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Sobczyk M, Rossberg A, Santhana Krishna Kumar A, Marzec M, Cwanek A, Łokas E, Nguyen Dinh C, Bajda T. Highly efficient uranium uptake by the eco-designed cocamidopropyl betaine-decorated Na-P1 coal fly-ash zeolite. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 477:135230. [PMID: 39038376 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
In some locations around the globe, the U concentrations may exceed WHO standards by 2-folds therefore, effective yet environmentally wise solutions to purify radioactive waters are of significant importance. Here, the optimized and fully controlled coal-fly-ash based Na-P1 zeolite functionalization by employing novel, biodegradable biosurfactant molecule - cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) is showcased. The zeolite's surface decoration renders three composites with varying amounts of introduced CAPB molecule (Na-P1 @ CAPB), with 0.44, 0.88, and 1.59-times External Cation Exchange Capacity (ECEC). Wet-chemistry experiments revealed extremely high U adsorption capacity (qmax = 137.1 mg U/g) unveiling preferential interactions of uranyl dimers with CAPB molecules coupled with ion-exchange between Na+ ions. Multimodal spectroscopic analyses, including Fourier-Transformed Infra-Red (FT-IR), X-ray Photoelectron (XPS), and X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS), showed the hexavalent oxidation state of U, and no secondary release of the CAPB molecule from the composite. The EXAFS signals fingerprint changes in the interatomic distances of adsorbed U, showing the impact of the O and N, heteroatoms present in the CAPB molecule on U binding mechanism. The presented research outcomes showcase the easy, scalable, optimized, and environmentally friendly synthesis of biofunctional zeolite effectively purifying the real-life U-bearing wastewaters from the vicinity of the Pribram deposit (Czech Republic).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sobczyk
- AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
| | - A Rossberg
- The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF - The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043 Cedex 9 Grenoble, France; Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Resource Ecology, PO Box 510119, 01314 Dresden, Germany
| | - A Santhana Krishna Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, No. 70, Lien-hai Road, Gushan District, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - M Marzec
- AGH University of Krakow, Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology (ACMiN), al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - A Cwanek
- The Henryk Niewodniczański Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Mass Spectrometry, ul. Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland
| | - E Łokas
- The Henryk Niewodniczański Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Mass Spectrometry, ul. Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland
| | - C Nguyen Dinh
- AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - T Bajda
- AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
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Shen M, Dai W, Qiu M, Hu B. Performance and mechanism of U(vi) removal from solution by humic acid-coated Fe 3O 4 nanoparticle-modified biochar from filamentous green algae. RSC Adv 2024; 14:20646-20655. [PMID: 38952931 PMCID: PMC11215498 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra03421j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The adsorbent material humic acid-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticle-modified biochar from filamentous green algae was fabricated by introducing the composites of humic acid-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles onto biochar from filamentous green algae using the co-precipitation method. Then, the removal of U(vi) from solution by humic acid-Fe3O4/BC was carried out through batch experiments. The results of the characterization showed that the reaction conditions had an important influence on U(vi) removal by humic acid-Fe3O4/BC. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir model better illustrate the adsorption process of U(vi) on the surface of humic acid-Fe3O4/BC. The adsorption processes were dominated by chemisorption and monolayer adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity of U(vi) by humic acid-Fe3O4/BC could be calculated, and it could reach 555.56 mg g-1. The probable mechanisms of U(vi) removal by humic acid-Fe3O4/BC were reduction reaction, inner-sphere surface complexation and electrostatic adsorption. The high stability and reusability of humic acid-Fe3O4/BC made it more promising in U(vi) removal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University 210095 P. R. China
| | - Weisheng Dai
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Shaoxing University 312000 P. R. China
- Shaoxing Raw Water Group Co., LTD. Shaoxing 312000 P. R. China
| | - Muqing Qiu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Shaoxing University 312000 P. R. China
| | - Baowei Hu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Shaoxing University 312000 P. R. China
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Yuan Y, Xia H, Guo W, Huang B, Chen Y, Qiu M, Wang Y, Hu B. The modified biochar from wheat straw by the combined composites of MnFe 2O 4 nanoparticles and chitosan Schiff base for enhanced removal of U(VI) ions from aqueous solutions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:126045-126056. [PMID: 38008835 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30961-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
In the last few decades, U(VI) is a significant environmental threat. The innovative and environmentally friendly adsorbent materials for U(VI) removal were urgent. Preparation of the modified biochar from wheat straw by combined composites of MnFe2O4 nanoparticles and chitosan Schiff base (MnFe2O4@CsSB/BC) was characterized, and adsorption experiments were carried out to investigate the performance and interfacial mechanism of U(VI) removal. The results showed that MnFe2O4@CsSB/BC exhibited high adsorption capacity of U(VI) compared with BC. The adsorption process of U(VI) removal by MnFe2O4@CsSB/BC could be ascribed as pseudo-second-order model and Langmuir model. The maximum adsorption capacity of U(VI) removal by MnFe2O4@CsSB/BC reached 19.57 mg/g at pH4.0, 30 mg/L of U(VI), and 25 °C. The possible mechanism was a chemical adsorption process, and it mainly contained electrostatic attraction and surface complexation. Additionally, it also was an economic and environmental friendly adsorbent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youdi Yuan
