Resveratrol-loaded nanocapsules inhibit murine melanoma tumor growth

Targeted breast cancer therapy using novel nanovesicle formulations of Olea europaea extract

Olive leaf is a byproduct of the olive tree that is rich in phenolic compounds with potential anticarcinogenic effects against various cancers, including breast cancer. Nevertheless, the ingestion or topical application of such plant extracts faces certain limitations. These limitations can be addressed by encapsulating the extracts in nanovesicles to enhance their release and bioavailability. This study aims to develop nanovesicles using Olea europaea leaf extract to exploit its potential anti-cancer properties. Soy lecithin was used to form liposomes for encapsulation of the olive leaf extract. In addition, ethanol and glycerol were added to form ethosomes and glycerosomes, respectively. The antiproliferative effect of both the free extract and the three formed nanovesicles was tested in MCF7 and MCF10A cell lines. To comprehend the mechanisms leading to reduced cell viability after exposure to olive leaf extract and its nanovesicles, levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential, and apoptotic stage were evaluated. The results suggest that both, the nanovesicles and the free extract, are antiproliferative agents against MCF7 tumour cells. However, when examining the impact of olive leaf extract and the formulated nanovesicles on MCF10A cells, no reduction in cell viability was observed. Our findings indicate that the anti-tumour effect of the extract and its nanovesicles may be due to increased oxidative stress, mediated by mitochondrial damage. The mechanism through which olive leaf extract exerts its antiproliferative effect on the breast cancer tumour line implies that apoptosis may be induced by the extract via the involvement of a mitochondria-dependent ROS-mediated pathway.

An Eco-Friendly Passivation Strategy of Resveratrol for Highly Efficient and Antioxidative Perovskite Solar Cells

The stability of perovskite solar cells is closely related to the defects in perovskite crystals, and a large number of crystal defects are caused by the solution method. In this study, resveratrol (RES), a green natural antioxidant abundant in knotweed and grape leaves, is introduced into perovskite films to passivate the defect. RES achieves defect passivation by interacting with uncoordinated Pb2+ in perovskite films. The defect formation energy of VPb and PbI on the surface of perovskite thin films is increased by RES doping, as calculated by density functional theory. The results show that the quality of the perovskite film is significantly improved, and the energy level structure of the device is optimized, and the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the device is increased from 21.62% to 23.44%. RES can hinder the degradation of perovskite structures by O2 - free radicals, and the device retained 88% of its initial PCE after over 1000 h in pure oxygen environment. The device retains 91% of the initial PCE after >1000 h at 25 °C and 50 ± 5% relative humidity. This work provides an idea for the use of natural and environmentally friendly additives to improve the efficiency and stability of devices.

Natural compounds-based nanomedicines for cancer treatment: Future directions and challenges

Several efforts have been extensively accomplished for the amelioration of the cancer treatments using different types of new drugs and less invasives therapies in comparison with the traditional therapeutic modalities, which are widely associated with numerous drawbacks, such as drug resistance, non-selectivity and high costs, restraining their clinical response. The application of natural compounds for the prevention and treatment of different cancer cells has attracted significant attention from the pharmaceuticals and scientific communities over the past decades. Although the use of nanotechnology in cancer therapy is still in the preliminary stages, the application of nanotherapeutics has demonstrated to decrease the various limitations related to the use of natural compounds, such as physical/chemical instability, poor aqueous solubility, and low bioavailability. Despite the nanotechnology has emerged as a promise to improve the bioavailability of the natural compounds, there are still limited clinical trials performed for their application with various challenges required for the pre-clinical and clinical trials, such as production at an industrial level, assurance of nanotherapeutics long-term stability, physiological barriers and safety and regulatory issues. This review highlights the most recent advances in the nanocarriers for natural compounds secreted from plants, bacteria, fungi, and marine organisms, as well as their role on cell signaling pathways for anticancer treatments. Additionally, the clinical status and the main challenges regarding the natural compounds loaded in nanocarriers for clinical applications were also discussed.

Phytoconstituent-derived zingerone nanoparticles disrupt the cell adhesion mechanism and suppress cell motility in melanoma B16F10 cells

Combining phytochemicals and nanotechnology to improve the unfavorable innate properties of phytochemicals and develop them into potent nanomedicines to enhance antitumor efficacy has become a novel strategy for cancer chemoprevention. Melanoma is the most aggressive, metastatic, and deadly disease of the primary cutaneous neoplasms. In this study, we fabricated phytoconstituent-derived zingerone nanoparticles (NPs) and validated their effects on cell adhesion and motility in melanoma B16F10 cells. Our data indicated that zingerone NPs significantly induced cytotoxicity and anti-colony formation and inhibited cell migration and invasion. Moreover, zingerone NPs dramatically interfered with the cytoskeletal reorganization and markedly delayed the period of cell adhesion. Our results also revealed that zingerone NPs-mediated downregulation of MMPs (matrix metalloproteinases) activity is associated with inhibiting cell adhesion and motility. We further evaluated the effects of zingerone NPs on Src/FAK /Paxillin signaling, our data showed that zingerone NPs significantly inhibited the protein activities of Src, FAK, and Paxillin, indicating that they play important roles in zingerone NP-mediated anti-motility and anti-invasion in melanoma cells. Accordingly, the phytoconstituent-zingerone NPs can strengthen the inhibition of tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis in malignant melanoma. Altogether, these multi-pharmacological benefits of zingerone NPs will effectively achieve the purpose of melanoma prevention and invasion inhibition.

Phytocompounds and Nanoformulations for Anticancer Therapy: A Review

Cancer is a complex disease that affects millions of people and remains a major public health problem worldwide. Conventional cancer treatments, including surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy, have limited achievements and multiple drawbacks, among which are healthy tissue damage and multidrug-resistant phenotype onset. Increasing evidence shows that many plants' natural products, as well as their bioactive compounds, have promising anticancer activity and exhibit minimal toxicity compared to conventional anticancer drugs. However, their widespread use in cancer therapy is severely restricted by limitations in terms of their water solubility, absorption, lack of stability, bioavailability, and selective targeting. The use of nanoformulations for plants' natural product transportation and delivery could be helpful in overcoming these limitations, thus enhancing their therapeutic efficacy and providing the basis for improved anticancer treatment strategies. The present review is aimed at providing an update on some phytocompounds (curcumin, resveratrol, quercetin, and cannabinoids, among others) and their main nanoformulations showing antitumor activities, both in vitro and in vivo, against such different human cancer types as breast and colorectal cancer, lymphomas, malignant melanoma, glioblastoma multiforme, and osteosarcoma. The intracellular pathways underlying phytocompound anticancer activity and the main advantages of nanoformulation employment are also examined. Finally, this review critically analyzes the research gaps and limitations causing the limited success of phytocompounds' and nanoformulations' clinical translation.

Enhancing the Bioavailability of Resveratrol: Combine It, Derivatize It, or Encapsulate It?

