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Kyle RL, Prout M, Le Gros G, Robinson MJ. STAT6 tunes maximum T cell IL-4 production from stochastically regulated Il4 alleles. Immunol Cell Biol 2024; 102:194-211. [PMID: 38286436 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
T helper 2 (Th2) cells stochastically express from the Il4 locus but it has not been determined whether allelic expression is linked or independent. Here, we provide evidence that alleles are independently activated and inactivated. We compared Il4 locus expression in T cells from hemizygous IL-4 reporter mice in culture and in vivo following exposure to type 2 immunogens. In culture, Il4 alleles had independent, heritable expression probabilities. Modeling showed that in co-expressors, dual allele transcription occurs for only short periods, limiting per-cell mRNA variation in individual cells within a population of Th2 cells. In vivo profiles suggested that early in the immune response, IL-4 output was derived predominantly from single alleles, but co-expression became more frequent over time and were tuned by STAT6, supporting the probabilistic regulation of Il4 alleles in vivo among committed IL-4 producers. We suggest an imprinted probability of expression from individual alleles with a short transcriptional shutoff time controls the magnitude of T cell IL-4 output, but the amount produced per allele is amplified by STAT6 signaling. This form of regulation may be a relevant general mechanism governing cytokine expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L Kyle
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Melanie Prout
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Graham Le Gros
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Marcus J Robinson
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Prahran, VIC, Australia
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2
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Koenig JFE, Knudsen NPH, Phelps A, Bruton K, Hoof I, Lund G, Libera DD, Lund A, Christensen LH, Glass DR, Walker TD, Fang A, Waserman S, Jordana M, Andersen PS. Type 2-polarized memory B cells hold allergen-specific IgE memory. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadi0944. [PMID: 38324637 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adi0944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies mediate pathology in diseases such as allergic rhinitis and food allergy. Memory B cells (MBCs) contribute to circulating IgE by regenerating IgE-producing plasma cells upon allergen encounter. Here, we report a population of type 2-polarized MBCs defined as CD23hi, IL-4Rαhi, and CD32low at both the transcriptional and surface protein levels. These MBC2s are enriched in IgG1- and IgG4-expressing cells while constitutively expressing germline transcripts for IgE. Allergen-specific B cells from patients with allergic rhinitis and food allergy were enriched in MBC2s. Furthermore, MBC2s generated allergen-specific IgE during sublingual immunotherapy, thereby identifying these cells as a major reservoir for IgE. The identification of MBC2s provides insights into the maintenance of IgE memory, which is detrimental in allergic diseases but could be beneficial in protection against venoms and helminths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua F E Koenig
- Schroeder Allergy and Immunology Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | | | - Allyssa Phelps
- Schroeder Allergy and Immunology Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Kelly Bruton
- Schroeder Allergy and Immunology Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Ilka Hoof
- ALK-Abelló A/S, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | | | - Danielle Della Libera
- Schroeder Allergy and Immunology Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | | | | | - David R Glass
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Tina D Walker
- Schroeder Allergy and Immunology Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Allison Fang
- Schroeder Allergy and Immunology Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Susan Waserman
- Schroeder Allergy and Immunology Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Manel Jordana
- Schroeder Allergy and Immunology Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
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3
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Chen Q, Liu H, Luling N, Reinke J, Dent AL. Evidence that High-Affinity IgE Can Develop in the Germinal Center in the Absence of an IgG1-Switched Intermediate. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:905-915. [PMID: 36779803 PMCID: PMC10038918 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
High-affinity allergen-specific IgE is essential for the severe allergic anaphylaxis response. High-affinity Abs are formed by successive rounds of selection of Ag-specific B cells in the germinal center (GC); however, several studies have shown that IgE+ GC B cells are impaired in their ability to undergo selection in the GC. A pathway, known as the "indirect switching pathway" for IgE, has been described whereby Ag-specific B cells initially switch to the IgG1 isotype and undergo affinity selection in the GC, with a secondary switch to the IgE isotype after affinity selection. In previous work, using a food allergy model in mice, we investigated how high-affinity IgE develops in the GC, but we did not test the indirect switching model. In this study, we analyzed the importance of the indirect switching pathway by constructing IgG1-cre Bcl6-fl/fl mice. In these mice, once B cells switch to IgG1, they delete Bcl6 and thus cannot enter or persist in the GC. When we tested IgG1-cre Bcl6-fl/fl mice with our food allergy model, we found that, as expected, IgG1 Abs had decreased affinity, but unexpectedly, the affinity of IgE for allergen was unchanged. IgG1-cre Bcl6-fl/fl mice underwent anaphylaxis in response to allergen, consistent with the formation of high-affinity IgE. Thus, in a food allergy response, high-affinity IgE can be efficiently formed in the absence of indirect switching to IgG1, either by direct selection of IgE+ GC B cells or indirect selection of IgM+ GC B cells that later switch to IgE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Noelle Luling
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Julia Reinke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Alexander L Dent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
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4
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Esnault S, Jarjour NN. Development of Adaptive Immunity and Its Role in Lung Remodeling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1426:287-351. [PMID: 37464127 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-32259-4_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by airflow limitations resulting from bronchial closure, which can be either reversible or fixed due to changes in airway tissue composition and structure, also known as remodeling. Airway remodeling is defined as increased presence of mucins-producing epithelial cells, increased thickness of airway smooth muscle cells, angiogenesis, increased number and activation state of fibroblasts, and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition. Airway inflammation is believed to be the main cause of the development of airway remodeling in asthma. In this chapter, we will review the development of the adaptive immune response and the impact of its mediators and cells on the elements defining airway remodeling in asthma.
