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Emmenegger T, David G, Mohammadi S, Ziegler G, Callaghan MF, Thompson A, Friston KJ, Weiskopf N, Killeen T, Freund P. Temporal dynamics of white and gray matter plasticity during motor skill acquisition: a comparative diffusion tensor imaging and multiparametric mapping analysis. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae344. [PMID: 39214853 PMCID: PMC11364465 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Learning new motor skills relies on neural plasticity within motor and limbic systems. This study uniquely combined diffusion tensor imaging and multiparametric mapping MRI to detail these neuroplasticity processes. We recruited 18 healthy male participants who underwent 960 min of training on a computer-based motion game, while 14 were scanned without training. Diffusion tensor imaging, which quantifies tissue microstructure by measuring the capacity for, and directionality of, water diffusion, revealed mostly linear changes in white matter across the corticospinal-cerebellar-thalamo-hippocampal circuit. These changes related to performance and reflected different responses to upper- and lower-limb training in brain areas with known somatotopic representations. Conversely, quantitative MRI metrics, sensitive to myelination and iron content, demonstrated mostly quadratic changes in gray matter related to performance and reflecting somatotopic representations within the same brain areas. Furthermore, while myelin and iron-sensitive multiparametric mapping MRI was able to describe time lags between different cortical brain systems, diffusion tensor imaging detected time lags within the white matter of the motor systems. These findings suggest that motor skill learning involves distinct phases of white and gray matter plasticity across the sensorimotor network, with the unique combination of diffusion tensor imaging and multiparametric mapping MRI providing complementary insights into the underlying neuroplastic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Emmenegger
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Forchstrasse 380, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gergely David
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Forchstrasse 380, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Siawoosh Mohammadi
- Max Planck Research Group MR Physics, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 9414195 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1AD-04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 16023538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Gabriel Ziegler
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Str. 44/Haus 64, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martina F Callaghan
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Thompson
- Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Karl J Friston
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom
| | - Nikolaus Weiskopf
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1AD-04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom
- Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics, Faculty of Physics and Earth System Sciences, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tim Killeen
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Forchstrasse 380, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Freund
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Forchstrasse 380, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom
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2
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Fu Y, Cao Z, Ye T, Yang H, Chu C, Lei C, Wen Y, Cai Z, Yuan Y, Guo X, Yang L, Sheng H, Cui D, Shao D, Chen M, Lai B, Zheng P. Projection neurons from medial entorhinal cortex to basolateral amygdala are critical for the retrieval of morphine withdrawal memory. iScience 2024; 27:110239. [PMID: 39021787 PMCID: PMC11253517 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) is crucial for contextual memory, yet its role in context-induced retrieval of morphine withdrawal memory remains unclear. This study investigated the role of the MEC and its projection neurons from MEC layer 5 to the basolateral amygdala (BLA) (MEC-BLA neurons) in context-induced retrieval of morphine withdrawal memory. Results show that context activates the MEC in morphine withdrawal mice, and the inactivation of the MEC inhibits context-induced retrieval of morphine withdrawal memory. At neural circuits, context activates MEC-BLA neurons in morphine withdrawal mice, and the inactivation of MEC-BLA neurons inhibits context-induced retrieval of morphine withdrawal memory. But MEC-BLA neurons are not activated by conditioning of context and morphine withdrawal, and the inhibition of MEC-BLA neurons do not influence the coupling of context and morphine withdrawal memory. These results suggest that MEC-BLA neurons are critical for the retrieval, but not for the formation, of morphine withdrawal memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zixuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ting Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chenshan Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chao Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yaxian Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhangyin Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xinli Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Huan Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dongyang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Da Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bin Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
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3
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McNaughton N, Bannerman D. The homogenous hippocampus: How hippocampal cells process available and potential goals. Prog Neurobiol 2024; 240:102653. [PMID: 38960002 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2024.102653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
We present here a view of the firing patterns of hippocampal cells that is contrary, both functionally and anatomically, to conventional wisdom. We argue that the hippocampus responds to efference copies of goals encoded elsewhere; and that it uses these to detect and resolve conflict or interference between goals in general. While goals can involve space, hippocampal cells do not encode spatial (or other special types of) memory, as such. We also argue that the transverse circuits of the hippocampus operate in an essentially homogeneous way along its length. The apparently different functions of different parts (e.g. memory retrieval versus anxiety) result from the different (situational/motivational) inputs on which those parts perform the same fundamental computational operations. On this view, the key role of the hippocampus is the iterative adjustment, via Papez-like circuits, of synaptic weights in cell assemblies elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil McNaughton
- Department of Psychology and Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, POB56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - David Bannerman
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, England, UK
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Miranda M, Silva A, Morici JF, Coletti MA, Belluscio M, Bekinschtein P. Retrieval of contextual memory can be predicted by CA3 remapping and is differentially influenced by NMDAR activity in rat hippocampus subregions. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002706. [PMID: 38950066 PMCID: PMC11244845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Episodic memory is essential to navigate in a changing environment by recalling past events, creating new memories, and updating stored information from experience. Although the mechanisms for acquisition and consolidation have been profoundly studied, much less is known about memory retrieval. Hippocampal spatial representations are key for retrieval of contextually guided episodic memories. Indeed, hippocampal place cells exhibit stable location-specific activity which is thought to support contextual memory, but can also undergo remapping in response to environmental changes. It is unclear if remapping is directly related to the expression of different episodic memories. Here, using an incidental memory recognition task in rats, we showed that retrieval of a contextually guided memory is reflected by the levels of CA3 remapping, demonstrating a clear link between external cues, hippocampal remapping, and episodic memory retrieval that guides behavior. Furthermore, we describe NMDARs as key players in regulating the balance between retrieval and memory differentiation processes by controlling the reactivation of specific memory traces. While an increase in CA3 NMDAR activity boosts memory retrieval, dentate gyrus NMDAR activity enhances memory differentiation. Our results contribute to understanding how the hippocampal circuit sustains a flexible balance between memory formation and retrieval depending on the environmental cues and the internal representations of the individual. They also provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the contributions of hippocampal subregions to generate this balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Miranda
- Laboratorio de Memoria y Cognición Molecular, Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional, CONICET-Fundación INECO-Universidad Favaloro, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Azul Silva
- Laboratorio Bases neuronales del comportamiento, Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO Houssay), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Facundo Morici
- Laboratorio de Memoria y Cognición Molecular, Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional, CONICET-Fundación INECO-Universidad Favaloro, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcos Antonio Coletti
- Laboratorio Bases neuronales del comportamiento, Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO Houssay), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariano Belluscio
- Laboratorio Bases neuronales del comportamiento, Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO Houssay), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pedro Bekinschtein
- Laboratorio de Memoria y Cognición Molecular, Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional, CONICET-Fundación INECO-Universidad Favaloro, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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5
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Levy ERJ, Carrillo-Segura S, Park EH, Redman WT, Hurtado JR, Chung S, Fenton AA. A manifold neural population code for space in hippocampal coactivity dynamics independent of place fields. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113142. [PMID: 37742193 PMCID: PMC10842170 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hippocampus place cell discharge is temporally unreliable across seconds and days, and place fields are multimodal, suggesting an "ensemble cofiring" spatial coding hypothesis with manifold dynamics that does not require reliable spatial tuning, in contrast to hypotheses based on place field (spatial tuning) stability. We imaged mouse CA1 (cornu ammonis 1) ensembles in two environments across three weeks to evaluate these coding hypotheses. While place fields "remap," being more distinct between than within environments, coactivity relationships generally change less. Decoding location and environment from 1-s ensemble location-specific activity is effective and improves with experience. Decoding environment from cell-pair coactivity relationships is also effective and improves with experience, even after removing place tuning. Discriminating environments from 1-s ensemble coactivity relies crucially on the cells with the most anti-coactive cell-pair relationships because activity is internally organized on a low-dimensional manifold of non-linear coactivity relationships that intermittently reregisters to environments according to the anti-cofiring subpopulation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simón Carrillo-Segura
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; Graduate Program in Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - Eun Hye Park
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - William Thomas Redman
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Dynamical Neuroscience, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | | | - SueYeon Chung
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; Flatiron Institute Center for Computational Neuroscience, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - André Antonio Fenton
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; Neuroscience Institute at the NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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6
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Király B, Domonkos A, Jelitai M, Lopes-Dos-Santos V, Martínez-Bellver S, Kocsis B, Schlingloff D, Joshi A, Salib M, Fiáth R, Barthó P, Ulbert I, Freund TF, Viney TJ, Dupret D, Varga V, Hangya B. The medial septum controls hippocampal supra-theta oscillations. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6159. [PMID: 37816713 PMCID: PMC10564782 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41746-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal theta oscillations orchestrate faster beta-to-gamma oscillations facilitating the segmentation of neural representations during navigation and episodic memory. Supra-theta rhythms of hippocampal CA1 are coordinated by local interactions as well as inputs from the entorhinal cortex (EC) and CA3 inputs. However, theta-nested gamma-band activity in the medial septum (MS) suggests that the MS may control supra-theta CA1 oscillations. To address this, we performed multi-electrode recordings of MS and CA1 activity in rodents and found that MS neuron firing showed strong phase-coupling to theta-nested supra-theta episodes and predicted changes in CA1 beta-to-gamma oscillations on a cycle-by-cycle basis. Unique coupling patterns of anatomically defined MS cell types suggested that indirect MS-to-CA1 pathways via the EC and CA3 mediate distinct CA1 gamma-band oscillations. Optogenetic activation of MS parvalbumin-expressing neurons elicited theta-nested beta-to-gamma oscillations in CA1. Thus, the MS orchestrates hippocampal network activity at multiple temporal scales to mediate memory encoding and retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bálint Király
- Lendület Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Biological Physics, Institute of Physics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andor Domonkos
- Subcortical Modulation Research Group, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Márta Jelitai
- Subcortical Modulation Research Group, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vítor Lopes-Dos-Santos
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sergio Martínez-Bellver
- Lendület Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Anatomy and Human Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Barnabás Kocsis
- Lendület Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dániel Schlingloff
- Lendület Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Abhilasha Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Minas Salib
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Richárd Fiáth
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Barthó
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Ulbert
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás F Freund
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tim J Viney
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Dupret
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Viktor Varga
- Subcortical Modulation Research Group, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Hangya
- Lendület Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.
