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Dhoble S, Kapse A, Ghegade V, Chogale M, Ghodake V, Patravale V, Vora LK. Design, development, and technical considerations for dry powder inhaler devices. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:103954. [PMID: 38531423 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.103954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The dry powder inhaler (DPI) stands out as a highly patient-friendly and effective pulmonary formulation, surpassing traditional and other pulmonary dosage forms in certain disease conditions. The development of DPI products, however, presents more complexities than that of other dosage forms, particularly in device design and the integration of the drug formulation. This review focuses on the capabilities of DPI devices in pulmonary drug delivery, with a special emphasis on device design and formulation development. It also discusses into the principles of deep lung particle deposition and device engineering, and provides a current overview of the market for DPI devices. Furthermore, the review highlights the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in DPI product design and discusses the regulatory environment surrounding these devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Dhoble
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Archana Kapse
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Vaibhav Ghegade
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Manasi Chogale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Vinod Ghodake
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Vandana Patravale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India.
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2
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Gong QQ, Tay JYS, Veronica N, Xu J, Heng PWS, Zhang YP, Liew CV. Surface Modification of lactose carrier particles using a fluid bed coater to improve fine particle fraction for dry powder inhalers. Pharm Dev Technol 2023; 28:164-175. [PMID: 36683577 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2023.2171434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Surface roughness of carrier particles can impact dry powder inhaler (DPI) performance. There are opposing views on the effect of roughness on DPI performance. Hence, a systematic approach is needed to modify carrier surfaces and evaluate the impact on drug delivery. Carrier particle surfaces were modified by fluid bed coating with saturated lactose containing micronized lactose of different sizes (2, 5 and 8 μm) and coated to different levels (20, 40, 60 and 80%). Their drug delivery performance was assessed by the fine particle fraction (FPF). Roughness parameters, mean arithmetic roughness (Ra) and arithmetic mean height (Sa), of the carrier particles, were also evaluated using optical profilometry and scanning laser microscopy. Generally, particles of higher Ra had higher FPF. Higher Sa resulted in higher FPF only for particles with 60 and 80% coat levels. Reduced contact surface area between the drug particle and rougher carrier particle resulted in easier drug detachment during aerosolization. The 5 µm micronized lactose produced optimal carrier particles with respect to FPF and surface roughness. The study highlighted that with the ideal particles for surface roughening and coating level, surface roughening could be efficiently achieved by fluid bed coating for superior DPI performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Qin Gong
- GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Engineering Technology Research Center for Processing and Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Engineering Technology Research Center for Miao Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Justin Yong Soon Tay
- GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Natalia Veronica
- GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jian Xu
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Processing and Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Engineering Technology Research Center for Miao Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Paul Wan Sia Heng
- GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yong Ping Zhang
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Processing and Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Engineering Technology Research Center for Miao Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Celine Valeria Liew
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Selangor, Malaysia
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3
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Mahar R, Chakraborty A, Nainwal N. The influence of carrier type, physical characteristics, and blending techniques on the performance of dry powder inhalers. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Varun N, Ghoroi C. Crystallization induced flower-like lactose as potential carriers for dry powder inhaler application. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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5
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Design and Characterization of Atorvastatin Dry Powder Formulation as a potential Lung Cancer Treatment. Saudi Pharm J 2022; 29:1449-1457. [PMID: 35002383 PMCID: PMC8720807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death. Many studies have shown the beneficial effects of Atorvastatin in decreasing the mortality risk and improving survival among patients with lung cancer. This research paper focuses on improving AVT cytotoxic activity and cellular uptake by developing mannitol microcarriers as a promising drug delivery system for lung cancer treatment and, studying the impact of improving inhalation deposition on the delivery and Dry Powder formulations efficiency. The AVT loaded mannitol (AM) microparticles (AVT-AM) formulation was prepared by spray drying and characterized for its physicochemical properties and aerodynamic deposition. The results revealed that the AVT-AM formulation has good flow properties and aerosol deposition with a particle size of 3418 nm ± 26.86. The formulation was also assessed in vitro for cytotoxicity effects (proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle progression) on A549 human lung adenocarcinoma. Compared with free AVT, the AVT-AM formulation has significantly higher cellular uptake and anti-cancer properties by disrupting cell cycle progression via either apoptosis or cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. This study shows that AVT loaded mannitol microcarriers may provide a potentially effective and sustained pulmonary drug delivery for lung cancer treatment.
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Al-Obaidi H, Granger A, Hibbard T, Opesanwo S. Pulmonary Drug Delivery of Antimicrobials and Anticancer Drugs Using Solid Dispersions. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1056. [PMID: 34371747 PMCID: PMC8309119 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13071056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that currently available inhaled drug formulations are associated with extremely low lung deposition. Currently available technologies alleviate this low deposition problem via mixing the drug with inert larger particles, such as lactose monohydrate. Those inert particles are retained in the inhalation device or impacted in the throat and swallowed, allowing the smaller drug particles to continue their journey towards the lungs. While this seems like a practical approach, in some formulations, the ratio between the carrier to drug particles can be as much as 30 to 1. This limitation becomes more critical when treating lung conditions that inherently require large doses of the drug, such as antibiotics and antivirals that treat lung infections and anticancer drugs. The focus of this review article is to review the recent advancements in carrier free technologies that are based on coamorphous solid dispersions and cocrystals that can improve flow properties, and help with delivering larger doses of the drug to the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham Al-Obaidi
- The School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AD, UK; (A.G.); (T.H.); (S.O.)