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, People's Republic of China
| | - Haixin Xia
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijuan Guo
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, People's Republic of China
| | - Binbin Huang
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujun Chen
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, People's Republic of China
| | - Muqing Qiu
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuchun Wang
- Zhejiang Kunhe Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Shaoxing, 312000, People's Republic of China
| | - Baowei Hu
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, People's Republic of China
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Liu Y, Yuan W, Lin W, Yu S, Zhou L, Zeng Q, Wang J, Tao L, Dai Q, Liu J. Efficacy and mechanisms of δ-MnO 2 modified biochar with enhanced porous structure for uranium(VI) separation from wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 335:122262. [PMID: 37506804 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Even though uranium (U) is considered to be an essential strategic resource with vital significance to nuclear power development and climate change mitigation, U exposure to human and ecological environment has received growing concerns due to its both highly chemically toxic and radioactively hazardous property. In this study, a composite (M-BC) based on Ficus macrocarpa (banyan tree) aerial roots biochar (BC) modified by δ-MnO2 was designed to separate U(VI) from synthetic wastewater. The results showed that the separation capacity of M-BC was 61.53 mg/g under the solid - liquid ratio of 1 g/L, which was significantly higher than that of BC (12.39 mg/g). The separation behavior of U(VI) both by BC and M-BC fitted well with Freundlich isothermal models, indicating multilayer adsorption occurring on heterogeneous surfaces. The reaction process was consistent with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the main rate-limiting step was particle diffusion process. It is worthy to note that the removal of U(VI) by M-BC was maintained at 94.56% even after five cycles, indicating excellent reusability and promising application potential. Multiple characterization techniques (e.g. Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (SEM-EDS), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)) uncovered that U(VI) complexation with oxygen-containing functional groups (e.g. O-CO and Mn-O) and cation exchange with protonated ≡MnOH were the dominant mechanisms for U(VI) removal. Application in real uranium wastewater treatment showed that 96% removal of U was achieved by M-BC and more than 92% of co-existing (potentially) toxic metals such as Tl, Co, Pb, Cu and Zn were simultaneously removed. The work verified a feasible candidate of banyan tree aerial roots biowaste based δ-MnO2-modified porous BC composites for efficient separation of U(VI) from uranium wastewater, which are beneficial to help address the dilemma between sustainability of nuclear power and subsequent hazard elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyi Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wenhuan Yuan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wenli Lin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shan Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- School of Environment and Resource, Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycling, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Qingyi Zeng
- School of Resources & Environment and Safety Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Jin Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Luoheng Tao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qunwei Dai
- School of Environment and Resource, Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycling, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Juan Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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5
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Zhang Y, Mei B, Shen B, Jia L, Liao J, Zhu W. Preparation of biochar@chitosan-polyethyleneimine for the efficient removal of uranium from water environment. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 312:120834. [PMID: 37059560 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Abstract
A novel chitosan-based composite with rich active sites was synthesized by uniformly dispersing biochar into the cross-linked network structure formed by chitosan and polyethyleneimine. Due to the synergistic effect of biochar (minerals) and chitosan-polyethyleneimine interpenetrating network (amino and hydroxyl), the chitosan-based composite possessed an excellent adsorption performance for uranium(VI). It could rapidly (<60 min) achieve a high adsorption efficiency (96.7 %) for uranium(VI) from water and a high static saturated adsorption capacity (633.4 mg/g), which was far superior to other chitosan-based adsorbents. Moreover, the separation for uranium(VI) on the chitosan-based composite was suitable for a variety of actual water environments and the adsorption efficiencies all exceeded 70 % in different water bodies. The soluble uranium(VI) could be completely removed by the chitosan-based composite in the continuous adsorption process, which could meet the permissible limits of the World Health Organization. In sum, the novel chitosan-based composite could overcome the bottleneck of current chitosan-based adsorption materials and become a potential adsorbent for the remediation of actual uranium(VI) contaminated wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, Sichuan Co-Innovation Center for New Energetic Materials, National Co-innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Nuclear