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7
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Chao Y, Augenstein P, Roennau A, Dillmann R, Xiong Z. Brain inspired path planning algorithms for drones. Front Neurorobot 2023; 17:1111861. [PMID: 36937552 PMCID: PMC10020216 DOI: 10.3389/fnbot.2023.1111861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction With the development of artificial intelligence and brain science, brain-inspired navigation and path planning has attracted widespread attention. Methods In this paper, we present a place cell based path planning algorithm that utilizes spiking neural network (SNN) to create efficient routes for drones. First, place cells are characterized by the leaky integrate-and-fire (LIF) neuron model. Then, the connection weights between neurons are trained by spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) learning rules. Afterwards, a synaptic vector field is created to avoid obstacles and to find the shortest path. Results Finally, simulation experiments both in a Python simulation environment and in an Unreal Engine environment are conducted to evaluate the validity of the algorithms. Discussion Experiment results demonstrate the validity, its robustness and the computational speed of the proposed model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixun Chao
- Navigation Research Center, School of Automation Engineering in Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
- FZI Research Center for Information Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Arne Roennau
- FZI Research Center for Information Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Zhi Xiong
- Navigation Research Center, School of Automation Engineering in Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhi Xiong
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8
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Goral RO, Harper KM, Bernstein BJ, Fry SA, Lamb PW, Moy SS, Cushman JD, Yakel JL. Loss of GABA co-transmission from cholinergic neurons impairs behaviors related to hippocampal, striatal, and medial prefrontal cortex functions. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:1067409. [PMID: 36505727 PMCID: PMC9730538 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.1067409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Altered signaling or function of acetylcholine (ACh) has been reported in various neurological diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Tourette syndrome, epilepsy among others. Many neurons that release ACh also co-transmit the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA) at synapses in the hippocampus, striatum, substantia nigra, and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Although ACh transmission is crucial for higher brain functions such as learning and memory, the role of co-transmitted GABA from ACh neurons in brain function remains unknown. Thus, the overarching goal of this study was to investigate how a systemic loss of GABA co-transmission from ACh neurons affected the behavioral performance of mice. Methods: To do this, we used a conditional knock-out mouse of the vesicular GABA transporter (vGAT) crossed with the ChAT-Cre driver line to selectively ablate GABA co-transmission at ACh synapses. In a comprehensive series of standardized behavioral assays, we compared Cre-negative control mice with Cre-positive vGAT knock-out mice of both sexes. Results: Loss of GABA co-transmission from ACh neurons did not disrupt the animal's sociability, motor skills or sensation. However, in the absence of GABA co-transmission, we found significant alterations in social, spatial and fear memory as well as a reduced reliance on striatum-dependent response strategies in a T-maze. In addition, male conditional knockout (CKO) mice showed increased locomotion. Discussion: Taken together, the loss of GABA co-transmission leads to deficits in higher brain functions and behaviors. Therefore, we propose that ACh/GABA co-transmission modulates neural circuitry involved in the affected behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Oliver Goral
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, United States,Center on Compulsive Behaviors, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kathryn M. Harper
- Department of Psychiatry and Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Briana J. Bernstein
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, United States,Department of Health and Human Services, Neurobehavioral Core, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sydney A. Fry
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, United States,Department of Health and Human Services, Neurobehavioral Core, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Patricia W. Lamb
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sheryl S. Moy
- Department of Psychiatry and Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jesse D. Cushman
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, United States,Department of Health and Human Services, Neurobehavioral Core, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jerrel L. Yakel
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, United States,*Correspondence: Jerrel L. Yakel
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9
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Ou W, Xiao S, Zhu C, Han W, Zhang Q. An overview of brain-like computing: Architecture, applications, and future trends. Front Neurorobot 2022; 16:1041108. [PMID: 36506817 PMCID: PMC9730831 DOI: 10.3389/fnbot.2022.1041108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
With the development of technology, Moore's law will come to an end, and scientists are trying to find a new way out in brain-like computing. But we still know very little about how the brain works. At the present stage of research, brain-like models are all structured to mimic the brain in order to achieve some of the brain's functions, and then continue to improve the theories and models. This article summarizes the important progress and status of brain-like computing, summarizes the generally accepted and feasible brain-like computing models, introduces, analyzes, and compares the more mature brain-like computing chips, outlines the attempts and challenges of brain-like computing applications at this stage, and looks forward to the future development of brain-like computing. It is hoped that the summarized results will help relevant researchers and practitioners to quickly grasp the research progress in the field of brain-like computing and acquire the application methods and related knowledge in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ou
- The School of Cyberspace Security, Hainan University, Hainan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Network Cryptography Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shitao Xiao
- The School of Computer Science and Technology, Hainan, China
| | - Chengyu Zhu
- The School of Cyberspace Security, Hainan University, Hainan, China
| | - Wenbao Han
- The School of Cyberspace Security, Hainan University, Hainan, China
| | - Qionglu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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10
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Gómez-Ocádiz R, Trippa M, Zhang CL, Posani L, Cocco S, Monasson R, Schmidt-Hieber C. A synaptic signal for novelty processing in the hippocampus. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4122. [PMID: 35840595 PMCID: PMC9287442 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31775-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Episodic memory formation and recall are complementary processes that rely on opposing neuronal computations in the hippocampus. How this conflict is resolved in hippocampal circuits is unclear. To address this question, we obtained in vivo whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from dentate gyrus granule cells in head-fixed mice trained to explore and distinguish between familiar and novel virtual environments. We find that granule cells consistently show a small transient depolarisation upon transition to a novel environment. This synaptic novelty signal is sensitive to local application of atropine, indicating that it depends on metabotropic acetylcholine receptors. A computational model suggests that the synaptic response to novelty may bias granule cell population activity, which can drive downstream attractor networks to a new state, favouring the switch from recall to new memory formation when faced with novelty. Such a novelty-driven switch may enable flexible encoding of new memories while preserving stable retrieval of familiar ones. Memory formation and recall are complementary processes within the hippocampus. Here the authors demonstrate a synaptic signal of novelty in the hippocampus and provide a computational framework for how such a novelty-driven switch may enable flexible encoding of new memories while preserving stable retrieval of familiar ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruy Gómez-Ocádiz
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Neural Circuits for Spatial Navigation and Memory, Department of Neuroscience, F-75015, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral, F-75005, Paris, France.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Massimiliano Trippa
- Laboratory of Physics of the École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research and CNRS UMR 8023, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Chun-Lei Zhang
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Neural Circuits for Spatial Navigation and Memory, Department of Neuroscience, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Lorenzo Posani
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Neural Circuits for Spatial Navigation and Memory, Department of Neuroscience, F-75015, Paris, France.,Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Simona Cocco
- Laboratory of Physics of the École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research and CNRS UMR 8023, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Rémi Monasson
- Laboratory of Physics of the École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research and CNRS UMR 8023, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Christoph Schmidt-Hieber
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Neural Circuits for Spatial Navigation and Memory, Department of Neuroscience, F-75015, Paris, France.