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Yaqoubi S, Chan HK, Nokhodchi A, Dastmalchi S, Alizadeh AA, Barzegar-Jalali M, Adibkia K, Hamishehkar H. A quantitative approach to predicting lung deposition profiles of pharmaceutical powder aerosols. Int J Pharm 2021; 602:120568. [PMID: 33812969 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dry powder inhalers (DPI) are widely used systems for pulmonary delivery of therapeutics. The inhalation performance of DPIs is influenced by formulation features, inhaler device and inhalation pattern. The current review presents the affecting factors with great focus on powder characteristics which include particle size, shape, surface, density, hygroscopicity and crystallinity. The properties of a formulation are greatly influenced by a number of physicochemical factors of drug and added excipients. Since available particle engineering techniques result in particles with a set of modifications, it is difficult to distinguish the effect of an individual feature on powder deposition behavior. This necessitates developing a predictive model capable of describing all influential factors on dry powder inhaler delivery. Therefore, in the current study, a model was constructed to correlate the inhaler device properties, inhalation flow rate, particle characteristics and drug/excipient physicochemical properties with the resultant fine particle fraction. The r2 value of established correlation was 0.74 indicating 86% variability in FPF values is explained by the model with the mean absolute errors of 0.22 for the predicted values. The authors believe that this model is capable of predicting the lung deposition pattern of a formulation with an acceptable precision when the type of inhaler device, inhalation flow rate, physicochemical behavior of active and inactive ingredients and the particle characteristics of DPI formulations are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Yaqoubi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hak-Kim Chan
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ali Nokhodchi
- Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Siavoush Dastmalchi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Alizadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Barzegar-Jalali
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, and Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Khosro Adibkia
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Hamishehkar
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Tamadondar MR, Salehi K, Abrahamsson P, Rasmuson A. The role of fine excipient particles in adhesive mixtures for inhalation. AIChE J 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad R. Tamadondar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Kian Salehi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg Sweden
| | | | - Anders Rasmuson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg Sweden
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Mohammed A, Zurek J, Madueke S, Al-Kassimy H, Yaqoob M, Houacine C, Ferraz A, Kalgudi R, Zariwala MG, Hawkins N, Al-Obaidi H. Generation of High Dose Inhalable Effervescent Dispersions against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms. Pharm Res 2020; 37:150. [PMID: 32686026 PMCID: PMC7369260 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02878-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Novel particle engineering approach was used in this study to generate high dose inhalable effervescent particles with synergistic effects against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. METHODS Spray dried co-amorphous salt of ciprofloxacin (CFX) and tartaric acid (TA) was prepared and coated with external layer of sodium bicarbonate and silica coated silver nanobeads. Design of experiments (DOE) was used to optimize physicochemical properties of particles for enhanced lung deposition. RESULTS Generated particles were co-amorphous CFX/TA showing that CFX lost its zwitterionic form and exhibiting distinct properties to CFX/HCl as assessed by FTIR and thermal analysis. Particles exhibited mass mean aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of 3.3 μm, emitted dose of 78% and fine particle dose of 85%. Particles were further evaluated via antimicrobial assessment of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC). MIC and MBEC results showed that the hybrid particles were around 3-5 times more effective when compared to CFX signifying that synergistic effect was achieved. Diffusing wave spectroscopy results showed that the silver containing particles had a disruptive effect on rheological properties as opposed to silver free particles. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these results showed the potential to use particle engineering to generate particles that are highly disruptive of bacterial biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aram Mohammed
- The School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AD, UK
| | - Jakub Zurek
- The School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AD, UK
| | - Somto Madueke
- The School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AD, UK
| | | | | | - Chahinez Houacine
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Amina Ferraz
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Rachith Kalgudi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Mohammed Gulrez Zariwala
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Nicholas Hawkins
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, 0X1 3PJ, Oxford, UK
| | - Hisham Al-Obaidi
- The School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AD, UK.
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10
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Gamal A, Saeed H, Sayed OM, Kharshoum RM, Salem HF. Proniosomal Microcarriers: Impact of Constituents on the Physicochemical Properties of Proniosomes as a New Approach to Enhance Inhalation Efficiency of Dry Powder Inhalers. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:156. [PMID: 32449087 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01705-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Proniosomes are free-flowing systems with coating carriers, which developed as a method for improving the drug flow and pulmonary delivery. Extensive research on proniosomes was done to enhance the dry powder inhalers (DPI)'s inhalation performance. This research aimed at studying the impact of lactose-mannitol mixture additives on the proniosome's physicochemical properties as a method for improving the inhalation efficiency of DPI. Vismodegib has been employed as a compound model. Box-Behnken design has been employed to prepare different proniosomes formulae by incorporating various (A) span 60 concentrations, (B) lactose concentrations and (C) mannitol: total carrier mixture. The measured responses were vesicle size (R1), %release (R2), Carr's index (R3) and %recovery (R4). The results displayed that R1 and R4 were significantly antagonistic to C and significantly synergistic to both A and B while R2 and R3 were significantly synergistic to C and significantly antagonistic to both A and B. The optimal formula was selected for its aerodynamic behaviour, cytotoxic activity and bioavailability assessment. The optimal formula resulted in better Vismodegib lung deposition, cytotoxic activity and relative bioavailability. This novel formula could be a promising carrier for sustained delivery of drugs via the pulmonary route.
