Preparation and characterization of ascorbic acid loaded solid lipid nanoparticles and investigation of their apoptotic effects

A Bioinspired Flexible Sensor for Electrochemical Probing of Dynamic Redox Disequilibrium in Cancer Cells

Malignant tumors pose a serious risk to human health. Ascorbic acid (AA) has potential for tumor therapy; however, the mechanism underlying the ability of AA to selectively kill tumor cells remains unclear. AA can cause redox disequilibrium in tumor cells, resulting in the release of abundant reactive oxygen species, represented by hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ). Therefore, the detection of H2 O2 changes can provide insight into the selective killing mechanism of AA against tumor cells. In this work, inspired by the ion-exchange mechanism in coral formation, a flexible H2 O2 sensor (PtNFs/CoPi@CC) is constructed to monitor the dynamics of H2 O2 in the cell microenvironment, which exhibits excellent sensitivity and spatiotemporal resolution. Moreover, the findings suggest that dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), the oxidation product of AA, is highly possible the substance that actually acts on tumor cells in AA therapy. Additionally, the intracellular redox disequilibrium and H2 O2 release caused by DHA are positively correlated with the abundance and activity of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1). In conclusion, this work has revealed the potential mechanism underlying the ability of AA to selectively kill tumor cells through the construction and use of PtNFs/CoPi@CC. The findings provide new insights into the clinical application of AA.

Lipid Nanoparticles: An Effective Tool to Improve the Bioavailability of Nutraceuticals

Nano-range bioactive colloidal carrier systems are envisaged to overcome the challenges associated with treatments of numerous diseases. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), one of the extensively investigated drug delivery systems, not only improve pharmacokinetic parameters, transportation, and chemical stability of encapsulated compounds but also provide efficient targeting and reduce the risk of toxicity. Over the last decades, nature-derived polyphenols, vitamins, antioxidants, dietary supplements, and herbs have received more attention due to their remarkable biological and pharmacological health and medical benefits. However, their poor aqueous solubility, compromised stability, insufficient absorption, and accelerated elimination impede research in the nutraceutical sector. Owing to the possibilities offered by various LNPs, their ability to accommodate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules and the availability of various preparation methods suitable for sensitive molecules, loading natural fragile molecules into LNPs offers a promising solution. The primary objective of this work is to explore the synergy between nature and nanotechnology, encompassing a wide range of research aimed at encapsulating natural therapeutic molecules within LNPs.

Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: Review of the Current Research on Encapsulation and Delivery Systems for Active and Antioxidant Compounds

Various active compounds are easily damaged, so they need protection and must be easily absorbed and targeted. This problem can be overcome by encapsulating in the form of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs). Initially, SLNs were widely used to encapsulate hydrophobic (non-polar) active compounds because of their matched affinity and interactions. Currently, SLNs are being widely used for the encapsulation of hydrophilic (polar) and semipolar active compounds, but there are challenges, including increasing their entrapment efficiency. This review provides information on current research on SLNs for encapsulation and delivery systems for active and antioxidant compounds, which includes various synthesis methods and applications of SLNs in various fields of utilization. SLNs can be developed starting from the selection of solid lipid matrices, emulsifiers/surfactants, types of active compounds or antioxidants, synthesis methods, and their applications or utilization. The type of lipid used determines crystal formation, control of active compound release, and encapsulation efficiency. Various methods can be used in the SLN fabrication of active compounds and hydrophilic/hydrophobic antioxidants, which have advantages and disadvantages. Fabrication design, which includes the selection of lipid matrices, surfactants, and fabrication methods, determines the characteristics of SLNs. High-shear homogenization combined with ultrasonication is the recommended method and has been widely used because of the ease of preparation and good results. Appropriate fabrication design can produce SLNs with stable active compounds and antioxidants that become suitable encapsulation systems for various applications or uses.