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11
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Sun W, Li J, Li X, Chen X, Mei Y, Yang Y, An L. Aluminium oxide nanoparticles compromise spatial memory performance and proBDNF-mediated neuronal function in the hippocampus of rats. Part Fibre Toxicol 2022; 19:34. [PMID: 35538555 PMCID: PMC9087928 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-022-00477-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alumina nanoparticles (aluminaNPs), which are widely used in a range of daily and medical fields, have been shown to penetrate blood-brain barrier, and distribute and accumulate in different brain areas. Although oral treatment of aluminaNPs induces hippocampus-dependent learning and memory impairments, characteristic effects and exact mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Here, male adult rats received a single bilateral infusion of aluminaNPs (10 or 20 µg/kg of body weight) into the hippocampal region, and their behavioral performance and neural function were assessed. Results The results indicated that the intra-hippocampus infusions at both doses of aluminaNPs did not cause spatial learning inability but memory deficit in the water maze task. This impairment was attributed to the effects of aluminaNP on memory consolidation phase through activation of proBDNF/RhoA pathway. Inhibition of the increased proBDNF by hippocampal infusions of p75NTR antagonist could effectively rescue the memory impairment. Incubation of aluminaNPs exaggerated GluN2B-dependent LTD induction with no effects on LTD expression in hippocampal slices. AluminaNP could also depress the amplitude of NMDA-GluN2B EPSCs. Meanwhile, increased reactive oxygen specie production was reduced by blocking proBDNF-p75NTR pathway in the hippocampal homogenates. Furthermore, the neuronal correlate of memory behavior was drastically weakened in the aluminaNP-infused groups. The dysfunction of synaptic and neuronal could be obviously mitigated by blocking proBDNF receptor p75NTR, implying the involvement of proBDNF signaling in aluminaNP-impaired memory process. Conclusions Taken together, our findings provide the first evidence that the accumulation of aluminaNPs in the hippocampus exaggeratedly activates proBDNF signaling, which leads to neural and memory impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Department of Pediatric, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550001, Guizhou, China.,Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550001, Guizhou, China
| | - Jia Li
- College of Acupuncture and Orthopedics, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiaoliang Li
- Department of Neurology, Jinan Geriatric/Rehabilitation Hospital, Jinan, 250013, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Pediatric, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550001, Guizhou, China.,Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550001, Guizhou, China.,Department of Neurology, Jinan Geriatric/Rehabilitation Hospital, Jinan, 250013, China
| | - Yazi Mei
- Graduate School of Guangzhou, University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pediatric, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550001, Guizhou, China
| | - Lei An
- Department of Pediatric, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550001, Guizhou, China. .,Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550001, Guizhou, China. .,Department of Neurology, Jinan Geriatric/Rehabilitation Hospital, Jinan, 250013, China. .,Graduate School of Guangzhou, University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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12
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Hones VI, Mizumori SJY. Response Flexibility: The Role of the Lateral Habenula. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:852235. [PMID: 35444521 PMCID: PMC9014270 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.852235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to make appropriate decisions that result in an optimal outcome is critical for survival. This process involves assessing the environment as well as integrating prior knowledge about the environment with information about one's current internal state. There are many neural structures that play critical roles in mediating these processes, but it is not yet known how such information coalesces to influence behavioral output. The lateral habenula (LHb) has often been cited as a structure critical for adaptive and flexible responding when environmental contexts and internal state changes. A challenge, however, has been understanding how LHb promotes response flexibility. In this review, we hypothesize that the LHb enables flexible responding following the integration of context memory and internal state information by signaling downstream brainstem structures known to drive hippocampal theta. In this way, animals respond more flexibly in a task situation not because the LHb selects a particular action, but rather because LHb enhances a hippocampal neural state that is often associated with greater attention, arousal, and exploration. In freely navigating animals, these are essential conditions that are needed to discover and implement appropriate alternative choices and behaviors. As a corollary to our hypothesis, we describe short- and intermediate-term functions of the LHb. Finally, we discuss the effects on the behavior of LHb dysfunction in short- and intermediate-timescales, and then suggest that new therapies may act on the LHb to alleviate the behavioral impairments following long-term LHb disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria I. Hones
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sheri J. Y. Mizumori
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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13
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The Entorhinal Cortex as a Gateway for Amygdala Influences on Memory Consolidation. Neuroscience 2022; 497:86-96. [PMID: 35122874 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The amygdala, specifically its basolateral nucleus (BLA), is a critical site integrating neuromodulatory influences on memory consolidation in other brain areas. Almost 20 years ago, we reported the first direct evidence that BLA activity is required for modulatory interventions in the entorhinal cortex (EC) to affect memory consolidation (Roesler, Roozendaal, and McGaugh, 2002). Since then, significant advances have been made in our understanding of how the EC participates in memory. For example, the characterization of grid cells specialized in processing spatial information in the medial EC (mEC) that act as major relayers of information to the hippocampus (HIP) has changed our view of memory processing by the EC; and the development of optogenetic technologies for manipulation of neuronal activity has recently enabled important new discoveries on the role of the BLA projections to the EC in memory. Here, we review the current evidence on interactions between the BLA and EC in synaptic plasticity and memory formation. The findings suggest that the EC may function as a gateway and mediator of modulatory influences from the BLA, which are then processed and relayed to the HIP. Through extensive reciprocal connections among the EC, HIP, and several cortical areas, information related to new memories is then consolidated by these multiple brain systems, through various molecular and cellular mechanisms acting in a distributed and highly concerted manner, during several hours after learning. A special note is made on the contribution by Ivan Izquierdo to our understanding of memory consolidation at the brain system level.
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14
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Wilson NR, Wang FL, Chen N, Yan SX, Daitch AL, Shi B, Sharma S, Sur M. A Platform for Spatiotemporal "Matrix" Stimulation in Brain Networks Reveals Novel Forms of Circuit Plasticity. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 15:792228. [PMID: 35069127 PMCID: PMC8766665 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.792228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we demonstrate a facile method by which to deliver complex spatiotemporal stimulation to neural networks in fast patterns, to trigger interesting forms of circuit-level plasticity in cortical areas. We present a complete platform by which patterns of electricity can be arbitrarily defined and distributed across a brain circuit, either simultaneously, asynchronously, or in complex patterns that can be easily designed and orchestrated with precise timing. Interfacing with acute slices of mouse cortex, we show that our system can be used to activate neurons at many locations and drive synaptic transmission in distributed patterns, and that this elicits new forms of plasticity that may not be observable via traditional methods, including interesting measurements of associational and sequence plasticity. Finally, we introduce an automated "network assay" for imaging activation and plasticity across a circuit. Spatiotemporal stimulation opens the door for high-throughput explorations of plasticity at the circuit level, and may provide a basis for new types of adaptive neural prosthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan R. Wilson
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States,Nara Logics, Inc., Boston, MA, United States,*Correspondence: Nathan R. Wilson
| | - Forea L. Wang
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Naiyan Chen
- Program in Computational and Systems Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Sherry X. Yan
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Amy L. Daitch
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Bo Shi
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Samvaran Sharma
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Mriganka Sur
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States,Mriganka Sur
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15
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Zhao D, Zhang Z, Lu H, Cheng S, Si B, Feng X. Learning Cognitive Map Representations for Navigation by Sensory-Motor Integration. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CYBERNETICS 2022; 52:508-521. [PMID: 32275629 DOI: 10.1109/tcyb.2020.2977999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
How to transform a mixed flow of sensory and motor information into memory state of self-location and to build map representations of the environment are central questions in the navigation research. Studies in neuroscience have shown that place cells in the hippocampus of the rodent brains form dynamic cognitive representations of locations in the environment. We propose a neural-network model called sensory-motor integration network model (SeMINet) to learn cognitive map representations by integrating sensory and motor information while an agent is exploring a virtual environment. This biologically inspired model consists of a deep neural network representing visual features of the environment, a recurrent network of place units encoding spatial information by sensorimotor integration, and a secondary network to decode the locations of the agent from spatial representations. The recurrent connections between the place units sustain an activity bump in the network without the need of sensory inputs, and the asymmetry in the connections propagates the activity bump in the network, forming a dynamic memory state which matches the motion of the agent. A competitive learning process establishes the association between the sensory representations and the memory state of the place units, and is able to correct the cumulative path-integration errors. The simulation results demonstrate that the network forms neural codes that convey location information of the agent independent of its head direction. The decoding network reliably predicts the location even when the movement is subject to noise. The proposed SeMINet thus provides a brain-inspired neural-network model for cognitive map updated by both self-motion cues and visual cues.