Overcoming the limited bioavailability and extensive metabolism of effective in vitro drugs remains a challenge that limits the translation of promising drugs into clinical trials. Resveratrol, despite its well-reported therapeutic benefits, is not metabolically stable and thus has not been utilized as an effective clinical drug. This is because it needs to be consumed in large amounts to overcome the burdens of bioavailability and conversion into less effective metabolites. Herein, we summarize the more relevant approaches to modify resveratrol, aiming to increase its biological and therapeutic efficacy. We discuss combination therapies, derivatization, and the use of resveratrol nanoparticles. Interestingly, the combination of resveratrol with established chemotherapeutic drugs has shown promising therapeutic effects on colon cancer (with oxaliplatin), liver cancer (with cisplatin, 5-FU), and gastric cancer (with doxorubicin). On the other hand, derivatizing resveratrol, including hydroxylation, amination, amidation, imidation, methoxylation, prenylation, halogenation, glycosylation, and oligomerization, differentially modifies its bioavailability and could be used for preferential therapeutic outcomes. Moreover, the encapsulation of resveratrol allows its trapping within different forms of shells for targeted therapy. Depending on the nanoparticle used, it can enhance its solubility and absorption, increasing its bioavailability and efficacy. These include polymers, metals, solid lipids, and other nanoparticles that have shown promising preclinical results, adding more "hype" to the research on resveratrol. This review provides a platform to compare the different approaches to allow directed research into better treatment options with resveratrol.

Unveiling the potential effects of resveratrol in lung cancer treatment: Mechanisms and nanoparticle-based drug delivery strategies

Lung cancer ranks among the most prevalent forms of cancer and remains a significant factor in cancer-related mortality across the world. It poses significant challenges to healthcare systems and society as a whole due to its high incidence, mortality rates, and late-stage diagnosis. Resveratrol (RV), a natural compound found in various plants, has shown potential as a nanomedicine for lung cancer treatment. RV has varied effects on cancer cells, including promoting apoptosis by increasing pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax and Bak) and decreasing anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2). It also hinders cell proliferation by influencing important signaling pathways (MAPK, mTOR, PI3K/Akt, and Wnt/β-catenin) that govern cancer progression. In addition, RV acts as a potent antioxidant, diminishing oxidative stress and safeguarding cells against DNA damage. However, using RV alone in cancer treatment has drawbacks, such as low bioavailability, lack of targeting ability, and susceptibility to degradation. In contrast, nanoparticle-based delivery systems address these limitations and hold promise for improving treatment outcomes in lung cancer; nanoparticle formulations of RV offer advantages such as improved drug delivery, increased stability, controlled release, and targeted delivery to lung cancer cells. This article will provide an overview of lung cancer, explore the potential of RV as a therapeutic agent, discuss the benefits and challenges of nanoparticle-based drug delivery, and highlight the promise of RV nanoparticles for cancer treatment, including lung cancer. By optimizing these systems for clinical application, future studies aim to enhance overall treatment outcomes and improve the prognosis for lung cancer patients.

Resveratrol-loaded octenyl succinic anhydride modified starch emulsions and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) microparticles: Cytotoxicity and antioxidant bioactivity assessment after in vitro digestion

Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC)-based microparticles and modified starch emulsions (OSA-MS) were loaded with resveratrol and characterized regarding their physicochemical and thermal properties. Both delivery systems were subject to an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion to assess the bioaccessibility of resveratrol. In addition, cell-based studies were conducted after in vitro digestion and cytotoxicity and oxidative stress were assessed. HPMC-based microparticles displayed higher average sizes (d) and lower polydispersity index (PDI) (d = 948 nm, PDI < 0.2) when compared to OSA-MS-based emulsions (d = 217 nm, PDI < 0.3). Both proved to protect resveratrol under digestive conditions, leading to an increase in bioaccessibility. Resveratrol-loaded HPMC-microparticles showed a higher bioaccessibility (56.7 %) than resveratrol-loaded emulsions (19.7 %). Digested samples were tested in differentiated co-cultures of Caco-2 and HT29-MTX, aiming at assessing cytotoxicity and oxidative stress, and a lack of cytotoxicity was observed for all samples. Results displayed an increasing antioxidant activity, with 1.6-fold and 1.4-fold increases over the antioxidant activity of free resveratrol, for HPMC-microparticles and OSA-MS nanoemulsions, respectively. Our results offer insight into physiological relevancy due to assessment post-digestion and highlight the protection that the use of micro-nano delivery systems can confer to resveratrol and their potential to be used as functional food ingredients capable of providing antioxidant benefits upon consumption.

The effect of trans-resveratrol on the physicochemical properties of lipid membranes with different cholesterol content

Resveratrol is one of the most popular phytoalexins, which naturally occurs in grapes and red wine. This compound not only has beneficial effects on the human body, especially on the cardiovascular system, but also has antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal properties. In addition, resveratrol may have therapeutic effects against various types of cancer. The mechanism of action of resveratrol is not fully understood, but it is suspected that one of the most important steps is its interaction with the cell membrane and changing its molecular organization. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the effects of resveratrol at different concentrations (0-75 μM) on model membranes composed of POPC, SM and cholesterol, in systems with different cholesterol contents and a constant POPC/SM molar ratio (1:1). Our tests included systems containing 5, 15 and 33.3 mol% cholesterol. Tests were carried out for monolayers using the Langmuir monolayer technique supported by Brewster angle microscopy and penetration experiments. Bilayer (liposome) experiments included calcein release, steady-state DPH fluorescence anisotropy and partition coefficients. The results showed that resveratrol interacts with model cell membranes (lipid monolayers and lipid bilayers), and its incorporation into membranes is accompanied by changes in their physicochemical parameters, such as lipid packing, fluidity and permeability. Furthermore, we showed that the cholesterol content of the membrane significantly affects the degree of incorporation of resveratrol into the model membrane, which may indicate that the molecular mechanism of action of this compound is closely related to its interactions with lipid rafts, domains responsible for regulating various cellular functions.

Karaya/Gellan-Gum-Based Bilayer Films Containing 3,3'-Diindolylmethane-Loaded Nanocapsules: A Promising Alternative to Melanoma Topical Treatment

This study aimed to incorporate nanocapsules containing 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) with antitumor activity into a bilayer film of karaya and gellan gums for use in topical melanoma therapy. Nanocarriers and films were prepared by interfacial deposition of the preformed polymer and solvent casting methods, respectively. Incorporating DIM into nanocapsules increased its antitumor potential against human melanoma cells (A-375) (IC50 > 24.00 µg/mL free DIM × 2.89 µg/mL nanocapsules). The films were transparent, hydrophilic (θ < 90°), had homogeneous thickness and weight, and had a DIM content of 106 µg/cm2. Radical ABTS+ scavenger assay showed that the DIM films presented promising antioxidant action. Remarkably, the films showed selective bioadhesive potential on the karaya gum side. Considering the mechanical analyses, the nanotechnology-based films presented appropriate behavior for cutaneous application and controlled DIM release profile, which could increase the residence time on the application site. Furthermore, the nanofilms were found to increase the permeation of DIM into the epidermis, where melanoma develops. Lastly, the films were non-hemolytic (hemolysis test) and non-irritant (HET-CAM assay). In summary, the combination of karaya and gellan gum in bilayer films that contain nanoencapsulated DIM has demonstrated potential in the topical treatment of melanoma and could serve as a viable option for administering DIM for cutaneous melanoma therapy.