Waste and Environmental Safety Key Laboratory of Defense, School of National Defence Science & Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Bingyu Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, Sichuan Co-Innovation Center for New Energetic Materials, National Co-innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Nuclear Waste and Environmental Safety Key Laboratory of Defense, School of National Defence Science & Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Binhao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, Sichuan Co-Innovation Center for New Energetic Materials, National Co-innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Nuclear Waste and Environmental Safety Key Laboratory of Defense, School of National Defence Science & Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Lingyi Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, Sichuan Co-Innovation Center for New Energetic Materials, National Co-innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Nuclear Waste and Environmental Safety Key Laboratory of Defense, School of National Defence Science & Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Jun Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, Sichuan Co-Innovation Center for New Energetic Materials, National Co-innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Nuclear Waste and Environmental Safety Key Laboratory of Defense, School of National Defence Science & Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China..
| | - Wenkun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, Sichuan Co-Innovation Center for New Energetic Materials, National Co-innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Nuclear Waste and Environmental Safety Key Laboratory of Defense, School of National Defence Science & Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China..
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6
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Dhanya V, Rajesh N. A cradle to cradle approach towards remediation of uranium from water using carbonized arecanut husk fiber. RSC Adv 2023; 13:4394-4406. [PMID: 36744280 PMCID: PMC9890654 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra08333g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustainable materials for remediation of pollutants from water is the need of the hour. In this study two carbonaceous adsorbents prepared through hydrothermal carbonisation and pyrolysis from arecanut husk fiber, an agricultural waste material were used for the adsorption of uranium from water. Batch adsorption data as interpreted using the Langmuir model showed adsorption capacities of 250 mg g-1 and 200 mg g-1 respectively at pH 6 for the hydrochar (AHFC) and the pyrochar (AHFT) exceeding that reported for most of the unmodified biochars. The adsorption followed pseudo-second order kinetics and was exothermic in nature. The high selectivity and excellent removal efficiencies on application to environmental ground water samples and good regeneration capacity make these sorbents promising eco-friendly materials for uranium remediation from water.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Dhanya
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar Hyderabad 500078 India
| | - N Rajesh
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar Hyderabad 500078 India
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7
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Highly efficient separation of uranium from wastewater by in situ synthesized hydroxyapatite modified coal fly ash composite aerogel. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hamid Y, Liu L, Usman M, Naidu R, Haris M, Lin Q, Ulhassan Z, Hussain MI, Yang X. Functionalized biochars: Synthesis, characterization, and applications for removing trace elements from water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 437:129337. [PMID: 35714538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biochar (BC) has been recognized as an effective adsorbent to remove trace elements (TEs) from water. However, low surface functionality and small pore size can limit the adsorption ability of pristine biochar. These limitations can be addressed by using functionalized biochars which are developed by physical, chemical, or biological activation of biochar to improve their physico-chemical properties and adsorption efficiency. Despite the large amount of research concerning functionalized biochars in recent decades, to our knowledge, no comprehensive review of this topic has been published. This review focuses solely on the synthesis, characterization, and applications of functionalized/engineered biochars for removing TEs from water. Firstly, we evaluate the synthesis of functionalized biochars by physical, chemical, and biological strategies that yield the desired properties in the final product. The following section describes the characterization of functionalized biochars using various techniques (SEM, TEM, EDS, XRD, XANES/NEXAFS, XPS, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy). Afterward, the role of functionalized biochars in the adsorption of different TEs from water/wastewater is critically evaluated with an emphasis on the factors affecting sorption efficiency, sorption mechanisms, fate of sorbed TEs from contaminated environments and associated challenges. Finally, we specifically scrutinized the future recommendations and research directions for the application of functionalized biochar. This review serves as a comprehensive resource for the use of functionalized biochar as an emerging environmental material capable of removing TEs from contaminated water/wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Hamid
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Lab of Environ. Remediation and Ecol. Health, College of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Lei Liu
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Lab of Environ. Remediation and Ecol. Health, College of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Muhammad Usman
- PEIE Research Chair for the Development of Industrial Estates and Free Zones, Center for Environmental Studies and Research, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud 123, Muscat, Oman.