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16
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Ogando MB, Pedroncini O, Federman N, Romano SA, Brum LA, Lanuza GM, Refojo D, Marin-Burgin A. Cholinergic modulation of dentate gyrus processing through dynamic reconfiguration of inhibitory circuits. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109572. [PMID: 34433032 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus plays a key role in memory formation, and it is known to be modulated by septal projections. By performing electrophysiology and optogenetics, we evaluated the role of cholinergic modulation in the processing of afferent inputs in the DG. We show that mature granule cells (GCs), but not adult-born immature neurons, have increased responses to afferent perforant path stimuli upon cholinergic modulation. This is due to a highly precise reconfiguration of inhibitory circuits, differentially affecting Parvalbumin and Somatostatin interneurons, resulting in a nicotinic-dependent perisomatic disinhibition of GCs. This circuit reorganization provides a mechanism by which mature GCs could escape the strong inhibition they receive, creating a window of opportunity for plasticity. Indeed, coincident activation of perforant path inputs with optogenetic release of acetylcholine produces a long-term potentiated response in GCs, essential for memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mora B Ogando
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) - CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society Godoy Cruz 2390, C1425FQD Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Olivia Pedroncini
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) - CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society Godoy Cruz 2390, C1425FQD Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Noel Federman
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) - CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society Godoy Cruz 2390, C1425FQD Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastián A Romano
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) - CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society Godoy Cruz 2390, C1425FQD Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciano A Brum
- Fundación Instituto Leloir-Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - Guillermo M Lanuza
- Fundación Instituto Leloir-Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - Damian Refojo
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) - CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society Godoy Cruz 2390, C1425FQD Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Antonia Marin-Burgin
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) - CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society Godoy Cruz 2390, C1425FQD Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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17
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Sebastian Y, Chen C. The boundary-spanning mechanisms of Nobel Prize winning papers. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254744. [PMID: 34379631 PMCID: PMC8357150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The breakthrough potentials of research papers can be explained by their boundary-spanning qualities. Here, for the first time, we apply the structural variation analysis (SVA) model and its affiliated metrics to investigate the extent to which such qualities characterize a group of Nobel Prize winning papers. We find that these papers share remarkable boundary-spanning traits, marked by exceptional abilities to connect disparate and topically-diverse clusters of research papers. Further, their publications exert structural variations on a scale that significantly alters the betweenness centrality distributions in existing intellectual space. Overall, SVA not only provides a set of leading indicators for describing future Nobel Prize winning papers, but also broadens our understanding of similar prize-winning properties that may have been overlooked among other regular publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakub Sebastian
- College of Engineering, IT & Environment, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Chaomei Chen
- College of Computing & Informatics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
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18
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Sherrill SP, Timme NM, Beggs JM, Newman EL. Partial information decomposition reveals that synergistic neural integration is greater downstream of recurrent information flow in organotypic cortical cultures. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009196. [PMID: 34252081 PMCID: PMC8297941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The directionality of network information flow dictates how networks process information. A central component of information processing in both biological and artificial neural networks is their ability to perform synergistic integration–a type of computation. We established previously that synergistic integration varies directly with the strength of feedforward information flow. However, the relationships between both recurrent and feedback information flow and synergistic integration remain unknown. To address this, we analyzed the spiking activity of hundreds of neurons in organotypic cultures of mouse cortex. We asked how empirically observed synergistic integration–determined from partial information decomposition–varied with local functional network structure that was categorized into motifs with varying recurrent and feedback information flow. We found that synergistic integration was elevated in motifs with greater recurrent information flow beyond that expected from the local feedforward information flow. Feedback information flow was interrelated with feedforward information flow and was associated with decreased synergistic integration. Our results indicate that synergistic integration is distinctly influenced by the directionality of local information flow. Networks compute information. That is, they modify inputs to generate distinct outputs. These computations are an important component of network information processing. Knowing how the routing of information in a network influences computation is therefore crucial. Here we asked how a key form of computation—synergistic integration—is related to the direction of local information flow in networks of spiking cortical neurons. Specifically, we asked how information flow between input neurons (i.e., recurrent information flow) and information flow from output neurons to input neurons (i.e., feedback information flow) was related to the amount of synergistic integration performed by output neurons. We found that greater synergistic integration occurred where there was more recurrent information flow. And, lesser synergistic integration occurred where there was more feedback information flow relative to feedforward information flow. These results show that computation, in the form of synergistic integration, is distinctly influenced by the directionality of local information flow. Such work is valuable for predicting where and how network computation occurs and for designing networks with desired computational abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha P. Sherrill
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences & Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SPS); (ELN)
| | - Nicholas M. Timme
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - John M. Beggs
- Department of Physics & Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Ehren L. Newman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences & Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SPS); (ELN)
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19
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A novel 3D-printed multi-driven system for large-scale neurophysiological recordings in multiple brain regions. J Neurosci Methods 2021; 361:109286. [PMID: 34242704 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electrical probes have been widely used for recording single-unit spike activity and local field potentials (LFPs) in brain regions. However, setting up an easily-assembled large-scale recording in multiple brain regions for long-term and stable neural activity monitoring is still a hard task. NEW METHOD We established a novel 3D-printed multi-drive system with high-density (up to 256 channels) tetrodes/grid electrodes that enables us to record cortical and subcortical brain regions in freely behaving animals. RESULTS In this paper, we described the design and fabrication of this system in detail. By using this system, we obtained successful recording on both spikes and LFPs from seven distinct brain regions that are related to memory function. COMPARISION WITH EXISTING METHODS The low cost, large-scale electrodes with small size and flexible 3D-printed design of the system allow us to implant assembled tetrodes or grid electrodes into multiple target brain areas. CONCLUSIONS The 3D-printed large-scale multi-drive platform we described here may serve as a powerful new tool for future studies of brain circuitry functions.
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20
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Schoenfeld TJ, Smith JA, Sonti AN, Cameron HA. Adult neurogenesis alters response to an aversive distractor in a labyrinth maze without affecting spatial learning or memory. Hippocampus 2020; 31:102-114. [PMID: 33038042 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis has been implicated in learning and memory of complex spatial environments. However, new neurons also play a role in nonmnemonic behavior, including the stress response and attention shifting. Many commonly used spatial tasks are very simple, and unsuitable for detecting neurogenesis effects, or are aversively motivated, making it difficult to dissociate effects on spatial learning and memory from effects on stress. We have therefore created a novel complex spatial environment, the flex maze, to enable reward-mediated testing of spatial learning in a flexibly configurable labyrinth. Using a pharmacogenetic method to completely inhibit neurogenesis in adulthood, we found that rats lacking new neurons (TK rats) and wild type controls completed and remembered most mazes equally well. However, control rats were slower to complete peppermint-scented mazes than other mazes, while neurogenesis-deficient rats showed no effect of mint on maze behavior, completing these mazes significantly faster than control rats. Additional testing found that wild type and TK rats showed similar detection of, avoidance of, and glucocorticoid response to the mint odor. These results suggest that spatial learning and memory in a labyrinth task is unaffected by the loss of new neurons, but that these cells affect the ability of an aversive stimulus to distract rats from completing the maze.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Schoenfeld
- Section on Neuroplasticity, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jesse A Smith
- Section on Neuroplasticity, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anup N Sonti
- Section on Neuroplasticity, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Heather A Cameron
- Section on Neuroplasticity, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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21
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Lothmann K, Deitersen J, Zilles K, Amunts K, Herold C. New boundaries and dissociation of the mouse hippocampus along the dorsal-ventral axis based on glutamatergic, GABAergic and catecholaminergic receptor densities. Hippocampus 2020; 31:56-78. [PMID: 32986281 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In rodents, gene-expression, neuronal tuning, connectivity and neurogenesis studies have postulated that the dorsal, the intermediate and the ventral hippocampal formation (HF) are distinct entities. These findings are underpinned by behavioral studies showing a dissociable role of dorsal and ventral HF in learning, memory, stress and emotional processing. However, up to now, the molecular basis of such differences in relation to discrete boundaries is largely unknown. Therefore, we analyzed binding site densities for glutamatergic AMPA, NMDA, kainate and mGluR2/3 , GABAergic GABAA (including benzodiazepine binding sites), GABAB , dopaminergic D1/5 and noradrenergic α1 and α2 receptors as key modulators for signal transmission in hippocampal functions, using quantitative in vitro receptor autoradiography along the dorsal-ventral axis of the mouse HF. Beside general different receptor profiles of the dentate gyrus (DG) and Cornu Ammonis fields (CA1, CA2, CA3, CA4/hilus), we detected substantial differences between dorsal, intermediate and ventral subdivisions and individual layers for all investigated receptor types, except GABAB . For example, striking higher densities of α2 receptors were detected in the ventral DG, while the dorsal DG possesses higher numbers of kainate, NMDA, GABAA and D1/5 receptors. CA1 dorsal and intermediate subdivisions showed higher AMPA, NMDA, mGluR2/3 , GABAA , D1/5 receptors, while kainate receptors are higher expressed in ventral CA1, and noradrenergic α1 and α2 receptors in the intermediate region of CA1. CA2 dorsal was distinguished by higher kainate, α1 and α2 receptors in the intermediate region, while CA3 showed a more complex dissociation. Our findings resulted not only in a clear segmentation of the mouse hippocampus along the dorsal-ventral axis, but also provides insights into the neurochemical basis and likely associated physiological processes in hippocampal functions. Therein, the presented data has a high impact for future studies modeling and investigating dorsal, intermediate and ventral hippocampal dysfunction in relation to neurodegenerative diseases or psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley Lothmann
- C. & O. Vogt-Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University Clinic Düsseldof, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jana Deitersen
- C. & O. Vogt-Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University Clinic Düsseldof, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl Zilles
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-1, Research Centre Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Katrin Amunts
- C. & O. Vogt-Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University Clinic Düsseldof, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-1, Research Centre Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Christina Herold
- C. & O. Vogt-Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University Clinic Düsseldof, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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22
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Xiao R, Tang H, Ma Y, Yan R, Orchard G. An Event-Driven Categorization Model for AER Image Sensors Using Multispike Encoding and Learning. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NEURAL NETWORKS AND LEARNING SYSTEMS 2020; 31:3649-3657. [PMID: 31714243 DOI: 10.1109/tnnls.2019.2945630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we present a systematic computational model to explore brain-based computation for object recognition. The model extracts temporal features embedded in address-event representation (AER) data and discriminates different objects by using spiking neural networks (SNNs). We use multispike encoding to extract temporal features contained in the AER data. These temporal patterns are then learned through the tempotron learning rule. The presented model is consistently implemented in a temporal learning framework, where the precise timing of spikes is considered in the feature-encoding and learning process. A noise-reduction method is also proposed by calculating the correlation of an event with the surrounding spatial neighborhood based on the recently proposed time-surface technique. The model evaluated on wide spectrum data sets (MNIST, N-MNIST, MNIST-DVS, AER Posture, and Poker Card) demonstrates its superior recognition performance, especially for the events with noise.
