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Guttieres D, Diepvens C, Decouttere C, Vandaele N. Modeling Supply and Demand Dynamics of Vaccines against Epidemic-Prone Pathogens: Case Study of Ebola Virus Disease. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 12:24. [PMID: 38250837 PMCID: PMC10819028 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Health emergencies caused by epidemic-prone pathogens (EPPs) have increased exponentially in recent decades. Although vaccines have proven beneficial, they are unavailable for many pathogens. Furthermore, achieving timely and equitable access to vaccines against EPPs is not trivial. It requires decision-makers to capture numerous interrelated factors across temporal and spatial scales, with significant uncertainties, variability, delays, and feedback loops that give rise to dynamic and unexpected behavior. Therefore, despite progress in filling R&D gaps, the path to licensure and the long-term viability of vaccines against EPPs continues to be unclear. This paper presents a quantitative system dynamics modeling framework to evaluate the long-term sustainability of vaccine supply under different vaccination strategies. Data from both literature and 50 expert interviews are used to model the supply and demand of a prototypical Ebolavirus Zaire (EBOV) vaccine. Specifically, the case study evaluates dynamics associated with proactive vaccination ahead of an outbreak of similar magnitude as the 2018-2020 epidemic in North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The scenarios presented demonstrate how uncertainties (e.g., duration of vaccine-induced protection) and design criteria (e.g., priority geographies and groups, target coverage, frequency of boosters) lead to important tradeoffs across policy aims, public health outcomes, and feasibility (e.g., technical, operational, financial). With sufficient context and data, the framework provides a foundation to apply the model to a broad range of additional geographies and priority pathogens. Furthermore, the ability to identify leverage points for long-term preparedness offers directions for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donovan Guttieres
- Access-to-Medicines Research Centre, Faculty of Economics & Business, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (C.D.); (C.D.); (N.V.)
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Xiong B, Chen X, Tu J, Han Z, Meng X, Sun H. Actinidia eriantha polysaccharide exerts adjuvant activity by targeting linc-AAM. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 252:126440. [PMID: 37611690 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Actinidia eriantha polysaccharide (AEPS) is a potent adjuvant with dual Th1 and Th2 potentiating activity. linc-AAM has been previously proved to facilitate the expression of immune response genes (IRGs) in AEPS-activated RAW264.7 macrophages. However, its role in mediating adjuvant activity of AEPS remains to be elucidated. In this study, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from wide-type (WT) and linc-AAM knockout C57BL/6J mice treated with AEPS were subjected to transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatic analysis. linc-AAM deficiency inhibited M1 and M2 immune responses in BMDMs induced by AEPS. In mechanisms, AEPS facilitated the expression of IRGs and activated BMDMs through NF-κB-linc-AAM-JAK/STAT axis. Furthermore, linc-AAM knockout inhibited cytokine and chemokine production, immune cell recruitment as well as immune cell migration to draining lymph nodes at peritoneal cavity in mice induced by AEPS. More importantly, linc-AAM deletion reduced the adjuvant activity of APES on antigen-specific cellular and humoral immune responses to ovalbumin in mice. This study has for the first time demonstrated the role of lncRNAs in regulating the adjuvant activity of polysaccharides and its mechanisms. These findings expanded current knowledge on the mechanism of action of adjuvant and provide a new target for the design and development of vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Xiong
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangfeng Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jue Tu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China; Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ziyi Han
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiang Meng
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongxiang Sun
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.
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Preeti P, Nath SK, Arambam N, Sharma T, Choudhury PR, Choudhury A, Khanna V, Strych U, Hotez PJ, Bottazzi ME, Rawal K. Vaxi-DL: An Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Platform for Vaccine Development. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2673:305-316. [PMID: 37258923 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3239-0_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Vaccine development is a complex and long process. It involves several steps, including computational studies, experimental analyses, animal model system studies, and clinical trials. This process can be accelerated by using in silico antigen screening to identify potential vaccine candidates. In this chapter, we describe a deep learning-based technique which utilizes 18 biological and 9154 physicochemical properties of proteins for finding potential vaccine candidates. Using this technique, a new web-based system, named Vaxi-DL, was developed which helped in finding new vaccine candidates from bacteria, protozoa, viruses, and fungi. Vaxi-DL is available at: https://vac.kamalrawal.in/vaxidl/ .