An emerging era in manufacturing of drug delivery systems: Nanofabrication techniques

Nanotechnology has the capability of making significant contributions to healthcare. Nanofabrication of multifunctional nano- or micro-character systems is becoming incredibly influential in various sectors like electronics, photonics, energy, and biomedical gadgets worldwide. The invention of such items led to the merger of moderate cost and excellent quality nano or micro-characters into 3D structures. Nanofabrication techniques have many benefits as the primary technology for manipulating cellular surroundings to research signaling processes. The inherent nanoscale mechanisms of cyto-reactions include the existence and death of cells, stem cell segmentation, multiplication, cellular relocation, etc. Nanofabrication is essential in developing various nano-formulations like solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, liposomes, niosomes, nanoemulsions, microemulsions etc. Despite the initial development cost in designing the nanofabrication-based products, it has also reduced the total cost of the healthcare system by considering the added benefits compared to the other standard formulations. Thus, the current review mainly focuses on nanofabrication techniques, advantages, disadvantages, applications in developing various nanocarrier systems, challenges and future perspectives.

Effect of liposomal formulation of ascorbic acid on corneal permeability

Ascorbic acid (AA) has a pivotal role in corneal wound healing via stimulating the biosynthesis of highly organized extracellular matrix components, but its rapid degradation and low corneal permeability limits its therapeutic effects. In this paper, we present the pharmacokinetic properties of a liposomal-based formulation of AA in terms of corneal permeation. Chemical stability, shelf-life, and drug release rate of lyophilized liposome (AA-LLipo) formulation was determined in comparison to free-form of AA solution using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and rapid equilibrium dialysis. In vitro transcorneal permeability was studied using a parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA). Ex vivo permeation was examined on AA-LLipo-treated porcine cornea by determining the AA content on the ocular surface, in the cornea as well as in the aqueous humor using HPLC, and by Raman-mapping visualizing the AA-distribution. Our results showed that the liposomal formulation improved the chemical stability of AA, while drug release was observed with the same kinetic efficiency as from the free-form of AA solution. Both corneal-PAMPA and porcine corneal permeability studies showed that AA-LLipo markedly improved the corneal absorption kinetics of AA, thus, increasing the AA content in the cornea and aqueous humor. AA-LLipo formulation could potentially increase the bioavailability of AA in corneal tissues.

Characterization of entrapment behavior of polyphenols in nanostructured lipid carriers and its effect on their antioxidative activity

Polyphenols are widely used as antioxidant agents to protect human health. Resveratrol, kaempferol, and quercetin have been reported to have potent antioxidant activity; however, these compounds have many problems related to their practical application, such as instability and insolubility. Thus, a nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) was utilized as a drug delivery system (DDS) to overcome these limitations. This study investigated the particle stability, drug loading performance, and antioxidant activity of polyphenols-incorporated NLCs. The particle size and distribution were suitable for DDS applications, and all the samples demonstrated good stability after 2 months of storage. Based on Raman spectroscopy analysis, polyphenols were successfully encapsulated in NLCs. Quantitative high-performance liquid chromatography analysis indicated that NLCs could load resveratrol more than kaempferol and quercetin. In addition, NLCs have successfully improved all the antioxidant activity per unit concentration of polyphenol (specific antioxidant activity) compared to the free polyphenols. Quercetin-incorporated NLCs showed the highest specific antioxidant activity. This result is the opposite of entrapment efficiency and actual antioxidant activity, most likely influenced by the location of entrapped polyphenol molecules. As it was performed, NLCs are highly recommended to be applied as an antioxidant delivery system.

Nanocarriers as Active Ingredients Enhancers in the Cosmetic Industry-The European and North America Regulation Challenges

“Flawless skin is the most universally desired human feature” is an iconic statement by Desmond Morris. Skin indicates one´s health and is so important that it affects a person’s emotional and psychological behavior, these facts having propelled the development of the cosmetics industry. It is estimated that in 2023, this industry will achieve more than 800 billion dollars. This boost is due to the development of new cosmetic formulations based on nanotechnology. Nanocarriers have been able to solve problems related to active ingredients regarding their solubility, poor stability, and release. Even though nanocarriers have evident benefits, they also present some problems related to the high cost, low shelf life, and toxicity. Regulation and legislation are two controversial topics regarding the use of nanotechnology in the field of cosmetics. In this area, the U.S. FDA has taken the lead and recommended several biosafety studies and post-market safety evaluations. The lack of a global definition that identifies nanomaterials as a cosmetic ingredient is a hindrance to the development of global legislation. In the EU, the legislation regarding the biosafety of nanomaterials in cosmetics is stricter. “The cost is not the only important issue, safety and the application of alternative testing methods for toxicity are of crucial importance as well”.