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Abstract
Contemporary brain research seeks to understand how cognition is reducible to neural activity. Crucially, much of this effort is guided by a scientific paradigm that views neural activity as essentially driven by external stimuli. In contrast, recent perspectives argue that this paradigm is by itself inadequate and that understanding patterns of activity intrinsic to the brain is needed to explain cognition. Yet, despite this critique, the stimulus-driven paradigm still dominates-possibly because a convincing alternative has not been clear. Here, we review a series of findings suggesting such an alternative. These findings indicate that neural activity in the hippocampus occurs in one of three brain states that have radically different anatomical, physiological, representational, and behavioral correlates, together implying different functional roles in cognition. This three-state framework also indicates that neural representations in the hippocampus follow a surprising pattern of organization at the timescale of ∼1 s or longer. Lastly, beyond the hippocampus, recent breakthroughs indicate three parallel states in the cortex, suggesting shared principles and brain-wide organization of intrinsic neural activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Kay
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Loren M Frank
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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24
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Nakashima M, Suzuki N, Shiraishi E, Iwashita H. TAK-915, a phosphodiesterase 2A inhibitor, ameliorates the cognitive impairment associated with aging in rodent models. Behav Brain Res 2019; 376:112192. [PMID: 31521738 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling are implicated in older people with dementia. Drugs that modulate the cAMP/cGMP levels in the brain might therefore provide new therapeutic options for the treatment of cognitive impairment in aging and elderly with dementia. Phosphodiesterase 2A (PDE2A), which is highly expressed in the forebrain, is one of the key phosphodiesterase enzymes that hydrolyze cAMP and cGMP. In this study, we investigated the effects of PDE2A inhibition on the cognitive functions associated with aging, such as spatial learning, episodic memory, and attention, in rats with a selective, brain penetrant PDE2A inhibitor, N-{(1S)-1-[3-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-2-methoxyethyl-7-methoxy-2-oxo-2,3-dihydropyrido[2,3-b]pyrazine-4(1H)-carboxamide (TAK-915). Repeated treatment with TAK-915 (3 mg/kg/day, p.o. for 4 days) significantly reduced escape latency in aged rats in the Morris water maze task compared to the vehicle treatment. In the novel object recognition task, TAK-915 (1, 3, and 10 mg/kg, p.o.) dose-dependently attenuated the non-selective muscarinic antagonist scopolamine-induced memory deficits in rats. In addition, oral administration of TAK-915 at 10 mg/kg significantly improved the attentional performance in middle-aged, poorly performing rats in the 5-choice serial reaction time task. These findings suggest that PDE2A inhibition in the brain has the potential to ameliorate the age-related cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Nakashima
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Japan
| | - Noriko Suzuki
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Japan
| | - Eri Shiraishi
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Japan
| | - Hiroki Iwashita
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Japan.
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Bladon JH, Sheehan DJ, De Freitas CS, Howard MW. In a Temporally Segmented Experience Hippocampal Neurons Represent Temporally Drifting Context But Not Discrete Segments. J Neurosci 2019; 39:6936-6952. [PMID: 31253754 PMCID: PMC6733554 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1420-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is widespread agreement that episodic memory is organized into a timeline of past experiences. Recent work suggests that the hippocampus may parse the flow of experience into discrete episodes separated by event boundaries. A complementary body of work suggests that context changes gradually as experience unfolds. We recorded from hippocampal neurons as male Long-Evans rats performed 6 blocks of an object discrimination task in sets of 15 trials. Each block was separated by removal from the testing chamber for a delay to enable segmentation. The reward contingency reversed from one block to the next to incentivize segmentation. We expected animals to hold two distinct, recurring representations of context to match the two distinct rule contingencies. Instead, we found that overtrained rats began each block neither above nor below chance but by guessing randomly. While many units had clear firing fields selective to the conjunction of objects in places, a significant population also reflected a continuously drifting code both within block and across blocks. Despite clear boundaries between blocks, we saw no neural evidence for event segmentation in this experiment. Rather, the hippocampal ensemble drifted continuously across time. This continuous drift in the neural representation was consistent with the lack of segmentation observed in behavior.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The neuroscience literature yet to reach consensus on how the hippocampus supports the organization of events across time in episodic memory. Initial studies reported stable hippocampal maps segmented by remapping events. However, it remains unclear whether segmentation is an artifact of cue responsivity. Recently, research has shown that the hippocampal code exhibits continuous drift. Drift may represent a continually evolving context; however, it is unclear whether this is an artifact of changing experiences. We recorded dCA1 in rats performing an object discrimination task designed to segment time. Overtrained rats could not anticipate upcoming context switches but used context boundaries to their advantage. Hippocampal ensembles showed neither evidence of alternating between stable contexts nor sensitivity to boundaries, but showed robust temporal drift.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Bladon
- Center for Memory and Brain, and
- Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
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26
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Impaired cerebellar Purkinje cell potentiation generates unstable spatial map orientation and inaccurate navigation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2251. [PMID: 31113954 PMCID: PMC6529420 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09958-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar activity supported by PKC-dependent long-term depression in Purkinje cells (PCs) is involved in the stabilization of self-motion based hippocampal representation, but the existence of cerebellar processes underlying integration of allocentric cues remains unclear. Using mutant-mice lacking PP2B in PCs (L7-PP2B mice) we here assess the role of PP2B-dependent PC potentiation in hippocampal representation and spatial navigation. L7-PP2B mice display higher susceptibility to spatial map instability relative to the allocentric cue and impaired allocentric as well as self-motion goal-directed navigation. These results indicate that PP2B-dependent potentiation in PCs contributes to maintain a stable hippocampal representation of a familiar environment in an allocentric reference frame as well as to support optimal trajectory toward a goal during navigation. It is known that Purkinje cell PKC-dependent depression is involved in the stabilization of self-motion based hippocampal representation. Here the authors describe decreased stability of hippocampal place cells based on allocentric cues in mice lacking Purkinje cell PP2B-dependent potentiation.