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Affiliation(s)
- P Preeti
- Centre for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, AIB, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Swarsat Kaushik Nath
- Centre for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, AIB, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nevidita Arambam
- Centre for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, AIB, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Trapti Sharma
- Centre for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, AIB, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Priyanka Ray Choudhury
- Centre for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, AIB, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Alakto Choudhury
- Centre for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, AIB, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vrinda Khanna
- Centre for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, AIB, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ulrich Strych
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peter J Hotez
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Maria Elena Bottazzi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Kamal Rawal
- Centre for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, AIB, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Hayman B, Kumar Suri R, Downham M. Sustainable vaccine manufacturing in low- and middle-Income countries. Vaccine 2022; 40:7288-7304. [PMID: 36334966 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The sustainable manufacturing of vaccines in developing countries is critical to increasing equitable access to vaccines and pandemic preparedness globally. Sustainable manufacturing requires that organizations engaged in the development, production and supply of vaccines have viable business models and incentives to manufacture vaccine products. The expanding manufacturing capabilities and capacities of developing countries vaccine manufacturers (DCVMs) are increasingly positioning these organizations to meet the national and regional public health needs in developing countries; however, key industry challenges such as regulatory barriers, low prices and demand uncertainty for vaccine products, and limited R&D funding threaten the long-term viability of vaccine manufacturers. This study assesses the technical capabilities, manufacturing capacities, and aspirational plans of DCVMs, exemplifying the business models and strategies undertaken to sustainably manufacture vaccines in developing countries. The public health importance of a healthy vaccine industry which enables manufacturers is discussed throughout. Vaccine manufacturers reported diverse product portfolios and R&D pipelines and utilized an array of vaccine technology platforms. Large manufacturing capacities were reported, a critical factor in manufacturers achieving economies of scale and supplying large volumes of vaccine doses to the world's most populous regions. Partnerships and collaboration within the industry and with international organizations along the vaccine value-chain were cited with high frequency. Manufacturers also reported aspirational plans to enter new markets, acquire new technologies and invest in the development of novel and improved vaccines. As DCVMs aim to have an increasing impact on the global vaccine ecosystem, a coordinated multi-stakeholder approach is required alleviate critical industry barriers to ensure that all efforts produce vaccines are sustainable and enable developing countries to realize the public health benefit of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Hayman
- DCVMN International, Route de Crassier 7, 1262 Eysins-Nyon, Switzerland.
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Mukherjee S, Baral MM, Chittipaka V, Pal SK, Nagariya R. Investigating sustainable development for the COVID-19 vaccine supply chain: a structural equation modelling approach. JOURNAL OF HUMANITARIAN LOGISTICS AND SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1108/jhlscm-08-2021-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PurposeImmunization is one of the most cost-effective ways to save lives while promoting good health and happiness. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has served as a stark reminder of vaccines' ability to prevent transmission, save lives, and have a healthier, safer and more prosperous future. This research investigates the sustainable development (SD) of the COVID-19 vaccine supply chain (VSC).Design/methodology/approachThis study investigates the relationship between internal process, organizational growth, and its three pillars of SD environmental sustainability, economic sustainability and social sustainability. Survey-based research is carried out in the hospitals providing COVID-19 vaccines. Nine hypotheses are proposed for the study, and all the hypotheses got accepted. The survey was sent to 428 respondents and received 291 responses from health professionals with a response rate of 68%. For the study, the healthcare professionals working in both private and public hospitals across India were selected.FindingsThe structural equation modelling (SEM) approach is used to test the hypothesis. All nine hypotheses are supported. This study examines a link between internal processes and organizational learning and the three sustainability pillars (environmental sustainability, economic sustainability and social sustainability).Practical implicationsThis study will help the management and the policymakers to think and adopt SD in the COVID-19 VSC. This paper also implies that robust immunization systems will be required in the future to ensure that people worldwide are protected from COVID-19 and other diseases.Originality/valueThis paper shows the relationship between organizational learning and internal process with environmental sustainability, economic sustainability and social sustainability for the COVID-19. Studies on VSC of COVID-19 are not evident in any previous literature.