Morusin shows potent antitumor activity for melanoma through apoptosis induction and proliferation inhibition

BACKGROUND

The discovery of new anti-melanoma drugs with low side effect is urgently required in the clinic. Recent studies showed that morusin, a flavonoid compound isolated from the root bark of Morus Alba, has the potential to treat multiple types of cancers, including breast cancer, gastric cancer, and prostate cancer. However, the anti-cancer effect of morusin on melanoma cells has not been investigated.

METHODS

We analyzed the effects of morusin on the proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, cell migration and invasion ability of melanoma cells A375 and MV3, and further explored the effects of morusin on tumor formation of melanoma cell. Finally, the effects of morusin on the proliferation, cycle, apoptosis, migration and invasion of A375 cells after knockdown of p53 were detected.

RESULTS

Morusin effectively inhibits the proliferation of melanoma cells and induces cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. Consistently, CyclinB1 and CDK1 that involved in the G2/M phase transition were down-regulated upon morusin treatment, which may be caused by the up-regulation of p53 and p21. In addition, morusin induces cell apoptosis and inhibits migration of melanoma cells, which correlated with the changes in the expression of the associated molecules including PARP, Caspase3, E-Cadherin and Vimentin. Moreover, morusin inhibits tumor growth in vivo with little side effect on the tumor-burden mice. Finally, p53 knockdown partially reversed morusin-mediated cell proliferation inhibition, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and metastasis.

CONCLUSION

Collectively, our study expanded the spectrum of the anti-cancer activity of morusin and guaranteed the clinical use of the drug for melanoma treatment.

Formulation of Resveratrol-Loaded Polycaprolactone Inhalable Microspheres Using Tween 80 as an Emulsifier: Factorial Design and Optimization

Resveratrol (RSV) is a bioactive phytoconstituent that has potential applications in respiratory diseases. However, poor oral bioavailability is the major hurdle to its clinical use. In the present work, resveratrol-loaded polycaprolactone (PCL) inhalable microspheres (MSs) were formulated to improve their therapeutic potential. The inhalable microspheres were formulated using the emulsion-solvent evaporation method. In this research, inhalable resveratrol microspheres were prepared using Tween 80 in place of polyvinyl alcohol which formed insoluble lumps. A 3² factorial design was applied taking polymer (PCL) and emulsifier (Tween 80) as independent variables and drug loading (DL) and encapsulation efficiency (EE) as dependent variables. The DL and EE of the optimized formulation were found to be 30.6% and 63.84% respectively. The in vitro aerosolization study performed using the Anderson cascade impactor showed that the fine particle fraction (FPF) of optimized resveratrol polycaprolactone microspheres (RSV-PCL-MSs) blended with lactose, and RSV-PCL-MSs were significantly higher than those of the pure drugs. The MMAD_T (theoretical mass median aerodynamic diameter) of optimized RSV-PCL-MSs was found to be 3.25 ± 1.15. The particle size of microspheres was within the inhalable range, i.e., between 1 and 5 µm. The morphological analysis showed spherical-shaped particles with smooth surfaces. The in vitro release study showed sustained drug release from the microspheres for up to 12 h. The study concluded that resveratrol-loaded inhalable microspheres may be an efficient delivery system to treat COPD.

Resveratrol-Loaded Polymeric Nanoparticles: The Effects of D-α-Tocopheryl Polyethylene Glycol 1000 Succinate (TPGS) on Physicochemical and Biological Properties against Breast Cancer In Vitro and In Vivo

Resveratrol (RSV), a phytoalexin from grapes and peanuts, has been reported to exhibit antiproliferative effects on various cancer cell lines. In breast cancer, RSV has been demonstrated to exert an antiproliferative effect on both hormone-dependent and hormone-independent breast cancer cell lines. However, RSV is a lipophilic drug, and its therapeutic effect could be improved through nanoencapsulation. Functionalizing polymeric nanoparticles based on polycaprolactone (PCL) with polyethylene glycol 1000 tocopheryl succinate (TPGS) has been reported to prolong drug circulation and reduce drug resistance. However, the effect of TPGS on the physicochemical properties and biological effects of breast cancer cells remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to develop RSV-loaded PCL nanoparticles using nanoprecipitation and investigate the effect of TPGS on the nanoparticles' physicochemical characteristics (particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, morphology, and release rate) and biological effects on the 4T1 breast cancer cell line (cytotoxicity and cell uptake), in vitro and in vivo. The optimized nanoparticles without TPGS had a size of 138.1 ± 1.8 nm, a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.182 ± 0.01, a zeta potential of -2.42 ± 0.56 mV, and an encapsulation efficiency of 98.2 ± 0.87%, while nanoparticles with TPGS had a size of 127.5 ± 3.11 nm, PDI of 0.186 ± 0.01, zeta potential of -2.91 ± 0.90 mV, and an encapsulation efficiency of 98.40 ± 0.004%. Scanning electron microscopy revealed spherical nanoparticles with low aggregation tendency. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) identified the constituents of the nanoparticles and the presence of drug encapsulation in an amorphous state. In vitro release studies showed that both formulations followed the same dissolution profiles, with no statistical differences. In cytotoxicity tests, IC₅₀ values of 0.12 µM, 0.73 µM, and 4.06 µM were found for the formulation without TPGS, with TPGS, and pure drug, respectively, indicating the potentiation of the cytotoxic effect of resveratrol when encapsulated. Flow cytometry and confocal microscopy tests indicated excellent cellular uptake dependent on the concentration of nanoparticles, with a significant difference between the two formulations, suggesting that TPGS may pose a problem in the endocytosis of nanoparticles. The in vivo study evaluating the antitumor activity of the nanoparticles confirmed the data obtained in the in vitro tests, demonstrating that the nanoparticle without TPGS significantly reduced tumor volume, tumor mass, maintained body weight, and improved survival in mice. Moreover, the biochemical evaluation evidenced possible hepatotoxicity for formulation with TPGS.

Inhibitory Potential of Resveratrol in Cancer Metastasis: From Biology to Therapy

Cancer metastasis is a significant challenge in cancer treatment, and most existing drugs are designed to inhibit tumor growth but are often ineffective in treating metastatic cancer, which is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Resveratrol, a polyphenol found in grapes, berries, and peanuts, has shown potential in preclinical studies as an anticancer agent to suppress metastasis. However, despite positive results in preclinical studies, little progress has been made in clinical trials. To develop resveratrol as an effective anticancer agent, it is crucial to understand its cellular processes and signaling pathways in tumor metastasis. This review article evaluates the current state and future development strategies of resveratrol to enhance its potency against cancer metastasis within its therapeutic dose. In addition, we critically evaluate the animal models used in preclinical studies for cancer metastasis and discuss novel techniques to accelerate the translation of resveratrol from bench to bedside. The appropriate selection of animal models is vital in determining whether resveratrol can be further developed as an antimetastatic drug in cancer therapy.