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Muhammad Haris
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Lab of Environ. Remediation and Ecol. Health, College of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zaid Ulhassan
- Institute of Crop Science, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - M Iftikhar Hussain
- Department of Plant Biology & Soil Science, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Lagoas Marcosende, Vigo 36310, Spain
| | - Xiaoe Yang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Lab of Environ. Remediation and Ecol. Health, College of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Alizadeh M, Peighambardoust SJ, Foroutan R, Azimi H, Ramavandi B. Surface magnetization of hydrolyzed Luffa Cylindrica biowaste with cobalt ferrite nanoparticles for facile Ni 2+ removal from wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113242. [PMID: 35413302 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A novel magnetic adsorbent based on hydrolyzed Luffa Cylindrica (HLC) was synthesized through the chemical co-precipitation technique, and its potential was evaluated in the adsorptive elimination of divalent nickel ions from water medium. Morphological assessment and properties of the adsorbent were performed using FTIR, SEM, EDX, XRD, BET, and TEM techniques. The effect of pH, temperature, time and nickel concentration on the removal efficiency was studied, and pH = 6, room temperature (25 °C), contact time of 60 min, and Ni2+ ion concentration of 10 mg.L-1 were introduced as the optimal values. At optimal conditions, the removal efficiency of Ni2+ ions using HLC and HLC/CoFe2O4 magnetic composite was calculated as 96.38 and 99.13%, respectively. The adsorption process kinetic followed a pseudo-first-order model. Langmuir isotherm was suitable for modelling the experimental data of the Ni2+ adsorption. The maximum elimination capacity of HLC and HLC/CoFe2O4 samples was calculated as 42.75 and 44.42 mg g-1, respectively. Furthermore, thermodynamic investigations proved the spontaneous and exothermic nature of the process. The adsorption efficiency was decreased with increasing the content of Ca2+ and Na + cations in aqueous media. During reusability of the synthesized adsorbents, it was found that after 8 cycles, no significant decrease has occurred in the adsorption efficiency. In addition, real wastewater treatment results proved that HLC/CoFe2O4 magnetic composite has an excellent performance in removal of heavy metals pollutant from shipbuilding effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Alizadeh
- Faculty of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, 5166616471, Iran
| | | | - Rauf Foroutan
- Faculty of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, 5166616471, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Azimi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, 5375171379, Iran
| | - Bahman Ramavandi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
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Liu Y, Wang Y, Xia H, Wang Q, Chen X, Lv J, Li Y, Zhao J, Liu Y, Yuan D. Low-cost reed straw-derived biochar prepared by hydrothermal carbonization for the removal of uranium(VI) from aqueous solution. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-022-08421-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Huang B, Liu Z, Wang Y, Zhou L, Wang C, Ye T. Release behavior and mechanism of uranium and thorium from Ta-Nb tailings under simulated rainfall in Jiangxi Province, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:57466-57478. [PMID: 35352230 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19931-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tantalum-niobium ore belongs to associated radioactive ore, which is accompanied by a certain amount of radioactive uranium and thorium. The remaining slag is enriched with a large number of radionuclides; after weathering, natural rainfall, and surface water scouring, radioactive elements such as uranium, thorium, and some heavy metal elements are exposed or washed into the soil, which poses a threat to the ecological environment and human health. In this study, for characterization analysis during, before, and after leaching, dynamic simulation experiment was carried out on a Ta-Nb slag sample in Jiangxi, China. From SEM analysis, the soluble substances adsorbed on the slag surface dissolve into the solution after leaching in simulated rainfall, and the remained slag becomes smooth with different particle sizes. The XRD diffraction analysis of the sample showed that after leaching in simulated rainfall, the existing forms of elements are different. pH of the leachate of Ta-Nb slag is 1.79; Ta-Nb slag contains many rare metal