1
|
Jaquish A, Phung E, Gong X, Baldominos-Flores P, Galvan-Pena S, Bursulaya I, Magill I, Bertrand K, Chambers C, Agudo J, Mathis D, Benoist C, Ramanan D. Expansion of mammary intraepithelial lymphocytes and intestinal inputs shape T cell dynamics in lactogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.09.602739. [PMID: 39026711 PMCID: PMC11257640 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.09.602739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Pregnancy brings about profound changes to the mammary gland in preparation for lactation. Changes in immunocyte populations that accompany this rapid remodeling are incompletely understood. We comprehensively analyzed mammary T cells through all parous stages, revealing a marked increase in CD4+ and CD8+ T effector cells in late pregnancy and lactation. T cell expansion was partly dependent on microbial signals and included an increase in TCRαβ+CD8αα+ cells with strong cytotoxic markers, located in the epithelium, that resemble intraepithelial lymphocytes of mucosal tissues. This relationship was substantiated by demonstrating T cell migration from gut to mammary gland in late pregnancy, by TCR clonotypes shared by intestine and mammary tissue in the same mouse, including intriguing gut TCR families. Putative counterparts of CD8αα+ IELs were found in human milk. Mammary T cells are thus poised to manage the transition from a non-mucosal tissue to a mucosal barrier during lactogenesis.
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
The thymus is an evolutionarily conserved organ that supports the development of T cells. Not only does the thymic environment support the rearrangement and expression of diverse T cell receptors but also provides a unique niche for the selection of appropriate T cell clones. Thymic selection ensures that the repertoire of available T cells is both useful (being MHC-restricted) and safe (being self-tolerant). The unique antigen-presentation features of the thymus ensure that the display of self-antigens is optimal to induce tolerance to all types of self-tissue. MHC class-specific functions of CD4+ T helper cells, CD8+ killer T cells and CD4+ regulatory T cells are also established in the thymus. Finally, the thymus provides signals for the development of several minor T cell subsets that promote immune and tissue homeostasis. This Review provides an introductory-level overview of our current understanding of the sophisticated thymic selection mechanisms that ensure T cells are useful and safe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Maude Ashby
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hada A, Li L, Kandel A, Jin Y, Xiao Z. Characterization of Bovine Intraepithelial T Lymphocytes in the Gut. Pathogens 2023; 12:1173. [PMID: 37764981 PMCID: PMC10535955 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraepithelial T lymphocytes (T-IELs), which constitute over 50% of the total T lymphocytes in the animal, patrol the mucosal epithelial lining to defend against pathogen invasion while maintaining gut homeostasis. In addition to expressing T cell markers such as CD4 and CD8, T-IELs display T cell receptors (TCR), including either TCRαβ or TCRγδ. Both humans and mice share similar T-IEL subsets: TCRγδ+, TCRαβ+CD8αα+, TCRαβ+CD4+, and TCRαβ+CD8αβ+. Among these subsets, human T-IELs are predominantly TCRαβ+ (over 80%), whereas those in mice are mostly TCRγδ+ (~60%). Of note, the majority of the TCRγδ+ subset expresses CD8αα in both species. Although T-IELs have been extensively studied in humans and mice, their profiles in cattle have not been well examined. Our study is the first to characterize bovine T-IELs using flow cytometry, where we identified several distinct features. The percentage of TCRγδ+ was comparable to that of TCRαβ+ T-IELs (both ~50% of CD3+), and the majority of bovine TCRγδ+ T-IELs did not express CD8 (CD8-) (above 60%). Furthermore, about 20% of TCRαβ+ T-IELs were CD4+CD8αβ+, and the remaining TCRαβ+ T-IELs were evenly distributed between CD4+ and CD8αβ+ (~40% of TCRαβ+ T-IELs each) with no TCRαβ+CD8αα+ identified. Despite these unique properties, bovine T-IELs, similar to those in humans and mice, expressed a high level of CD69, an activation and tissue-retention marker, and a low level of CD62L, a lymphoid adhesion marker. Moreover, bovine T-IELs produced low levels of inflammatory cytokines such as IFNγ and IL17A, and secreted small amounts of the immune regulatory cytokine TGFβ1. Hence, bovine T-IELs' composition largely differs from that of human and mouse, with the dominance of the CD8- population among TCRγδ+ T-IELs, the substantial presence of TCRαβ+CD4+CD8αβ+ cells, and the absence of TCRαβ+CD8αα+ T-IELs. These results provide the groundwork for conducting future studies to examine how bovine T-IELs respond to intestinal pathogens and maintain the integrity of the gut epithelial barrier in animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zhengguo Xiao
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (A.H.); (L.L.); (A.K.); (Y.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bosselut R. A Beginner's Guide to T Cell Development. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2580:3-24. [PMID: 36374448 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2740-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