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11
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Kou X, Heng PWS, Chan LW, Wereley ST, Carvajal MT. Effect of Roughness on the Dispersion of Dry Powders for Inhalation: a Dynamic Visualization Perspective. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:271. [PMID: 31363868 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1482-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry powder inhalers have attracted more interest over the years in every aspect related to them. Interestingly, when focusing on the effects of particle morphology of the active or carrier (excipient), it is generally regarded particle size and shape to influence drug availability of aerosolized particles. However, to date, few studies have examined the effect of texture, i.e., roughness, on this relationship. The main objective of the present work is to gain a closer understanding of the influence of carrier morphology on the aerosolization performance of dry powder inhaler formulations. Image analysis and microscopy were used to visualize the aerosolization process. It is considered that the scale of morphological features on the surface of the carrier particles is responsible for the dispersion of the powder formulation, separation of the drug/carrier, and entrainment from a dry powder inhaler. Thus, for this study, the carrier particles of different surface roughness were mixed with micronized salbutamol sulphate. Aerosolization in vitro testing was used to evaluate the performance. The results indicate a connection between the qualitative surface roughness of coarse carriers and aerosolization performance during powder dispersibility. This investigation demonstrated that indeed, powder dispersion, a dynamic process, is influenced by the scale of the carrier morphology.
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12
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Zellnitz S, Roblegg E, Pinto J, Fröhlich E. Delivery of Dry Powders to the Lungs: Influence of Particle Attributes from a Biological and Technological Point of View. Curr Drug Deliv 2019; 16:180-194. [PMID: 30360739 DOI: 10.2174/1567201815666181024143249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dry powder inhalers are medical devices used to deliver powder formulations of active pharmaceutical ingredients via oral inhalation to the lungs. Drug particles, from a biological perspective, should reach the targeted site, dissolve and permeate through the epithelial cell layer in order to deliver a therapeutic effect. However, drug particle attributes that lead to a biological activity are not always consistent with the technical requirements necessary for formulation design. For example, small cohesive drug particles may interact with neighbouring particles, resulting in large aggregates or even agglomerates that show poor flowability, solubility and permeability. To circumvent these hurdles, most dry powder inhalers currently on the market are carrier-based formulations. These formulations comprise drug particles, which are blended with larger carrier particles that need to detach again from the carrier during inhalation. Apart from blending process parameters, inhaler type used and patient's inspiratory force, drug detachment strongly depends on the drug and carrier particle characteristics such as size, shape, solid-state and morphology as well as their interdependency. This review discusses critical particle characteristics. We consider size of the drug (1-5 µm in order to reach the lung), solid-state (crystalline to guarantee stability versus amorphous to improve dissolution), shape (spherical drug particles to avoid macrophage clearance) and surface morphology of the carrier (regular shaped smooth or nano-rough carrier surfaces for improved drug detachment.) that need to be considered in dry powder inhaler development taking into account the lung as biological barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Zellnitz
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Roblegg
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Graz, Austria.,Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Joana Pinto
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Graz, Austria.,Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Eleonore Fröhlich
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Graz, Austria.,Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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13
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Evaluation of carrier size and surface morphology in carrier-based dry powder inhalation by surrogate modeling. Chem Eng Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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14
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Abstract
This review discusses recent developments in the manufacture of inhalable dry powder formulations. Pulmonary drugs have distinct advantages compared with other drug administration routes. However, requirements of drugs properties complicate the manufacture. Control over crystallization to make particles with the desired properties in a single step is often infeasible, which calls for micronization techniques. Although spray drying produces particles in the desired size range, a stable solid state may not be attainable. Supercritical fluids may be used as a solvent or antisolvent, which significantly reduces solvent waste. Future directions include application areas such as biopharmaceuticals for dry powder inhalers and new processing strategies to improve the control over particle formation such as continuous manufacturing with in-line process analytical technologies.
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Imagine the Superiority of Dry Powder Inhalers from Carrier Engineering. JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY 2018; 2018:5635010. [PMID: 29568652 PMCID: PMC5820590 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5635010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation therapy has strong history of more than 4000 years and it is well recognized around the globe within every culture. In early days, inhalation therapy was designed for treatment of local disorders such as asthma and other pulmonary diseases. Almost all inhalation products composed a simple formulation of a carrier, usually α-lactose monohydrate orderly mixed with micronized therapeutic agent. Most of these formulations lacked satisfactory pulmonary deposition and dispersion. Thus, various alternative carrier's molecules and powder processing techniques are increasingly investigated to achieve suitable aerodynamic performance. In view of this fact, more suitable and economic alternative carrier's molecules with advanced formulation strategies are discussed in the present review. Furthermore, major advances, challenges, and the future perspective are discussed.
