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Wu Y, Sinclair G, Avanasi R, Pecquet A. Physiologically based kinetic (PBK) modeling of propiconazole using a machine learning-enhanced read-across approach for interspecies extrapolation. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 189:108804. [PMID: 38857551 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
A significant challenge in the traditional human health risk assessment of agrochemicals is the uncertainty in quantifying the interspecies differences between animal models and humans. To work toward a more accurate and animal-free risk determination, new approaches such as physiologically based kinetic (PBK) modeling have been used to perform dosimetry extrapolation from animals to humans. However, the regulatory use and acceptance of PBK modeling is limited for chemicals that lack in vivo animal pharmacokinetic (PK) data, given the inability to evaluate models. To address these challenges, this study developed PBK models in the absence of in vivo PK data for the fungicide propiconazole, an activator of constitutive androstane receptor (CAR)/pregnane X receptor (PXR). A fit-for-purpose read-across approach was integrated with hierarchical clustering - an unsupervised machine learning algorithm, to bridge the knowledge gap. The integration allowed the incorporation of a broad spectrum of attributes for analog consideration, and enabled the analog selection in a simple, reproducible, and objective manner. The applicability was evaluated and demonstrated using penconazole (source) and three pseudo-unknown target chemicals (epoxiconazole, tebuconazole and triadimefon). Applying this machine learning-enhanced read-across approach, difenoconazole was selected as the most appropriate analog for propiconazole. A mouse PBK model was developed and evaluated for difenoconazole (source), with the mode of action of CAR/PXR activation incorporated to simulate the in vivo autoinduction of metabolism. The difenoconazole mouse model then served as a template for constructing the propiconazole mouse model. A parallelogram approach was subsequently applied to develop the propiconazole rat and human models, enabling a quantitative assessment of interspecies differences in dosimetry. This integrated approach represents a substantial advancement toward refining risk assessment of propiconazole within the framework of animal alternative safety assessment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoxing Wu
- Product Safety, Syngenta Crop Protection LLC, Greensboro NC 27409, USA.
| | - Gabriel Sinclair
- Product Safety, Syngenta Crop Protection LLC, Greensboro NC 27409, USA
| | | | - Alison Pecquet
- Product Safety, Syngenta Crop Protection LLC, Greensboro NC 27409, USA
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2
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Zhang X, Li Z. Profiling population-wide exposure to environmental chemicals: A case study of naphthalene. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142217. [PMID: 38704043 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Long-term exposure to environmental chemicals can detrimentally impact human health, and understanding the relationship between age distribution and levels of external and internal exposure is crucial. Nonetheless, existing methods for assessing population-wide exposure across age groups are limited. To bridge this research gap, we introduced a modeling approach designed to assess both chronic external and internal exposure to chemicals at the population level. The external and internal exposure assessments were quantified in terms of the average daily dose (ADD) and steady-state blood concentration of the environmental chemical, respectively, which were categorized by age and gender groups. The modeling process was presented within a spreadsheet framework, affording users the capability to execute population-wide exposure analyses across a spectrum of chemicals. Our simulation outcomes underscored a salient trend: younger age groups, particularly infants and children, exhibited markedly higher ADD values and blood concentrations of environmental chemicals compared to their older counterparts. This observation is due to the elevated basal metabolic rate per unit of body weight characteristic of younger individuals, coupled with their diminished biotransformation kinetics of xenobiotics within their livers. These factors collectively contribute to increased intake rates of environmental chemicals per unit of body weight through air and food consumption, along with heightened bioaccumulation of these chemicals within their bodies (e.g., blood). Furthermore, we augmented the precision of the external and internal exposure assessment by incorporating the age distribution across the population. The simulation outcomes unveiled that, to estimate the central tendency of the population's exposure levels, employing the baseline value group (age group 21-30) or the surrogate age of 25 serves as a simple yet dependable approach. However, for comprehensive population protection, our recommendation aligns with conducting exposure assessments for the younger age groups (age group 0-11). Future studies should integrate individual-level exposure assessment, analyze vulnerable population groups, and refine population structures within our developed model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Zijian Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China.