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Abstract
Charge detection mass spectrometry (CDMS) is a single-particle technique where the masses of individual ions are determined from simultaneous measurement of their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) and charge. Masses are determined for thousands of individual ions, and then the results are binned to give a mass spectrum. Using this approach, accurate mass distributions can be measured for heterogeneous and high-molecular-weight samples that are usually not amenable to analysis by conventional mass spectrometry. Recent applications include heavily glycosylated proteins, protein complexes, protein aggregates such as amyloid fibers, infectious viruses, gene therapies, vaccines, and vesicles such as exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin F Jarrold
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47404, United States
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He Y, Hu X, Zhang H, Chen X, Sun H. Adjuvant effect of two polysaccharides from the petals of Crocus sativus and its mechanisms. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 204:50-61. [PMID: 35122804 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Two polysaccharides from Crocus sativus petals (PCSPs), PCSPA and PCSPB, presented immunopotentiatory activity through activating macrophages via MAPK and NF-κB pathway. In this study, two PCSPs were investigated for the adjuvant effects and underlying mechanisms using ovalbumin (OVA) in mice. PCSPA and PCSPB remarkably not only boosted the OVA-specific IgG antibody and its isotype titers, but strengthened splenocyte proliferation and natural killer cell activities in immunized mice. Both PCSPs also dramatically triggered the production of Th1- and Th2-cytokines and facilitated the gene expression of Th1- and Th2-cytokines and transcription factors in OVA-stimulated splenocytes. In mechanisms, two PCSPs rapidly elicited the gene and protein expression of cytokines and chemokines, promoted the recruitment and antigen uptake of immune cells in the injected-muscles, and augmented the migration and antigen transport of immune cells to the draining lymph nodes. These findings demonstrated that PCSPs enhanced and improved immune responses and simultaneously elicited Th1- and Th2-immune responses to OVA through activating innate immune microenvironment, and that they could act as promising vaccine adjuvant candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei He
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an 237012, China
| | - Xiaoying Hu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huifang Zhang
- Medical College, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua 321000, China
| | - Xiangfeng Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hongxiang Sun
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Zhu L, Han Z, He Y, Sun H. Caspase-1-Dependent Pyroptosis Mediates Adjuvant Activity of Platycodin D as an Adjuvant for Intramuscular Vaccines. Cells 2022; 11:cells11010134. [PMID: 35011696 PMCID: PMC8750424 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Platycodin D (PD) is a potent adjuvant with dual Th1 and Th2 potentiating activity, but its mechanisms of action remain unclear. Here, the C2C12 myoblast cell line and mice were used as in vitro and in vivo models to identify potential signaling pathways involved in the adjuvant activity of PD. PD induced a transient cytotoxicity and inflammatory response in the C2C12 cells and in mouse quadricep muscles. A comparative analysis of microarray data revealed that PD induced similar gene expression profiles in the C2C12 cells and in the quadricep muscles, and triggered rapid regulation of death, immune, and inflammation-related genes, both in vivo and in vitro. It was further demonstrated that caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis was involved in the PD-induced cytotoxicity and inflammatory response in the C2C12 cells via the Ca2+–c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)–NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome signaling pathway. Consistently, the in vivo analysis revealed that a local blockage of NLRP3 and caspase-1 inhibited PD-induced cytokine production and immune cell recruitment at the injection site, and impaired the adjuvant activity of PD on antigen-specific immune responses to model antigen ovalbumin (OVA) in mice. These findings identified the caspase-1-dependent adjuvanticity of PD and expanded the current knowledge on the mechanisms of action of saponin-based adjuvants.
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A Combined Adjuvant TF-Al Consisting of TFPR1 and Aluminum Hydroxide Augments Strong Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in Both C57BL/6 and BALB/c Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9121408. [PMID: 34960154 PMCID: PMC8705145 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
TFPR1 is a novel adjuvant for protein and peptide antigens, which has been demonstrated in BALB/c mice in our previous studies; however, its adjuvanticity in mice with different genetic backgrounds remains unknown, and its adjuvanticity needs to be improved to fit the requirements for various vaccines. In this study, we first compared the adjuvanticity of TFPR1 in two commonly used inbred mouse strains, BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice, in vitro and in vivo, and demonstrated that TFPR1 activated TLR2 to exert its immune activity in vivo. Next, to prove the feasibility of TFPR1 acting as a major component of combined adjuvants, we prepared a combined adjuvant, TF-Al, by formulating TFPR1 and alum at a certain ratio and compared its adjuvanticity with that of TFPR1 and alum alone using OVA and recombinant HBsAg as model antigens in both BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. Results showed that TFPR1 acts as an effective vaccine adjuvant in both BALB/c mice and C57BL/6 mice, and further demonstrated the role of TLR2 in the adjuvanticity of TFPR1 in vivo. In addition, we obtained a novel combined adjuvant, TF-Al, based on TFPR1, which can augment antibody and cellular immune responses in mice with different genetic backgrounds, suggesting its promise for vaccine development in the future.