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5
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Simonin EM, Babasyan S, Wagner B. Peripheral CD23hi/IgE+ Plasmablasts Secrete IgE and Correlate with Allergic Disease Severity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 209:665-674. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Production and secretion of IgE by B cells, plasmablasts, and plasma cells is a central step in the development and maintenance of allergic diseases. IgE can bind to one of its receptors, the low-affinity IgE receptor CD23, which is expressed on activated B cells. As a result, most B cells bind IgE through CD23 on their surface. This makes the identification of IgE producing cells challenging. In this study, we report an approach to clearly identify live IgE+ plasmablasts in peripheral blood for application by both flow cytometry analysis and in vitro assay. These IgE+ plasmablasts readily secrete IgE, upregulate specific mRNA transcripts (BLIMP-1 IRF4, XBP1, CD138, and TACI), and exhibit highly differentiated morphology all consistent with plasmablast differentiation. Most notably, we compared the presence of IgE+ plasmablasts in peripheral blood of allergic and healthy individuals using a horse model of naturally occurring seasonal allergy, Culicoides hypersensitivity. The model allows the comparison of immune cells both during periods of clinical allergy and when in remission and clinically healthy. Allergic horses had significantly higher percentages of IgE+ plasmablasts and IgE secretion while experiencing clinical allergy compared with healthy horses. Allergy severity and IgE secretion were both positively correlated to the frequency of IgE+ plasmablasts in peripheral blood. These results provide strong evidence for the identification and quantification of peripheral IgE-secreting plasmablasts and provide a missing cellular link in the mechanism of IgE secretion and upregulation during allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth M. Simonin
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Susanna Babasyan
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Bettina Wagner
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
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6
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Chen Q, Xie M, Liu H, Dent AL. Development of allergen-specific IgE in a food-allergy model requires precisely timed B cell stimulation and is inhibited by Fgl2. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110990. [PMID: 35767958 PMCID: PMC9271337 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) responses are a central feature of allergic disease. Using a well-established food-allergy model in mice, we show that two sensitizations with cognate B cell antigen (Ag) and adjuvant 7 days apart promotes optimal development of IgE+ germinal center (GC) B cells and high-affinity IgE production. Intervals of 3 or 14 days between Ag sensitizations lead to loss of IgE+ GC B cells and an undetectable IgE response. The immunosuppressive factors Fgl2 and CD39 are down-regulated in T follicular helper (TFH) cells under optimal IgE-sensitization conditions. Deletion of Fgl2 in TFH and T follicular regulatory (TFR) cells, but not from TFR cells alone, increase Ag-specific IgE levels and IgE-mediated anaphylactic responses. Overall, we find that Ag-specific IgE responses require precisely timed stimulation of IgE+ GC B cells by Ag. Furthermore, we show that Fgl2 is expressed by TFH cells and represses IgE. This work has implications for the development and treatment of food allergies. Using a mouse food-allergy model, Chen et al. find that allergen-specific IgE responses require precisely timed stimulation of IgE+ germinal center B cells. The authors further show that Fgl2 expressed by T follicular helper cells represses IgE. This work has implications for the development and treatment of food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Markus Xie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Alexander L Dent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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7
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Ko H, Kim CJ, Im SH. T Helper 2-Associated Immunity in the Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2022; 13:866549. [PMID: 35444658 PMCID: PMC9014558 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.866549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease that mainly affects women in their reproductive years. A complex interaction of environmental and genetic factors leads to the disruption of immune tolerance towards self, causing overt immune activation and production of autoantibodies that attack multiple organs. Kidney damage, termed lupus nephritis, is the leading cause of SLE-related morbidity and mortality. Autoantibodies are central to propagating lupus nephritis through forming immune complexes and triggering complements. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) potently activates complement; therefore, autoantibodies were mainly considered to be of the IgG isotype. However, studies revealed that over 50% of patients produce autoantibodies of the IgE isotype. IgE autoantibodies actively participate in disease pathogenesis as omalizumab treatment, a humanized anti-IgE monoclonal antibody, improved disease severity in an SLE clinical trial. IgE is a hallmark of T helper 2-associated immunity. Thus, T helper 2-associated immunity seems to play a pathogenic role in a subset of SLE patients. This review summarizes human and animal studies that illustrate type 2 immune responses involved during the pathology of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haeun Ko
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Chan Johng Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea.,Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Sin-Hyeog Im
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea.,Institute for Convergence Research and Education, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.,ImmunoBiome Inc., Bio Open Innovation Center, Pohang, South Korea
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8
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Phelps A, Bruton K, Grydziuszko E, Koenig JFE, Jordana M. The Road Toward Transformative Treatments for Food Allergy. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2022; 3:826623. [PMID: 35386642 PMCID: PMC8974751 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2022.826623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of landmark studies have provided conclusive evidence that the early administration of food allergens dramatically prevents the emergence of food allergy. One of the greatest remaining challenges is whether patients with established food allergy can return to health. This challenge is particularly pressing in the case of allergies against peanut, tree nuts, fish, and shellfish which are lifelong in most patients and may elicit severe reactions. The standard of care for food allergy is allergen avoidance and the timely administration of epinephrine upon accidental exposure. Epinephrine, and other therapeutic options like antihistamines provide acute symptom relief but do not target the underlying pathology of the disease. In principle, any transformative treatment for established food allergy would require the restoration of a homeostatic immunological state. This may be attained through either an active, non-harmful immune response (immunological tolerance) or a lack of a harmful immune response (e.g., anergy), such that subsequent exposures to the allergen do not elicit a clinical reaction. Importantly, such a state must persist beyond the course of the treatment and exert its protective effects permanently. In this review, we will discuss the immunological mechanisms that maintain lifelong food allergies and are, consequently, those which must be dismantled or reprogrammed to instate a clinically non-reactive state. Arguably, the restoration of such a state in the context of an established food allergy would require a reprogramming of the immune response against a given food allergen. We will discuss existing and experimental therapeutic strategies to eliminate IgE reactivity and, lastly, will propose outstanding questions to pave the road to the development of novel, transformative therapeutics in food allergy.