Exploring the potential of intranasally administered naturally occurring quercetin loaded into polymeric nanocapsules as a novel platform for the treatment of anxiety

Anxiety is one of the most prevalent forms of psychopathology that affects millions worldwide. It gained more importance under the pandemic status that resulted in higher anxiety prevalence. Anxiolytic drugs such as benzodiazepines have an unfavorable risk/benefit ratio resulting in a shift toward active ingredients with better safety profile such as the naturally occurring quercetin (QRC). The delivery of QRC is hampered by its low water solubility and low bioavailability. The potential to enhance QRC delivery to the brain utilizing polymeric nanocapsules administered intranasally is investigated in the current study. Polymeric nanocapsules were prepared utilizing the nanoprecipitation technique. The best formula displayed a particle size of 227.8 ± 11.9 nm, polydispersity index of 0.466 ± 0.023, zeta potential of - 17.5 ± 0.01 mV, and encapsulation efficiency % of 92.5 ± 1.9%. In vitro release of QRC loaded polymeric nanocapsules exhibited a biphasic release with an initial burst release followed by a sustained release pattern. Behavioral testing demonstrated the superiority of QRC loaded polymeric nanocapsules administered intranasally compared to QRC dispersion administered both orally and intranasally. The prepared QRC loaded polymeric nanocapsules also demonstrated good safety profile with high tolerability.

Nano-Nutraceuticals for Health: Principles and Applications

The use of nanotechnological products is increasing steadily. In this scenario, the application of nanotechnology in food science and as a technological platform is a reality. Among the several applications, the main use of this technology is for the development of foods and nutraceuticals with higher bioavailability, lower toxicity, and better sustainability. In the health field, nano-nutraceuticals are being used as supplementary products to treat an increasing number of diseases. This review summarizes the main concepts and applications of nano-nutraceuticals for health, with special focus on treating cancer and inflammation.

Graphical abstract

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43450-022-00338-7.

Complementary and alternative therapies in skin cancer a literature review of biologically active compounds

Complementary and alternative medicine or therapies (CAM) are frequently used by skin cancers patients. Patient's self-administration of CAM in melanoma can reach up to 40%-50%. CAMs such as botanical agents, phytochemicals, herbal formulas ("black salve") and cannabinoids, among others, have been described in skin cancer patients. The objective of this review article was to acknowledge the different CAM for skin cancers through the current evidence, focusing on biologically active CAM rather than mind-body approaches. We searched MEDLINE database for articles published through July 2022, regardless of study design. Of all CAMs, phytochemicals have the best in vitro evidence-supporting efficacy against skin cancer including melanoma; however, to date, none have proved efficacy on human patients. Of the phytochemicals, Curcumin is the most widely studied. Several findings support Curcumin efficacy in vitro through various molecular pathways, although most studies are in the preliminary phase. In addition, the use of alternative therapies is not exempt of risks physicians should be aware of their adverse effects, interactions with standard treatments, and possible complications arising from CAM usage. There is emerging evidence for CAM use in skin cancer, but no human clinical trials support the effectiveness of any CAM in the treatment of skin cancer to date. Nevertheless, patients worldwide frequently use CAM, and physicians should educate themselves on currently available CAMs.

How to Treat Melanoma? The Current Status of Innovative Nanotechnological Strategies and the Role of Minimally Invasive Approaches like PTT and PDT

Melanoma is the most aggressive type of skin cancer, the incidence and mortality of which are increasing worldwide. Its extensive degree of heterogeneity has limited its response to existing therapies. For many years the therapeutic strategies were limited to surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Fortunately, advances in knowledge have allowed the development of new therapeutic strategies. Despite the undoubted progress, alternative therapies are still under research. In this context, nanotechnology is also positioned as a strong and promising tool to develop nanosystems that act as drug carriers and/or light absorbents to potentially improve photothermal and photodynamic therapies outcomes. This review describes the latest advances in nanotechnology field in the treatment of melanoma from 2011 to 2022. The challenges in the translation of nanotechnology-based therapies to clinical applications are also discussed. To sum up, great progress has been made in the field of nanotechnology-based therapies, and our understanding in this field has greatly improved. Although few therapies based on nanoparticulate systems have advanced to clinical trials, it is expected that a large number will come into clinical use in the near future. With its high sensitivity, specificity, and multiplexed measurement capacity, it provides great opportunities to improve melanoma treatment, which will ultimately lead to enhanced patient survival rates.

Nanoparticles Loaded with Docetaxel and Resveratrol as an Advanced Tool for Cancer Therapy

A growing interest in the use of a combination of chemosensitizers and cytostatics for overcoming cancer resistance to treatment and the development of their delivery systems has been observed. Resveratrol (Res) presents antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive properties but also limits multidrug resistance against docetaxel (Dtx), which is one of the main causes of failure in cancer therapy with this drug. However, the use of both drugs presents challenges, including poor bioavailability, the unfavourable pharmacokinetics and chemical instability of Res and the poor water solubility and dose-limiting toxicity of Dtx. In order to overcome these difficulties, attempts have been made to create different forms of delivery for both agents. This review is focused on the latest developments in nanoparticles for the delivery of Dtx, Res and for the combined delivery of those two drugs. The aim of this review was also to summarize the synergistic mechanism of action of Dtx and Res on cancer cells. According to recent reports, Dtx and Res loaded in a nano-delivery system exhibit better efficiency in cancer treatment compared to free drugs. Also, the co-delivery of Dtx and Res in one actively targeted delivery system providing the simultaneous release of both drugs in cancer cells has a chance to fulfil the requirements of effective anticancer therapy and reduce limitations in therapy caused by multidrug resistance (MDR).

Nanostructured systems increase the in vitro cytotoxic effect of bullfrog oil in human melanoma cells (A2058)

The aim of this work was to investigate the in vitro cytotoxic effect of previously developed nanocapsules, nanoemulsion, and microemulsion based on bullfrog oil (BFO) against human melanoma cells (A2058). The nanosystems were produced as described in previous studies and characterized according to droplet/particle distribution and zeta potential. The biocompatibility was evaluated by the determination of the hemolytic potential against human erythrocytes. The cytotoxicity assessment was based on MTT and cell death assays, determination of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) levels, and cell uptake. The nanosystems were successfully reproduced and showed hemolytic potential smaller than 10% at all oil concentrations (50 and 100 µg.mL^-1) (p < 0.05). The MTT assay revealed that the nanosystems decreased the mitochondrial activity up to 92 ± 2% (p < 0.05). The study showed that the free BFO induced cell apoptosis, while all the nanostructured systems caused cell death by necrosis associated with a ROS overproduction. This can be related to the increased ability of the nanostructured systems to deliver the BFO across all cellular compartments (membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus). Finally, these results elucidate the in vitro BFO nanosystems cytotoxic effect against human melanoma cells (A2058), revealing the emulsified ones as the most cytotoxic systems. Overall, the findings suggest that the safety and antineoplastic activity of these systems can be further investigated by in vivo studies.