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Druedahl LC, Minssen T, Price WN. Collaboration in times of crisis: A study on COVID-19 vaccine R&D partnerships. Vaccine 2021; 39:6291-6295. [PMID: 34556366 PMCID: PMC8410639 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.08.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Collaboration is central for initiatives and efforts in the race to fight COVID-19, with particular focus on fostering rapid development of safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines. We investigated the types of partnerships that have emerged during the pandemic to develop these products. Using the World Health Organization’s list of COVID-19 vaccine developments, we found nearly one third of all vaccine candidates were developed by partnerships, which tended to use next-gen vaccine platforms more than solo efforts. These partnerships vary substantially between materials-transfer partnerships and knowledge-sharing partnerships. The difference is important: The type of sharing between partners not only shapes the collaboration, but also bears implications for knowledge and technology development in the field and more broadly. Policies promoting fair and effective collaboration and knowledge-sharing are key for public health to avoid stumbling blocks for vaccine development, deployment, and equitable access, both for COVID-19 and expected future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise C Druedahl
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Biomedical Innovation Law (CeBIL), Faculty of Law, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Timo Minssen
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Biomedical Innovation Law (CeBIL), Faculty of Law, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - W Nicholson Price
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Biomedical Innovation Law (CeBIL), Faculty of Law, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; University of Michigan Law School, United States
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de Sá Magalhães S, Keshavarz-Moore E. Pichia pastoris ( Komagataella phaffii) as a Cost-Effective Tool for Vaccine Production for Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs). Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:119. [PMID: 34562941 PMCID: PMC8468848 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8090119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is of paramount importance to global health. With the advent of the more recent pandemics, the urgency to expand the range has become even more evident. However, the potential limited availability and affordability of vaccines to resource low- and middle-income countries has created a need for solutions that will ensure cost-effective vaccine production methods for these countries. Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) (also known as Komagataella phaffii) is one of the most promising candidates for expression of heterologous proteins in vaccines development. It combines the speed and ease of highly efficient prokaryotic platforms with some key capabilities of mammalian systems, potentially reducing manufacturing costs. This review will examine the latest developments in P. pastoris from cell engineering and design to industrial production systems with focus on vaccine development and with reference to specific key case studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eli Keshavarz-Moore
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
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Polla Ravi S, Shamiya Y, Chakraborty A, Elias C, Paul A. Biomaterials, biological molecules, and polymers in developing vaccines. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2021; 42:813-828. [PMID: 34454774 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines have been used to train the immune system to recognize pathogens, and prevent and treat diseases, such as cancer, for decades. However, there are continuing challenges in their manufacturing, large-scale production, and storage. Some of them also show suboptimal immunogenicity, requiring additional adjuvants and booster doses. As an alternate vaccination strategy, a new class of biomimetic materials with unique functionalities has emerged in recent years. Here, we explore the current bioengineering techniques that make use of hydrogels, modified polymers, cell membranes, self-assembled proteins, virus-like particles (VLPs), and nucleic acids to deliver and develop biomaterial-based vaccines. We also review design principles and key regulatory issues associated with their development. Finally, we critically assess their limitations, explore approaches to overcome these limitations, and discuss potential future applications for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruthi Polla Ravi
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Yasmeen Shamiya
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Aishik Chakraborty
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Cynthia Elias
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada; Biologics Manufacturing Centre, The National Research Council of Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Arghya Paul
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada; Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada; Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada.