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9
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Gowthaman U, Sikder S, Lee D, Fisher C. T follicular helper cells in IgE-mediated pathologies. Curr Opin Immunol 2022; 74:133-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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10
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Allen CDC. Features of B Cell Responses Relevant to Allergic Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 208:257-266. [PMID: 35017215 PMCID: PMC10054180 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This Brief Review delves into B cell responses in the context of allergy. The primary contribution of B cells to allergy is the production of IgE, the Ab isotype that triggers immediate hypersensitivity reactions through the release of mediators from mast cells and basophils. B cells may also have protective roles in allergy, such as through the production of IgG or as regulatory B cells. In this review, I focus on the basic principles of B cell differentiation and discuss features relevant to allergic immune responses. In particular, I discuss: (1) class-switch recombination; (2) plasma cell differentiation; (3) germinal centers and affinity maturation; and (4) memory B cells and recall responses, with an emphasis on IgE, IgG1, and IgG4. I also consider how B cells may contribute to allergic responses independent of Ab production-for example, by serving as APCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D C Allen
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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11
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Koenig JFE, Bruton K, Phelps A, Grydziuszko E, Jiménez-Saiz R, Jordana M. Memory Generation and Re-Activation in Food Allergy. Immunotargets Ther 2021; 10:171-184. [PMID: 34136419 PMCID: PMC8200165 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s284823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence has highlighted the critical role of memory cells in maintaining lifelong food allergies, thereby identifying these cells as therapeutic targets. IgG+ memory B cells replenish pools of IgE-secreting cells upon allergen exposure, which contract thereafter due to the short lifespan of tightly regulated IgE-expressing cells. Advances in the detection and highly dimensional analysis of allergen-specific B and T cells from allergic patients have provided insight on their phenotype and function. The newly identified Th2A and Tfh13 populations represent a leap in our understanding of allergen-specific T cell phenotypes, although how these populations contribute to IgE memory responses remains poorly understood. Within, we discuss the mechanisms by which memory B and T cells are activated, integrating knowledge from human systems and fundamental research. We then focus on memory reactivation, specifically, on the pathways of secondary IgE responses. Throughout, we identify areas of future research which will help identify immunotargets for a transformative therapy for food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua F E Koenig
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kelly Bruton
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Allyssa Phelps
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emily Grydziuszko
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rodrigo Jiménez-Saiz
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario de la Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria (UFV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manel Jordana
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Aalberse RC, Hoekzema R, Grayson MH. Do germinal centers protect most of us from becoming allergic? Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2021; 127:301-305. [PMID: 34102303 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the literature and discuss a hypothesis as to why most people do not have allergy. This hypothesis is dependent on the following 3 main components: (1) airborne allergens (eg, from pollen or mites) are weak antigens that induce a B-cell response only in immunologically most reactive subjects (ie, with atopy); (2) a roadblock to production of immunoglobulin E (IgE) is the T helper 2/interleukin 4 requirement for class switch to IgE; (3) activated germinal centers prevent the formation of mature IgE-switched B-cells, creating a second roadblock to IgE production. DATA SOURCES Transgenic reporter mice and a cross-sectional human cohort. STUDY SELECTIONS From the mouse studies, we selected the data on histology and tissue-derived cell suspensions published by several groups in 2011 to 2014. From the human cohort, we selected our published microarray data on the levels of allergen-specific IgE and IgG in serum. RESULTS The immune response to airborne atopic allergens entails both IgE and IgG antibodies rather than just an IgG or IgE response. However, as expected for an immune response without mature germinal centers, the specific IgG levels will be very low, typically in the ng/ml range. CONCLUSION Control of IgE production is not just through the T helper 2/interleukin 4-mediated class switch. Recent studies suggest that mature germinal centers are likely to provide protection against the development of allergy to airborne allergens, as well. This may explain why allergen exposure does not induce allergen-specific IgE in everyone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob C Aalberse
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Rick Hoekzema
- Department of Dermatology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mitchell H Grayson
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio; Center for Clinical and Translational Research, the Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
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13
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Haniuda K, Kitamura D. Multi-faceted regulation of IgE production and humoral memory formation. Allergol Int 2021; 70:163-168. [PMID: 33288436 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
IgE antibodies play a protective role against parasites and environmental toxins by its strong effector functions. However, aberrant IgE production can contribute to the development of allergic disorders, and thus is tightly regulated. Beside its very short half-life, IgE is normally produced only transiently and its affinity maturation is limited under physiological immune responses. Although such distinct characteristics of IgE among Ig classes are well-known, the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been understood until recently. Somatic or genetic defects of such mechanisms can lead to pathogenesis of allergic diseases. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms that control the production of IgE and formation of IgE-type humoral memory, focusing on the B cell immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Haniuda
- Division of Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Kitamura
- Division of Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
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14
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Yang Z, Wu CAM, Targ S, Allen CDC. IL-21 is a broad negative regulator of IgE class switch recombination in mouse and human B cells. J Exp Med 2020; 217:133860. [PMID: 32130409 PMCID: PMC7201927 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
IgE antibodies may elicit potent allergic reactions, and their production is tightly controlled. The tendency to generate IgE has been thought to reflect the balance between type 1 and type 2 cytokines, with the latter promoting IgE. Here, we reevaluated this paradigm by a direct cellular analysis, demonstrating that IgE production was not limited to type 2 immune responses yet was generally constrained in vivo. IL-21 was a critical negative regulator of IgE responses, whereas IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-10 were dispensable. Follicular helper T cells were the primary source of IL-21 that inhibited IgE responses by directly engaging the IL-21 receptor on B cells and triggering STAT3-dependent signaling. We reconciled previous discordant results between mouse and human B cells and revealed that the inhibition of IgE class switch recombination by IL-21 was attenuated by CD40 signaling, whereas IgG1 class switch recombination was potentiated by IL-21 in the context of limited IL-4. These findings establish key features of the extrinsic regulation of IgE production by cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Yang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Chung-An M Wu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Sasha Targ
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Christopher D C Allen
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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15