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Patil S, Mahadik A, Nalawade P, More P. Crystal engineering of lactose using electrospray technology: carrier for pulmonary drug delivery. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2017; 43:2085-2091. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2017.1371733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharvil Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune, India
| | - Abhijeet Mahadik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune, India
| | - Pradeep Nalawade
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune, India
| | - Priyesh More
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Defense Institute of Advanced Technology, Pune, India
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17
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Kim KS, Kim JH, Jin SG, Kim DW, Kim JO, Yong CS, Youn YS, Oh KT, Woo JS, Choi HG. Formulation of novel dry powder inhalation for fluticasone propionate and salmeterol xinafoate with capsule-based device. Pharm Dev Technol 2017; 23:158-166. [DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2017.1342656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong Soo Kim
- College of Pharmacy & Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
- Pharmaceutical Research Centre, Hanmi Pharm. Co., Hwaseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy & Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
- Pharmaceutical Research Centre, Hanmi Pharm. Co., Hwaseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Giu Jin
- College of Pharmacy & Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Wuk Kim
- College of Pharmacy & Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Oh Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Soon Yong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Seok Youn
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Taek Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Soo Woo
- Pharmaceutical Research Centre, Hanmi Pharm. Co., Hwaseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Gon Choi
- College of Pharmacy & Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
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18
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Li YH, Qi YR, Wu ZF, Wang YQ, Wang XC, Wang F, Yang M. Comparative study of microwave-vacuum and vacuum drying on the drying characteristics, dissolution, physicochemical properties, and antioxidant capacity of Scutellaria extract powder. POWDER TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Peng T, Zhang X, Huang Y, Zhao Z, Liao Q, Xu J, Huang Z, Zhang J, Wu CY, Pan X, Wu C. Nanoporous mannitol carrier prepared by non-organic solvent spray drying technique to enhance the aerosolization performance for dry powder inhalation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46517. [PMID: 28462948 PMCID: PMC5411962 DOI: 10.1038/srep46517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
An optimum carrier rugosity is essential to achieve a satisfying drug deposition efficiency for the carrier based dry powder inhalation (DPI). Therefore, a non-organic spray drying technique was firstly used to prepare nanoporous mannitol with small asperities to enhance the DPI aerosolization performance. Ammonium carbonate was used as a pore-forming agent since it decomposed with volatile during preparation. It was found that only the porous structure, and hence the specific surface area and carrier density were changed at different ammonium carbonate concentration. Furthermore, the carrier density was used as an indication of porosity to correlate with drug aerosolization. A good correlation between the carrier density and fine particle fraction (FPF) (r2 = 0.9579) was established, suggesting that the deposition efficiency increased with the decreased carrier density. Nanoporous mannitol with a mean pore size of about 6 nm exhibited 0.24-fold carrier density while 2.16-fold FPF value of the non-porous mannitol. The enhanced deposition efficiency was further confirmed from the pharmacokinetic studies since the nanoporous mannitol exhibited a significantly higher AUC0-8h value than the non-porous mannitol and commercial product Pulmicort. Therefore, surface modification by preparing nanoporous carrier through non-organic spray drying showed to be a facile approach to enhance the DPI aerosolization performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Peng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xuejuan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ying Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ziyu Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qiuying Liao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jing Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhengwei Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiwen Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chuan-Yu Wu
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Xin Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.,Zhongshan WanYuan New Drug R&D Co., Ltd., Zhongshan City 528451, China
| | - Chuanbin Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.,Guangdong Research Center for Drug Delivery Systems, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Noraizaan AN, Wong TW. Physicochemical effects of lactose microcarrier on inhalation performance of rifampicin in polymeric nanoparticles. POWDER TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2017.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kaialy W. On the effects of blending, physicochemical properties, and their interactions on the performance of carrier-based dry powders for inhalation - A review. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 235:70-89. [PMID: 27291646 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Blending drug and carrier powders to produce homogeneous drug-carrier adhesive mixtures is a key step in the production of dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulations. Although the blending conditions can result in different conclusions or probably change the outcome of a study entirely if being selected differently, there is a scarcity of data on the influence of blending processes on the physicochemical properties of bulk powder formulations and the follow-on effects on DPI performance. This paper provides an overview of the interactions between variables related to blending conditions (e.g. blending equipment, time, speed and sequence as well as environmental humidity) and powder physicochemical properties (e.g. size distribution, shape distribution, density, anomeric composition, electrostatic charge, surface, and bulk properties), and their effects on the performance of adhesive mixtures for inhalation in terms of drug content homogeneity, drug-carrier adhesion, and drug aerosolisation behaviour. The relevance of carrier payload, batch size and segregation was also discussed. Challenges and future directions were identified. This review therefore contributes towards a better understanding of the blending process, powder physicochemical properties, and their interlinked effects on the fundamental understanding of adhesive mixtures for inhalation. The knowledge gained is essential to ensure optimum blending and thereby controlled functionality of DPIs.
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Peng T, Lin S, Niu B, Wang X, Huang Y, Zhang X, Li G, Pan X, Wu C. Influence of physical properties of carrier on the performance of dry powder inhalers. Acta Pharm Sin B 2016; 6:308-18. [PMID: 27471671 PMCID: PMC4951591 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry powder inhalers (DPIs) offer distinct advantages as a means of pulmonary drug delivery and have attracted much attention in the field of pharmaceutical science. DPIs commonly contain micronized drug particles which, because of their cohesiveness and strong propensity to aggregate, have poor aerosolization performance. Thus carriers with a larger particle size are added to address this problem. However, the performance of DPIs is profoundly influenced by the physical properties of the carrier, particularly their particle size, morphology/shape and surface roughness. Because these factors are interdependent, it is difficult to completely understand how they individually influence DPI performance. The purpose of this review is to summarize and illuminate how these factors affect drug–carrier interaction and influence the performance of DPIs.