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3
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Arora S, Satija S, Mittal A, Solanki S, Mohanty SK, Srivastava V, Sengupta D, Rout D, Arul Murugan N, Borkar RM, Ahuja G. Unlocking The Mysteries of DNA Adducts with Artificial Intelligence. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300577. [PMID: 37874183 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Cellular genome is considered a dynamic blueprint of a cell since it encodes genetic information that gets temporally altered due to various endogenous and exogenous insults. Largely, the extent of genomic dynamicity is controlled by the trade-off between DNA repair processes and the genotoxic potential of the causative agent (genotoxins or potential carcinogens). A subset of genotoxins form DNA adducts by covalently binding to the cellular DNA, triggering structural or functional changes that lead to significant alterations in cellular processes via genetic (e. g., mutations) or non-genetic (e. g., epigenome) routes. Identification, quantification, and characterization of DNA adducts are indispensable for their comprehensive understanding and could expedite the ongoing efforts in predicting carcinogenicity and their mode of action. In this review, we elaborate on using Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based modeling in adducts biology and present multiple computational strategies to gain advancements in decoding DNA adducts. The proposed AI-based strategies encompass predictive modeling for adduct formation via metabolic activation, novel adducts' identification, prediction of biochemical routes for adduct formation, adducts' half-life predictions within biological ecosystems, and, establishing methods to predict the link between adducts chemistry and its location within the genomic DNA. In summary, we discuss some futuristic AI-based approaches in DNA adduct biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Arora
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology (IIIT-Delhi) Okhla, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Shiva Satija
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology (IIIT-Delhi) Okhla, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Aayushi Mittal
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology (IIIT-Delhi) Okhla, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Saveena Solanki
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology (IIIT-Delhi) Okhla, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar Mohanty
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology (IIIT-Delhi) Okhla, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Vaibhav Srivastava
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry CBH School, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) AlbaNova University Center, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Debarka Sengupta
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology (IIIT-Delhi) Okhla, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Diptiranjan Rout
- Department of Transfusion Medicine National Cancer Institute, AIIMS, New Delhi, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110608, India
| | - Natarajan Arul Murugan
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology (IIIT-Delhi) Okhla, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Roshan M Borkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Sila Katamur Halugurisuk P.O.: Changsari, Dist, Guwahati, Assam, 781101, India
| | - Gaurav Ahuja
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology (IIIT-Delhi) Okhla, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India
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4
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Zhang X, Li Z. Co-PBK: a computational biomonitoring tool for assessing chronic internal exposure to chemicals and metabolites. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:2167-2180. [PMID: 37982278 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00396e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Toxic chemicals are released into the environment through diverse human activities. An increasing number of chronic diseases are associated with ambient pollution, thus posing a threat to people. Given the high consumption of resources for human biomonitoring, this study proposed coupled physiologically-based kinetic (co-PBK) modeling matrices as a biomonitoring tool for simplifying chronic internal exposure estimates of environmental chemicals and their metabolites using naphthalene (NAP) and its metabolites (i.e., 1-OHN and 2-OHN) as simulation examples. According to the simulation of the steady-state mass among various organs/tissues via the co-PBK modeling matrices, fat had the highest potential bioaccumulation of NAP and its metabolites. With respect to body fluids, 1-OHN and 2-OHN tended to bioaccumulate more in the bile than in the urine. According to the sensitivity analysis, the calculated sensitivity factors for the first-order kinetics-based rate constants imply that due to the biotransformation process, target organs/tissues (e.g., liver and kidneys) would be continuously exposed to more NAP metabolites under chronic exposure. Meanwhile, 1-OHN may be more stably transported to the urine than 2-OHN for further human biomonitoring during long-term internal exposure. According to the case study of simulating population chronic exposure to NAP in Shenzhen, the co-PBK modeling estimated the population exposure to NAP with an intake rate of 8.77 × 10-2 mg d-1 and the aggregated urinary concentration of NAP metabolites of 2.60 μg L-1. Furthermore, the accuracy of the urinary levels between the real-world data and the values simulated by the co-PBK modeling was assessed and the root-mean-square error of c1-OHN,urine was found to be lower than that of c2-OHN,urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China.
| | - Zijian Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China.