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Xie MM, Chen Q, Liu H, Yang K, Koh B, Wu H, Maleki SJ, Hurlburt BK, Cook-Mills J, Kaplan MH, Dent AL. T follicular regulatory cells and IL-10 promote food antigen-specific IgE. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:3820-3832. [PMID: 32255767 PMCID: PMC7324176 DOI: 10.1172/jci132249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Food allergies are a major clinical problem and are driven by IgE antibodies (Abs) specific for food antigens (Ags). T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells are a specialized subset of FOXP3+ T cells that modulate Ab responses. Here, we analyzed the role of Tfr cells in regulating Ag-specific IgE using a peanut-based food allergy model in mice. Peanut-specific IgE titers and anaphylaxis responses were significantly blunted in Tfr cell-deficient Foxp3-Cre Bcl6fl/fl mice. Loss of Tfr cells led to greatly increased nonspecific IgE levels, showing that Tfr cells have both helper and suppressor functions in IgE production in the germinal center (GC) that work together to facilitate the production of Ag-specific IgE. Foxp3-Cre Ptenfl/fl mice with augmented Tfr cell responses had markedly higher levels of peanut-specific IgE, revealing an active helper function by Tfr cells on Ag-specific IgE. The helper function of Tfr cells for IgE production involves IL-10, and the loss of IL-10 signaling by B cells led to a severely curtailed peanut-specific IgE response, decreased GCB cell survival, and loss of GC dark zone B cells after peanut sensitization. We thus reveal that Tfr cells have an unexpected helper role in promoting food allergy and may represent a target for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and
| | - Kai Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Byunghee Koh
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and
| | - Soheila J. Maleki
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Barry K. Hurlburt
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Joan Cook-Mills
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Mark H. Kaplan
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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16
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Buchheit KM, Dwyer DF, Ordovas-Montanes J, Katz HR, Lewis E, Vukovic M, Lai J, Bankova LG, Bhattacharyya N, Shalek AK, Barrett NA, Boyce JA, Laidlaw TM. IL-5Rα marks nasal polyp IgG4- and IgE-expressing cells in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 145:1574-1584. [PMID: 32199912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cause of severe nasal polyposis in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) is unknown. Elevated antibody levels have been associated with disease severity in nasal polyps, but upstream drivers of local antibody production in nasal polyps are undetermined. OBJECTIVE We sought to identify upstream drivers and phenotypic properties of local antibody-expressing cells in nasal polyps from subjects with AERD. METHODS Sinus tissue was obtained from subjects with AERD, chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), CRS without nasal polyps, and controls without CRS. Tissue antibody levels were quantified via ELISA and immunohistochemistry and were correlated with disease severity. Antibody-expressing cells were profiled with single-cell RNA sequencing, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence, with IL-5Rα function determined through IL-5 stimulation and subsequent RNA sequencing and quantitative PCR. RESULTS Tissue IgE and IgG4 levels were elevated in AERD compared with in controls (P < .01 for IgE and P < .001 for IgG4 vs CRSwNP). Subjects with AERD whose nasal polyps recurred rapidly had higher IgE levels than did subjects with AERD, with slower regrowth (P = .005). Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed increased IL5RA, IGHG4, and IGHE in antibody-expressing cells from patients with AERD compared with antibody-expressing cells from patients with CRSwNP. There were more IL-5Rα+ plasma cells in the polyp tissue from those with AERD than in polyp tissue from those with CRSwNP (P = .026). IL-5 stimulation of plasma cells in vitro induced changes in a distinct set of transcripts. CONCLUSIONS Our study identifies an increase in antibody-expressing cells in AERD defined by transcript enrichment of IL5RA and IGHG4 or IGHE, with confirmed surface expression of IL-5Rα and functional IL-5 signaling. Tissue IgE and IgG4 levels are elevated in AERD, and higher IgE levels are associated with faster nasal polyp regrowth. Our findings suggest a role for IL-5Rα+ antibody-expressing cells in facilitating local antibody production and severe nasal polyps in AERD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Buchheit
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Daniel F Dwyer
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Jose Ordovas-Montanes
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass; Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Howard R Katz
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Erin Lewis
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Marko Vukovic
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass
| | - Juying Lai
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Lora G Bankova
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Neil Bhattacharyya
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Mass
| | - Alex K Shalek
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass; Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Cambridge, Mass
| | - Nora A Barrett
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Joshua A Boyce
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Tanya M Laidlaw
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass.
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17
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Gowthaman U, Chen JS, Eisenbarth SC. Regulation of IgE by T follicular helper cells. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 107:409-418. [PMID: 31965637 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ri1219-425r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergies to food and environmental antigens have steeply grown to epidemic proportions. IgE antibodies are key mediators of allergic disease, including life-threatening anaphylaxis. There is now compelling evidence that one of the hallmarks of anaphylaxis-inducing IgE molecules is their high affinity for allergen, and the cellular pathway to high-affinity IgE is typically through sequential switching of IgG B cells. Further, in contrast to the previously held paradigm that a subset of CD4+ T cells called Th2 cells promotes IgE responses, recent studies suggest that T follicular helper cells are crucial for inducing anaphylactic IgE. Here we discuss recent studies that have enabled us to understand the nature, induction, and regulation of this enigmatic antibody isotype in allergic sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uthaman Gowthaman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jennifer S Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Stephanie C Eisenbarth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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18
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Moriyama S, Adachi Y, Tonouchi K, Takahashi Y. Memory B Cells in Local and Systemic Sites. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1254:55-62. [PMID: 32323269 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-3532-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Memory B cells are a key cellular component of the protective humoral responses to infectious pathogens. Most of our knowledge of memory B-cell responses comes from studies using mono-epitopic model antigens that elicit systemic humoral responses dominated by canonical B-cell antigen receptors. This approach successfully dissected the systemic responses of memory B cells and greatly advanced our understanding of memory B-cell formation, maintenance, and reactivation to re-invading antigens in the secondary lymphoid organs. However, the canonical memory B-cell responses fail to fully recapitulate the heterogeneity of the protective memory responses. Indeed, accumulating studies using "natural" antigens and live pathogens have uncovered new aspects of memory B-cell responses, which are achieved by memory B cells with different phenotypes, tissue residence, and responsiveness to antigen stimulation. Such non-canonical memory B-cell responses are frequently observed in local sites where live pathogens initially infect and replicate. Importantly, the local memory B-cell responses often serve as the first line of defense against re-infecting pathogens, thereby playing an essential role in controlling the pathogens. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the systemic and local memory B-cell responses in the humoral protective immunity against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saya Moriyama
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.