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Key Words
- API, active pharmaceutical ingredient
- CLF, coarse lactose fines
- Carrier
- DPI, dry powder inhaler
- Dry powder inhaler
- ED, emission dose
- ER, elongation ratio
- FLF, fine lactose fines
- FPF, fine particle fraction
- FR, flatness ratio
- Fshape, shape factor
- Fsurface, surface factor
- MFV, minimum fluidization velocity
- Morphology
- PDD, pulmonary drug delivery
- Particle size
- Performance
- RO, roundness
- Surface roughness
- dae, aerodynamic diameter
- pMDI, pressurized metered-dose inhaler
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Peng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shiqi Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Boyi Niu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ying Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xuejuan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ge Li
- Guangzhou Neworld Pharm. Co. Ltd., Guangzhou 51006, China
| | - Xin Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Corresponding authors at: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China. Tel.: +86 20 39943427/+86 20 39943117; fax: +86 20 39943115.School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Chuanbin Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Research Center for Drug Delivery Systems, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Corresponding authors at: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China. Tel.: +86 20 39943427/+86 20 39943117; fax: +86 20 39943115.School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
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Kaialy W. A review of factors affecting electrostatic charging of pharmaceuticals and adhesive mixtures for inhalation. Int J Pharm 2016; 503:262-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.01.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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24
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Mathematical approach for understanding deagglomeration behaviour of drug powder in formulations with coarse carrier. Asian J Pharm Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Zhang F, Ngoc NTQ, Tay BH, Mendyk A, Shao YH, Lau R. Roughness-controlled self-assembly of mannitol/LB agar microparticles by polymorphic transformation for pulmonary drug delivery. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:223-31. [PMID: 25423614 DOI: 10.1021/mp5005614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Novel roughness-controlled mannitol/LB Agar microparticles were synthesized by polymorphic transformation and self-assembly method using hexane as the polymorphic transformation reagent and spray-dried mannitol/LB Agar microparticles as the starting material. As-prepared microparticles were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), X-ray diffraction spectra (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and Andersen Cascade Impactor (ACI). The XRD and DSC results indicate that after immersing spray-dried mannitol/LB Agar microparticles in hexane, β-mannitol was completely transformed to α-mannitol in 1 h, and all the δ-mannitol was transformed to α form after 14 days. SEM shows that during the transformation the nanobelts on the spray-dried mannitol/LB Agar microparticles become more dispersed and the contour of the individual nanobelts becomes more noticeable. Afterward, the nanobelts self-assemble to nanorods and result in rod-covered mannitol/LB Agar microparticles. FTIR indicates new hydrogen bonds were formed among mannitol, LB Agar, and hexane. SEM images coupled with image analysis software reveal that different surface morphology of the microparticles have different drug adhesion mechanisms. Comparison of ACI results and image analysis of SEM images shows that an increase in the particle surface roughness can increase the fine particle fractions (FPFs) using the rod-covered mannitol microparticles as drug carriers. Transformed microparticles show higher FPFs than commercially available lactose carriers. An FPF of 28.6 ± 2.4% was achieved by microparticles transformed from spray-dried microparticles using 2% mannitol(w/v)/LB Agar as feed solution. It is comparable to the highest FPF reported in the literature using lactose and spray-dried mannitol as carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengying Zhang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore
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26
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Ahmad MI, Nakpheng T, Srichana T. The safety of ethambutol dihydrochloride dry powder formulations containing chitosan for the possibility of treating lung tuberculosis. Inhal Toxicol 2014; 26:908-17. [DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2014.975875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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27
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Du P, Du J, Smyth HDC. Evaluation of granulated lactose as a carrier for DPI formulations 1: effect of granule size. AAPS PharmSciTech 2014; 15:1417-28. [PMID: 24962007 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-014-0166-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of large granulated lactose carrier particle systems on aerosol performance of dry powder inhaler formulations. Granulated lactose carriers with average sizes ranging from 200 to 1,000 μm were prepared and subsequently fractionated into separate narrow size powders. The fractionated granulated lactose (GL) samples were characterized in terms of size, specific surface area, surface roughness, morphology, density, flowability, and solid-state. The in vitro aerosolization performance was performed on the different size fractions of GL samples from a commercial inhaler device (Aerolizer®) with a model formulation (2% w/w salbutamol sulfate). The cascade impaction parameters employed were 60 or 90 L/min with standard (aperture size, 0.6 mm) or modified piercing holes (aperture size, 1.2 mm) of the inhaler loaded capsules. It was shown that the largest size fraction formulation (850-1000 μm) had a slight improvement in the fine particle fraction (FPF) compared to immediately preceding size fractions, explained by a smaller adhesive force between drug and carrier. Compared to commercial piercing holes, enlarged piercing holes generated a slight decreasing trend of FPF as the lactose powder sizes increased from 200-250 μm to 600-850 μm, perhaps due to the reduced detachment force by flow forces. The size, surface roughness, density, and flowability of lactose carrier as well as device design all contributed to the aerosol dispersion performance of granulated lactose-based adhesive mixtures. It was concluded that poorer or enhanced redispersion performance is not an inherent property to the significantly large size of granulated lactose carriers as previously contended.