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Haidar M, Tin K, Zhang C, Nategh M, Covita J, Wykes AD, Rogers J, Gundlach AL. Septal GABA and Glutamate Neurons Express RXFP3 mRNA and Depletion of Septal RXFP3 Impaired Spatial Search Strategy and Long-Term Reference Memory in Adult Mice. Front Neuroanat 2019; 13:30. [PMID: 30906254 PMCID: PMC6419585 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2019.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Relaxin-3 is a highly conserved neuropeptide abundantly expressed in neurons of the nucleus incertus (NI), which project to nodes of the septohippocampal system (SHS) including the medial septum/diagonal band of Broca (MS/DB) and dorsal hippocampus, as well as to limbic circuits. High densities of the Gi/o-protein-coupled receptor for relaxin-3, known as relaxin-family peptide-3 receptor (RXFP3) are expressed throughout the SHS, further suggesting a role for relaxin-3/RXFP3 signaling in modulating learning and memory processes that occur within these networks. Therefore, this study sought to gain further anatomical and functional insights into relaxin-3/RXFP3 signaling in the mouse MS/DB. Using Cre/LoxP recombination methods, we assessed locomotion, exploratory behavior, and spatial learning and long-term reference memory in adult C57BL/6J Rxfp3 loxP/loxP mice with targeted depletion of Rxfp3 in the MS/DB. Following prior injection of an AAV(1/2)-Cre-IRES-eGFP vector into the MS/DB to delete/deplete Rxfp3 mRNA/RXFP3 protein, mice tested in a Morris water maze (MWM) displayed an impairment in allocentric spatial learning during acquisition, as well as an impairment in long-term reference memory on probe day. However, RXFP3-depleted and control mice displayed similar motor activity in a locomotor cell and exploratory behavior in a large open-field (LOF) test. A quantitative characterization using multiplex, fluorescent in situ hybridization (ISH) identified a high level of co-localization of Rxfp3 mRNA and vesicular GABA transporter (vGAT) mRNA in MS and DB neurons (~87% and ~95% co-expression, respectively). Rxfp3 mRNA was also detected, to a correspondingly lesser extent, in vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (vGlut2) mRNA-containing neurons in MS and DB (~13% and ~5% co-expression, respectively). Similarly, a qualitative assessment of the MS/DB region, identified Rxfp3 mRNA in neurons that expressed parvalbumin (PV) mRNA (reflecting hippocampally-projecting GABA neurons), whereas choline acetyltransferase mRNA-positive (acetylcholine) neurons lacked Rxfp3 mRNA. These data are consistent with a qualitative immunohistochemical analysis that revealed relaxin-3-immunoreactive nerve fibers in close apposition with PV-immunoreactive neurons in the MS/DB. Together these studies suggest relaxin-3/RXFP3 signaling in the MS/DB plays a role in modulating specific learning and long-term memory associated behaviors in adult mice via effects on GABAergic neuron populations known for their involvement in modulating hippocampal theta rhythm and associated cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouna Haidar
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kimberly Tin
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Cary Zhang
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Mohsen Nategh
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - João Covita
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Alexander D. Wykes
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jake Rogers
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew L. Gundlach
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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28
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Martínez Damonte V, Rodríguez SS, Raingo J. Growth hormone secretagogue receptor constitutive activity impairs voltage-gated calcium channel-dependent inhibitory neurotransmission in hippocampal neurons. J Physiol 2018; 596:5415-5428. [PMID: 30199095 DOI: 10.1113/jp276256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Presynaptic CaV 2 voltage-gated calcium channels link action potentials arriving at the presynaptic terminal to neurotransmitter release. Hence, their regulation is essential to fine tune brain circuitry. CaV 2 channels are highly sensitive to G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) modulation. Our previous data indicated that growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) constitutive activity impairs CaV 2 channels by decreasing their surface density. We present compelling support for the impact of CaV 2.2 channel inhibition by agonist-independent GHSR activity exclusively on GABA release in hippocampal cultures. We found that this selectivity arises from a high reliance of GABA release on CaV 2.2 rather than on CaV 2.1 channels. Our data provide new information on the effects of the ghrelin-GHSR system on synaptic transmission, suggesting a putative physiological role of the constitutive signalling of a GPCR that is expressed at high levels in brain areas with restricted access to its natural agonist. ABSTRACT Growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) displays high constitutive activity, independent of its endogenous ligand, ghrelin. Unlike ghrelin-induced GHSR activity, the physiological role of GHSR constitutive activity and the mechanisms that underlie GHSR neuronal modulation remain elusive. We previously demonstrated that GHSR constitutive activity modulates presynaptic CaV 2 voltage-gated calcium channels. Here we postulate that GHSR constitutive activity-mediated modulation of CaV 2 channels could be relevant in the hippocampus since this brain area has high GHSR expression but restricted access to ghrelin. We performed whole-cell patch-clamp in hippocampal primary cultures from E16- to E18-day-old C57BL6 wild-type and GHSR-deficient mice after manipulating GHSR expression with lentiviral transduction. We found that GHSR constitutive activity impairs CaV 2.1 and CaV 2.2 native calcium currents and that CaV 2.2 basal impairment leads to a decrease in GABA but not glutamate release. We postulated that this selective effect is related to a higher CaV 2.2 over CaV 2.1 contribution to GABA release (∼40% for CaV 2.2 in wild-type vs. ∼20% in wild-type GHSR-overexpressing cultures). This effect of GHSR constitutive activity is conserved in hippocampal brain slices, where GHSR constitutive activity reduces local GABAergic transmission of the granule cell layer (intra-granule cell inhibitory postsynaptic current (IPSC) size ∼-67 pA in wild-type vs. ∼-100 pA in GHSR-deficient mice), whereas the glutamatergic output from the dentate gyrus to CA3 remains unchanged. In summary, we found that GHSR constitutive activity impairs IPSCs both in hippocampal primary cultures and in brain slices through a CaV 2-dependent mechanism without affecting glutamatergic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Martínez Damonte
- Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology (IMBICE), National Council of Science and Technology (CONICET), Buenos Aires Comision of Science (CIC) and La Plata University (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Silvia Susana Rodríguez
- Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology (IMBICE), National Council of Science and Technology (CONICET), Buenos Aires Comision of Science (CIC) and La Plata University (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Jesica Raingo
- Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology (IMBICE), National Council of Science and Technology (CONICET), Buenos Aires Comision of Science (CIC) and La Plata University (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
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29
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Indersmitten T, Berdyyeva T, Aluisio L, Lovenberg T, Bonaventure P, Wyatt RM. Utilizing Miniature Fluorescence Microscopy to Image Hippocampal Place Cell Ensemble Function in Thy1.GCaMP6f Transgenic Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 82:e42. [PMID: 30129249 DOI: 10.1002/cpph.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Imaging neuronal activity in awake behaving mice with miniature fluorescence microscopes requires the implementation of a variety of procedures. Surgeries are performed to gain access to the cell population of interest and to implant microscope components. After a recovery period, mice are trained to exhibit a desired behavior. Finally, neuronal activity is imaged and synchronized with that behavior. To take full advantage of the technology, selection of the calcium indicator and experimental design must be carefully considered. In this article, we explain the procedures and considerations that are critical for obtaining high-quality calcium imaging data. As an example, we describe how to utilize miniature fluorescence microscopy to image hippocampal place cell activity during linear track running in Thy1.GCaMP6f transgenic mice. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leah Aluisio
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California
| | | | | | - Ryan M Wyatt
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California
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30
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Kodama M, Ono T, Yamashita F, Ebata H, Liu M, Kasuga S, Ushiba J. Structural Gray Matter Changes in the Hippocampus and the Primary Motor Cortex on An-Hour-to-One- Day Scale Can Predict Arm-Reaching Performance Improvement. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:209. [PMID: 29988447 PMCID: PMC6024594 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed rapid (e.g., hours to days) training-induced cortical structural changes using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Currently, there is great interest in studying how such a rapid brain structural change affects behavioral improvement. Structural reorganization contributes to memory or enhanced information processing in the brain and may increase its capability of skill learning. If the gray matter (GM) is capable of such rapid structural reorganization upon training, the extent of volume increase may characterize the learning process. To shed light on this issue, we conducted a case series study of 5-day visuomotor learning using neuroanatomical imaging, and analyzed the effect of rapid brain structural change on motor performance improvement via regression analysis. Participants performed an upper-arm reaching task under left-right mirror-reversal for five consecutive days; T1-weighted MR imaging was performed before training, after the first and fifth days, and 1 week and 1 month after training. We detected increase in GM volume on the first day (i.e., a few hours after the first training session) in the primary motor cortex (M1), primary sensory cortex (S1), and in the hippocampal areas. Notably, regression analysis revealed that individual differences in such short-term increases were associated with the learning levels after 5 days of training. These results suggest that GM structural changes are not simply a footprint of previous motor learning but have some relationship with future motor learning. In conclusion, the present study provides new insight into the role of structural changes in causing functional changes during motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Kodama
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takashi Ono
- Saiseikai Higashikanagawa Rehabilitation Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Fumio Yamashita
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ebata
- Saiseikai Higashikanagawa Rehabilitation Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Meigen Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoko Kasuga
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan.,Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.,Keio Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Junichi Ushiba
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Keio Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
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31
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Thiele S, Furlanetti L, Pfeiffer LM, Coenen VA, Döbrössy MD. The effects of bilateral, continuous, and chronic Deep Brain Stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle in a rodent model of depression. Exp Neurol 2018; 303:153-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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32
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Dimsdale-Zucker HR, Ranganath C. Representational Similarity Analyses. HANDBOOK OF BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-812028-6.00027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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33
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Abstract
Since the first place cell was recorded and the cognitive-map theory was subsequently formulated, investigation of spatial representation in the hippocampal formation has evolved in stages. Early studies sought to verify the spatial nature of place cell activity and determine its sensory origin. A new epoch started with the discovery of head direction cells and the realization of the importance of angular and linear movement-integration in generating spatial maps. A third epoch began when investigators turned their attention to the entorhinal cortex, which led to the discovery of grid cells and border cells. This review will show how ideas about integration of self-motion cues have shaped our understanding of spatial representation in hippocampal-entorhinal systems from the 1970s until today. It is now possible to investigate how specialized cell types of these systems work together, and spatial mapping may become one of the first cognitive functions to be understood in mechanistic detail.