Characterization and In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Tacrolimus-Loaded Poly(ε-Caprolactone) Nanocapsules for the Management of Atopic Dermatitis

BACKGROUND

Tacrolimus (TAC) is a drug of natural origin used in conventional topical dosage forms to control atopic dermatitis. However, direct application of the drug often causes adverse side effects in some patients. Hence, drug nanoencapsulation could be used as an improved novel therapy to mitigate the adverse effects and enhance bioavailability of the drug.

METHODS

Physicochemical properties, in vitro drug release experiments, and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity studies were performed.

RESULTS

TAC-loaded nanocapsules were successfully prepared by the interfacial deposition of preformed polymer using poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL). The nanoparticulate systems presented a spherical shape with a smooth and regular surface, adequate diameter (226 to 250 nm), polydispersity index below 0.3, and suitable electrical stability (-38 to -42 mV). X-ray diffraction confirmed that the encapsulation method provided mainly the drug molecular dispersion in the nanocapsule oily core. Fourier-transform infrared spectra suggested that nanoencapsulation did not result in chemical bonds between drug and polymer. In vitro drug dissolution experiments showed a controlled release with a slight initial burst. The release kinetics showed zero-order kinetics. As per the Korsmeyer-Peppas model, anomalous transport features were observed. TAC-loaded PCL nanocapsules exhibited excellent anti-inflammatory activity when compared to the free drug.

CONCLUSIONS

TAC-loaded PCL nanocapsules can be suitably used as a novel nano-based dosage form to control atopic dermatitis.

Nanoencapsulation of Polyphenols as Drugs and Supplements for Enhancing Therapeutic Profile - A Review

Polyphenolic phytoconstituents have been widely in use worldwide since ages and are categorised as secondary metabolites of plants. The application of polyphenols such as quercetin, resveratrol. curcumin as nutritional supplement has been researched widely. The use of polyphenols, and specifically quercetin for improving the memory and mental endurance have shown significant effects among rats. Even though similar results has not been resonated among human but encouraging preclinical results have encouraged researchers to explore other polyphenols to study the effects as supplements among athletes. The phytopharmacological research has elucidated the use of natural polyphenols to prevent and treat various physiological and metabolic disorders owing to its free radical scavenging properties, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and immunomodulatory effects. In spite of the tremendous pharmacological profile, one of the most dominant problem regarding the use of polyphenolic compounds is their low bioavailability. Nanonization is considered as one of the most prominent approaches among many. This article aims to review and discuss the molecular mechanisms of recently developed nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems for polyphenols and its application as drugs and supplements. Nanoformulations of natural polyphenols are bioactive agents, such as quercetin, kaempferol, fisetin, rutin, hesperetin, and naringenin epigalloccatechin-3-gallate, genistein, ellagic acid, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, curcuminoids and stilbenes is expected to have better efficacy. These delivery systems are expected to provide higher penetrability of polyphenols at cellular levels and exhibit a controlled release of the drugs. It is widely accepted that natural polyphenols do demonstrate significant therapeutic effect. However, the hindrances in their absorption, specificity and bioavailability can be overcome using nanotechnology.

Ocular lamellar crystalline gels for sustained release and enhanced permeation of resveratrol against corneal neovascularization

Corneal neovascularization (CNV) is the major cause of blindness after eye injury; however, only several drugs can be applied and the invasive administration ways (i.e., intravitreal injection and subconjunctival injection) are used. Resveratrol is a highly effective anti-VEGF agent against CNV. However, its applications are limited due to its strong hydrophobicity and instability. Here, we developed a resveratrol-loaded ocular lamellar crystalline gel (ROLG) for high inhibition of CNV. ROLGs were composed of resveratrol, glyceryl monooleate (GMO), ethanol, and water, and their lamellar crystalline structures were identified by polarizing light microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering. High drug loading (4.4 mg/g) of ROLGs was achieved due to the hydrogen bonding between GMO and resveratrol. Resveratrol showed sustained release with 67% accumulative release in 7 h, which was attributed to the slow erosion of gels. Resveratrol in ROLGs had a high corneal permeation 3 times higher than resveratrol in hyaluronic acid suspensions (RHSs). ROLGs were administered to rats only once a day because of their strong retention on the cornea surface. ROLGs were safe due to the very little contact of ethanol in ROLGs to the cornea. CNV post-rat corneal alkaline injury was highly inhibited by ROLGs, resulting from the attenuation of corneal VEGF expression and then corneal healing was improved. The ROLG was a promising ocular medicine for the prevention of CNV.

Resveratrol-Based Nanoformulations as an Emerging Therapeutic Strategy for Cancer

Resveratrol is a polyphenolic stilbene derivative widely present in grapes and red wine. Broadly known for its antioxidant effects, numerous studies have also indicated that it exerts anti-inflammatory and antiaging abilities and a great potential in cancer therapy. Regrettably, the oral administration of resveratrol has pharmacokinetic and physicochemical limitations such as hampering its effects so that effective administration methods are demanding to ensure its efficiency. Thus, the present review explores the published data on the application of resveratrol nanoformulations in cancer therapy, with the use of different types of nanodelivery systems. Mechanisms of action with a potential use in cancer therapy, negative effects, and the influence of resveratrol nanoformulations in different types of cancer are also highlighted. Finally, the toxicological features of nanoresveratrol are also discussed.

Recent advances in polymer shell oily-core nanocapsules for drug-delivery applications

Polymeric nanocapsules are vesicular drug-delivery systems composed of an inner oily reservoir surrounded by polymeric membranes. Nanocapsules have various advantages over other nanovesicular systems such as providing controlled drug release properties. We discuss the recent advances in polymeric shell oily-core nanocapsules, illustrating the different types of polymers used and their implementation. Nanocapsules can be utilized for many purposes, especially encapsulation of highly lipophilic drugs. They have been shown to have variable applications, especially in cancer therapy, due to the ability of the polymeric shell to direct the loaded drugs to their target sites, as well as their high internalization efficacy. Those productive applications guaranteed their high potential as drug-delivery systems. However, their clinical development is still in an early stage.

Transdermal Delivery of Chemotherapeutics: Strategies, Requirements, and Opportunities

Chemotherapeutic drugs are primarily administered to cancer patients via oral or parenteral routes. The use of transdermal drug delivery could potentially be a better alternative to decrease the dose frequency and severity of adverse or toxic effects associated with oral or parenteral administration of chemotherapeutic drugs. The transdermal delivery of drugs has shown to be advantageous for the treatment of highly localized tumors in certain types of breast and skin cancers. In addition, the transdermal route can be used to deliver low-dose chemotherapeutics in a sustained manner. The transdermal route can also be utilized for vaccine design in cancer management, for example, vaccines against cervical cancer. However, the design of transdermal formulations may be challenging in terms of the conjugation chemistry of the molecules and the sustained and reproducible delivery of therapeutically efficacious doses. In this review, we discuss the nano-carrier systems, such as nanoparticles, liposomes, etc., used in recent literature to deliver chemotherapeutic agents. The advantages of transdermal route over oral and parenteral routes for popular chemotherapeutic drugs are summarized. Furthermore, we also discuss a possible in silico approach, Formulating for Efficacy™, to design transdermal formulations that would probably be economical, robust, and more efficacious.