T lymphocytes (T cells) are essential components of the adaptive immune system; they serve multiple functions in responses to pathogens and to ensure immune homeostasis. Written for readers first entering this field of study, this chapter is a brief overview of the development of T cells in the thymus, from the entry of thymus-settling bone marrow-derived precursors to the egress of mature T cells. Surveyed topics include the differentiation and expansion of early precursors, the generation of the T cell antigen receptor repertoire, the selection of αβ T cell precursors, and their acquisition of functional competency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Bosselut
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
von Werdt D, Gungor B, Barreto de Albuquerque J, Gruber T, Zysset D, Kwong Chung CKC, Corrêa-Ferreira A, Berchtold R, Page N, Schenk M, Kehrl JH, Merkler D, Imhof BA, Stein JV, Abe J, Turchinovich G, Finke D, Hayday AC, Corazza N, Mueller C. Regulator of G-protein signaling 1 critically supports CD8 + T RM cell-mediated intestinal immunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1085895. [PMID: 37153600 PMCID: PMC10158727 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1085895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the Regulator of G-protein signaling (Rgs) family regulate the extent and timing of G protein signaling by increasing the GTPase activity of Gα protein subunits. The Rgs family member Rgs1 is one of the most up-regulated genes in tissue-resident memory (TRM) T cells when compared to their circulating T cell counterparts. Functionally, Rgs1 preferentially deactivates Gαq, and Gαi protein subunits and can therefore also attenuate chemokine receptor-mediated immune cell trafficking. The impact of Rgs1 expression on tissue-resident T cell generation, their maintenance, and the immunosurveillance of barrier tissues, however, is only incompletely understood. Here we report that Rgs1 expression is readily induced in naïve OT-I T cells in vivo following intestinal infection with Listeria monocytogenes-OVA. In bone marrow chimeras, Rgs1 -/- and Rgs1 +/+ T cells were generally present in comparable frequencies in distinct T cell subsets of the intestinal mucosa, mesenteric lymph nodes, and spleen. After intestinal infection with Listeria monocytogenes-OVA, however, OT-I Rgs1 +/+ T cells outnumbered the co-transferred OT-I Rgs1- /- T cells in the small intestinal mucosa already early after infection. The underrepresentation of the OT-I Rgs1 -/- T cells persisted to become even more pronounced during the memory phase (d30 post-infection). Remarkably, upon intestinal reinfection, mice with intestinal OT-I Rgs1 +/+ TRM cells were able to prevent the systemic dissemination of the pathogen more efficiently than those with OT-I Rgs1 -/- TRM cells. While the underlying mechanisms are not fully elucidated yet, these data thus identify Rgs1 as a critical regulator for the generation and maintenance of tissue-resident CD8+ T cells as a prerequisite for efficient local immunosurveillance in barrier tissues in case of reinfections with potential pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego von Werdt
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bilgi Gungor
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas Gruber
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Zysset
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cheong K. C. Kwong Chung
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Gastrointestinal Health, Immunology, Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antonia Corrêa-Ferreira
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Regina Berchtold
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Page
- Department of Pathology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University & University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mirjam Schenk
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - John H. Kehrl
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University & University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Beat A. Imhof
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Centre Medical Universitaire, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jens V. Stein
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jun Abe
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Gleb Turchinovich
- Department of Biomedicine, and University Children’s Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Finke
- Department of Biomedicine, and University Children’s Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adrian C. Hayday
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nadia Corazza
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Christoph Mueller, ; Nadia Corazza,
| | - Christoph Mueller