Biosynthesis and characterisation of solid lipid nanoparticles and investigation of toxicity against breast cancer cell line

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) comprise non-toxic surface-active lipidic agents combined with appropriate ratios of drugs or essential oils. The goal of this research was to investigate the effects of the SLN synthesised using essential oils of Foeniculum vulgare on the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. SLNs were prepared by homogenisation and ultrasound techniques and characterised by dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential assessment, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay (MTT assay), flow-cytometry, and Acridine-Orange assay were employed for assessing the biological activities of the SLNs. The average particle size was 55.43 nm and the net surface charge was -29.54 ± 11.67 mV. TEM showed that the mean particle size was 33.55 nm and the synthesised SLNs had a uniform round morphology. The MTT assay showed that the prepared SLNs had high toxicity against MCF-7 cells and low toxicity against normal HUVECs cells. Flow-cytometry revealed a noteworthy rise in the subG1 peak of the cell cycle in the cancer cells treated with SLNs compared to the controls, indicating apoptosis in cancer cells. The results also showed discolouration in SLNs-treated cells, which further confirmed the induction of apoptosis and the toxicity of the SLNs against MCF-7 cells.

Understanding the Therapeutic Potential of Ascorbic Acid in the Battle to Overcome Cancer

Cancer, a fatal disease, is also one of the main causes of death worldwide. Despite various developments to prevent and treat cancer, the side effects of anticancer drugs remain a major concern. Ascorbic acid is an essential vitamin required by our bodies for normal physiological function and also has antioxidant and anticancer activity. Although the body cannot synthesize ascorbic acid, it is abundant in nature through foods and other natural sources and also exists as a nutritional food supplement. In anticancer drug development, ascorbic acid has played an important role by inhibiting the development of cancer through various mechanisms, including scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), selectively producing ROS and encouraging their cytotoxicity against tumour cells, preventing glucose metabolism, serving as an epigenetic regulator, and regulating the expression of HIF in tumour cells. Several ascorbic acid analogues have been produced to date for their anticancer and antioxidant activity. The current review summarizes the mechanisms behind ascorbic acid's antitumor activity, presents a compilation of its derivatives and their biological activity as anticancer agents, and discusses delivery systems such as liposomes, nanoparticles against cancer, and patents on ascorbic acid as anticancer agents.

Solid lipid nanoparticles for hydrophilic drugs

Hydrophilic drugs are proficient therapeutic agents however, delivery of these drugs is a difficult task. Hence, developing an efficient drug delivery system may require a multipronged approach. Colloidal drug delivery systems such as emulsions, liposomes, nanoemulsions, polymeric nanoparticles, and niosomes are known to enhance drug entrapment, bioavailability, and to improve the pharmacokinetic profiles of hydrophilic drugs. However, issues such as drug leakage and burst release are frequently reported with such systems. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) were developed as an alternative to the traditional colloidal drug carriers to overcome these issues. Although SLNs have been widely studied as carriers for hydrophobic drugs, delivery of hydrophilic molecules remains a challenge. Hence, the current review focuses on different approaches that have been used for the delivery of hydrophilic drugs using SLNs. It not only discusses various modifications in the traditional methods for the synthesis but also emphasizes modifications of the hydrophilic drugs itself that can help in their efficient entrapment into SLNs drug carriers.

A Critical Review of the Use of Surfactant-Coated Nanoparticles in Nanomedicine and Food Nanotechnology

Surfactants, whose existence has been recognized as early as 2800 BC, have had a long history with the development of human civilization. With the rapid development of nanotechnology in the latter half of the 20th century, breakthroughs in nanomedicine and food nanotechnology using nanoparticles have been remarkable, and new applications have been developed. The technology of surfactant-coated nanoparticles, which provides new functions to nanoparticles for use in the fields of nanomedicine and food nanotechnology, is attracting a lot of attention in the fields of basic research and industry. This review systematically describes these "surfactant-coated nanoparticles" through various sections in order: 1) surfactants, 2) surfactant-coated nanoparticles, application of surfactant-coated nanoparticles to 3) nanomedicine, and 4) food nanotechnology. Furthermore, current progress and problems of the technology using surfactant-coated nanoparticles through recent research reports have been discussed.