Resveratrol-loaded nanomedicines for cancer applications

BACKGROUND

Resveratrol (3, 5, 4' -trihydroxystilbene), a natural polyphenol and phytoalexin, has drawn considerable attention in the past decade due to its wide variety of therapeutic activities such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. However, its poor water solubility, low chemical stability, and short biological half-life limit its clinical utility.

RECENT FINDINGS

Nanoparticles overcome the limitations associated with conventional chemotherapeutic drugs, such as limited availability of drugs to the tumor tissues, high systemic exposures, and consequent toxicity to healthy tissues. This review focuses on the physicochemical properties of resveratrol, the therapeutic potential of resveratrol nano-formulations, and the anticancer activity of resveratrol encapsulated nanoparticles on various malignancies such as skin, breast, prostate, colon, liver, ovarian, and lung cancers (focusing on both in vitro and in vivo studies).

CONCLUSIONS

Nanotechnology approaches have been extensively utilized to achieve higher solubility, improved oral bioavailability, enhanced stability, and controlled release of resveratrol. The resveratrol nanoparticles have markedly enhanced its anticancer activity both in vitro and in vivo, thus considering it as a potential strategy to fight various cancers.

Novel Curcumin-Resveratrol Solid Nanoparticles Synergistically Inhibit Proliferation of Melanoma Cells

Polyphenols such as curcumin (Cur) and resveratrol (Res) have been recently shown to have potential to inhibit proliferation of highly aggressive melanoma cells. This study was designed to investigate the feasibility of a topical delivery system, using a solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) loaded delivery systems, that can enhance the skin penetration and anti-cancer efficacy of combination of these polyphenols. Negatively charged Cur-Res SLNs with a mean diameter of 180.2 ± 7.7 nm were prepared using high shear homogenization method. Cur-Res SLNs were found to be stable up to 2 weeks under 4°C. The in vitro release study showed that Res was released five time more than curcumin. The permeability of resveratrol was about 1.67 times that of curcumin from the SLN-gel formulation which was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than from SLN suspension. More than 70% of Cur-Res SLNs were bound to skin locally in a skin binding study suggesting potentially utility of Cur-Res SLNs in the treatment of localized melanoma. In fact, the electrical cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) measurements suggested that Cur-Res combination has potential to stop cell migration of B16F10 melanoma cells. Furthermore, both, Cur-Res SLNs and Cur-Res solution at the ratio of 3:1 demonstrated a strong synergistic inhibition of SK-MEL-28 melanoma cell proliferation. Further evaluation of Cur-Res SLNs in vivo melanoma models are warranted to establish the clinical utility of Cur-Res formulations in melanoma therapy.

Nanomaterial Complexes Enriched With Natural Compounds Used in Cancer Therapies: A Perspective for Clinical Application

Resveratrol and quercetin are natural compounds contained in many foods and beverages. Reports indicate implications for the health of the general population; on the other hand the use of both compounds has interesting results for the treatment of many diseases as cardiovascular affections, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, viral and bacterial infections among others. Based on their capacities described as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-aging, resveratrol and quercetin showed antiproliferative and anticancer activity specifically in maligned cells. These molecular characteristics trigger the pharmacological repurposing of both compounds and improved its research for treating different cancer types with interesting results at in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trial studies. Meanwhile, the development of different systems of drug release in specific sites as nanomaterials and specifically the nanoparticles, potentiates the personal treatment perspective in conjunct with the actual cancer therapies; regularly invasive and aggressive, the perspective of nanomedicine as higher effective and lower invasive has gained popularity. Knowledge of molecular interactions of resveratrol and quercetin in diseases confirms the evidence of multiple benefits, while the multiple analyses suggested a positive response for the treatment and diagnostics of cancer in different stages, including at metastatic stage. The present work reviews the reports related to the impact of resveratrol and quercetin in cancer treatment and its effects when the antioxidants are encapsulated in different nanoparticle systems, which improve the prospects of cancer treatment.

The Use of Micro- and Nanocarriers for Resveratrol Delivery into and across the Skin in Different Skin Diseases-A Literature Review

In recent years, polyphenols have been extensively studied due to their antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. It has been shown that anthocyanins, flavonols, and flavan-3-ols play an important role in the prevention of bacterial infections, as well as vascular or skin diseases. Particularly, resveratrol, as a multi-potent agent, may prevent or mitigate the effects of oxidative stress. As the largest organ of the human body, skin is an extremely desirable target for the possible delivery of active substances. The transdermal route of administration of active compounds shows many advantages, including avoidance of gastrointestinal irritation and the first-pass effect. Moreover, it is non-invasive and can be self-administered. However, this delivery is limited, mainly due to the need to overpassing the stratum corneum, the possible decomposition of the substances in contact with the skin surface or in the deeper layers thereof. In addition, using resveratrol for topical and transdermal delivery faces the problems of its low solubility and poor stability. To overcome this, novel systems of delivery are being developed for the effective transport of resveratrol across the skin. Carriers in the micro and nano size were demonstrated to be more efficient for safe and faster topical and transdermal delivery of active substances. The present review aimed to discuss the role of resveratrol in the treatment of skin abnormalities with a special emphasis on technologies enhancing transdermal delivery of resveratrol.

Encapsulation and Enhanced Release of Resveratrol from Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Melanoma Therapy

Chemotherapy has limited success in the treatment of malignant melanoma due to fast development of drug resistance and the low bioavailability of chemotherapeutic drugs. Resveratrol (RES) is a natural polyphenol with recognized preventive and therapeutic anti-cancer properties. However, poor RES solubility hampers its bioactivity, thus creating a demand for suitable drug delivery systems to improve it. This work aimed to assess the potential of RES-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) for human melanoma treatment. RES was efficiently loaded (efficiency > 93%) onto spheroidal (size~60 nm) MSNs. The encapsulation promoted the amorphization of RES and enhanced the release in vitro compared to non-encapsulated RES. The RES release was pH-dependent and markedly faster at pH 5.2 (acid environment in some tumorous tissues) than at pH 7.4 in both encapsulated and bulk forms. The RES release from loaded MSNs was gradual with time, without a burst effect, and well-described by the Weibull model. In vitro cytotoxicity studies on human A375 and MNT-1 melanoma cellular cultures showed a decrease in the cell viability with increasing concentration of RES-loaded MSNs, indicating the potent action of the released RES in both cell lines. The amelanotic cell line A375 was more sensitive to RES concentration than the melanotic MNT-1 cells.