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Decouttere C, De Boeck K, Vandaele N. Advancing sustainable development goals through immunization: a literature review. Global Health 2021; 17:95. [PMID: 34446050 PMCID: PMC8390056 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-021-00745-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunization directly impacts health (SDG3) and brings a contribution to 14 out of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), such as ending poverty, reducing hunger, and reducing inequalities. Therefore, immunization is recognized to play a central role in reaching the SDGs, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Despite continuous interventions to strengthen immunization systems and to adequately respond to emergency immunization during epidemics, the immunization-related indicators for SDG3 lag behind in sub-Saharan Africa. Especially taking into account the current Covid19 pandemic, the current performance on the connected SDGs is both a cause and a result of this. METHODS We conduct a literature review through a keyword search strategy complemented with handpicking and snowballing from earlier reviews. After title and abstract screening, we conducted a qualitative analysis of key insights and categorized them according to showing the impact of immunization on SDGs, sustainability challenges, and model-based solutions to these challenges. RESULTS We reveal the leveraging mechanisms triggered by immunization and position them vis-à-vis the SDGs, within the framework of Public Health and Planetary Health. Several challenges for sustainable control of vaccine-preventable diseases are identified: access to immunization services, global vaccine availability to LMICs, context-dependent vaccine effectiveness, safe and affordable vaccines, local/regional vaccine production, public-private partnerships, and immunization capacity/capability building. Model-based approaches that support SDG-promoting interventions concerning immunization systems are analyzed in light of the strategic priorities of the Immunization Agenda 2030. CONCLUSIONS In general terms, it can be concluded that relevant future research requires (i) design for system resilience, (ii) transdisciplinary modeling, (iii) connecting interventions in immunization with SDG outcomes, (iv) designing interventions and their implementation simultaneously, (v) offering tailored solutions, and (vi) model coordination and integration of services and partnerships. The research and health community is called upon to join forces to activate existing knowledge, generate new insights and develop decision-supporting tools for Low-and Middle-Income Countries' health authorities and communities to leverage immunization in its transformational role toward successfully meeting the SDGs in 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Decouttere
- KU Leuven, Access-To-Medicines research Center, Naamsestraat 69, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kim De Boeck
- KU Leuven, Access-To-Medicines research Center, Naamsestraat 69, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nico Vandaele
- KU Leuven, Access-To-Medicines research Center, Naamsestraat 69, Leuven, Belgium
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Momtazmanesh S, Saghazadeh A, Becerra JCA, Aramesh K, Barba FJ, Bella F, Blakney A, Capaccioli M, Castagna R, Crisanti U, Davtyan T, Dorigo T, Ealy J, Farokhnia M, Grancini G, Gupta M, Harbi A, Krysztofiak W, Kulasinghe A, Lam CM, Leemans A, Lighthill B, Limongelli V, Lopreiato P, Luongo L, Maboloc CR, Malekzadeh R, Gomes OC, Milosevic M, Nouwen J, Ortega-Sánchez D, Pawelek J, Pramanik S, Ramakrishna S, Renn O, Sanseviero S, Sauter D, Schreiber M, Sellke FW, Shahbazi MA, Shelkovaya N, Slater WH, Snoeck D, Sztajer S, Uddin LQ, Veramendi-Espinoza L, Vinuesa R, Willett WC, Wu D, Żyniewicz K, Rezaei N. International Scientific Collaboration Is Needed to Bridge Science to Society: USERN2020 Consensus Statement. SN COMPREHENSIVE CLINICAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42399-021-00896-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Momtazmanesh S, Saghazadeh A, Becerra JCA, Aramesh K, Barba FJ, Bella F, Blakney A, Capaccioli M, Castagna R, Crisanti U, Davtyan T, Dorigo T, Ealy J, Farokhnia M, Grancini G, Gupta M, Harbi A, Krysztofiak W, Kulasinghe A, Lam CM, Leemans A, Lighthill B, Limongelli V, Lopreiato P, Luongo L, Maboloc CR, Malekzadeh R, Gomes OC, Milosevic M, Nouwen J, Ortega-Sánchez D, Pawelek J, Pramanik S, Ramakrishna S, Renn O, Sanseviero S, Sauter D, Schreiber M, Sellke FW, Shahbazi MA, Shelkovaya N, Slater WH, Snoeck D, Sztajer S, Uddin LQ, Veramendi-Espinoza L, Vinuesa R, Willett WC, Wu D, Żyniewicz K, Rezaei N. International Scientific Collaboration Is Needed to Bridge Science to Society: USERN2020 Consensus Statement. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 3:1699-1703. [PMID: 33997623 PMCID: PMC8111052 DOI: 10.1007/s42399-021-00896-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Scientific collaboration has been a critical aspect of the development of all fields of science, particularly clinical medicine. It is well understood that myriads of benefits can be yielded by interdisciplinary and international collaboration. For instance, our rapidly growing knowledge on COVID-19 and vaccine development could not be attained without expanded collaborative activities. However, achieving fruitful results requires mastering specific tactics in collaborative efforts. These activities can enhance our knowledge, which ultimately benefits society. In addition to tackling the issue of the invisible border between different countries, institutes, and disciplines, the border between the scientific community and society needs to be addressed as well. International and transdisciplinary approaches can potentially be the best solution for bridging science and society. The Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN) is a non-governmental, non-profit organization and network to promote professional, scientific research and education worldwide. The fifth annual congress of USERN was held in Tehran, Iran, in a hybrid manner on November 7–10, 2020, with key aims of bridging science to society and facilitating borderless science. Among speakers of the congress, a group of top scientists unanimously agreed on The USERN 2020 consensus, which is drafted with the goal of connecting society with scientific scholars and facilitating international and interdisciplinary scientific activities in all fields, including clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Momtazmanesh