Vitamin C: One compound, several uses. Advances for delivery, efficiency and stability

Vitamin C (Vit C) is a potent antioxidant with several applications in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical fields. However, the biggest challenge in the utilization of Vit C is to maintain its stability and improve its delivery to the active site. Several strategies have been developed such as: controlling the oxygen levels during formulation and storage, low pH, reduction of water content in the formulation and the addition of preservative agents. Additionally, the utilization of derivatives of Vit C and the development of micro and nanoencapsulated delivery systems have been highlighted. In this article, the multiple applications and mechanisms of action of vitamin C will be reviewed and discussed, as well as the new possibilities of delivery and improvement of stability.

Ascorbyl palmitate-incorporated paclitaxel-loaded composite nanoparticles for synergistic anti-tumoral therapy

A co-loaded drug delivery system based on ascorbyl palmitate that can transport various functional drugs to their targets within a tumor represents an attractive strategy for increasing the efficiency of anticancer treatment. In this study, we developed a dual drug delivery system to encapsulate ascorbyl palmitate (AP) and paclitaxel (PTX) for synergistic cancer therapy. AP, which is a vitamin C derivative, and PTX were incorporated into solid lipid nanoparticles (AP/PTX-SLNs), which were used to treat murine B16F10 melanoma that had metastasized to the lungs of mice. These nanoparticles were spherical with an average size of 223 nm as measured by transmission electron microscope and dynamic light scattering. In vitro cytotoxicity assays indicated that the AP/PTX-SLNs with an AP/PTX mass ratio of 2/1 provided the optimal synergistic anticancer efficacy. In vivo, AP/PTX-SLNs were revealed to be much more effective in suppressing tumor growth in B16F10-bearing mice and in eliminating cancer cells in the lungs than single drug (AP or PTX)-loaded SLNs via a synergistic effect through reducing the Bcl-2/Bax ratio. Furthermore, no marked side effects were observed during the treatment with the AP/PTX-SLNs, indicating that the co-delivery system with ascorbyl palmitate holds promising clinical potential in cancer therapy.

Vitamin C-Conjugated Nanoparticle Protects Cells from Oxidative Stress at Low Doses but Induces Oxidative Stress and Cell Death at High Doses

Although the antioxidant property of vitamin C is well-known for protecting cells from oxidative stress, a recent study shows that it can also generate oxidative stress under a high intracellular concentration and induce cell death. However, poor chemical stability and low biological concentration (micromolar) of vitamin C restrict its function primarily as an antioxidant. Here, we report two different nanoparticle forms of vitamin C with its intact chemical stability, glucose-responsive release from nanoparticle, and efficient cell delivery in micro to millimolar concentrations. Nanoparticles are composed of silica-coated Au nanoparticles or lipophilic polyaspartic acid-based polymer micelles which are conjugated with vitamin C via phenylboronic acid. Surface chemistry of nanoparticles is optimized for an efficient cellular interaction/uptake and for cell delivery of vitamin C. We found that vitamin C protects cells from oxidative stress at micromolar concentrations, but at millimolar concentrations, it induces cell death by generating oxidative stress. In particular, high-dose vitamin C produces H₂O₂, disrupts the cellular redox balance, and induces cell death. This study highlights the concentration-dependent biological performance of vitamin C and the requirement of a high-dose cell delivery approach for enhanced therapeutic benefit.

Overcoming multidrug resistance through co-delivery of ROS-generating nano-machinery in cancer therapeutics

The use of nanotechnology to overcome multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer cells has been predominant.

Microencapsulation of Ascorbic Acid for Cosmetic by Utilizing Self-assembly of Phase Separated Polymer

Micrometer-sized polymer particles encapsulated ascorbic acid (vitamin C; VC) were successfully prepared by the three types of the self-assembling method, those are, phase separation and self-assembly of added polymer at the oil-water interface in emulsion, microsuspension polymerization utilizing the self-assembling of phase separated polymer (SaPSeP) method, and their hybrid method. In the stability study at 50°C for 2 months, the three kinds of capsule particles exhibited effective protection of VC from the interaction with other components in cosmetic consisting of water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion. The encapsulated VC was easily released from the capsule particles by an excess of water. These encapsulation methods will be useful for the stabilization of water-soluble substances in cosmetic consisting of W/O emulsion.