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34
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Bilkey DK, Cheyne KR, Eckert MJ, Lu X, Chowdhury S, Worley PF, Crandall JE, Abraham WC. Exposure to complex environments results in more sparse representations of space in the hippocampus. Hippocampus 2017; 27:1178-1191. [PMID: 28686801 PMCID: PMC5752118 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The neural circuitry mediating sensory and motor representations is adaptively tuned by an animal's interaction with its environment. Similarly, higher order representations such as spatial memories can be modified by exposure to a complex environment (CE), but in this case the changes in brain circuitry that mediate the effect are less well understood. Here, we show that prolonged CE exposure was associated with increased selectivity of CA1 "place cells" to a particular recording arena compared to a social control (SC) group. Furthermore, fewer CA1 and DG neurons in the CE group expressed high levels of Arc protein, a marker of recent activation, following brief exposure to a completely novel environment. The reduced Arc expression was not attributable to overall changes in cell density or number. These data indicate that one effect of CE exposure is to modify high-level spatial representations in the brain by increasing the sparsity of population coding within networks of neurons. Greater sparsity could result in a more efficient and compact coding system that might alter behavioural performance on spatial tasks. The results from a behavioural experiment were consistent with this hypothesis, as CE-treated animals habituated more rapidly to a novel environment despite showing equivalent initial responding.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K. Bilkey
- Department of Psychology and the Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kirsten R. Cheyne
- Department of Psychology and the Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Michael J. Eckert
- Department of Psychology and the Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Xiaodong Lu
- Department of Psychology and the Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Shoaib Chowdhury
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Paul F. Worley
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - James E. Crandall
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School Waltham, MA 02452, USA
| | - Wickliffe C. Abraham
- Department of Psychology and the Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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35
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Place field assembly distribution encodes preferred locations. PLoS Biol 2017; 15:e2002365. [PMID: 28898248 PMCID: PMC5609775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2002365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is the main locus of episodic memory formation and the neurons there encode the spatial map of the environment. Hippocampal place cells represent location, but their role in the learning of preferential location remains unclear. The hippocampus may encode locations independently from the stimuli and events that are associated with these locations. We have discovered a unique population code for the experience-dependent value of the context. The degree of reward-driven navigation preference highly correlates with the spatial distribution of the place fields recorded in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. We show place field clustering towards rewarded locations. Optogenetic manipulation of the ventral tegmental area demonstrates that the experience-dependent place field assembly distribution is directed by tegmental dopaminergic activity. The ability of the place cells to remap parallels the acquisition of reward context. Our findings present key evidence that the hippocampal neurons are not merely mapping the static environment but also store the concurrent context reward value, enabling episodic memory for past experience to support future adaptive behavior. Episodic memories relate positive or negative experiences to environmental context. The neurophysiological mechanisms of this connection, however, remain unknown. Hippocampal place cells represent location, but it is unclear if they encode only the spatial representation of the environment or if they are also processing information about the reward valence for different locations. Here, we use population analysis to test the hypothesis that the place cells process the dual encoding of spatial representation and experience-dependent reward expectation. We show a unique population code for the experience-dependent value of the context. We present evidence that the accumulation of the place fields mediates the learning of the reward context of the environment. Our data reveal that the causal link between place field distribution and behavioral place preference is mediated by the tegmental dopaminergic activity. Optogenetic control of the ventral tegmental area demonstrates that dopaminergic signaling integrates the encoding of location and reward from hippocampal neurons. These findings shed a new light on the ability of hippocampal neurons to store the experience-dependent context reward value, enabling episodic memory for past experience to support future adaptive behavior.
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36
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Paterno R, Folweiler KA, Cohen AS. Pathophysiology and Treatment of Memory Dysfunction After Traumatic Brain Injury. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2017; 17:52. [PMID: 28500417 PMCID: PMC5861722 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-017-0762-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Memory is fundamental to everyday life, and cognitive impairments resulting from traumatic brain injury (TBI) have devastating effects on TBI survivors. A contributing component to memory impairments caused by TBI is alteration in the neural circuits associated with memory function. In this review, we aim to bring together experimental findings that characterize behavioral memory deficits and the underlying pathophysiology of memory-involved circuits after TBI. While there is little doubt that TBI causes memory and cognitive dysfunction, it is difficult to conclude which memory phase, i.e., encoding, maintenance, or retrieval, is specifically altered by TBI. This is most likely due to variation in behavioral protocols and experimental models. Additionally, we review a selection of experimental treatments that hold translational potential to mitigate memory dysfunction following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalia Paterno
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Abramson Research Center, Rm. 816-h, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Kaitlin A Folweiler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Joseph Stokes, Jr. Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Abramson Research Center, Rm. 816-h, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Akiva S Cohen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Joseph Stokes, Jr. Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Abramson Research Center, Rm. 816-h, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Abramson Research Center, Rm. 816-h, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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37
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Haidar M, Guèvremont G, Zhang C, Bathgate RAD, Timofeeva E, Smith CM, Gundlach AL. Relaxin-3 inputs target hippocampal interneurons and deletion of hilar relaxin-3 receptors in "floxed-RXFP3" mice impairs spatial memory. Hippocampus 2017; 27:529-546. [PMID: 28100033 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampus is innervated by γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) "projection" neurons of the nucleus incertus (NI), including a population expressing the neuropeptide, relaxin-3 (RLN3). In studies aimed at gaining an understanding of the role of RLN3 signaling in hippocampus via its Gi/o -protein-coupled receptor, RXFP3, we examined the distribution of RLN3-immunoreactive nerve fibres and RXFP3 mRNA-positive neurons in relation to hippocampal GABA neuron populations. RLN3-positive elements were detected in close-apposition with a substantial population of somatostatin (SST)- and GABA-immunoreactive neurons, and a smaller population of parvalbumin- and calretinin-immunoreactive neurons in different hippocampal areas, consistent with the relative distribution patterns of RXFP3 mRNA and these marker transcripts. In light of the functional importance of the dentate gyrus (DG) hilus in learning and memory, and our anatomical data, we examined the possible influence of RLN3/RXFP3 signaling in this region on spatial memory. Using viral-based Cre/LoxP recombination methods and adult mice with a floxed Rxfp3 gene, we deleted Rxfp3 from DG hilar neurons and assessed spatial memory performance and affective behaviors. Following infusions of an AAV(1/2) -Cre-IRES-eGFP vector, Cre expression was observed in DG hilar neurons, including SST-positive cells, and in situ hybridization histochemistry for RXFP3 mRNA confirmed receptor depletion relative to levels in floxed-RXFP3 mice infused with an AAV(1/2) -eGFP (control) vector. RXFP3 depletion within the DG hilus impaired spatial reference memory in an appetitive T-maze task reflected by a reduced percentage of correct choices and increased time to meet criteria, relative to control. In a continuous spontaneous alternation Y-maze task, RXFP3-depleted mice made fewer alternations in the first minute, suggesting impairment of spatial working memory. However, RXFP3-depleted and control mice displayed similar locomotor activity, anxiety-like behavior in light/dark box and elevated-plus maze tests, and learning and long-term memory retention in the Morris water maze. These data indicate endogenous RLN3/RXFP3 signaling can modulate hippocampal-dependent spatial reference and working memory via effects on SST interneurons, and further our knowledge of hippocampal cognitive processing. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Haidar
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - G Guèvremont
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - C Zhang
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - R A D Bathgate
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - E Timofeeva
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - C M Smith
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Medicine, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
| | - A L Gundlach
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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38
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Alvarez DD, Giacomini D, Yang SM, Trinchero MF, Temprana SG, Büttner KA, Beltramone N, Schinder AF. A disynaptic feedback network activated by experience promotes the integration of new granule cells. Science 2016; 354:459-465. [PMID: 27789840 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Experience shapes the development and connectivity of adult-born granule cells (GCs) through mechanisms that are poorly understood. We examined the remodeling of dentate gyrus microcircuits in mice in an enriched environment (EE). Short exposure to EE during early development of new GCs accelerated their functional integration. This effect was mimicked by in vivo chemogenetic activation of a limited population of mature GCs. Slice recordings showed that mature GCs recruit parvalbumin γ-aminobutyric acid-releasing interneurons (PV-INs) that feed back onto developing GCs. Accordingly, chemogenetic stimulation of PV-INs or direct depolarization of developing GCs accelerated GC integration, whereas inactivation of PV-INs prevented the effects of EE. Our results reveal a mechanism for dynamic remodeling in which experience activates dentate networks that "prime" young GCs through a disynaptic feedback loop mediated by PV-INs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego D Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Plasticidad Neuronal, Fundación Instituto Leloir-Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - Damiana Giacomini
- Laboratorio de Plasticidad Neuronal, Fundación Instituto Leloir-Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - Sung Min Yang
- Laboratorio de Plasticidad Neuronal, Fundación Instituto Leloir-Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - Mariela F Trinchero
- Laboratorio de Plasticidad Neuronal, Fundación Instituto Leloir-Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - Silvio G Temprana
- Laboratorio de Plasticidad Neuronal, Fundación Instituto Leloir-Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - Karina A Büttner
- Laboratorio de Plasticidad Neuronal, Fundación Instituto Leloir-Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - Natalia Beltramone
- Laboratorio de Plasticidad Neuronal, Fundación Instituto Leloir-Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - Alejandro F Schinder
- Laboratorio de Plasticidad Neuronal, Fundación Instituto Leloir-Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina.