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, and University Children’s Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Christoph Mueller, ; Nadia Corazza,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhi Y, Li M, Lv G. Into the multi-omics era: Progress of T cells profiling in the context of solid organ transplantation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1058296. [PMID: 36798139 PMCID: PMC9927650 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1058296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells are the common type of lymphocyte to mediate allograft rejection, remaining long-term allograft survival impeditive. However, the heterogeneity of T cells, in terms of differentiation and activation status, the effector function, and highly diverse T cell receptors (TCRs) have thus precluded us from tracking these T cells and thereby comprehending their fate in recipients due to the limitations of traditional detection approaches. Recently, with the widespread development of single-cell techniques, the identification and characterization of T cells have been performed at single-cell resolution, which has contributed to a deeper comprehension of T cell heterogeneity by relevant detections in a single cell - such as gene expression, DNA methylation, chromatin accessibility, surface proteins, and TCR. Although these approaches can provide valuable insights into an individual cell independently, a comprehensive understanding can be obtained when applied joint analysis. Multi-omics techniques have been implemented in characterizing T cells in health and disease, including transplantation. This review focuses on the thesis, challenges, and advances in these technologies and highlights their application to the study of alloreactive T cells to improve the understanding of T cell heterogeneity in solid organ transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingqian Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guoyue Lv
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gui Y, Cheng H, Zhou J, Xu H, Han J, Zhang D. Development and function of natural TCR + CD8αα + intraepithelial lymphocytes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1059042. [PMID: 36569835 PMCID: PMC9768216 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1059042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity of intestinal homeostasis results from the ability of the intestinal epithelium to absorb nutrients, harbor multiple external and internal antigens, and accommodate diverse immune cells. Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) are a unique cell population embedded within the intestinal epithelial layer, contributing to the formation of the mucosal epithelial barrier and serving as a first-line defense against microbial invasion. TCRαβ+ CD4- CD8αα+ CD8αβ- and TCRγδ+ CD4- CD8αα+ CD8αβ- IELs are the two predominant subsets of natural IELs. These cells play an essential role in various intestinal diseases, such as infections and inflammatory diseases, and act as immune regulators in the gut. However, their developmental and functional patterns are extremely distinct, and the mechanisms underlying their development and migration to the intestine are not fully understood. One example is that Bcl-2 promotes the survival of thymic precursors of IELs. Mature TCRαβ+ CD4- CD8αα+ CD8αβ- IELs seem to be involved in immune regulation, while TCRγδ+ CD4- CD8αα+ CD8αβ- IELs might be involved in immune surveillance by promoting homeostasis of host microbiota, protecting and restoring the integrity of mucosal epithelium, inhibiting microbiota invasion, and limiting excessive inflammation. In this review, we elucidated and organized effectively the functions and development of these cells to guide future studies in this field. We also discussed key scientific questions that need to be addressed in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Gui
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingyang Zhou
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiajia Han
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases, Institute for Clinical Research, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University of Medicine, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Jiajia Han, ; Dunfang Zhang,
| | - Dunfang Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Jiajia Han, ; Dunfang Zhang,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abreu MT, Davies JM, Quintero MA, Delmas A, Diaz S, Martinez CD, Venables T, Reich A, Crynen G, Deshpande AR, Kerman DH, Damas OM, Fernandez I, Santander AM, Pignac-Kobinger J, Burgueno JF, Sundrud MS. Transcriptional Behavior of Regulatory T Cells Predicts IBD Patient Responses to Vedolizumab Therapy. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2022; 28:1800-1812. [PMID: 35993552 PMCID: PMC9713523 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izac151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) involves chronic T cell-mediated inflammatory responses. Vedolizumab (VDZ), a monoclonal antibody against α4β7 integrin, inhibits lymphocyte extravasation into intestinal mucosae and is effective in ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). AIM We sought to identify immune cell phenotypic and gene expression signatures that related to response to VDZ. METHODS Peripheral blood (PBMC) and lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMCs) were analyzed by flow cytometry and Cytofkit. Sorted CD4 + memory (Tmem) or regulatory T (Treg) cells from PBMC and LPMC were analyzed by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Clinical response (≥2-point drop in partial Mayo scores [UC] or Harvey-Bradshaw index [CD]) was assessed 14 to 22 weeks after VDZ initiation. Machine-learning models were used to infer combinatorial traits that predicted response to VDZ. RESULTS Seventy-one patients were enrolled: 37 received VDZ and 21 patients remained on VDZ >2 years. Fourteen of 37 patients (38%; 8 UC, 6 CD) responded to VDZ. Immune cell phenotypes and CD4 + Tmem and Treg transcriptional behaviors were most divergent between the ileum and colon, irrespective of IBD subtype or inflammation status. Vedolizumab treatment had the greatest impact on Treg metabolic pathways, and response was associated with increased expression of genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation. The strongest clinical predictor of VDZ efficacy was concurrent use of thiopurines. Mucosal tissues offered the greatest number of response-predictive biomarkers, whereas PBMC Treg-expressed genes were the best predictors in combinatorial models of response. CONCLUSIONS Mucosal and peripheral blood immune cell phenotypes and transcriptional profiles can inform VDZ efficacy and inform new opportunities for combination therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria T Abreu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Julie M Davies
