expansion of Ag85B-specific CD4+ T cells of DNA-primed and protein-boosted mice. Conclusion/Significance Antigen-specific suppressor CD8+ T cells are elicited through immunization with the mycobacterial antigen Ag85B. Ligation of 4-1BB receptor further enhanced their suppressive activity on IFN-γ-secreting CD4+ T cells. The selective expression of 4-1BB only on CD8+ T cells in mice developing a massive, non-protective IFN-γ response opens novel strategies for intervention in tuberculosis pathology and vaccination through T-cell co-stimulatory-based molecular targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Palma
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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47
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Jin TH, Tsao E, Goudsmit J, Dheenadhayalan V, Sadoff J. Stabilizing formulations for inhalable powders of an adenovirus 35-vectored tuberculosis (TB) vaccine (AERAS-402). Vaccine 2010; 28:4369-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an international public health priority and kills almost two million people annually. TB is out of control in Africa due to increasing poverty and HIV coinfection, and drug-resistant TB threatens to destabilize TB control efforts in several regions of the world. Existing diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions for TB are suboptimal. Thus, new vaccines, immunotherapeutic interventions and diagnostic tools are urgently required to facilitate TB control efforts. An improved understanding of the immunopathogenesis of TB can facilitate the identification of correlates of immune protection, the design of effective vaccines, the rational selection of immunotherapeutic agents, the evaluation of new drug candidates, and drive the development of new immunodiagnostic tools. Here we review the immunology of TB with a focus on aspects that are clinically and therapeutically relevant. An immunologically orientated approach to tackling TB can only succeed with concurrent efforts to alleviate poverty and reduce the global burden of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keertan Dheda
- Division of Pulmonology and Clinical Immunology & UCT Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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49
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Chaisson RE, Churchyard GJ. Recurrent tuberculosis: relapse, reinfection, and HIV. J Infect Dis 2010; 201:653-5. [PMID: 20121432 DOI: 10.1086/650531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Chaisson
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA.
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50
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The second Geneva Consensus: Recommendations for novel live TB vaccines. Vaccine 2010; 28:2259-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.12.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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