- http://usern.org
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amene Saghazadeh
- http://usern.org
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Juan Carlos Aldave Becerra
- http://usern.org
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins Lima, Lima, Peru
| | - Kiarash Aramesh
- http://usern.org
- Department of Biology and Health Sciences, College of Science and Health Professions, Edinboro University of Pennsylvania, Edinboro, USA
| | - Francisco J Barba
- http://usern.org
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés, S/n, València 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Federico Bella
- http://usern.org
- Department of Applied Science and Technology - DISAT, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Anna Blakney
- http://usern.org
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG UK
| | - Massimo Capaccioli
- http://usern.org
- Physics Department "Ettore Pancini", University of Naples Federico II Monte Sant'Angelo Campus, via Cinthia 21, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Rossella Castagna
- http://usern.org
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Barcelona, 08028 Spain
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis (LIOS), Riga, LV-1006 Latvia
| | - Umberto Crisanti
- http://usern.org
- Psychotherapist in Private Practice, Canterbury, Kent England
| | - Tigran Davtyan
- http://usern.org
- Analytical Laboratory Branch, Scientific Centre of Drug and Medical Technology Expertise after Academician E. Gabrielyan CJSC, Yerevan, 0051 Armenia
| | | | - Julie Ealy
- http://usern.org
- Penn State Lehigh Valley, 2809 Saucon Valley Road, Center Valley, PA 18034 USA
| | - Mehdi Farokhnia
- http://usern.org
- National Health Institutes of Health (NIH) Intramural Research Program (IRP), Bethesda, USA
| | - Giulia Grancini
- http://usern.org
- Department of Chemistry & INSTM, University of Pavia , Via Taramelli 14, Pavia, I-27100 Italy
| | - Manoj Gupta
- http://usern.org
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amine Harbi
- http://usern.org
- Souk Ahras University, Souk Ahras, Algeria
| | - Wojciech Krysztofiak
- http://usern.org
- The Institute of Philosophy, University of Szczecin, Ul. Krakowska 71-79, Szczecin, 71-004 Poland
| | - Arutha Kulasinghe
- http://usern.org
- Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD Australia
| | - Chi-Ming Lam
- http://usern.org
- Department of International Education, Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alexander Leemans
- http://usern.org
- Department of International Education, Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Vittorio Limongelli
- http://usern.org
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI) Euler Institute, via G. Buffi 13, CH-6900 Lugano, Switzerland
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Reza Malekzadeh
- http://usern.org
- Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Orlando Costa Gomes
- http://usern.org
- Lisbon Accounting and Business School, Instituto Superior de Contabilidade e Administração de Lisboa (ISCAL/IPL), Av. Miguel Bombarda 20, Lisbon, 1069-035 Portugal
| | - Milos Milosevic
- http://usern.org
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Management, Singidunum University, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jan Nouwen
- http://usern.org
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Delfín Ortega-Sánchez
- http://usern.org
- Department of Specific Didactics Faculty of Education, University of Burgos, Burgos, 09001 Spain
| | - John Pawelek
- http://usern.org
- Department of Dermatology and The Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Surapati Pramanik
- http://usern.org
- Mathematics, Nandalal Ghosh B.T. College, Kolkata, West Bengal India
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- http://usern.org
- Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ortwin Renn
- http://usern.org
- Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS), Berliner Str. 130, Potsdam, 14467 Germany
| | | | - Daniel Sauter
- http://usern.org
- Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076 Germany
| | - Michael Schreiber
- http://usern.org
- Institute of Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09107 Germany
| | - Frank W Sellke
- http://usern.org
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery Department of Surgery The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903 USA
| | - Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi
- http://usern.org
- Drug Research Program Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Natalya Shelkovaya
- http://usern.org
- Department of Philosophy Cultural Studies and Information Activity, Volodymyr Dahl East Ukrainian National University, Severodonetsk, Ukraine
| | - Wayne H Slater
- http://usern.org
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
| | - Didier Snoeck
- http://usern.org
- Department of Structural Engineering and Building Materials Faculty of Engineering and Architecture Magnel-Vandepitte Laboratory for Structural Engineering and Building Materials, Ghent University, Tech Lane Ghent Science Park, Campus A, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 60, B- 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Slawomir Sztajer