elements, nonmetal elements, radioactive elements, and some salt compounds; and the content of thorium is higher than that of uranium by EDS analysis. The release of uranium and thorium is obviously affected by the amount of leachate and pH. Under the lower pH of leaching solution, the release of uranium and thorium is more effective. The results of Fick diffusion theory and Elovich equation show that the release and migration mode of uranium and thorium in Ta-Nb slag are mainly surface elution; under acidic conditions, the release and migration of uranium and thorium are faster. This study provides basic data and scientific information for solving the key problems of pollution control of associated radioactive waste in environmental protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
- School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Zhirong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, People's Republic of China.
- School of Chemistry, Biological and Materials Science, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Limin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry, Biological and Materials Science, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Changfu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
- School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Tianzhen Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry, Biological and Materials Science, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
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12
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Simultaneous preparation of humic acid and mesoporous silica from municipal sludge and their adsorption properties for U(VI). Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Guo Y, Liu X, Xie S, Liu H, Wang C, Wang L. 3D ZnO modified biochar-based hydrogels for removing U(VI) in aqueous solution. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Sun Y, Zeng B, Dai Y, Liang X, Zhang L, Ahmad R, Su X. Modification of sludge-based biochar using air roasting-oxidation and its performance in adsorption of uranium(VI) from aqueous solutions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 614:547-555. [PMID: 35121513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.01.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Modification methods for sludge-based biochar are often complex and generally ineffective. In this study, sludge-based biochars were prepared at low cost using a simple air roasting-oxidation modification method and the adsorption performance on U(VI) was investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results together indicated that more carbon-oxygen functional groups were formed on the surface of oxidized biochar (OBC) compared to unoxidized biochar (BC). The adsorption performance of 550-OBC (biochar oxidized at 550 °C) on U(VI) was explored in batch experiments. The maximum adsorption capacity was up to 490.2 mg/g at 25 °C and pH 6, exceeding most of the reported biochars. 550-OBC also showed good adsorption performance at low U(VI) concentration, with 96% removal at pH 6 and an initial U(VI) concentration of 1 mg/L. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicated that the H-bond length between the solvated U(VI) and functional groups on the OBC was about 1.7 Å, which forms stronger H-bonds between them compared to that between U(VI) and BC (4.21 Å), and the adsorption energy value for this complex was highly negative -31.82 kcal/mol. In addition, 550-OBC exhibited high selectivity for U(VI) adsorption and excellent regeneration performance, making it a cost-effective and high-performance adsorbent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, P.R. China; School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China; China-Singapore International Joint Research Institute (CSIRI), Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Baiyan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, P.R. China; School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China; China-Singapore International Joint Research Institute (CSIRI), Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Yatang Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, P.R. China
| | - Xiangjing Liang
- Guangzhou Haitao Environmental Protection Technology Company Limited, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511340, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Rashid Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 18800, Pakistan.
| | - Xintai Su
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, P.R. China; School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China; China-Singapore International Joint Research Institute (CSIRI), Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China.
