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Progress in oral insulin delivery by PLGA nanoparticles for the management of diabetes. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103393. [PMID: 36208724 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.103393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the only practical way to treat type 1 and advanced insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes mellitus (T1/2DM) is the frequent subcutaneous injection of insulin, which is significantly different physiologically from endogenous insulin secretion from pancreatic islets and can lead to hyperinsulinemia, pain, and infection in patients with poor compliance. Hence, oral insulin delivery has been actively pursued to revolutionize the treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes. In this review, we provide an overview of recent progress in developing poly(lactic co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) for oral insulin delivery. Different strategies for insulin-loaded PLGA NPs to achieve normoglycemic effects are discussed. Finally, challenges and future perspectives of PLGA NPs for oral insulin delivery are put forward.
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Pang H, Huang X, Xu ZP, Chen C, Han FY. Progress in oral insulin delivery by PLGA nanoparticles for the management of diabetes. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103393. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2022.103393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2024]
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3
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Bai J, Zhang H, Yang Z, Li P, Liu B, Li D, Liang S, Wang Q, Li Z, Zhang J, Chen S, Hou G, Li Y. On demand regulation of blood glucose level by biocompatible oxidized starch-Con A nanogels for glucose-responsive release of exenatide. J Control Release 2022; 352:673-684. [PMID: 36374646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a long-term chronic disease characterized by abnormal high level blood glucose (BG). An artificial closed-loop system that mimics pancreatic β-cells and releases insulin on demand has potential to improve the therapeutic efficiency of diabetes. Herein, a lectin Concanavalin A modified oxidized starch nanogel was designed to regulate glucose dynamically according to different glucose concentrations. The nanogels were formed by double cross-linking the Concanavalin A and glucose units on oxidized starch via specific binding and amide bonds to achieve the high drug loading and glucose responsiveness. The results showed that oxidized starch nanogels prolonged the half-life of antidiabetic peptide drug exenatide and released it in response to high BG concentrations. It could absorb BG at a high level and maintain glucose homeostasis. Besides, the oxidized starch nanogels performed well in recovering regular BG level from hyperglycemia state and maintaining in euglycemia state that fitted in a biological rhythm. In addition, the nanogels showed high biocompatibility in vivo and could improve plasma half-life and therapeutic efficacy of exenatide. Overall, the nanogels protected peptide drugs from degradation in plasma as a glucose-responsive platform showing a high potential for peptide drugs delivery and antidiabetic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Bai
- Research Center of Food Colloids and Delivery of Functionality, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- Research Center of Food Colloids and Delivery of Functionality, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Zhi Yang
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
| | - Pinglan Li
- Research Center of Food Colloids and Delivery of Functionality, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Dan Li
- Research Center of Food Colloids and Delivery of Functionality, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Qimeng Wang
- Research Center of Food Colloids and Delivery of Functionality, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Zekun Li
- Research Center of Food Colloids and Delivery of Functionality, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Jipeng Zhang
- Research Center of Food Colloids and Delivery of Functionality, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Shanan Chen
- Research Center of Food Colloids and Delivery of Functionality, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Guohua Hou
- Research Center of Food Colloids and Delivery of Functionality, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Yuan Li
- Research Center of Food Colloids and Delivery of Functionality, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China.