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Maria A Quintero
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Amber Delmas
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Sophia Diaz
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Catherine D Martinez
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Thomas Venables
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Adrian Reich
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Gogce Crynen
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Amar R Deshpande
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - David H Kerman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Oriana M Damas
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Irina Fernandez
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Ana M Santander
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Judith Pignac-Kobinger
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Juan F Burgueno
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Mark S Sundrud
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nie J, Carpenter AC, Chopp LB, Chen T, Balmaceno-Criss M, Ciucci T, Xiao Q, Kelly MC, McGavern DB, Belkaid Y, Bosselut R. The transcription factor LRF promotes integrin β7 expression by and gut homing of CD8αα + intraepithelial lymphocyte precursors. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:594-604. [PMID: 35354951 PMCID: PMC9290758 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01161-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
While T cell receptor (TCR) αβ+CD8α+CD8β- intraepithelial lymphocytes (CD8αα+ IELs) differentiate from thymic IEL precursors (IELps) and contribute to gut homeostasis, the transcriptional control of their development remains poorly understood. In the present study we showed that mouse thymocytes deficient for the transcription factor leukemia/lymphoma-related factor (LRF) failed to generate TCRαβ+CD8αα+ IELs and their CD8β-expressing counterparts, despite giving rise to thymus and spleen CD8αβ+ T cells. LRF-deficient IELps failed to migrate to the intestine and to protect against T cell-induced colitis, and had impaired expression of the gut-homing integrin α4β7. Single-cell RNA-sequencing found that LRF was necessary for the expression of genes characteristic of the most mature IELps, including Itgb7, encoding the β7 subunit of α4β7. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and gene-regulatory network analyses both defined Itgb7 as an LRF target. Our study identifies LRF as an essential transcriptional regulator of IELp maturation in the thymus and subsequent migration to the intestinal epithelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Nie
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrea C Carpenter
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laura B Chopp
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ting Chen
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mariah Balmaceno-Criss
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Ciucci
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Qi Xiao
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael C Kelly
- CCR Single Analysis Facility, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dorian B McGavern
- Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yasmine Belkaid
- Metaorganism Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Microbiome core, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rémy Bosselut
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shanmuganad S, Hummel SA, Varghese V, Hildeman DA. Bcl-2 Is Necessary to Counteract Bim and Promote Survival of TCRαβ +CD8αα + Intraepithelial Lymphocyte Precursors in the Thymus. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:651-659. [PMID: 34996838 PMCID: PMC8982985 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The precursors of TCRαβ+CD8αα+ intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) arise in the thymus through a complex process of agonist selection. We and others have shown that the proapoptotic protein, Bim, is critical to limit the number of thymic IEL precursors (IELp), as loss of Bim at the CD4+CD8+ double-positive stage of development drastically increases IELp. The factors determining this cell death versus survival decision remain largely unknown. In this study, we used CD4CreBcl2f/f mice to define the role of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 and CD4CreBcl2f/fBimf/f mice to determine the role of Bcl-2 in opposing Bim to promote survival of IELp. First, in wild-type mice, we defined distinct subpopulations within PD-1+CD122+ IELp, based on their expression of Runx3 and α4β7. Coexpression of α4β7 and Runx3 marked IELp that were most dependent upon Bcl-2 for survival. Importantly, the additional loss of Bim restored Runx3+α4β7+ IELp, showing that Bcl-2 antagonizes Bim to enable IELp survival. Further, the loss of thymic IELp in CD4CreBcl2f/f mice also led to a dramatic loss of IEL in the gut, and the additional loss of Bim restored gut IEL. The loss of gut IEL was due to both reduced seeding by IELp from the thymus as well as a requirement for Bcl-2 for peripheral IEL survival. Together, these findings highlight subset-specific and temporal roles for Bcl-2 in driving the survival of TCRαβ+CD8αα+ IEL and thymic IELp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharmila Shanmuganad
- Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH; and
| | - Sarah A Hummel
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Vivian Varghese
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - David A Hildeman
- Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH; and
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang YY, Lin YT, Wang L, Sun XW, Dang EL, Xue K, Zhang WG, Zhang KM, Wang G, Li B. CD8αα +T cells exert a pro-inflammatory role in patients with psoriasis. SKIN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2021; 1:e64. [PMID: 35663772 PMCID: PMC9060015 DOI: 10.1002/ski2.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Psoriasis is a common chronic inflammatory disease caused by excessive activation of CD4+T cells, including Th17, Th1 and Th22. The role of CD8+T cells in psoriasis pathogenesis remains poorly understood. Aim To identify the phenotype of CD8+T cells in patients with psoriasis and to investigate its role in the formation of lesions. Methods The phenotype of CD8+T cells in psoriatic lesions was detected by immunofluorescence staining. Flow cytometry was performed to detect their phenotype in peripheral blood. Thereafter, coculture of CD8αα+T cells with autogenous CD4+T cells was performed to investigate the function of CD8αα+T cells in patients with psoriasis. Finally, pro‐inflammatory factors produced by CD8αα+T cells were examined by immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry. Results Compared to the CD8αβ+T cells, CD8αα+T cell infiltration in psoriatic lesions markedly increased. Moreover, epidermal CD8αα+T cells exhibited tissue‐resident memory T cells (TRM) phenotypes and dermal CD8αα+T cells exhibited effector memory (TEM) phenotypes in psoriatic lesions. Additionally, we found that CD8αα+T cells from patients with psoriasis did not express the markers of regulatory T cells and could promote the proliferation of CD4+T effector cells and produce interleukin‐17 and interferon‐γ. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that CD8αα+T cells contribute to the pathogenesis of psoriasis by producing pro‐inflammatory factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Y Zhang
- Department of Dermatology Xijing Hospital Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Y T Lin
- Department of Dermatology Xijing Hospital Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - L Wang
- Department of Dermatology Xijing Hospital Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - X W Sun
- Department of Dermatology Xijing Hospital Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - E L Dang
- Department of Dermatology Xijing Hospital Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - K Xue
- Department of Dermatology Xijing Hospital Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - W G Zhang
- Department of Dermatology Xijing Hospital Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - K M Zhang
- Institute of Dermatology Taiyuan City Central Hospital Shanxi Key Laboratory for Immunological Dermatosis Taiyuan China
| | - G Wang
- Department of Dermatology Xijing Hospital Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - B Li
- Department of Dermatology Xijing Hospital Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dong M, Mallet Gauthier È, Fournier M, Melichar HJ. Developing the right tools for the job: Lin28 regulation of early life T-cell development and function. FEBS J 2021; 289:4416-4429. [PMID: 34077615 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
T cells comprise a functionally heterogeneous cell population that has important roles in the immune system. While T cells are broadly considered to be a component of the antigen-specific adaptive immune response, certain T-cell subsets display innate-like effector characteristics whereas others perform immunosuppressive functions. These functionally diverse T-cell populations preferentially arise at different stages of ontogeny and are tailored to the immunological priorities of the organism over time. Many differences in early life versus adult T-cell phenotypes can be attributed to the cell-intrinsic properties of the distinct progenitors that seed the thymus throughout development. It is becoming clear that Lin28, an evolutionarily conserved, heterochronic RNA-binding protein that is differentially expressed among early life and adult hematopoietic progenitor cells, plays a substantial role in influencing early T-cell development and function. Here, we discuss the mechanisms by which Lin28 shapes the T-cell landscape to protect the developing fetus and newborn. Manipulation of the Lin28 gene regulatory network is being considered as one means of improving hematopoietic stem cell transplant outcomes; as such, understanding the impact of Lin28 on T-cell function is of clinical relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Dong