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Liquid crystalline phase as a probe for crystal engineering of lactose: carrier for pulmonary drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 68:43-50. [PMID: 25460546 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The current work was undertaken to assess suitability of liquid crystalline phase for engineering of lactose crystals and their utility as a carrier in dry powder inhalation formulations. Saturated lactose solution was poured in molten glyceryl monooleate which subsequently transformed into gel. The gel microstructure was analyzed by PPL microscopy and SAXS. Lactose particles recovered from gels after 48 h were analyzed for polymorphism using techniques such as FTIR, XRD, DSC and TGA. Particle size, morphology and aerosolisation properties of prepared lactose were analyzed using Anderson cascade impactor. In situ seeding followed by growth of lactose crystals took place in gels with cubic microstructure as revealed by PPL microscopy and SAXS. Elongated (size ∼ 71 μm) lactose particles with smooth surface containing mixture of α and β-lactose was recovered from gel, however percentage of α-lactose was more as compared to β-lactose. The aerosolisation parameters such as RD, ED, %FPF and % recovery of lactose recovered from gel (LPL) were found to be comparable to Respitose® ML001. Thus LC phase (cubic) can be used for engineering of lactose crystals so as to obtain particles with smooth surface, high elongation ratio and further they can be used as carrier in DPI formulations.
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29
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Ahmad MI, Ungphaiboon S, Srichana T. The development of dimple-shaped chitosan carrier for ethambutol dihydrochloride dry powder inhaler. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2014; 41:791-800. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2014.903493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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30
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Rahimpour Y, Kouhsoltani M, Hamishehkar H. Alternative carriers in dry powder inhaler formulations. Drug Discov Today 2013; 19:618-26. [PMID: 24269834 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aerosolization efficiency of a powder is highly dependent on carrier characteristics, such as particle size distribution, shape and surface properties. The main objective in the inhalation field is to achieve a high and reproducible pulmonary deposition. This can be provided by successful carrier selection and careful process optimization for carrier modification. Lactose is the most common and frequently used carrier in dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulations. But lactose shows some limitations in formulation with certain drugs and peptides that prohibit its usage as a carrier in DPI formulations. Here, we criticality review the most important alternative carriers to lactose with merits, demerits and applications in DPI formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Rahimpour
- Biotechnology Research Center and Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Kouhsoltani
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology and Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Hamishehkar
- Pharmaceutical Technology Laboratory, Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Kaialy W, Hussain T, Alhalaweh A, Nokhodchi A. Towards a more desirable dry powder inhaler formulation: large spray-dried mannitol microspheres outperform small microspheres. Pharm Res 2013; 31:60-76. [PMID: 23918220 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1132-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate, for the first time, the performance of a dry powder inhaler (DPI, Aerolizer(®)) in the case of a model drug (i.e. albuterol sulphate) formulated with spray dried mannitol carrier particles with homogeneous shape and solid-state form but different sizes. METHODS Spray dried mannitol (SDM) particles were characterized in terms of size, surface area, morphology, water content, solid-state, density and electrostatic charge by a novel approach. DPI formulations composed of SDM and albuterol sulphate (AS) were prepared and evaluated in terms of drug content homogeneity and in vitro aerosolization performance. RESULTS All SDM particles generated similar fine particle fractions of AS. Formulations consisting of larger SDM particles demonstrated better drug content homogeneity, reduced amounts of drug loss and reduced oropharyngeal deposition. Comparing different SDM products demonstrated that SDM powders with relatively poorer flowability, wider size distributions and higher charge density generated DPI formulations with poorer drug content homogeneity and deposited higher amount of drug on the inhaler, mouthpiece adaptor and throat. DPI formulation total desirability increased linearly with the mean diameter of SDM. CONCLUSION Particle shape and solid-state form of mannitol could dominate over carrier size, bulk density, flowability and charge in terms of determining the aerosolization behaviour of AS formulated with mannitol carrier, at least within the experimental protocols applied in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Kaialy
- Chemistry and Drug Delivery Group, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, ME4 4TB, Kent, UK,
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32
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Kaialy W, Nokhodchi A. Engineered mannitol ternary additives improve dispersion of lactose-salbutamol sulphate dry powder inhalations. AAPS JOURNAL 2013; 15:728-43. [PMID: 23591748 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-013-9476-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of novel engineered fine mannitol particles (4.7%, w/w) on the performance of lactose-salbutamol sulphate dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulations to obtain promising aerosolisation properties. The results showed that the more elongated the fine mannitol particles, the weaker the drug-carrier adhesion, the better the drug content homogeneity, the higher the amount of drug expected to be delivered to the lower airways and the higher the total DPI formulation desirability. Linear relationships were established showing that mannitol particles with a more elongated shape generated powders with broader size distributions and that were less uniform in shape. The weaker the drug-carrier adhesion, the higher the fine particle fraction of the drug is upon aerosolisation. It is believed that more elongated fine mannitol particles reduce the number of drug-carrier and drug-drug physical contact points and increase the ability of the drug particles to travel into the lower airways. Additionally, a lower drug-carrier contact area, lower drug-carrier press-on forces and easier drug-carrier detachment are suggested in the case of formulations containing more elongated fine mannitol particles. Ternary 'drug-coarse carrier-elongated fine ternary component' DPI formulations were more favourable than both 'drug-coarse carrier' and 'drug-elongated coarse carrier' binary formulations. This study provides a comprehensive approach for formulators to overcome the undesirable properties of dry powder inhalers, as both improved aerosolisation performance and reasonable flow characteristics were obtained using only a small amount of elongated engineered fine mannitol particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Kaialy
- Chemistry and Drug Delivery Group, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, ME4 4TB, Kent, UK.