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Najmeddine AA, Saeed M, Beadham IG, ElShaer A. Efficacy and safety of glucose sensors for delivery of insulin: A Systematic Review. PHARMANUTRITION 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2021.100280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bhattacharya R, Johnson AP, T S, Rahamathulla M, H V G. Strategies to improve insulin delivery through oral route: A review. Curr Drug Deliv 2021; 19:317-336. [PMID: 34288838 DOI: 10.2174/1567201818666210720145706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is found to be among the most suffered and lethal diseases for mankind. Diabetes mellitus type-1 is caused by the demolition of pancreatic islets responsible for the secretion of insulin. Insulin is the peptide hormone (anabolic] that regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Upon the breakdown of the natural process of metabolism, the condition leads to hyperglycemia (increased blood glucose levels]. Hyperglycemia demands outsourcing of insulin. The subcutaneous route was found to be the most stable route of insulin administration but faces patient compliance problems. Oral Insulin delivery systems are the patient-centered and innovative novel drug delivery system, eliminating the pain caused by the subcutaneous route of administration. Insulin comes in contact across various barriers in the gastrointestinal tract, which has been discussed in detail in this review. The review describes about the different bioengineered formulations, including microcarriers, nanocarriers, Self-Microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDs), Self-Nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDs), polymeric micelles, cochleates, etc. Surface modification of the carriers is also possible by developing ligand anchored bioconjugates. A study on evaluation has shown that the carrier systems facilitate drug encapsulation without tampering the properties of insulin. Carrier-mediated transport by the use of natural, semi-synthetic, and synthetic polymers have shown efficient results in drug delivery by protecting insulin from harmful environment. This makes the formulation readily acceptable for a variety of populations. The present review focuses on the properties, barriers present in the GI tract, overcome the barriers, strategies to formulate oral insulin formulation by enhancing the stability and bioavailability of insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Sri Shivarathreshwara Nagara, Bannimantap, Mysuru- 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Asha P Johnson
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Sri Shivarathreshwara Nagara, Bannimantap, Mysuru- 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Shailesh T
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Sri Shivarathreshwara Nagara, Bannimantap, Mysuru- 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Mohamed Rahamathulla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Guraiger, Abha, 62529. Saudi Arabia
| | - Gangadharappa H V
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Sri Shivarathreshwara Nagara, Bannimantap, Mysuru- 570015, Karnataka, India
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Poudwal S, Misra A, Shende P. Role of lipid nanocarriers for enhancing oral absorption and bioavailability of insulin and GLP-1 receptor agonists. J Drug Target 2021; 29:834-847. [PMID: 33620269 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2021.1894434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Growing demand for insulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) is observed, considering the progressive nature of diabetes and the potential therapeutic role of peptides in its treatment. However, chronic parenteral administration is responsible for pain and rashes at the site of injection. Oral delivery of insulin and GLP-1 RA promises better patient compliance owing to their ease of administration and reduction in chances of peripheral hypoglycaemia and weight gain. The review article discusses the potential of lipid carriers in combination with different strategies such as absorption enhancers, PEGylation, lipidisation, etc. The lipid nanocarriers improve the membrane permeability and oral bioavailability of high molecular weight peptides. Additionally, the clinical status of different nanocarriers for anti-diabetic peptides is discussed. Previous research on nanocarriers showed significant hypoglycaemic activity and safety in animal studies; however, extrapolation of the same in human subjects is not validated. With the rising global burden of diabetes, the lipid nanocarriers show the potential to revolutionise treatment with oral delivery of insulin and GLP-1 RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapna Poudwal
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Mumbai, India
| | - Ambikanandan Misra
- School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Dhule, India
| | - Pravin Shende
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Mumbai, India
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7
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Zhang T, Tang JZ, Fei X, Li Y, Song Y, Qian Z, Peng Q. Can nanoparticles and nano‒protein interactions bring a bright future for insulin delivery? Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:651-667. [PMID: 33777673 PMCID: PMC7982494 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin therapy plays an essential role in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. However, frequent injections required to effectively control the glycemic levels lead to substantial inconvenience and low patient compliance. In order to improve insulin delivery, many efforts have been made, such as developing the nanoparticles (NPs)-based release systems and oral insulin. Although some improvements have been achieved, the ultimate results are still unsatisfying and none of insulin-loaded NPs systems have been approved for clinical use so far. Recently, nano‒protein interactions and protein corona formation have drawn much attention due to their negative influence on the in vivo fate of NPs systems. As the other side of a coin, such interactions can also be used for constructing advanced drug delivery systems. Herein, we aim to provide an insight into the advance and flaws of various NPs-based insulin delivery systems. Particularly, an interesting discussion on nano‒protein interactions and its potentials for developing novel insulin delivery systems is initiated. Insulin therapy plays essential roles in treating diabetes. Optimizing insulin delivery enhances insulin therapy. Nanoparticles are promising systems for delivery of insulin. Nano-protein interactions influence the delivery of nanoparticles. Nano-protein interactions can be used for advanced delivery of insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - James Zhenggui Tang
- Research Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Pharmacy, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Xiaofan Fei
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yanping Li
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yi Song
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhiyong Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qiang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Corresponding author.