Biomedical Applications of Multifunctional Polymeric Nanocarriers: A Review of Current Literature

Polymeric nanomaterials have become a prominent area of research in the field of drug delivery. Their application in nanomedicine can improve bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and, therefore, the effectiveness of various therapeutics or contrast agents. There are many studies for developing new polymeric nanocarriers; however, their clinical application is somewhat limited. In this review, we present new complex and multifunctional polymeric nanocarriers as promising and innovative diagnostic or therapeutic systems. Their multifunctionality, resulting from the unique chemical and biological properties of the polymers used, ensures better delivery, and a controlled, sequential release of many different therapeutics to the diseased tissue. We present a brief introduction of the classical formulation techniques and describe examples of multifunctional nanocarriers, whose biological assessment has been carried out at least in vitro. Most of them, however, also underwent evaluation in vivo on animal models. Selected polymeric nanocarriers were grouped depending on their medical application: anti-cancer drug nanocarriers, nanomaterials delivering compounds for cancer immunotherapy or regenerative medicine, components of vaccines nanomaterials used for topical application, and lifestyle diseases, ie, diabetes.

Electrospun Resveratrol-Loaded Polyvinylpyrrolidone/Cyclodextrin Nanofibers and Their Biomedical Applications

Resveratrol is a naturally occurring polyphenol compound which has been shown to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, its pharmaceutical applications are limited by its poor water solubility. In this study, we used electrospinning technology to synthesize nanofibers of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPBCD) loaded with resveratrol. We used X-ray diffractometry to analyze crystalline structure, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to determine intermolecular hydrogen bonding, antioxidant assays to measure antioxidant activity, and Franz diffusion cells to evaluate skin penetration. Our results showed that the aqueous solubility of resveratrol nanofibers was greatly improved (by more than 20,000-fold) compared to the pure compound. Analysis of physicochemical properties demonstrated that following nanofiber formation, resveratrol was converted from a crystalline to amorphous structure, and resveratrol formed new intermolecular bonds with PVP and HPBCD. Moreover, resveratrol nanofibers showed good antioxidant activity. In addition, the skin penetration ability of resveratrol in the nanofiber formulation was greater than that of pure resveratrol. Furthermore, resveratrol nanofibers suppressed particulate matter (PM)-induced expression of inflammatory proteins (COX-2 and MMP-9) in HaCaT keratinocytes. Therefore, resveratrol-loaded nanofibers can effectively improve the solubility and physicochemical properties of resveratrol, and may have potential applications as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory formulation for topical skin application.

Application of nano/microencapsulated phenolic compounds against cancer

Nowadays, polyphenols as bioactive compounds are being used in producing anti-cancer drugs. Low stability against harsh environmental conditions, untargeted release, low solubility, and low absorption of pure phenolic molecules are significant barriers, which decrease the functions of polyphenols. Recently, the nanoencapsulation processes have been applied to overcome these restrictions, in which the anti-cancer activity of polyphenols has been noticeably increased. This review will focus on the anti-cancer activity of polyphenols, and the effect of loading polyphenolics into various micro/nanoencapsulation systems on their anti-cancer activity. Different encapsulation systems such as lipid and polymer based nanoparticles, and solid form of encapsulated phenolic molecules by nano-spray dryer and electrospinnig have been used for loading of polyphenols. Incorporation of phenolic molecules into various carriers inevitably increases their anti-cancer activity. Because, in this way, encapsulated cargos can provide a targeted release, which will increase the bioavailability of phenolic molecules and their functions such as absorption into cancer cell.

Melatonin-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules protect against lipid peroxidation caused by paraquat through increased SOD expression in Caenorhabditis elegans

BACKGROUND

Melatonin has been described in the literature as a potent antioxidant. However, melatonin presents variable, low bioavailability and a short half-life. The use of polymeric nanoparticulated systems has been proposed for controlled release. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the action of melatonin-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules (Mel-LNC) in the antioxidant system of Caenorhabditis elegans, and the possible protective effect of this formulation against lipid peroxidation caused by paraquat (PQ).

METHODS

The suspensions were prepared by interfacial deposition of the polymer and were physiochemically characterized. C. elegans N2 wild type and transgenic worm CF1553, muls84 [sod-3p::gfp; rol6(su1006)] were obtained from the Caenorhabditis Genetics Center (CGC). The worms were divided into 5 groups: Control, PQ 0.5 mM, PQ 0.5 mM + Mel-LNC 10 μg/mL, PQ + unloaded lipid-core nanocapsules (LNC), and PQ + free melatonin (Mel) 10 μg/mL. The lipid peroxidation was assessed through thiobarbituric acid (TBARS) levels and the fluorescence levels of the transgenic worms expressing GFP were measured.

RESULTS

The LNC and Mel-LNC presented a bluish-white liquid, with pH values of 5.56 and 5.69, respectively. The zeta potential was - 6.4 ± 0.6 and - 5.2 ± 0.2, respectively. The mean particle diameter was 205 ± 4 nm and 203 ± 3 nm, respectively. The total melatonin content was 0.967 mg/ml. The TBARS levels were significantly higher in the PQ group when compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Mel-LNC reduced TBARS levels to similar levels found in the control group. Moreover, only Mel-LNC significantly enhanced the SOD-3 expression (p < 0.05). Mel-LNC was capable of protecting C. elegans from lipid peroxidation caused by PQ and this was not observed when free melatonin was used. Moreover, Mel-LNC increased the fluorescence intensity of the transgenic strain that encodes the antioxidant enzyme SOD-3, demonstrating a possible mechanism of protection from PQ-induced damage.

CONCLUSION

These findings demonstrated that melatonin, when associated with nanocapsules, had improved antioxidant properties and the protective activity against PQ-induced lipid peroxidation could be associated with the activation of antioxidant enzymes by Mel-LNC in C. elegans.

Pharmaceutical Topical Delivery of Poorly Soluble Polyphenols: Potential Role in Prevention and Treatment of Melanoma

Melanoma is regarded as the fifth and sixth most common cancer in men and women, respectively, and it is estimated that one person dies from melanoma every hour in the USA. Unfortunately, the treatment of melanoma is difficult because of its aggressive metastasis and resistance to treatment. The treatment of melanoma continues to be a challenging issue due to the limitations of available treatments such as a low response rate, severe adverse reactions, and significant toxicity. Natural polyphenols have attracted considerable attention from the scientific community due to their chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic efficacy. It has been suggested that poorly soluble polyphenols such as curcumin, resveratrol, quercetin, coumarin, and epigallocatechin-3-gallate may have significant benefits in the treatment of melanoma due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and chemoprotective efficacies. The major obstacles for the use of polyphenolic compounds are low stability and poor bioavailability. Numerous nanoformulations, including solid lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, micelles, and liposomes, have been formulated to enhance the bioavailability and stability, as well as the therapeutic efficacy of polyphenols. This review will provide an overview of poorly soluble polyphenols that have been reported to have antimetastatic efficacy in melanomas.