- http://usern.org
- Department of Religious and Comparative Studies, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Lucina Q Uddin
- http://usern.org
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, PO Box 248185-0751, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA
| | - Liz Veramendi-Espinoza
- http://usern.org
- Allergy and Immunology Division, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru
| | - Ricardo Vinuesa
- http://usern.org
- SimEx/FLOW, Engineering Mechanics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44 Sweden
| | - Walter C Willett
- http://usern.org
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
| | - Dongrui Wu
- http://usern.org
- School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Karolina Żyniewicz
- http://usern.org
- Artes Liberales Faculty, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nima Rezaei
- http://usern.org
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Janse M, Brouwers T, Claassen E, Hermans P, van de Burgwal L. Barriers Influencing Vaccine Development Timelines, Identification, Causal Analysis, and Prioritization of Key Barriers by KOLs in General and Covid-19 Vaccine R&D. Front Public Health 2021; 9:612541. [PMID: 33959579 PMCID: PMC8096063 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.612541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A frequently mentioned factor holding back the introduction of new vaccines on the market are their prohibitively long development timelines. These hamper their potential societal benefit and impairs the ability to quickly respond to emerging new pathogens. This is especially worrisome since new pathogens are emerging at all-time high rates of over one per year, and many age-old pathogens are still not vaccine preventable.Through interviews with 20 key-opinion-leaders (KOLs), this study identified innovation barriers that increase vaccine development timelines. These innovation barriers were visualized, and their underlying causes revealed by means of qualitative root cause analysis. Based on a survey the innovation barriers were quantitatively ranked based on their relative impact on both regular, and Covid-19 vaccine development timelines. KOLs identified 20 key innovation barriers, and mapping these barriers onto the Vaccine Innovation Cycle model revealed that all phases of vaccine development were affected. Affected by most barriers is the area between the preclinical studies and the market entry. Difficult hand-off between academia and industry, lack of funding, and lack of knowledge of pathogen targets were often mentioned as causes. Quantitative survey responses from 93 KOLs showed that general vaccine development and Covid-19 vaccine development are impacted by distinct sets of innovation barriers. For the general vaccine development three barriers were perceived of the highest impact; limited ROI for vaccines addressing disease with limited market size, limited ROI for vaccines compared to non-vaccine projects, and academia not being able to progress beyond proof of principle. Of highest impact on Covid-19 vaccine development, are lack of knowledge concerning pathogen target, high risk of upscaling unlicensed vaccines, and proof of principle not meeting late-stage requirements. In conclusion, the current study demonstrates that barriers hampering timelines in vaccine development are present across the Vaccine Innovation Cycle. Prioritizing the impact of barriers in general, and in Covid-19 vaccine development, shows clear differences that can be used to inform policies to speed up development in both war and peace time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marga Janse
- Athena Institute, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Brouwers
- Athena Institute, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eric Claassen
- Athena Institute, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter Hermans
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Linda van de Burgwal
- Athena Institute, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Gränicher G, Coronel J, Trampler F, Jordan I, Genzel Y, Reichl U. Performance of an acoustic settler versus a hollow fiber-based ATF technology for influenza virus production in perfusion. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:4877-4888. [PMID: 32291490 PMCID: PMC7228903 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10596-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Process intensification and integration is crucial regarding an ever increasing pressure on manufacturing costs and capacities in biologics manufacturing. For virus production in perfusion mode, membrane-based alternating tangential flow filtration (ATF) and acoustic settler are the commonly described cell retention technologies. While acoustic settlers allow for continuous influenza virus harvesting, the use of commercially available membranes for ATF systems typically results in the accumulation of virus particles in the bioreactor vessel. Accordingly, with one single harvest at the end of a cultivation, this increases the risk of lowering the product quality. To assess which cell retention device would be most suitable for influenza A virus production, we compared various key performance figures using AGE1.CR.pIX cells at concentrations between 25 and 50 × 106 cells/mL at similar infection conditions using either an ATF system or an acoustic settler. Production yields, process-related impurities, and aggregation of viruses and other large molecules were evaluated. Taking into account the total number of virions from both the bioreactor and the harvest vessel, a 1.5-3.0-fold higher volumetric virus yield was obtained for the acoustic settler. In addition, fewer large-sized aggregates (virus particles and other molecules) were observed in the harvest taken directly from the bioreactor. In contrast, similar levels of process-related impurities (host cell dsDNA, total protein) were obtained in the harvest for both retention systems. Overall, a clear advantage was observed for continuous virus harvesting after the acoustic settler operation mode was optimized. This development may also allow direct integration of subsequent downstream processing steps. KEY POINTS: • High suspension cell density, immortalized avian cell line, influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendal Gränicher