| | - Yu Adachi
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tonouchi
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.,Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsucho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Takahashi
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
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19
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Cyster JG, Allen CDC. B Cell Responses: Cell Interaction Dynamics and Decisions. Cell 2019; 177:524-540. [PMID: 31002794 PMCID: PMC6538279 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 504] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
B cells and the antibodies they produce have a deeply penetrating influence on human physiology. Here, we review current understanding of how B cell responses are initiated; the different paths to generate short- and long-lived plasma cells, germinal center cells, and memory cells; and how each path impacts antibody diversity, selectivity, and affinity. We discuss how basic research is informing efforts to generate vaccines that induce broadly neutralizing antibodies against viral pathogens, revealing the special features associated with allergen-reactive IgE responses and uncovering the antibody-independent mechanisms by which B cells contribute to health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason G Cyster
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Christopher D C Allen
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Anatomy, and Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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20
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Yang Z, Jung JB, Allen CDC. Study of IgE-Producing B Cells Using the Verigem Fluorescent Reporter Mouse. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1799:247-264. [PMID: 29956157 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7896-0_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is the least abundant antibody isotype in mammalians, yet it plays a critical role in allergy and asthma. IgE-producing (IgE+) B cells are rare and difficult to detect, which have hindered progress to understand their generation and differentiation. Recently developed new fluorescent IgE reporter mice have enabled better understanding of the biology of IgE+ B cells. We here describe the usage of the Verigem IgE reporter mouse to study IgE+ B cells and plasma cells by flow cytometry and microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Yang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - James B Jung
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christopher D C Allen
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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21
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Jiménez-Saiz R, Bruton K, Koenig JFE, Waserman S, Jordana M. The IgE memory reservoir in food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142:1441-1443. [PMID: 30201515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Jiménez-Saiz
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kelly Bruton
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joshua F E Koenig
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan Waserman
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Manel Jordana
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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22
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Jiménez-Saiz R, Patil SU. The Multifaceted B Cell Response in Allergen Immunotherapy. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2018; 18:66. [PMID: 30291463 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-018-0819-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
While allergen immunotherapy (AIT) for IgE-mediated diseases holds curative potential, the considerable heterogeneity in clinical outcomes may relate to the complex mechanisms of tolerance. The regulation of humoral immunity by AIT contributes to the suppression of allergic responses. Recent findings have revealed novel roles for IgA and IgG antibodies in the induction of tolerance. These mechanisms synergize with their ability to block allergen-IgE binding and mediate inhibitory signaling of effector cells of the allergic response. In addition, the regulatory activity of B cells in AIT extends beyond IL-10 secretion and induction of IgG4. Here, we review the evolution of the B cell response during AIT with special emphasis on the novel protective mechanisms entailing humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Jiménez-Saiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chemistry School, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sarita U Patil
- Department of Medicine Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Food Allergy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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23
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Hoh RA, Boyd SD. Gut Mucosal Antibody Responses and Implications for Food Allergy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2221. [PMID: 30319658 PMCID: PMC6170638 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal mucosa is a critical environmental interface where plasma cells and B cells are exposed to orally-ingested antigens such as food allergen proteins. It is unclear how the development of B cells and plasma cells in the gastrointestinal mucosa differs between healthy humans and those with food allergy, and how B cells contribute to, or are affected by, the breakdown of oral tolerance. In particular, the antibody gene repertoires associated with symptomatic allergy have only begun to be characterized in full molecular detail. Here, we review literature concerning B cells and plasma cells in the gastrointestinal system in the context of food allergy, with a focus on human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona A Hoh
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Scott D Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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24
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Coleman SL, Shaw OM. Progress in the understanding of the pathology of allergic asthma and the potential of fruit proanthocyanidins as modulators of airway inflammation. Food Funct 2018; 8:4315-4324. [PMID: 29140397 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo00789b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Allergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory lung disease characterized by sensitization of the airways, and the development of immunoglobulin E antibodies, to benign antigens. The established pathophysiology of asthma includes recurrent lung epithelial inflammation, excessive mucus production, bronchial smooth muscle hyperreactivity, and chronic lung tissue remodeling, resulting in reversible airflow restriction. Immune cells, including eosinophils and the recently characterized type 2 innate lymphoid cells, infiltrate into the lung tissue as part of the inflammatory response in allergic asthma. It is well established that a diet high in fruits and vegetables results in a reduction of the risk of developing inflammatory diseases. Secondary plant metabolites, such as proanthocyanidins which are found in apples, blackcurrants, boysenberries, cranberries, and grapes, have shown promising results in reducing or preventing allergic asthma airway inflammation. Recent evidence has also highlighted the importance of microbiome-mediated metabolism of plant polyphenols in modulating the immune system. In this review, we will discuss advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of allergic asthma, including the role of the microbiome in lung immune function, and how proanthocyanidins modulate the airway inflammation. We will highlight the potential of dietary proanthocyanidins to impact on allergic asthma and the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara L Coleman
- Food and Wellness Group, The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
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25