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5
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Wohlleben W, Mehling A, Landsiedel R. Lessons Learned from the Grouping of Chemicals to Assess Risks to Human Health. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202210651. [PMID: 36254879 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In analogy to the periodic system that groups elements by their similarity in structure and chemical properties, the hazard of chemicals can be assessed in groups having similar structures and similar toxicological properties. Here we review case studies of chemical grouping strategies that supported the assessment of hazard, exposure, and risk to human health. By the EU-REACH and the US-TSCA New Chemicals Program, structural similarity is commonly used as the basis for grouping, but that criterion is not always adequate and sufficient. Based on the lessons learned, we derive ten principles for grouping, including: transparency of the purpose, criteria, and boundaries of the group; adequacy of methods used to justify the group; and inclusion or exclusion of substances in the group by toxicological properties. These principles apply to initial grouping to prioritize further actions as well as to definitive grouping to generate data for risk assessment. Both can expedite effective risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendel Wohlleben
- Department of Analytical and Material Science, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
- Department of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Annette Mehling
- Dept. of Advanced Formulation and Performance Technology, BASF Personal Care and Nutrition GmbH, 40589, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Robert Landsiedel
- Department of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
- Free University of Berlin, Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy-Pharmacology and Toxicology, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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6
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Fairman K, Choi MK, Gonnabathula P, Lumen A, Worth A, Paini A, Li M. An Overview of Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Models for Forensic Science. TOXICS 2023; 11:126. [PMID: 36851001 PMCID: PMC9964742 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11020126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model represents the structural components of the body with physiologically relevant compartments connected via blood flow rates described by mathematical equations to determine drug disposition. PBPK models are used in the pharmaceutical sector for drug development, precision medicine, and the chemical industry to predict safe levels of exposure during the registration of chemical substances. However, one area of application where PBPK models have been scarcely used is forensic science. In this review, we give an overview of PBPK models successfully developed for several illicit drugs and environmental chemicals that could be applied for forensic interpretation, highlighting the gaps, uncertainties, and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiara Fairman
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Me-Kyoung Choi
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Pavani Gonnabathula
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Annie Lumen
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Andrew Worth
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy
| | | | - Miao Li
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
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7
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Najjar A, Punt A, Wambaugh J, Paini A, Ellison C, Fragki S, Bianchi E, Zhang F, Westerhout J, Mueller D, Li H, Shi Q, Gant TW, Botham P, Bars R, Piersma A, van Ravenzwaay B, Kramer NI. Towards best use and regulatory acceptance of generic physiologically based kinetic (PBK) models for in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) in chemical risk assessment. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:3407-3419. [PMID: 36063173 PMCID: PMC9584981 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03356-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
With an increasing need to incorporate new approach methodologies (NAMs) in chemical risk assessment and the concomitant need to phase out animal testing, the interpretation of in vitro assay readouts for quantitative hazard characterisation becomes more important. Physiologically based kinetic (PBK) models, which simulate the fate of chemicals in tissues of the body, play an essential role in extrapolating in vitro effect concentrations to in vivo bioequivalent exposures. As PBK-based testing approaches evolve, it will become essential to standardise PBK modelling approaches towards a consensus approach that can be used in quantitative in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation (QIVIVE) studies for regulatory chemical risk assessment based on in vitro assays. Based on results of an ECETOC expert workshop, steps are recommended that can improve regulatory adoption: (1) define context and implementation, taking into consideration model complexity for building fit-for-purpose PBK models, (2) harmonise physiological input parameters and their distribution and define criteria for quality chemical-specific parameters, especially in the absence of in vivo data, (3) apply Good Modelling Practices (GMP) to achieve transparency and design a stepwise approach for PBK model development for risk assessors, (4) evaluate model predictions using alternatives to in vivo PK data including read-across approaches, (5) use case studies to facilitate discussions between modellers and regulators of chemical risk assessment. Proof-of-concepts of generic PBK modelling approaches are published in the scientific literature at an increasing rate. Working on the previously proposed steps is, therefore, needed to gain confidence in PBK modelling approaches for regulatory use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ans Punt
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - John Wambaugh
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | | | - Styliani Fragki
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Joost Westerhout
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis Mueller
- Research and Development, Crop Science, Bayer AG, Monheim, Germany
| | - Hequn Li
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire UK
| | - Quan Shi
- Shell Global Solutions International B.V, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy W. Gant
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Phil Botham
- Syngenta, Jealott’s Hill, Bracknell, Berkshire UK
| | - Rémi Bars
- Crop Science Division, Bayer S.A.S., Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Aldert Piersma
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Nynke I. Kramer
- Toxicology Division, Wageningen University, PO Box 8000, 6700 EA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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8
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Sweeney LM. Case study on the impact of the source of metabolism parameters in next generation physiologically based pharmacokinetic models: Implications for occupational exposures to trimethylbenzenes. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 134:105238. [PMID: 35931234 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models are a means of making important linkages between exposure assessment and in vitro toxicity. A key constraint on rapid application of PBPK models in risk assessment is traditional reliance on substance-specific in vivo toxicokinetic data to evaluate model quality. Bounding conditions, in silico, in vitro, and chemical read-across approaches have been proposed as alternative sources for metabolic clearance estimates. A case study to test consistency of predictive ability across these approaches was conducted using trimethylbenzenes (TMB) as prototype chemicals. Substantial concordance was found among TMB isomers with respect to accuracy (or inaccuracy) of approaches to estimating metabolism; for example, the bounding conditions never reproduced the human in vivo toxicokinetic data within two-fold. Using only approaches that gave acceptable prediction of in vivo toxicokinetics for the source compound (1,2,4-TMB) substantially narrowed the range of plausible internal doses for a given external dose for occupational, emergency response, and environmental/community health risk assessment scenarios for TMB isomers. Thus, risk assessments developed using the target compound models with a constrained subset of metabolism estimates (determined for source chemical models) can be used with greater confidence that internal dosimetry will be estimated with accuracy sufficient for the purpose at hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Sweeney
- UES, Inc, 4401 Dayton Xenia Road, Dayton, OH, 45432, USA(contractor assigned to the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory 711th Human Performance Wing, Wright Patterson AFB, OH USA).