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8
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Wong CY, Al-Salami H, Dass CR. Fabrication techniques for the preparation of orally administered insulin nanoparticles. J Drug Target 2021; 29:365-386. [PMID: 32876505 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2020.1817042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The development of orally administered protein drugs is challenging due to their intrinsic unfavourable features, including large molecular size and poor chemical stability, both of which limit gastrointestinal (GI) absorption efficiency. Nanoparticles can overcome the GI barriers effectively and improve the oral bioavailability of proteins in the GI tract. They possess large surface area to volume ratio, and can facilitate the GI absorption of nanoparticles via the paracellular and transcellular routes. Nanoparticles can be prepared by various fabrication techniques that can encapsulate the fragile therapeutic proteins via hydrophobic bonding and electrostatic interaction. A desirable technique should involve minimal harsh conditions and encapsulate therapeutic proteins with preserved functionalities. The current review examines the characteristics of each preparation technique, and illustrates the examples of insulin-loaded nanoparticles that have been developed in each fabrication method. The following techniques, which include nanoprecipitation, hydrophobic conjugation, flash nanocomplexation, double emulsion, ionotropic gelation, and layer-by-layer adsorption, have been used to formulate ligand-modified nanoparticles for targeted delivery of insulin. Other techniques, including reduction, complex coacervation (polyelectrolyte complexation), hydrophobic ion pairing and emulsion solvent diffusion method, and sol-gel technology, were also discussed in the latter part of the review due to their extensive use in fabrication of insulin nanoparticles. This review also discusses the strategies that have been utilised during the formulation process to improve the stability and bioactivity of therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Y Wong
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia.,Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, Australia
| | - Hani Al-Salami
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, Australia
| | - Crispin R Dass
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia.,Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, Australia
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Wong CY, Al-Salami H, Dass CR. Current status and applications of animal models in pre-clinical development of orally administered insulin-loaded nanoparticles. J Drug Target 2020; 28:882-903. [DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2020.1759078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Y. Wong
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, Australia
| | - Hani Al-Salami
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, Australia
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
| | - Crispin R. Dass
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, Australia
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Wong CY, Al-Salami H, Dass CR. Cellular assays and applied technologies for characterisation of orally administered protein nanoparticles: a systematic review. J Drug Target 2020; 28:585-599. [DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2020.1726356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Y. Wong
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, Australia
| | - Hani. Al-Salami
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, Australia
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
| | - Crispin R. Dass
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, Australia
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Souto EB, Souto SB, Campos JR, Severino P, Pashirova TN, Zakharova LY, Silva AM, Durazzo A, Lucarini M, Izzo AA, Santini A. Nanoparticle Delivery Systems in the Treatment of Diabetes Complications. Molecules 2019; 24:E4209. [PMID: 31756981 PMCID: PMC6930606 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, an incurable metabolic disease, is characterized by changes in the homeostasis of blood sugar levels, being the subcutaneous injection of insulin the first line treatment. This administration route is however associated with limited patient's compliance, due to the risk of pain, discomfort and local infection. Nanoparticles have been proposed as insulin carriers to make possible the administration of the peptide via friendlier pathways without the need of injection, i.e., via oral or nasal routes. Nanoparticles stand for particles in the nanometer range that can be obtained from different materials (e.g., polysaccharides, synthetic polymers, lipid) and are commonly used with the aim to improve the physicochemical stability of the loaded drug and thereby its bioavailability. This review discusses the use of different types of nanoparticles (e.g., polymeric and lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, dendrimers, niosomes, micelles, nanoemulsions and also drug nanosuspensions) for improved delivery of different oral hypoglycemic agents in comparison to conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana B. Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Selma B. Souto
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital de São João, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200–319 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Joana R. Campos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Patricia Severino
- Tiradentes Institute, University of Tiradentes (Unit) and Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju-SE 49010-390, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine (LNMED), Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju 49010-390, Brazil
| | - Tatiana N. Pashirova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8, ul. Arbuzov, Kazan 420088, Russia; (T.N.P.); (L.Y.Z.)
| | - Lucia Y. Zakharova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8, ul. Arbuzov, Kazan 420088, Russia; (T.N.P.); (L.Y.Z.)