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Jiménez-Saiz R, Chu DK, Mandur TS, Walker TD, Gordon ME, Chaudhary R, Koenig J, Saliba S, Galipeau HJ, Utley A, King IL, Lee K, Ettinger R, Waserman S, Kolbeck R, Jordana M. Lifelong memory responses perpetuate humoral T H2 immunity and anaphylaxis in food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:1604-1615.e5. [PMID: 28216433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of food allergies (eg, fish, shellfish, and nuts) are lifelong, without any disease-transforming therapies, and unclear in their underlying immunology. Clinical manifestations of food allergy are largely mediated by IgE. Although persistent IgE titers have been attributed conventionally to long-lived IgE+ plasma cells (PCs), this has not been directly and comprehensively tested. OBJECTIVE We sought to evaluate mechanisms underlying persistent IgE and allergic responses to food allergens. METHODS We used a model of peanut allergy and anaphylaxis, various knockout mice, adoptive transfer experiments, and in vitro assays to identify mechanisms underlying persistent IgE humoral immunity over almost the entire lifespan of the mouse (18-20 months). RESULTS Contrary to conventional paradigms, our data show that clinically relevant lifelong IgE titers are not sustained by long-lived IgE+ PCs. Instead, lifelong reactivity is conferred by allergen-specific long-lived memory B cells that replenish the IgE+ PC compartment. B-cell reactivation requires allergen re-exposure and IL-4 production by CD4 T cells. We define the half-lives of antigen-specific germinal centers (23.3 days), IgE+ and IgG1+ PCs (60 and 234.4 days, respectively), and clinically relevant cell-bound IgE (67.3 days). CONCLUSIONS These findings can explain lifelong food allergies observed in human subjects as the consequence of allergen exposures that recurrently activate memory B cells and identify these as a therapeutic target with disease-transforming potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Jiménez-Saiz
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Derek K Chu
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Talveer S Mandur
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tina D Walker
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melissa E Gordon
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roopali Chaudhary
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joshua Koenig
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Saliba
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heather J Galipeau
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adam Utley
- Departments of Immunology and Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - Irah L King
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kelvin Lee
- Departments of Immunology and Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - Rachel Ettinger
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Md
| | - Susan Waserman
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roland Kolbeck
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Md
| | - Manel Jordana
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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26
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Robinson MJ, Prout M, Mearns H, Kyle R, Camberis M, Forbes-Blom EE, Paul WE, Allen CDC, Le Gros G. IL-4 Haploinsufficiency Specifically Impairs IgE Responses against Allergens in Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:1815-1822. [PMID: 28115531 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphisms in genes involved in IL-4 responses segregate with allergic disease risk and correlate with IgE levels in humans, and IL-4 promotes IgE and IgG1 Ab production against allergens in mice. We report that mice with only one intact Il4 gene copy are significantly impaired in their ability to make specific IgE responses against allergens, whereas IgG1 responses to allergens remain unaffected. Il4-hemizygosity also resulted in a modest but detectable drop in IL-4 production by CD4+ T cells isolated from lymph nodes and prevented IgE-dependent oral allergen-induced diarrhea. We conclude that a state of haploinsufficiency for the Il4 gene locus is specifically relevant for IL-4-dependent IgE responses to allergens with the amount of IL-4 produced in the hemizygous condition falling close to the threshold required for switching to IgE production. These results may be relevant for how polymorphisms in genes affecting IL-4 responses influence the risk of IgE-mediated allergic disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus J Robinson
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6242, New Zealand.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.,Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Melanie Prout
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Helen Mearns
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Ryan Kyle
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Mali Camberis
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | | | - William E Paul
- Laboratories of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Christopher D C Allen
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.,Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.,Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Graham Le Gros
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6242, New Zealand;
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27
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Initiation, Persistence and Exacerbation of Food Allergy. BIRKHÄUSER ADVANCES IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-69968-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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28
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29
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Yang Z, Robinson MJ, Chen X, Smith GA, Taunton J, Liu W, Allen CDC. Regulation of B cell fate by chronic activity of the IgE B cell receptor. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27935477 PMCID: PMC5207771 DOI: 10.7554/elife.21238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IgE can trigger potent allergic responses, yet the mechanisms regulating IgE production are poorly understood. Here we reveal that IgE+ B cells are constrained by chronic activity of the IgE B cell receptor (BCR). In the absence of cognate antigen, the IgE BCR promoted terminal differentiation of B cells into plasma cells (PCs) under cell culture conditions mimicking T cell help. This antigen-independent PC differentiation involved multiple IgE domains and Syk, CD19, BLNK, Btk, and IRF4. Disruption of BCR signaling in mice led to consistently exaggerated IgE+ germinal center (GC) B cell but variably increased PC responses. We were unable to confirm reports that the IgE BCR directly promoted intrinsic apoptosis. Instead, IgE+ GC B cells exhibited poor antigen presentation and prolonged cell cycles, suggesting reduced competition for T cell help. We propose that chronic BCR activity and access to T cell help play critical roles in regulating IgE responses. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.21238.001 Antibodies are proteins that recognize and bind to specific molecules, and so help the immune system to defend the body against foreign substances that are potentially harmful. In some cases, harmless substances – such as pollen, dust or food – can trigger this response and lead to an allergic reaction. A type of antibody called immunoglobulin E (IgE) is particularly likely to trigger an allergic response. In general, immune cells called plasma cells produce antibodies and release them into the body. However, in B cells – the cells from which plasma cells develop – the antibodies remain on the surface of the cells. Here, the antibody acts as a “receptor” that allows the B cell to tell when its antibody has bound to a specific substance. Generally, B cells only activate when their B cell receptors bind to a specific substance. This binding triggers signals inside the cell that determine its fate – such as whether it will develop into a plasma cell. Recent studies have shown that B cells that have IgE on their surface (IgE+ B cells) are predisposed to develop rapidly into plasma cells. To investigate why this is the case, Yang et al. have now studied B cells both in cell culture and in mice. The results show that the IgE B cell receptor autonomously signals to the cell even when it is not bound to a specific substance, in a manner that differs from other types of B cell receptors. This increases the likelihood that the IgE+ B cell will develop into a plasma cell and limits the competitive fitness of IgE+ B cells. These findings provide new insights into how IgE responses are regulated by the B cell receptor. The next step will be to determine, at a molecular level, the basis for the autonomous signaling produced by the IgE B cell receptor when it is not bound to a specific substance. It will then be possible to investigate how this mechanism compares with the way that signals are normally transmitted when a B cell receptor binds to a specific substance. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.21238.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Yang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Marcus J Robinson
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Xiangjun Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Geoffrey A Smith
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Jack Taunton
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Wanli Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Christopher D C Allen