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ève Mallet Gauthier
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marilaine Fournier
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Heather J Melichar
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Velardi E, Clave E, Arruda LCM, Benini F, Locatelli F, Toubert A. The role of the thymus in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation and the recovery of the peripheral T-cell compartment. Semin Immunopathol 2021; 43:101-117. [PMID: 33416938 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-020-00828-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As the thymus represents the primary site of T-cell development, optimal thymic function is of paramount importance for the successful reconstitution of the adaptive immunity after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Thymus involutes as part of the aging process and several factors, including previous chemotherapy treatments, conditioning regimen used in preparation to the allograft, occurrence of graft-versus-host disease, and steroid therapy that impair the integrity of the thymus, thus affecting its role in supporting T-cell neogenesis. Although the pathways governing its regeneration are still poorly understood, the thymus has a remarkable capacity to recover its function after damage. Measurement of both recent thymic emigrants and T-cell receptor excision circles is valuable tools to assess thymic output and gain insights on its function. In this review, we will extensively discuss available data on factors regulating thymic function after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, as well as the strategies and therapeutic approaches under investigation to promote thymic reconstitution and accelerate immune recovery in transplanted patients, including the use of cytokines, sex-steroid ablation, precursor T-cells, and thymus bioengineering. Although none of them is routinely used in the clinic, these approaches have the potential to enhance thymic function and immune recovery, not only in patients given an allograft but also in other conditions characterized by immune deficiencies related to a defective function of the thymus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Velardi
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00146, Rome, Italy.
| | - Emmanuel Clave
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, EMiLy, Inserm U1160, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Lucas C M Arruda
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francesca Benini
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00146, Rome, Italy.,Department of Maternal and Child Health, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Antoine Toubert
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, EMiLy, Inserm U1160, F-75010, Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie et d'Histocompatibilité, AP-HP, Hopital Saint-Louis, F-75010, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Affiliation(s)
- Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2363
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chopp LB, Gopalan V, Ciucci T, Ruchinskas A, Rae Z, Lagarde M, Gao Y, Li C, Bosticardo M, Pala F, Livak F, Kelly MC, Hannenhalli S, Bosselut R. An Integrated Epigenomic and Transcriptomic Map of Mouse and Human αβ T Cell Development. Immunity 2020; 53:1182-1201.e8. [PMID: 33242395 PMCID: PMC8641659 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
αβ lineage T cells, most of which are CD4+ or CD8+ and recognize MHC I- or MHC II-presented antigens, are essential for immune responses and develop from CD4+CD8+ thymocytes. The absence of in vitro models and the heterogeneity of αβ thymocytes have hampered analyses of their intrathymic differentiation. Here, combining single-cell RNA and ATAC (chromatin accessibility) sequencing, we identified mouse and human αβ thymocyte developmental trajectories. We demonstrated asymmetric emergence of CD4+ and CD8+ lineages, matched differentiation programs of agonist-signaled cells to their MHC specificity, and identified correspondences between mouse and human transcriptomic and epigenomic patterns. Through computational analysis of single-cell data and binding sites for the CD4+-lineage transcription factor Thpok, we inferred transcriptional networks associated with CD4+- or CD8+-lineage differentiation, and with expression of Thpok or of the CD8+-lineage factor Runx3. Our findings provide insight into the mechanisms of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell differentiation and a foundation for mechanistic investigations of αβ T cell development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura B Chopp
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vishaka Gopalan
- Cancer Data Science Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Ciucci
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Allison Ruchinskas
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Single Cell Analysis Facility, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zachary Rae
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Single Cell Analysis Facility, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Manon Lagarde
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yayi Gao
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Caiyi Li