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15
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Liao J, He X, Zhang Y, Zhu W, Zhang L, He Z. Bismuth impregnated biochar for efficient uranium removal from solution: Adsorption behavior and interfacial mechanism. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 819:153145. [PMID: 35038520 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work, Bi2O3 doped horse manure-derived biochar was obtained by carbonizing the H2O2-modified horse manure loaded with bismuth nitrate under nitrogen atmosphere at 500 °C. The results showed that there was a sharp response between the as-prepared bismuth impregnated biochar and uranium(VI) species in solution, which resulted in a short equilibrium time (<80 min), a fast adsorption rate (about 5.0 mg/(g·min)), a high removal efficiency (93.9%) and a large adsorption capacity (516.5 mg/g) (T = 298 K, pH = 4, Ci = 10 mg/L and m/V = 0.1 g/L). Besides, the removal behavior of the bismuth impregnated biochar for uranium(VI) did not depend on the interfering ions and ion strength, except Al3+, Ca2+, CO32- and PO43-. These results indicated that the modified biochar might possess the potential of remediating the actual uranium(VI)-containing wastewater. Moreover, the interaction mechanism between Bi2O3 doped biochar and uranium(VI) species was further explored. The results demonstrated that the enrichment of uranium(VI) on the surface of the as-prepared biochar was controlled by various factors, such as surface complexation, ion exchange, electrostatic attraction, precipitation and reduction, which facilitated the adsorption of uranium(VI) on the bismuth impregnated biochar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liao
- Division of Target Science and Fabrication, Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, P. O. Box 919-987, Mianyang 621900, China; School of National Defence Science & Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Xiaoshan He
- Division of Target Science and Fabrication, Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, P. O. Box 919-987, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- School of National Defence Science & Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China.
| | - Wenkun Zhu
- School of National Defence Science & Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Division of Target Science and Fabrication, Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, P. O. Box 919-987, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Zhibing He
- Division of Target Science and Fabrication, Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, P. O. Box 919-987, Mianyang 621900, China.
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16
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Banerjee S, Kundu A, Dhak P. Bioremediation of uranium from waste effluents using novel biosorbents: a review. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-022-08304-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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17
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Sheth Y, Dharaskar S, Chaudhary V, Khalid M, Walvekar R. Prospects of titanium carbide-based MXene in heavy metal ion and radionuclide adsorption for wastewater remediation: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 293:133563. [PMID: 35007610 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of water sources with various organic and inorganic non-biodegradable pollutants is becoming a growing concern due to industrialization, urbanization, and the inefficiency of traditional wastewater treatment processes. Transition Metal Carbides/Nitrides (MXenes) are emerging as advanced nanomaterials of choice for treating contaminated water owing to their excellent conductivity, mechanical flexibility, high specific surface area, scalable production, rich surface functionalities, and layered morphology. MXenes have demonstrated enhanced ability to adsorb various organic and inorganic contaminants depending upon their surface terminal groups (-OH, -F, and -O) and interlayer spacing. Titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx) is most researched to date due to its ease of processing and stability. Ti3C2Tx has shown excellent performance in absorbing heavy metal ions and radioactive heavy metals. This review summarizes state-of-the-art Ti3C2Tx synthesis, including selective etching techniques, optimization of the desired adsorption features (controlling surface functional groups, intercalation, sonication, and functionalization), and regeneration and adsorption mechanism to remove contaminants. Furthermore, the review also compares the adsorption performance of Ti3C2Tx with other commercial adsorbents (including chitosan, cellulose, biomass, and zeolites). Ti3C2Tx has been found to have an adsorption efficiency of more than 90% in most studies due to its layered structure, which makes the functional groups easily accessible, unique and novel compared to other conventional nanomaterials and adsorbents. The challenges, potential solutions, and prospects associated with the commercial development of Ti3C2Tx as adsorbents are also discussed. The review establishes a framework for future wastewater treatment research using MXenes to address the global problem of water scarcity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashvi Sheth
- Nano-Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Raisan, Gandhinagar Gujarat, India, 382426
| | - Swapnil Dharaskar
- Nano-Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Raisan, Gandhinagar Gujarat, India, 382426.