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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30
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Gao Y, Zhao C, Wang W, Jin R, Li Q, Ge Q, Guan Y, Zhang Y. Prostaglandins E2 signal mediated by receptor subtype EP2 promotes IgE production in vivo and contributes to asthma development. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20505. [PMID: 26852804 PMCID: PMC4744937 DOI: 10.1038/srep20505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandins E2 (PGE2) has been shown to enhance IgE production by B cells in vitro. The physiological and pathological relevance of this phenomenon and the underlying molecular mechanism, however, remain to be elucidated. B cells from wild type and EP2-deficient mice were compared in culture for their responses to PGE2 in terms of IgE class switching and production. Ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma models were used to evaluate the impact of EP2-deficiency on IgE responses and the development of asthma. PGE2 promoted IgE class switching, generation of IgE+ cells and secretion of IgE by B cells stimulated with LPS+IL4. These effects were much attenuated as a consequence of EP2 deficiency. Consistent with the in vitro data, EP2-deficient mice showed a markedly suppressed IgE antibody response and developed less pronounced airway inflammation in the OVA-induced asthma model. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that PGE2, in an EP2-depedent manner, enhanced STAT6 activation induced by IL-4, thereby promoting the expression of IgE germline and post switch transcripts and the transcription of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID). Collectively, these data support an important regulatory role of the PGE2-EP2-STAT6 signaling pathway in IgE response and allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Gao
- Department of Immunology, and Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology of Ministry of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyan Zhao
- Department of Immunology, and Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology of Ministry of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Immunology, and Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology of Ministry of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Jin
- Department of Immunology, and Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology of Ministry of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Immunology, and Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology of Ministry of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Ge
- Department of Immunology, and Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology of Ministry of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Youfei Guan
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Immunology, and Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology of Ministry of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Turqueti-Neves A, Otte M, Schwartz C, Schmitt MER, Lindner C, Pabst O, Yu P, Voehringer D. The Extracellular Domains of IgG1 and T Cell-Derived IL-4/IL-13 Are Critical for the Polyclonal Memory IgE Response In Vivo. PLoS Biol 2015; 13:e1002290. [PMID: 26523376 PMCID: PMC4629909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
IgE-mediated activation of mast cells and basophils contributes to protective immunity against helminths but also causes allergic responses. The development and persistence of IgE responses are poorly understood, which is in part due to the low number of IgE-producing cells. Here, we used next generation sequencing to uncover a striking overlap between the IgE and IgG1 repertoires in helminth-infected or OVA/alum-immunized wild-type BALB/c mice. The memory IgE response after secondary infection induced a strong increase of IgE+ plasma cells in spleen and lymph nodes. In contrast, germinal center B cells did not increase during secondary infection. Unexpectedly, the memory IgE response was lost in mice where the extracellular part of IgG1 had been replaced with IgE sequences. Adoptive transfer studies revealed that IgG1+ B cells were required and sufficient to constitute the memory IgE response in recipient mice. T cell-derived IL-4/IL-13 was required for the memory IgE response but not for expansion of B cells from memory mice. Together, our results reveal a close relationship between the IgE and IgG1 repertoires in vivo and demonstrate that the memory IgE response is mainly conserved at the level of memory IgG1+ B cells. Therefore, targeting the generation and survival of allergen-specific IgG1+ B cells could lead to development of new therapeutic strategies to treat chronic allergic disorders. This study reveals that repertoires of IgE—the class of antibody that mediates allergic reactions—closely resemble those of IgG1, suggesting that the memory IgE response unfolds from IgG1-switched B cells (and not from IgM-expressing B cells) in response to T cell-derived cytokines. Allergic inflammation is initiated when IgE antibodies bind to high-affinity receptors on the cell surface of mast cells and basophils, thereby triggering the release of proinflammatory mediators. The development and persistence of IgE responses in vivo is poorly characterized because of the low number of IgE-producing B cells and plasma cells. Naïve mature B cells produce IgM antibodies. Upon activation, they “switch” class to produce IgG, IgA, or IgE antibodies. It is currently highly debated whether IgE-expressing B cells are generated by direct switching from IgM-expressing B cells or by sequential switching via IgG1-expressing B cells. Using next generation sequencing, we compared thousands of IgE, IgG1, and IgM sequences after immunization of mice with parasitic worms and found a striking overlap between the IgE and IgG1 repertoires. We further show that the memory IgE response to a secondary encounter with the same parasitic worms was dependent on T cell-derived cytokines. Genetically modified mice and adoptive transfers of B cells revealed that the memory IgE response is conserved at the level of IgG1-expressing B cells. These results favor the concept that bona fide IgE-expressing B cells do not exist, and memory IgE responses unfold from IgG1-expressing B cells, which undergo a secondary switch reaction and differentiation to plasma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Turqueti-Neves
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute for Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manuel Otte
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute for Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Schwartz
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute for Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michaela Erika Renate Schmitt
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute for Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cornelia Lindner
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Oliver Pabst
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Philipp Yu
- Institute for Immunology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - David Voehringer
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute for Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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32
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Biology of IgE production: IgE cell differentiation and the memory of IgE responses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 388:1-19. [PMID: 25553792 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-13725-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The generation of long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells producing high-affinity antibodies depends on the maturation of B cell responses in germinal centers. These processes are essential for long-lasting antibody-mediated protection against infections. IgE antibodies are important for defense against parasites and toxins and can also mediate anti-tumor immunity. However, high-affinity IgE is also the main culprit responsible for the manifestations of allergic disease, including life-threatening anaphylaxisAnaphylaxis . Thus, generation of high-affinity IgE must be tightly regulated. Recent studies of IgE B cell biology have unveiled two mechanisms that limit high-affinity IgE memory responses: First, B cells that have recently switched to IgE production are programmed to rapidly differentiate into plasma cells,Plasma cells and second, IgE germinal centerGerminal center cells are transient and highly apoptotic. Opposing these processes, we now know that germinal center-derived IgG B cells can switch to IgE production, effectively becoming IgE-producing plasma cells. In this chapter, we will discuss the unique molecular and cellular pathways involved in the generation of IgE antibodies.