Engineering, on-demand manufacturing, and scaling-up of polymeric nanocapsules

Polymeric nanocapsules are versatile delivery systems with the capacity to load lipophilic drugs in their oily nucleus and hydrophilic drugs in their polymeric shell. The objective of this work was to expand the technological possibilities to prepare customized nanocapsules. First, we adapted the solvent displacement technique to modulate the particle size of the resulting nanocapsules in the 50-500 nm range. We also produced nanosystems with a shell made of one or multiple polymer layers i.e. chitosan, dextran sulphate, hyaluronate, chondroitin sulphate, and alginate. In addition, we identified the conditions to translate the process into a miniaturized high-throughput tailor-made fabrication that enables massive screening of formulations. Finally, the production of the nanocapsules was scaled-up both in a batch production, and also using microfluidics. The versatility of the properties of these nanocapsules and their fabrication technologies is expected to propel their advance from bench to clinic.

Antioxidants Protect against Arsenic Induced Mitochondrial Cardio-Toxicity

Arsenic is a potent cardiovascular toxicant associated with numerous biomarkers of cardiovascular diseases in exposed human populations. Arsenic is also a carcinogen, yet arsenic trioxide is used as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of acute promyelotic leukemia (APL). The therapeutic use of arsenic is limited due to its severe cardiovascular side effects. Many of the toxic effects of arsenic are mediated by mitochondrial dysfunction and related to arsenic's effect on oxidative stress. Therefore, we investigated the effectiveness of antioxidants against arsenic induced cardiovascular dysfunction. A growing body of evidence suggests that antioxidant phytonutrients may ameliorate the toxic effects of arsenic on mitochondria by scavenging free radicals. This review identifies 21 antioxidants that can effectively reverse mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in cardiovascular cells and tissues. In addition, we propose that antioxidants have the potential to improve the cardiovascular health of millions of people chronically exposed to elevated arsenic concentrations through contaminated water supplies or used to treat certain types of leukemias. Importantly, we identify conceptual gaps in research and development of new mito-protective antioxidants and suggest avenues for future research to improve bioavailability of antioxidants and distribution to target tissues in order reduce arsenic-induced cardiovascular toxicity in a real-world context.

Nanoparticle formulations to enhance tumor targeting of poorly soluble polyphenols with potential anticancer properties

Polyphenols have been extensively studied for their relevant anticancer activity. Quite often however their instability, extensive metabolization, low bioavailability and poor solubility limit their application in cancer prevention and therapy. Formulation in nanoparticles has been widely proposed as a means to overcome these limits, maximize localization and specific activity at tumor site. The present review is intended as an update of literature regarding nanoparticulate carriers aimed to deliver polyphenols to the cancer site. Three molecules were chosen, all of which were hydrophobic and poorly soluble, representative of different polyphenol classes: quercetin (QT) among the flavonoid group, curcumin (CUR) as representative of curcuminoids, and resveratrol (RSV) among the stilbenes. In particular, nanoparticulate systems suitable for poorly soluble drugs will be described and attention will be paid to characteristics designed to improve tumor targeting, specific delivery and interaction with tumor cells.

Melanoma Chemoprevention: Current Status and Future Prospects

The incidence of skin cancers, both nonmelanoma and melanoma, is increasing in the United States. The ultraviolet radiation, mainly from sun, is considered the major cause for these neoplasms. While nonmelanoma skin cancers are far more numerous, melanoma remains the most challenging. This is because melanoma can become extremely aggressive and its incidence is increasing worldwide due to lack of effective early detection, as well as disease recurrence, following both surgery and chemotherapy. Therefore, in addition to better treatment options, newer means are required to prevent melanomas from developing. Chemoprevention is a reasonable cost-effective approach to prevent carcinogenesis by inhibiting the processes of tumor initiation, promotion and progression. Melanoma is a progressive disease, which makes it very suitable for chemopreventive interventions, by targeting the processes and molecular pathways involved in the progression of melanoma. This review discusses the roles of various chemopreventive agents such as NSAIDs, statins, vitamins and dietary agents in melanoma and highlights current advancements and our perspective on future of melanoma chemoprevention. Although considerable preclinical data suggest that melanoma may be prevented or delayed by a numerous chemopreventive agents, we realize there are insufficient clinical studies evaluating their efficacy and long-term safety for human use.

Polyphenol nanoformulations for cancer therapy: experimental evidence and clinical perspective

Cancer is defined as the abnormal cell growth that can cause life-threatening malignancies with high financial costs for patients as well as the health care system. Natural polyphenols have long been used for the prevention and treatment of several disorders due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, antineoplastic, and immunomodulatory effects discussed in the literature; thus, these phytochemicals are potentially able to act as chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents in different types of cancer. One of the problems regarding the use of polyphenolic compounds is their low bioavailability. Different types of formulations have been designed for the improvement of bioavailability of these compounds, nanonization being one of the most notable approaches among them. This study aimed to review current data on the nanoformulations of natural polyphenols as chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents and to discuss their molecular anticancer mechanisms of action. Nanoformulations of natural polyphenols as bioactive agents, including resveratrol, curcumin, quercetin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, chrysin, baicalein, luteolin, honokiol, silibinin, and coumarin derivatives, in a dose-dependent manner, result in better efficacy for the prevention and treatment of cancer. The impact of nanoformulation methods for these natural agents on tumor cells has gained wider attention due to improvement in targeted therapy and bioavailability, as well as enhancement of stability. Today, several nanoformulations are designed for delivery of polyphenolic compounds, including nanosuspensions, solid lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, gold nanoparticles, and polymeric nanoparticles, which have resulted in better antineoplastic activity, higher intracellular concentration of polyphenols, slow and sustained release of the drugs, and improvement of proapoptotic activity against tumor cells. To conclude, natural polyphenols demonstrate remarkable anticancer potential in pharmacotherapy; however, the obstacles in terms of their bioavailability in and toxicity to normal cells, as well as targeted drug delivery to malignant cells, can be overcome using nanoformulation-based technologies, which optimize the bioefficacy of these natural drugs.

Folic acid-functionalized drug delivery platform of resveratrol based on Pluronic 127/D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate mixed micelles

A folic acid (FA)-functionalized drug vehicle platform based on Pluronic 127 (P127)/D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) mixed micelles was orchestrated for an effective delivery of the model drug resveratrol in order to address the problem of poor water solubility and rapid metabolism of resveratrol and improve its targeted accumulation at tumor site. The FA-decorated mixed micelles were prepared using thin-film hydration method and optimized by central composite design approach. The micelles were also characterized in terms of size and morphology, drug entrapment efficiency and in vitro release profile. In addition, the cytotoxicity and cell uptake of the micelles were evaluated in folate receptor-overexpressing MCF-7 cell line. In vivo pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies were also performed. The average size of the micelles was ~20 nm with a spherical shape and high encapsulation efficiency (99.67%). The results of fluorescence microscopy confirmed the targeting capability of FA-conjugated micelles in MCF-7 cells. FA-modified micelles exhibited superior pharmacokinetics in comparison with that of solution. Further, the low accumulation of resveratrol-loaded FA micelles formulation in the heart and kidney avoided toxicity of these vital organs. It could be concluded that folate-modified P127/TPGS mixed micelles might serve as a potential delivery platform for resveratrol.