| | - Vishal Chaudhary
- Research Cell and Department of Physics, Bhagini Nivedita College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- Graphene & Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia; Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Rashmi Walvekar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of New Energy and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria, Sepang, 43900, Selangor, Malaysia
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18
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Ruan Y, Zhang H, Yu Z, Diao Z, Song G, Su M, Hou L, Chen D, Wang S, Kong L. Phosphate enhanced uranium stable immobilization on biochar supported nano zero valent iron. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127119. [PMID: 34597926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Uranium (U) immobilization from wastewater by zero valent iron (ZVI) was widely concerned through reduction and surface adsorption. Releasing of U due to re-oxidation of U(IV) into U(VI) limited the application of ZVI in U decontamination. In this work, a kind of biochar supported nano zero valent iron (Fe/BC(900)) was obtained by carbothermal reduction of starch mixed with ferric nitrate at 900 °C. U immobilization behavior by Fe/BC(900) in the presence of phosphate (P) was investigated. The U immobilization reaction was adjusted by controlling the sequence of U, Fe/BC(900) and P. U immobilization efficiency was enhanced to 99.9% in the presence of P. Reaction sequence of U, Fe/BC(900) and P influenced the U immobilization efficiency, which followed the order of (U-P)+Fe/BC(900)>(U- Fe/BC(900))+P>U+Fe/BC(900)>(P-Fe/BC(900))+U. P and nZVI both contributed to enhancing U immobilization through precipitation of uranyl-P and reductive co-precipitate (U(IV)) in a wide pH range. The released Fe ions could precipitate with uranyl and phosphate. Consumption of P and nZVI in the (P-Fe/BC(900))+U system limited U immobilization ability. The precipitate is highly dependent on U, P and Fe elements. U desorption in (U-P)+Fe/BC(900) system was not observed with stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ruan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zijing Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zenghui Diao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Gang Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Minhua Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Li'an Hou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Diyun Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shuao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Lingjun Kong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Chen X, Wang Y, Lv J, Feng Z, Liu Y, Xia H, Li Y, Wang C, Zeng K, Liu Y, Yuan D. Simple one-pot synthesis of manganese dioxide modified bamboo-derived biochar composite for uranium(VI) removal. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02292c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Exploitation of bamboo-derived biochar offers a lucrative opportunity for using moso bamboo due to its short growth cycle, large quantity and universality. Novel MnO2 modified bamboo-derived biochar composites (MnO2@BBC) were...
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20
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Fabrication of a novel electrospun polyvinyl alcohol/polyacrylic acid nanofiber adsorbent loading with montmorillonite or zeolite for uranium (VI) removal. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-021-08092-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Sun Y, Zhang H, Yuan N, Ge Y, Dai Y, Yang Z, Lu L. Phosphorylated biomass-derived porous carbon material for efficient removal of U(VI) in wastewater. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 413:125282. [PMID: 33582468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A simple strategy to prepare cost-effective adsorbent materials for the removal of U(VI) in radioactive wastewater is of great significance to environmental protection. Here, activated orange peel was used as a precursor for the synthesis of biomass charcoal, and then a phosphorylated honeycomb-like porous carbon (HLPC-PO4) material was prepared through simple phosphorylation modification. FT-IR and XPS showed that P-O-C, P-C, and P˭O bonds appeared in HLPC-PO4, indicating that the phosphorylation process is mainly the reaction of C-O bonds on the surface of the material with -PO4. The results of the batch experiments showed that the uptake equilibrium of HLPC-PO4 to U(VI) occurred within 20 min, and the kinetic simulation showed that the process was monolayer chemical adsorption. Interestingly, the maximum U(VI) uptake capacity of HLPC-PO4 at T = 298.15 K and pH = 6.0 was 552.6 mg/g, which was more than 3 times that of HLPC. In addition, HLPC-PO4 showed an adsorption selectivity of 70.1% for U(VI). After 5 cycles, HLPC-PO4 maintained its original adsorption capacity of 90.5%. The adsorption mechanism can be explained as the complexation of U(VI) with P-O and P˭O on the surface of the adsorbent, confirming the strong bonding ability of -PO4 to U(VI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbing Sun
- Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, PR China
| | - Haoyan Zhang
- The Fourth Research and Design Engineering Institute of China National Nuclear Corporation, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050022, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, PR China
| | - Nan Yuan
- Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, PR China
| | - Yulin Ge
- Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, PR China
| | - Ying Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, PR China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, PR China.
| | - Liang Lu
- Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, PR China.
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