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstr. 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Juliana Coronel
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstr. 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Felix Trampler
- SonoSep Technologies, Waldgasse 7, 2371, Hinterbrühl, Austria
| | - Ingo Jordan
- ProBioGen AG, Goethestr 54, 13086, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yvonne Genzel
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstr. 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Udo Reichl
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstr. 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
- Bioprocess Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
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Schrauf S, Tschismarov R, Tauber E, Ramsauer K. Current Efforts in the Development of Vaccines for the Prevention of Zika and Chikungunya Virus Infections. Front Immunol 2020; 11:592. [PMID: 32373111 PMCID: PMC7179680 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses represent major challenges to public health, particularly in tropical, and subtropical regions, and a substantial risk to other parts of the world as respective vectors extend their habitats. In recent years, two viruses transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, Chikungunya and Zika virus, have gathered increased interest. After decades of regionally constrained outbreaks, both viruses have recently caused explosive outbreaks on an unprecedented scale, causing immense suffering and massive economic burdens in affected regions. Chikungunya virus causes an acute febrile illness that often transitions into a chronic manifestation characterized by debilitating arthralgia and/or arthritis in a substantial subset of infected individuals. Zika infection frequently presents as a mild influenza-like illness, often subclinical, but can cause severe complications such as congenital malformations in pregnancy and neurological disorders, including Guillain-Barré syndrome. With no specific treatments or vaccines available, vector control remains the most effective measure to manage spread of these diseases. Given that both viruses cause antibody responses that confer long-term, possibly lifelong protection and that such responses are cross-protective against the various circulating genetic lineages, the development of Zika and Chikungunya vaccines represents a promising route for disease control. In this review we provide a brief overview on Zika and Chikungunya viruses, the etiology and epidemiology of the illnesses they cause and the host immune response against them, before summarizing past and current efforts to develop vaccines to alleviate the burden caused by these emerging diseases. The development of the urgently needed vaccines is hampered by several factors including the unpredictable epidemiology, feasibility of rapid clinical trial implementation during outbreaks and regulatory pathways. We will give an overview of the current developments.
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Micoli F, Del Bino L, Alfini R, Carboni F, Romano MR, Adamo R. Glycoconjugate vaccines: current approaches towards faster vaccine design. Expert Rev Vaccines 2019; 18:881-895. [PMID: 31475596 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1657012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Over the last decades, glycoconjugate vaccines have been proven to be a successful strategy to prevent infectious diseases. Many diseases remain to be controlled, especially in developing countries, and emerging antibiotic-resistant bacteria present an alarming public-health threat. The increasing complexity of future vaccines, and the need to accelerate development processes have triggered the development of faster approaches to glycoconjugate vaccines design. Areas covered: This review provides an overview of recent progress in glycoconjugation technologies toward faster vaccine design. Expert opinion: Among the different emerging approaches, glycoengineering has the potential to combine glycan assembly and conjugation to carrier systems (such as proteins or outer membrane vesicles) in one step, resulting in a simplified manufacturing process and fewer analytical controls. Chemical and enzymatic strategies, and their automation can facilitate glycoepitope identification for vaccine design. Other approaches, such as the liposomal encapsulation of polysaccharides, potentially enable fast and easy combination of numerous antigens in the same formulation. Additional progress is envisaged in the near future, and some of these systems still need to be further validated in humans. In parallel, new strategies are needed to accelerate the vaccine development process, including the associated clinical trials, up to vaccine release onto the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Micoli
- Technology Platform, GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health s.r.l , Siena , Italy
| | | | - Renzo Alfini
- Technology Platform, GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health s.r.l , Siena , Italy
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Editorial overview: Tough targets. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 53:iv-vi. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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