- Laboratory of Genomic Integrity, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marita Bosticardo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Francesca Pala
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ferenc Livak
- Laboratory of Genomic Integrity, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael C Kelly
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Single Cell Analysis Facility, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sridhar Hannenhalli
- Cancer Data Science Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rémy Bosselut
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lebel MÈ, Coutelier M, Galipeau M, Kleinman CL, Moon JJ, Melichar HJ. Differential expression of tissue-restricted antigens among mTEC is associated with distinct autoreactive T cell fates. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3734. [PMID: 32709894 PMCID: PMC7381629 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17544-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTEC) contribute to the development of T cell tolerance by expressing and presenting tissue-restricted antigens (TRA), so that developing T cells can assess the self-reactivity of their antigen receptors prior to leaving the thymus. mTEC are a heterogeneous population of cells that differentially express TRA. Whether mTEC subsets induce distinct autoreactive T cell fates remains unclear. Here, we establish bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-transgenic mouse lines with biased mTEClo or mTEChi expression of model antigens. The transgenic lines support negative selection of antigen-specific thymocytes depending on antigen dose. However, model antigen expression predominantly by mTEClo supports TCRαβ+ CD8αα intraepithelial lymphocyte development; meanwhile, mTEChi-restricted expression preferentially induces Treg differentiation of antigen-specific cells in these models to impact control of infectious agents and tumor growth. In summary, our data suggest that mTEC subsets may have a function in directing distinct mechanisms of T cell tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Ève Lebel
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, 5415 Boulevard de l'Assomption, Montreal, QC, H1T 2M4, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Marie Coutelier
- The Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, 3999 Côte Ste-Catherine Road Room E-542, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Rm W-315, Strathcona Anatomy & Dentistry Building 3640 rue University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Maria Galipeau
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, 5415 Boulevard de l'Assomption, Montreal, QC, H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Claudia L Kleinman
- The Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, 3999 Côte Ste-Catherine Road Room E-542, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Rm W-315, Strathcona Anatomy & Dentistry Building 3640 rue University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - James J Moon
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Heather J Melichar
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, 5415 Boulevard de l'Assomption, Montreal, QC, H1T 2M4, Canada.
- Département de médecine, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Winter SJ, Krueger A. Development of Unconventional T Cells Controlled by MicroRNA. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2520. [PMID: 31708931 PMCID: PMC6820353 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-transcriptional gene regulation through microRNA (miRNA) has emerged as a major control mechanism of multiple biological processes, including development and function of T cells. T cells are vital components of the immune system, with conventional T cells playing a central role in adaptive immunity and unconventional T cells having additional functions reminiscent of both innate and adaptive immunity, such as involvement in stress responses and tissue homeostasis. Unconventional T cells encompass cells expressing semi-invariant T cell receptors (TCRs), such as invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) and Mucosal-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells. Additionally, some T cells with diverse TCR repertoires, including γδT cells, intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) and regulatory T (Treg) cells, share some functional and/or developmental features with their semi-invariant unconventional counterparts. Unconventional T cells are particularly sensitive to disruption of miRNA function, both globally and on the individual miRNA level. Here, we review the role of miRNA in the development and function of unconventional T cells from an iNKT-centric point of view. The function of single miRNAs can provide important insights into shared and individual pathways for the formation of different unconventional T cell subsets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Winter
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Krueger
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Rudensky AY. Editorial overview: The value of commitment in the lymphocyte world. Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 58:v-vii. [PMID: 31279359 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Y Rudensky
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program at Sloan Kettering Institute, and Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States.
| |
Collapse
|