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kazan State Technological University, ul. Karla Marksa 68, Kazan 420015, Russia
| | - Amélia M. Silva
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB-UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Department of Biology and Environment, University of Trás-os Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Alessandra Durazzo
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina, 546, 00178 Rome, Italy; (A.D.); (M.L.)
| | - Massimo Lucarini
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina, 546, 00178 Rome, Italy; (A.D.); (M.L.)
| | - Angelo A. Izzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonello Santini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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12
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Wong CY, Luna G, Martinez J, Al-Salami H, Dass CR. Bio-nanotechnological advancement of orally administered insulin nanoparticles: Comprehensive review of experimental design for physicochemical characterization. Int J Pharm 2019; 572:118720. [PMID: 31715357 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins are labile macromolecules that are prone to degradation during production, freeze-drying and storage. Recent studies showed that nanoparticles can enhance the stability and oral bioavailability of encapsulated proteins. Several conventional approaches (enzyme inhibitors, mucoadhesive polymers) and novel strategies (surface modification, ligand conjugation, flash nano-complexation, stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems) have been employed to improve the physiochemical properties of nanoparticles such as size, zeta potential, morphology, polydispersity index, drug release kinetics and cell-targeting capacity. However, clinical translation of protein-based nanoparticle is limited due to poor experimental design, protocol non-compliance and instrumentation set-up that do not reflect the physiological conditions, resulting in difficulties in mass production of nanoparticles and waste in research funding. In order to address the above concerns, we conducted a comprehensive review to examine the experimental designs and conditions for physical characterization of protein-based nanoparticles. Reliable and robust characterization is essential to verify the cellular interactions and therapeutic potential of protein-based nanoparticles. Importantly, there are a number of crucial factors, which include sample treatment, analytical method, dispersants, sampling grid, staining, quantification parameters, temperature, drug concentration and research materials, should be taken into careful consideration. Variations in research protocol and unreasonable conditions that are used in optimization of pharmaceutical formulations can have great impact in result interpretation. Last but not least, we reviewed all novel instrumentations and assays that are available to examine mucus diffusion capacity, stability and bioactivity of protein-based nanoparticles. These include circular dichroism, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffractogram, UV spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, fluorescence spectrum, Förster resonance energy transfer, NMR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, cellular assays and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Y Wong
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia; Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley 6102, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Luna
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
| | - Jorge Martinez
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
| | - Hani Al-Salami
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia; Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley 6102, Australia; Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
| | - Crispin R Dass
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia; Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley 6102, Australia.