A novel [Mn2(μ-(C6H5)2CHCOO)2(bipy)4](bipy)(ClO4)2 complex loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization and in vitro cytotoxicity on MCF-7 breast cancer cells

Manganese (Mn)-based complexes have been drawing attention due to the fact that they are more effective than other metal complexes. However, the use of Mn(II)-based complexes in medicine remains limited because of certain side effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of a novel Mn(II) complex [Mn₂(μ-(C₆H₅)₂CHCOO)₂(bipy)₄](bipy)(ClO₄)₂ and Mn(II) complex loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) on MCF-7 and HUVEC control cells. The average diameter of Mn(II) complex was about 1120 ± 2.43 nm, while the average particle size of Mn(II) complex-SLNs was ∼340 ± 2.27 nm. The cytotoxic effects of Mn(II) complex and Mn(II)-SLNs were 86.8 and 66.4%, respectively (p < .05). Additionally, both Mn(II) complex (39.25%) and Mn(II)-SLNs (38.05%) induced apoptosis and increased the arrest of G₀/G₁ phase. However, Mn(II) complex exerted toxic effects on the HUVEC control cell (63.4%), whereas no toxic effects was observed when treated with Mn(II)-SLNs at 150 μM. As a consequence, SLNs might be potentially used for metal-based complexes in the treatment of cancer due to reducing size and toxic effects of metal-based complexes.

Gold Nanoparticle-Mediated Delivery of Molecules into Primary Human Gingival Fibroblasts Using ns-Laser Pulses: A Pilot Study

Interaction of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in the vicinity of cells’ membrane with a pulsed laser (λ = 532 nm, τ = 1 ns) leads to perforation of the cell membrane, thereby allowing extracellular molecules to diffuse into the cell. The objective of this study was to develop an experimental setting to deliver molecules into primary human gingival fibroblasts (pHFIB-G) by using ns-laser pulses interacting with AuNPs (study group). To compare the parameters required for manipulation of pHFIB-G with those needed for cell lines, a canine pleomorphic adenoma cell line (ZMTH3) was used (control group). Non-laser-treated cells incubated with AuNPs and the delivery molecules served as negative control. Laser irradiation (up to 35 mJ/cm²) resulted in a significant proportion of manipulated fibroblasts (up to 85%, compared to non-irradiated cells: p < 0.05), while cell viability (97%) was not reduced significantly. pHFIB-G were perforated as efficiently as ZMTH3. No significant decrease of metabolic cell activity was observed up to 72 h after laser treatment. The fibroblasts took up dextrans with molecular weights up to 500 kDa. Interaction of AuNPs and a pulsed laser beam yields a spatially selective technique for manipulation of even primary cells such as pHFIB-G in high throughput.

Current application of phytocompound-based nanocosmeceuticals for beauty and skin therapy

Phytocompounds have been used in cosmeceuticals for decades and have shown potential for beauty applications, including sunscreen, moisturizing and antiaging, and skin-based therapy. The major concerns in the usage of phyto-based cosmeceuticals are lower penetration and high compound instability of various cosmetic products for sustained and enhanced compound delivery to the beauty-based skin therapy. To overcome these disadvantages, nanosized delivery technologies are currently in use for sustained and enhanced delivery of phyto-derived bioactive compounds in cosmeceutical sectors and products. Nanosizing of phytocompounds enhances the aseptic feel in various cosmeceutical products with sustained delivery and enhanced skin protecting activities. Solid lipid nanoparticles, transfersomes, ethosomes, nanostructured lipid carriers, fullerenes, and carbon nanotubes are some of the emerging nanotechnologies currently in use for their enhanced delivery of phytocompounds in skin care. Aloe vera, curcumin, resveratrol, quercetin, vitamins C and E, genistein, and green tea catechins were successfully nanosized using various delivery technologies and incorporated in various gels, lotions, and creams for skin, lip, and hair care for their sustained effects. However, certain delivery agents such as carbon nanotubes need to be studied for their roles in toxicity. This review broadly focuses on the usage of phytocompounds in various cosmeceutical products, nanodelivery technologies used in the delivery of phytocompounds to various cosmeceuticals, and various nanosized phytocompounds used in the development of novel nanocosmeceuticals to enhance skin-based therapy.