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Gould HJ, Ramadani F. IgE responses in mouse and man and the persistence of IgE memory. Trends Immunol 2014; 36:40-8. [PMID: 25499855 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and robust recall or 'memory' responses are an essential feature of adaptive immunity. They constitute a defense against reinfection by pathogens, yet arguably do more harm than good in allergic disease. Immunoglobulin (Ig)E antibodies mediate the allergic reaction characterized by immediate hypersensitivity, a manifestation of IgE memory. The origin of IgE memory remains obscure, mainly due to the low proportion of IgE-expressing B cells in the total B cell population. The recent development of ultrasensitive methods for tracking these cells in vivo has overcome this obstacle, and their use has revealed unexpected pathways to IgE memory in the mouse. Here, we review these findings and consider their bearing on our understanding of IgE memory and allergic disease in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J Gould
- Divisions of Cell and Molecular Biophysics and Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Faruk Ramadani
- Divisions of Cell and Molecular Biophysics and Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
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Matsushita K, Yoshimoto T. B cell-intrinsic MyD88 signaling is essential for IgE responses in lungs exposed to pollen allergens. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:5791-800. [PMID: 25367117 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Allergen-specific IgE is linked to asthma pathogenesis, but the underlying mechanisms of IgE production in response to allergen exposure are poorly understood. In this article, we show that B cell-intrinsic MyD88 is essential for IgE/IgG1 production evoked by ragweed pollen instilled into lungs. MyD88-deficient mice showed defective IgE/IgG1 production and germinal center responses to lung instillation of ragweed pollen. However, MyD88 was dispensable for dendritic cell activation and Th2 cell development. B cell-specific deletion of MyD88 replicated the defective Ab production observed in MyD88-deficient mice. Although ragweed pollen contains TLR ligands, TLR2/4/9-deficient mice developed normal allergic responses to ragweed pollen. However, anti-IL-1R1 Ab-treated mice and IL-18-deficient mice showed decreased IgE/IgG1 production with normal Th2 development. Furthermore, B cell-specific MyD88-deficient mice showed reduced IgE/IgG1 production in response to lung instillation of OVA together with IL-1α, IL-1β, or IL-18. Thus, pollen instillation into lungs induces IL-1α/β and IL-18 production, which activates B cell-intrinsic MyD88 signaling to promote germinal center responses and IgE/IgG1 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazufumi Matsushita
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan; and
| | - Tomohiro Yoshimoto
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan; and Department of Immunology and Medical Zoology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
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35
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Brachs S, Turqueti-Neves A, Stein M, Reimer D, Brachvogel B, Bösl M, Winkler T, Voehringer D, Jäck HM, Mielenz D. Swiprosin-1/EFhd2 limits germinal center responses and humoral type 2 immunity. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:3206-19. [PMID: 25092375 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Activated B cells are selected for in germinal centers by regulation of their apoptosis. The Ca2+ -binding cytoskeletal adaptor protein Swiprosin-1/EFhd2 (EFhd2) can promote apoptosis in activated B cells. We therefore hypothesized that EFhd2 might limit humoral immunity by repressing both the germinal center reaction and the expected enhancement of immune responses in the absence of EFhd2. Here, we established EFhd2(-/-) mice on a C57BL/6 background, which revealed normal B- and T-cell development, basal Ab levels, and T-cell independent type 1, and T-cell independent type 2 responses. However, T cell-dependent immunization with sheep red blood cells and infection with the helminth Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (N.b) increased production of antibodies of multiple isotypes, as well as germinal center formation in EFhd2(-/-) mice. In addition, serum IgE levels and numbers of IgE+ plasma cells were strongly increased in EFhd2(-/-) mice, both after primary as well as after secondary N.b infection. Finally, mixed bone marrow chimeras unraveled an EFhd2-dependent B cell-intrinsic contribution to increased IgE plasma cell numbers in N.b-infected mice. Hence, we established a role for EFhd2 as a negative regulator of germinal center-dependent humoral type 2 immunity, with implications for the generation of IgE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Brachs
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Nikolaus Fiebiger Center, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nuremberg, Germany
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36
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Wu LC, Scheerens H. Targeting IgE production in mice and humans. Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 31:8-15. [PMID: 25156315 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is pathogenic in allergic diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and food allergy. Recent studies using genetically modified IgE reporter mice indicate that the majority of serum IgE in mice is produced by short-lived IgE plasma cells, with minor contributions from long-lived IgE plasma cells, and implicate IgG1 and IgE memory B cells as potential sources of IgE memory. Clinical studies using antibodies against IL-13 or the IL-4 and IL-13 receptor subunit IL-4Rα, as well as an antibody against the M1 prime domain of human membrane IgE, indicate that, similar to mice, a proportion of IgE in humans is derived from ongoing IgE immune responses and short-lived plasma cells. Targeting IgE production may lead to new therapies for the treatment of allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawren C Wu
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Heleen Scheerens
- Department of Pharmacodynamic Biomarkers, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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