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33
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Asare-Addo K, Kaialy W, Levina M, Rajabi-Siahboomi A, Ghori MU, Supuk E, Laity PR, Conway BR, Nokhodchi A. The influence of agitation sequence and ionic strength on in vitro drug release from hypromellose (E4M and K4M) ER matrices—The use of the USP III apparatus. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 104:54-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Kho K, Hadinoto K. Dry powder inhaler delivery of amorphous drug nanoparticles: Effects of the lactose carrier particle shape and size. POWDER TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2012.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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35
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Kaialy W, Nokhodchi A. Freeze-dried mannitol for superior pulmonary drug delivery via dry powder inhaler. Pharm Res 2012; 30:458-77. [PMID: 23070603 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0892-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To show for the first time the superior dry powder inhaler (DPI) performance of freeze dried mannitol in comparison to spray dried mannitol and commercial mannitol. METHODS Different mannitol powders were sieved to collect 63-90 μm particles and then analyzed in terms of size, shape, surface morphology, solid state, density, flowability. Salbutamol sulphate-mannitol aerosol formulations were evaluated in terms of homogeneity, SS-mannitol adhesion, and in vitro aerosolization performance. RESULTS Freeze dried mannitol demonstrated superior DPI performance with a fine particle fraction believed to be highest so far reported in literature for salbutamol sulphate under similar protocols (FPF = 46.9%). To lesser extent, spray dried mannitol produced better aerosolization performance than commercial mannitol. Freeze dried mannitol demonstrated elongated morphology, α-+β-+δ- polymorphic forms, and poor flowability whereas spray dried mannitol demonstrated spherical morphology, α-+β- polymorphic forms, and excellent flowability. Commercial mannitol demonstrated angular morphology, β- polymorphic form, and good flowability. Freeze dried mannitol demonstrated smoother surface than spray dried mannitol which in turn demonstrated smoother surface than commercial mannitol. FPF of SS increased as mannitol powder porosity increase. CONCLUSIONS Freeze drying under controlled conditions can be used as a potential technique to generate aerodynamically light mannitol particles for superior DPI performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Kaialy
- Chemistry and Drug Delivery Group, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, ME4 4TB, Kent, UK.
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36
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Kaialy W, Alhalaweh A, Velaga SP, Nokhodchi A. Influence of lactose carrier particle size on the aerosol performance of budesonide from a dry powder inhaler. POWDER TECHNOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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37
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Yang JJ, Liu CY, Quan LH, Liao YH. Preparation and in vitro aerosol performance of spray-dried Shuang-Huang-Lian corrugated particles in carrier-based dry powder inhalers. AAPS PharmSciTech 2012; 13:816-25. [PMID: 22644707 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-012-9806-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of dry powder inhalation (DPI) products of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) remains to be a challenge due to chemical complexity and batch-to-batch variations in constituent composition. This study was to investigate the feasibility of using spray-dried corrugated particles to improve the aerodynamic performance of a TCM, Shuang-Huang-Lian (SHL), in carrier-based DPI. Particles with different surface roughness were spray-dried by the addition of leucine and concomitant manipulation of spray-drying parameters. The surface roughness was determined by atomic force microscopy, whilst the aerodynamic performance of drug particle-mannitol/lactose blends was evaluated using a next-generation pharmaceutical impactor through a Cyclohaler. Although the emission efficiency for corrugated particle-based DPI was ~10% lower than that for smooth SHL, the fine particle fractions (FPF(<4.4 μm)) of 32.4-36.8% for the former were significantly higher than those of 14.7-16.2% for the latter. In particular, the FPF and fraction of drug detached from the carrier appeared not to be significantly affected by the variation in constituent composition of SHL. This study demonstrates that the use of corrugated particles in carrier-based DPI improved aerosol performance by facilitating drug detachment from the carrier, independent of variation in constituent composition, and such particles were potentially applicable to the development of SHL DPI products.
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38
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Kaialy W, Nokhodchi A. Antisolvent crystallisation is a potential technique to prepare engineered lactose with promising aerosolisation properties: effect of saturation degree. Int J Pharm 2012; 437:57-69. [PMID: 22884837 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Engineered lactose particles were prepared by anti-solvent crystallisation technique using lactose solutions with different saturation degrees. In comparison to commercial lactose, engineered lactose particles exhibited less elongated and more irregular shape (large aggregates composed of smaller sub-units), rougher surface texture, higher specific surface area, and different anomer form. Engineered lactose powders demonstrated smaller bulk density, smaller tap density, and higher porosity than commercial lactose powder. Dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulations containing engineered lactose and salbutamol sulphate as a model drug demonstrated improved drug content homogeneity and higher amounts of drug delivered to lower airway regions. Higher fine particle fraction of drug was obtained in the case of lactose powders with higher porosity, higher specific surface area and higher fine particle content (<5 μm). The results indicated that the higher the saturation degree of lactose solution used during crystallisation the smaller the specific surface area, the higher the amorphous lactose content, and the higher the β-lactose content of engineered lactose particles. Also, lactose powders obtained from lactose solution with higher degree of saturation showed higher bulk and tap densities and smaller porosity. Engineered lactose powders crystallized from lower saturation degree (20% and 30% w/v) deposited higher amounts of drug on lower airway regions. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that it is possible to prepare engineered lactose particles with favourable properties (e.g. higher fine particle fraction and better drug content homogeneity) for DPI formulations by using lactose solutions with lower degree of saturation during crystallisation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Kaialy
- Chemistry and Drug Delivery Group, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, ME4 4TB, Kent, UK.