Targeted solid lipid nanoparticles with peptide ligand for oral delivery of atorvastatin calcium

Designing feasible and effective peptide ligand-modified solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) to improve the oral bioavailability of atorvastatin calcium (ATC).

Transport of stearic acid-based solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) into human epithelial cells

Development of drug delivery systems, as much as the drug molecule itself, is an important consideration for improving drug absorption and bioavailability. The mechanisms by which drug carriers enter target cells can differ depending on their size, surface properties and components. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) have gained an increased attention in recent years and are the drug carriers of interest in this paper. They are known to breach the cell-membrane barrier and have been actively sought to transport biomolecules. Previous studies by our group, and also other groups, provided an extensive characterization of SLNs. However, few studies have investigated the uptake of SLNs and these have had limited mechanistic focus. The aim of this work was to investigate the pathway of uptake of SLNs by human epithelial cells i.e., lung A549 and cervical HeLa cells. To the best of our knowledge, this is first study that investigates the cellular uptake of SLNs by human epithelial cells. The mechanism of cellular uptake was deciphered using pharmacologic inhibitors (sucrose, potassium-free buffer, filipin and cytochalasin B). Imaging techniques and flow assisted cell sorting (FACS) were used to assess the cellular uptake of SLNs loaded with rhodamine 123 as a fluorescent probe. This study provided evidence that the cellular uptake of SLNs was energy-dependent, and the endocytosis of SLNs was mainly dependent on clathrin-mediated mechanisms. The establishment of entry mechanism of SLNs is of fundamental importance for future facilitation of SLNs as biological or drug carriers.

Current nanotechnology approaches for the treatment and management of diabetic retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a consequence of diabetes mellitus at the ocular level, leading to vision loss, and contributing to the decrease of patient's life quality. The biochemical and anatomic abnormalities that occur in DR are discussed in this review to better understand and manage the development of new therapeutic strategies. The use of new drug delivery systems based on nanoparticles (e.g. liposomes, dendrimers, cationic nanoemulsions, lipid and polymeric nanoparticles) is discussed along with the current traditional treatments, pointing out the advantages of the proposed nanomedicines to target this ocular disease. Despite the multifactorial nature of DR, which is not entirely understood, some strategies based on nanoparticles are being exploited for a more efficient drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye. On the other hand, the use of some nanoparticles also seems to contribute to the development of DR symptoms (e.g. retinal neovascularization), which are also discussed in light of an efficient management of this ocular chronic disease.

Sustained Release of Hydrophilic l-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate Magnesium from Electrospun Polycaprolactone Scaffold-A Study across Blend, Coaxial, and Emulsion Electrospinning Techniques

The purpose of this study was to achieve a sustained release of hydrophilic l-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate magnesium (ASP) from electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds, so as to promote the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells for bone tissue engineering (TE). ASP was loaded and electrospun together with PCL via three electrospinning techniques, i.e., coaxial, emulsion, and blend electrospinning. For blend electrospinning, binary solvent systems of dichloromethane–methanol (DCM–MeOH) and dichloromethane–dimethylformamide (DCM–DMF) were used to achieve the desired ASP release through the effect of solvent polarity and volatility. The scaffold prepared via a blend electrospinning technique with a binary solvent system of DCM–MeOH at a 7:3 ratio demonstrated a desirable, sustained ASP release profile for as long as two weeks, with minimal burst release. However, an undesirable burst release (~100%) was observed within the first 24 h for scaffolds prepared by coaxial electrospinning. Scaffolds prepared by emulsion electrospinning displayed poorer mechanical properties. Sustained releasing blend electrospun scaffold could be a good potential candidate as an ASP-eluting scaffold for bone tissue engineering.