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9
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Gonçalves BM, Graceli JB, da Rocha PB, Tilli HP, Vieira EM, de Sibio MT, Peghinelli VV, Deprá IC, Mathias LS, Olímpio RMC, Belik VC, Nogueira CR. Placental model as an important tool to study maternal-fetal interface. Reprod Toxicol 2022; 112:7-13. [PMID: 35714933 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The placenta is a temporary organ that plays critical roles at the maternal-fetal interface. Normal development and function of the placenta is dependent on hormonal signaling pathways that make the placenta a target of endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) action. Studies showing association between prenatal exposure, hormone disruption, and reproductive damage indicate that EDCs are developmentally toxic and can impact future generations. In this context, new placental models (trophoblast-derived cell lines, organotypic or 3D cell models, and physiologically based kinetic models) have been developed in order to create new approach methodology (NAM) to assess and even prevent such disastrous toxic harm in future generations. With the widespread discouragement of conducting animal studies, it has become irrefutable to develop in vitro models that can serve as a substitute for in vivo models. The goal of this review is to discuss the newest in vitro models to understand the maternal-fetal interface and predict placental development, physiology, and dysfunction generated by failures in molecular hormone control mechanisms, which, consequently, may change epigenetic programming to increase susceptibility to metabolic and other disorders in the offspring. We summarize the latest placental models for developmental toxicology studies, focusing mainly on three-dimensional (3D) culture models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca M Gonçalves
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
| | - Jones B Graceli
- Department of Morphology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo (UFES), Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Paula B da Rocha
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Helena P Tilli
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Ester M Vieira
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria T de Sibio
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Vinícius V Peghinelli
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Igor C Deprá
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas S Mathias
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Regiane M C Olímpio
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Virgínia C Belik
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Célia R Nogueira
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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10
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Thompson CV, Firman JW, Goldsmith MR, Grulke CM, Tan YM, Paini A, Penson PE, Sayre RR, Webb S, Madden JC. A Systematic Review of Published Physiologically-based Kinetic Models and an Assessment of their Chemical Space Coverage. Altern Lab Anim 2021; 49:197-208. [PMID: 34836462 DOI: 10.1177/02611929211060264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Across multiple sectors, including food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries, there is a need to predict the potential effects of xenobiotics. These effects are determined by the intrinsic ability of the substance, or its derivatives, to interact with the biological system, and its concentration-time profile at the target site. Physiologically-based kinetic (PBK) models can predict organ-level concentration-time profiles, however, the models are time and resource intensive to generate de novo. Read-across is an approach used to reduce or replace animal testing, wherein information from a data-rich chemical is used to make predictions for a data-poor chemical. The recent increase in published PBK models presents the opportunity to use a read-across approach for PBK modelling, that is, to use PBK model information from one chemical to inform the development or evaluation of a PBK model for a similar chemical. Essential to this process, is identifying the chemicals for which a PBK model already exists. Herein, the results of a systematic review of existing PBK models, compliant with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) format, are presented. Model information, including species, sex, life-stage, route of administration, software platform used and the availability of model equations, was captured for 7541 PBK models. Chemical information (identifiers and physico-chemical properties) has also been recorded for 1150 unique chemicals associated with these models. This PBK model data set has been made readily accessible, as a Microsoft Excel® spreadsheet, providing a valuable resource for those developing, using or evaluating PBK models in industry, academia and the regulatory sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney V Thompson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, 4589Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - James W Firman
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, 4589Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Michael R Goldsmith
- Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Chemical Characterization and Exposure Division, 427887US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Christopher M Grulke
- Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Chemical Characterization and Exposure Division, 427887US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Yu-Mei Tan
- Office of Pesticide Programs, Health Effects Division, 138030US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Alicia Paini
- 99013European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Peter E Penson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, 4589Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Risa R Sayre
- Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Chemical Characterization and Exposure Division, 427887US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Steven Webb
- Syngenta, Product Safety, Early Stage Research, 101825Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, UK
| | - Judith C Madden
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, 4589Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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11