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39
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Littringer EM, Mescher A, Schroettner H, Achelis L, Walzel P, Urbanetz NA. Spray dried mannitol carrier particles with tailored surface properties--the influence of carrier surface roughness and shape. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012; 82:194-204. [PMID: 22595133 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the performance of mannitol carrier particles of tailored surface roughness in dry powder inhaler formulations. Carrier particles of different surface roughness were prepared by spray drying of aqueous mannitol solutions at different outlet temperatures at a pilot-scale spray dryer. However, the carrier particles did not only change in surface roughness but also in shape. This is why the impact of carrier shape on the performance of carrier based dry powder inhalates was evaluated also. The highest fine particle fraction (FPF), that is the amount of active pharmaceutical substance, delivered to the deep lung, is achieved when using rough, spherical carrier particles (FPF=29.23 ± 4.73%, mean arithmetic average surface roughness (mean R(a))=140.33 ± 27.75 nm, aspect ratio=0.925). A decrease of surface roughness (mean R(a)=88.73 ± 22.25 nm) leads to lower FPFs (FPF=14.62 ± 1.18%, aspect ratio=0.918). The FPF further decreases when irregular shaped particles are used. For those particles, the micronized active accumulates within the cavities of the carrier surface during the preparation of the powder mixtures. Upon inhalation, the cavities may protect the active from being detached from the carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Littringer
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Graz, Austria.
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Kaialy W, Larhrib H, Martin GP, Nokhodchi A. The effect of engineered mannitol-lactose mixture on dry powder inhaler performance. Pharm Res 2012; 29:2139-56. [PMID: 22477070 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0743-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To co-crystallise mannitol and lactose with a view to obtaining crystals with more favourable morphological features than either lactose or mannitol alone, suitable for use as carriers in formulations for dry powder inhalers (DPIs) using simultaneous engineering of lactose-mannitol mixtures. METHODS Mannitol and lactose individually and the two sugars with three different ratios were crystallised/co-crystallised using anti-solvent precipitation technique. Obtained crystals were sieved to separate 63-90 μm size fractions and then characterised by size, shape, density and in vitro aerosolisation performance. Solid state of crystallized samples was studied using FT-IR, XRPD and DSC. RESULTS At unequal ratios of mannitol to lactose, the elongated shape dominated in the crystallisation process. However, lactose exerted an opposite effect to that of mannitol by reducing elongation ratio and increasing the crystals' width and thickness. Crystallised β-lactose showed different anomers compared to commercial lactose (α-lactose monohydrate). Crystallised α-mannitol showed different polymorphic form compared to commercial mannitol (β-mannitol). Crystallised mannitol:lactose showed up to 5 transitions corresponding to α-mannitol, α-lactose monohydrate, β-lactose, 5α-/3β-lactose and 4α-/1β-lactose. In vitro deposition assessments showed that crystallised carriers produced more efficient delivery of salbutamol sulphate compared to formulations containing commercial grade carriers. CONCLUSION The simultaneous crystallization of lactose-mannitol can be used as a new approach to improve the performance of DPI formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Kaialy
- Chemistry and Drug Delivery Group, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, ME4 4TB, Kent, UK.
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Dry powder inhalers: Mechanistic evaluation of lactose formulations containing salbutamol sulphate. Int J Pharm 2012; 423:184-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Kaialy W, Alhalaweh A, Velaga SP, Nokhodchi A. Effect of carrier particle shape on dry powder inhaler performance. Int J Pharm 2011; 421:12-23. [PMID: 21945739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterise the aerosolisation properties of salbutamol sulphate (SS) from dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulations containing different carrier products. The difference in the elongation ratio (ER) of the different carriers was highlighted. Different set of carriers, namely commercial mannitol (CM), commercial lactose (CL), cooling crystallised mannitol (CCM), acetone crystallised mannitol (ACM) and ethanol crystallised mannitol (ECM) were used and inspected in terms of size, shape, density, crystal form, flowability, and in vitro aerosolisation performance using Multi Stage Liquid Impinger (MSLI) and Aerolizer inhaler device. Solid-state and morphological characterization showed that CM product was in pure β-form having particles with smaller ER (CM: ER=1.62 ± 0.04) whereas ACM and ECM mannitol particles were in pure α form with higher ER (ACM: ER=4.83 ± 0.18, ECM: ER=5.89 ± 0.19). CCM product crystallised as mixtures of β-form and δ-form and showed the largest variability in terms of particle shape, size, and DPI performance. Linear relationships were established showing that carrier products with higher ER have smaller bulk density (D(b)), smaller tap density (D(t)), higher porosity (P), and poorer flow properties. In vitro aerosolisation assessments showed that the higher the ER of the carrier particles the greater the amounts of SS delivered to lower airway regions indicating enhanced DPI performance. Yet, DPI performance enhancement by increasing carrier ER reached a "limit" as increasing carrier ER from 4.83±0.18 (ACM) to 5.89±0.19 (ECM) did not significantly alter fine particle fraction (FPF) of SS. Also, carrier particles with higher ER were disadvantageous in terms of higher amounts of SS remained in inhaler device (drug loss) and deposited on throat. Linear relationship was established (r(2)=0.87) showing that the higher the carrier ER the lower the drug emission (EM) upon inhalation. Moreover, poorer flowability for carrier products with higher ER is disadvantageous in terms of DPI formulation dose metering and processing on handling scale. In conclusion, despite that using carrier particles with higher ER can considerably increase the amounts of drug delivered to lower airway regions; this enhancement is restricted to certain point. Also, other limitations should be taken into account including higher drug loss and poorer flowability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Kaialy
- Chemistry and Drug Delivery Group, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, ME4 4TB, Kent, UK
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