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Qin X, Yu C, Wei J, Li L, Zhang C, Wu Q, Liu J, Yao SQ, Huang W. Rational Design of Nanocarriers for Intracellular Protein Delivery. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1902791. [PMID: 31496027 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Protein/antibody therapeutics have exhibited the advantages of high specificity and activity even at an extremely low concentration compared to small molecule drugs. However, they are accompanied by unfavorable physicochemical properties such as fragile tertiary structure, large molecular size, and poor penetration of the membrane, and thus the clinical use of protein drugs is hindered by inefficient delivery of proteins into the host cells. To overcome the challenges associated with protein therapeutics and enhance their biopharmaceutical applications, various protein-loaded nanocarriers with desired functions, such as lipid nanocapsules, polymeric nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, and peptides, are developed. In this review, the different strategies for intracellular delivery of proteins are comprehensively summarized. Their designed routes, mechanisms of action, and potential therapeutics in live cells or in vivo are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the perspective on the new generation of delivery systems toward the emerging area of protein-based therapeutics is presented as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Qin
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211800, P. R. China
| | - Changmin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211800, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wei
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211800, P. R. China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211800, P. R. China
| | - Chengwu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211800, P. R. China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211800, P. R. China
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211800, P. R. China
| | - Shao Q Yao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211800, P. R. China
- Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
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14
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Han Y, Gao Z, Chen L, Kang L, Huang W, Jin M, Wang Q, Bae YH. Multifunctional oral delivery systems for enhanced bioavailability of therapeutic peptides/proteins. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:902-922. [PMID: 31649842 PMCID: PMC6804447 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In last few years, therapeutic peptides/proteins are rapidly growing in drug market considering their higher efficiency and lower toxicity than chemical drugs. However, the administration of therapeutic peptides/proteins is mainly limited in parenteral approach. Oral therapy which was hampered by harsh gastrointestinal environment and poorly penetrating epithelial barriers often results in low bioavailability (less than 1%-2%). Therefore, delivery systems that are rationally designed to overcome these challenges in gastrointestinal tract and ameliorate the oral bioavailability of therapeutic peptides/proteins are seriously promising. In this review, we summarized various multifunctional delivery systems, including lipid-based particles, polysaccharide-based particles, inorganic particles, and synthetic multifunctional particles that achieved effective oral delivery of therapeutic peptides/proteins.
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Sharma R, Vyas SP. Mannose functionalized plain and endosomolytic nanocomposite(s)-based approach for the induction of effective antitumor immune response in C57BL/6 mice melanoma model. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2019; 45:1089-1100. [PMID: 30913925 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2019.1593442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The goal of present study to assess the antigen specific immunopotentiation effect of mannose functionalized endosomolytic and conventional nanocomposite(s) based combination approach using C57BL/6 mice melanoma model. Endosomolytic and conventional nanocomposite(s) were prepared by double emulsification method. The optimized formulation was extensively characterized for average particle size, zeta potential and PDI of nanocomposite(s) which were measured in range of ≈200 nm, 0.111 ± 0.024, -23.4 ± 2.0 mV, respectively. pH-dependent morphological changes in the surface of MRPRPNs and PRPNs were analyzed by using surface electron microscopy at different time intervals. The cellular uptake assessment of developed formulations were followed by using RAW 264.7 macrophage cell lines. Results revealed that after immunizing B16F10 melanoma cells implanted C57BL/6 mice with combination [endosomolytic and conventional nanocomposite(s)] of nanocomposite(s), a significant increase in the interleukins level i.e. IL-2, IFN-ϒ, IL-12 and IL-6 and OVA Ag(s) specific antibody responses were recorded. Consequently, a strong immunological response was elicited with specific polarization contributing to humoral and activation of CD8+ to cellular responses. Finding of histological examination also support the potential of therapeutic outcome. The present approach based on mannose surface functionalization for targeting to antigen presenting cells and pH-dependent prompt endosomal release and escape can be a promising system for efficient cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Sharma
- a Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Dr. H. S. Gour University (A Central University) , Sagar , India
| | - S P Vyas
- a Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Dr. H. S. Gour University (A Central University) , Sagar , India
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16