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Tan YM, Barton HA, Boobis A, Brunner R, Clewell H, Cope R, Dawson J, Domoradzki J, Egeghy P, Gulati P, Ingle B, Kleinstreuer N, Lowe K, Lowit A, Mendez E, Miller D, Minucci J, Nguyen J, Paini A, Perron M, Phillips K, Qian H, Ramanarayanan T, Sewell F, Villanueva P, Wambaugh J, Embry M. Opportunities and challenges related to saturation of toxicokinetic processes: Implications for risk assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 127:105070. [PMID: 34718074 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.105070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Top dose selection for repeated dose animal studies has generally focused on identification of apical endpoints, use of the limit dose, or determination of a maximum tolerated dose (MTD). The intent is to optimize the ability of toxicity tests performed in a small number of animals to detect effects for hazard identification. An alternative approach, the kinetically derived maximum dose (KMD), has been proposed as a mechanism to integrate toxicokinetic (TK) data into the dose selection process. The approach refers to the dose above which the systemic exposures depart from being proportional to external doses. This non-linear external-internal dose relationship arises from saturation or limitation of TK process(es), such as absorption or metabolism. The importance of TK information is widely acknowledged when assessing human health risks arising from exposures to environmental chemicals, as TK determines the amount of chemical at potential sites of toxicological responses. However, there have been differing opinions and interpretations within the scientific and regulatory communities related to the validity and application of the KMD concept. A multi-stakeholder working group, led by the Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI), was formed to provide an opportunity for impacted stakeholders to address commonly raised scientific and technical issues related to this topic and, more specifically, a weight of evidence approach is recommended to inform design and dose selection for repeated dose animal studies. Commonly raised challenges related to the use of TK data for dose selection are discussed, recommendations are provided, and illustrative case examples are provided to address these challenges or refute misconceptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mei Tan
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Rachel Brunner
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Rhian Cope
- Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Dawson
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Peter Egeghy
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research & Development, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Pankaj Gulati
- Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brandall Ingle
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- National Toxicology Program, Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kelly Lowe
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Anna Lowit
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Elizabeth Mendez
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC, USA
| | - David Miller
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jeffrey Minucci
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research & Development, Durham, NC, USA
| | - James Nguyen
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alicia Paini
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - Monique Perron
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Katherine Phillips
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research & Development, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hua Qian
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc., Annandale, NJ, USA
| | | | - Fiona Sewell
- National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement, and Reduction of Animals in Research, London, UK
| | - Philip Villanueva
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC, USA
| | - John Wambaugh
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research & Development, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michelle Embry
- Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington DC, USA.
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Charles S, Ratier A, Lopes C. Generic Solving of One-compartment Toxicokinetic Models. JOURNAL OF EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 000:000-000. [DOI: 10.14218/jerp.2021.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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13
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Paini A, Tan YM, Sachana M, Worth A. Gaining acceptance in next generation PBK modelling approaches for regulatory assessments - An OECD international effort. COMPUTATIONAL TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 18:100163. [PMID: 34027244 PMCID: PMC8130668 DOI: 10.1016/j.comtox.2021.100163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Physiologically Based Kinetic (PBK) models are valuable tools to help define safe external levels of chemicals based on internal doses at target organs in experimental animals, humans and organisms used in environmental risk assessment. As the toxicity testing paradigm shifts to alternative testing approaches, PBK model development has started to rely (mostly or entirely) on model parameters quantified using in vitro or in silico methods. Recently, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) published a guidance document (GD) describing a scientific workflow for characterising and validating PBK models developed using in vitro and in silico data. The GD provides an assessment framework for evaluating these models, with emphasis on the major uncertainties underlying model inputs and outputs. To help end-users submit or evaluate a PBK model for regulatory purposes, the GD also includes a template for documenting the model characteristics, and a checklist for evaluating the quality of a model. This commentary highlights the principles, criteria and tools laid out in the OECD PBK model GD, with the aim of facilitating the dialogue between model developers and risk assessors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Paini
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Yu-Mei Tan
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Magdalini Sachana
- Environment Health and Safety Division, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Paris, France
| | - Andrew Worth
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
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