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Bakur A, Elshaarani T, Niu Y, Chen Q. Comparative study of antidiabetic, bactericidal, and antitumor activities of MEL@AgNPs, MEL@ZnONPs, and Ag-ZnO/MEL/GA nanocomposites prepared by using MEL and gum arabic. RSC Adv 2019; 9:9745-9754. [PMID: 35520700 PMCID: PMC9062402 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra00344d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a variety of nanocomposites, namely, MEL@AgNPs, MEL@ZnONPs, and Ag-ZnO/MEL/GA were biosynthesized using MEL and gum arabic to serve in biomedical applications. The synthesized nanocomposites were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and FTIR spectroscopy. The physicochemical properties and biomedical activities of the synthesized nanocomposites were investigated. The Ag-ZnO/MEL/GA nanocomposites showed greater antidiabetic activity against α-amylase and α-glucosidase, and higher antibacterial activity compared to MEL@AgNPs and MEL@ZnONPs. Furthermore, HepG2 cells were exposed to MEL@AgNPs, MEL@ZnONPs, and Ag-ZnO/MEL/GA nanocomposites for 24 h and their IC50 values were 63.25, 26.91 and 28.97 μg mL-1 (P < 0.05), respectively. According to this comparative study, it is apparent that the Ag-ZnO/MEL/GA nanocomposites have a great potential to serve as antitumor agents against HepG2, and antidiabetic and antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelmoneim Bakur
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, University of Kordofan El Obeid 51111 Sudan
| | - Tarig Elshaarani
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Yongwu Niu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Qihe Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
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17
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Beg S, Choudhry H, Zamzami MA, Alharbi KS, Rahman M, Singh B. Nanocolloidal lipidic carriers of olmesartan medoxomil surface-tailored with Concavalin-A for lectin receptor targeting. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2018; 13:3107-3128. [PMID: 30474494 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The present work involves the development of Concavalin A-conjugated nanostructured lipidic carriers (NLCs) of olmesartan medoxomil for lectin receptor targeting. Materials & methods: Excipient selection was performed by drug solubility in solid and liquid lipids. Factor screening was carried out by evaluating the impact of formulation and process variables on the critical quality attributes. Surface modification of NLCs was carried out using Concavalin A and extensively characterized. Results & conclusion: NLCs exhibited the particle size of 273.6 nm, ζ-potential of -30.2 nm, encapsulation efficiency of 73.3% and sustained drug release profile. Nearly 4.2-fold improvement in cell uptake, four- to eightfold increase in Cmax and AUC, and 37% reduction in blood pressure was observed from NLCs over the pure drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarwar Beg
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
- Product Development Research, Jubilant Generics Limited, Noida 201301, UP, India
| | - Hani Choudhry
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Metabolism & Epigenetic Unit, Faculty of Science, Cancer & Mutagenesis Unit, King Fahd Center for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22252, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mazin A Zamzami
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Metabolism & Epigenetic Unit, Faculty of Science, Cancer & Mutagenesis Unit, King Fahd Center for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22252, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid S Alharbi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakakah 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahfoozur Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SIHAS, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad 211007, UP, India
| | - Bhupinder Singh
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
- UGC – Centre of Excellence in Applications of Nanomaterials, Nanoparticles & Nanocomposites Biomedical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
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18
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Harloff-Helleberg S, Nielsen LH, Nielsen HM. Animal models for evaluation of oral delivery of biopharmaceuticals. J Control Release 2017; 268:57-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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19
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Potential of insulin nanoparticle formulations for oral delivery and diabetes treatment. J Control Release 2017; 264:247-275. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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20
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Sharma R, Mody N, Kushwah V, Jain S, Vyas SP. C-Type lectin receptor(s)-targeted nanoliposomes: an intelligent approach for effective cancer immunotherapy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017; 12:1945-1959. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2017-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The purpose of present approach is to target C-Type lectin (CTL) receptors for preferential uptake by the macrophages/dendritic cells and improving the cross-presentation of ovalbumin. Materials & methods: Conventional and engineered nanoliposomes (MPNLs) were fabricated and extensively characterized. The nanoliposome(s) was spherical in shape; and their ζ potential, size and ovalbumin loading efficiency were recorded to be 268 ± 4.15 nm, 23.4 ± 0.35 mV, 46.65 ± 1.84%, respectively. Results: The findings demonstrate that MPNLs significantly improved the antigen uptake and its cross-presentation to evoke Th CD8+ cell-mediated cellular immunity. Conclusion: In a nutshell, this engineered approach mannose surface modification for active targeting to dendritic cells/macrophages and pH-dependent quick endosomal antigen release is a promising system for efficient cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Sharma
- Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr HS Gour Central University, Sagar (MP), 470003, India
| | - Nishi Mody
- Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr HS Gour Central University, Sagar (MP), 470003, India
| | - Varun Kushwah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Sanyog Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - SP Vyas
- Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr HS Gour Central University, Sagar (MP), 470003, India
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21
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Bayrami A, Parvinroo S, Habibi-Yangjeh A, Rahim Pouran S. Bio-extract-mediated ZnO nanoparticles: microwave-assisted synthesis, characterization and antidiabetic activity evaluation. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 46:730-739. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2017.1337025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Bayrami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Shadi Parvinroo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Aziz Habibi-Yangjeh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Shima Rahim Pouran
- Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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22
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Zouari R, Ben Abdallah-Kolsi R, Hamden K, Feki AE, Chaabouni K, Makni-Ayadi F, Sallemi F, Ellouze-Chaabouni S, Ghribi-Aydi D. Assessment of the antidiabetic and antilipidemic properties of Bacillus subtilis SPB1 biosurfactant in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Biopolymers 2016; 104:764-74. [PMID: 26228442 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to scrutinize the potential of Bacillus subtilis SPB1biosurfactant, orally administered, for preventing diabetic complications in rats. The findings revealed that, Bacillus subtilis biosurfactant was an effective reducer of α-amylase activity in the plasma. Moreover, this supplement helped protect the β-cells from death and damage. Both the inhibitory action of SPB1 biosurfactant on α-amylase and the protection of the pancreas' β-cells lead to a decrease of the blood glucose levels, consequently antihyperglycemic effect. Interestingly, this lipopeptide biosurfactant modulated key enzyme related to hyperlipidemia as lipase; which leads to the regulation of the lipid profile in serum by the delay in the absorption of LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides, and a significant increase in HDL-cholesterol. Histological analyses also showed that it exerted a protective action on the pancreases and efficiently preserved the liver-kidney functions of diabetic rats, evidenced by significant decreases in aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, gamma-glytamyl transpeptidase and lactate deshydrogenase activities in the plasma, as well as in the creatinine and urea contents. Overall, the present study demonstrated that the hypoglycemic and antilipidemic activities exhibited by Bacillus subtilis biosurfactant were effective enough to alleviate induced diabetes in experimental rats. Therefore, SPB1biosurfactant could be considered as a potential strong candidate for the treatment and prevention of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raida Zouari
- Unit "Enzymes and Bioconversion", National School of Engineers of Sfax (ENIS), Sfax, Tunisia.,Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sfax (ISBS), Tunisia
| | | | - Khaled Hamden
- Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sfax (ISBS), Tunisia.,Animal Ecophysiology Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Sfax, Tunisia
| | | | | | | | - Fahima Sallemi
- Anatomical Pathology and Cytology Laboratory, Ibn Nafis, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Semia Ellouze-Chaabouni
- Unit "Enzymes and Bioconversion", National School of Engineers of Sfax (ENIS), Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Dhouha Ghribi-Aydi
- Unit "Enzymes and Bioconversion", National School of Engineers of Sfax (ENIS), Sfax, Tunisia.,Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sfax (ISBS), Tunisia
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23
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Kaklotar D, Agrawal P, Abdulla A, Singh RP, Mehata AK, Singh S, Mishra B, Pandey BL, Trigunayat A, Muthu MS. Transition from passive to active targeting of oral insulin nanomedicines: enhancement in bioavailability and glycemic control in diabetes. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:1465-86. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.16.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral insulin nanomedicines are effective tools for therapy and management of both Type I and Type II diabetes. This review summarizes the various nanocarriers developed so far in the literature for oral delivery of insulin. It includes lipid-based (i.e., solid lipid nanoparticles and liposomes) and polymeric-based insulin nanomedicines (i.e., chitosan nanoparticles, alginate nanoparticles, dextran nanoparticles and nanoparticles of synthetic polymers) for sustained, controlled and targeted oral delivery of insulin. Mainly, goblet cell-targeting, vitamin B12 receptor-targeting, folate receptor-targeting and transferrin receptor-targeting aspects were focused. Currently, passive and active targeting approaches of oral insulin nanomedicines have improved the oral absorption of insulin and its bioavailability (up to 14%) that produced effective glycaemic control in in vivo models. These results indicate a promising future of oral insulin nanomedicines for the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhansukh Kaklotar
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Poornima Agrawal
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Allabakshi Abdulla
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Rahul P Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Abhishesh K Mehata
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Sanjay Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Brahmeshwar Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Bajarangprasad L Pandey
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Anshuman Trigunayat
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Madaswamy S Muthu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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