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Pérez-Escobar JA, Kornienko O, Latuske P, Kohler L, Allen K. Visual landmarks sharpen grid cell metric and confer context specificity to neurons of the medial entorhinal cortex. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27449281 PMCID: PMC4987135 DOI: 10.7554/elife.16937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons of the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) provide spatial representations critical for navigation. In this network, the periodic firing fields of grid cells act as a metric element for position. The location of the grid firing fields depends on interactions between self-motion information, geometrical properties of the environment and nonmetric contextual cues. Here, we test whether visual information, including nonmetric contextual cues, also regulates the firing rate of MEC neurons. Removal of visual landmarks caused a profound impairment in grid cell periodicity. Moreover, the speed code of MEC neurons changed in darkness and the activity of border cells became less confined to environmental boundaries. Half of the MEC neurons changed their firing rate in darkness. Manipulations of nonmetric visual cues that left the boundaries of a 1D environment in place caused rate changes in grid cells. These findings reveal context specificity in the rate code of MEC neurons. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.16937.001
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Pérez-Escobar
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology, Medical Faculty of Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olga Kornienko
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology, Medical Faculty of Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Latuske
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology, Medical Faculty of Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laura Kohler
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology, Medical Faculty of Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kevin Allen
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology, Medical Faculty of Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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40
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Kapadia M, Xu J, Sakic B. The water maze paradigm in experimental studies of chronic cognitive disorders: Theory, protocols, analysis, and inference. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 68:195-217. [PMID: 27229758 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An instrumental step in assessing the validity of animal models of chronic cognitive disorders is to document disease-related deficits in learning/memory capacity. The water maze (WM) is a popular paradigm because of its low cost, relatively simple protocol and short procedure time. Despite being broadly accepted as a spatial learning task, inference of generalized, bona fide "cognitive" dysfunction can be challenging because task accomplishment is also reliant on non-cognitive processes. We review theoretical background, testing procedures, confounding factors, as well as approaches to data analysis and interpretation. We also describe an extended protocol that has proven useful in detecting early performance deficits in murine models of neuropsychiatric lupus and Alzheimer's disease. Lastly, we highlight the need for standardization of inferential criteria on "cognitive" dysfunction in experimental rodents and exclusion of preparations of a limited scientific merit. A deeper appreciation for the multifactorial nature of performance in WM may also help to reveal other deficits that herald the onset of neurodegenerative brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minesh Kapadia
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Psychology Building Rm. 303, 1280 Main St., West Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Josie Xu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Psychology Building Rm. 303, 1280 Main St., West Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Boris Sakic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Psychology Building Rm. 303, 1280 Main St., West Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada.
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41
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Long-term characterization of the Flinders Sensitive Line rodent model of human depression: Behavioral and PET evidence of a dysfunctional entorhinal cortex. Behav Brain Res 2016; 300:11-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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42
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Repetto C, Serino S, Macedonia M, Riva G. Virtual Reality as an Embodied Tool to Enhance Episodic Memory in Elderly. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1839. [PMID: 27909424 PMCID: PMC5113123 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Repetto
- Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Department of PsychologyMilan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Claudia Repetto
| | - Silvia Serino
- Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Department of PsychologyMilan, Italy
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology LabMilan, Italy
| | - Manuela Macedonia
- Johannes Kepler University, Information EngineeringLinz, Austria
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzig, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Riva
- Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Department of PsychologyMilan, Italy
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology LabMilan, Italy
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43
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Sosa M, Gillespie AK, Frank LM. Neural Activity Patterns Underlying Spatial Coding in the Hippocampus. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2016; 37:43-100. [PMID: 27885550 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2016_462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus is well known as a central site for memory processing-critical for storing and later retrieving the experiences events of daily life so they can be used to shape future behavior. Much of what we know about the physiology underlying hippocampal function comes from spatial navigation studies in rodents, which have allowed great strides in understanding how the hippocampus represents experience at the cellular level. However, it remains a challenge to reconcile our knowledge of spatial encoding in the hippocampus with its demonstrated role in memory-dependent tasks in both humans and other animals. Moreover, our understanding of how networks of neurons coordinate their activity within and across hippocampal subregions to enable the encoding, consolidation, and retrieval of memories is incomplete. In this chapter, we explore how information may be represented at the cellular level and processed via coordinated patterns of activity throughout the subregions of the hippocampal network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielena Sosa
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience and Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | | | - Loren M Frank
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience and Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Maryland, USA.
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44
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Reprint of “Value of water mazes for assessing spatial and egocentric learning and memory in rodent basic research and regulatory studies”. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2015; 52:93-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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45
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Gidyk DC, Deibel SH, Hong NS, McDonald RJ. Barriers to developing a valid rodent model of Alzheimer's disease: from behavioral analysis to etiological mechanisms. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:245. [PMID: 26283893 PMCID: PMC4518326 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of age-related dementia. As such, great effort has been put forth to investigate the etiology, progression, and underlying mechanisms of the disease. Countless studies have been conducted, however, the details of this disease remain largely unknown. Rodent models provide opportunities to investigate certain aspects of AD that cannot be studied in humans. These animal models vary from study to study and have provided some insight, but no real advancements in the prevention or treatment of the disease. In this Hypothesis and Theory paper, we discuss what we perceive as barriers to impactful discovery in rodent AD research and we offer potential solutions for moving forward. Although no single model of AD is capable of providing the solution to the growing epidemic of the disease, we encourage a comprehensive approach that acknowledges the complex etiology of AD with the goal of enhancing the bidirectional translatability from bench to bedside and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryl C. Gidyk
- *Correspondence: Darryl C. Gidyk, Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB T1K 6W4, Canada
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46
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Kim WR, Lee JW, Sun W, Lee SH, Choi JS, Jung MW. Effect of dentate gyrus disruption on remembering what happened where. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:170. [PMID: 26175676 PMCID: PMC4485174 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies using Bax knockout (Bax-KO) mice, in which newly generated granule cells continue to accumulate, disrupting neural circuitry specifically in the dentate gyrus (DG), suggest the involvement of the DG in binding the internally-generated spatial map with sensory information on external landmarks (spatial map-object association) in forming a distinct spatial context for each environment. In order to test whether the DG is also involved in binding the internal spatial map with sensory information on external events (spatial map-event association), we tested the behavior of Bax-KO mice in a delayed-non-match-to-place task. Performance of Bax-KO mice was indistinguishable from that of wild-type mice as long as there was no interruption during the delay period (tested up to 5 min), suggesting that on-line maintenance of working memory is intact in Bax-KO mice. However, Bax-KO mice showed profound performance deficits when they were removed from the maze during the delay period (interruption condition) with a sufficiently long (65 s) delay, suggesting that episodic memory was impaired in Bax-KO mice. Together with previous findings, these results suggest the role of the DG in binding spatial information derived from dead reckoning and nonspatial information, such as external objects and events, in the process of encoding episodic memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woon Ryoung Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Won Lee
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science Daejeon, Korea
| | - Woong Sun
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Hyun Lee
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine Suwon, Korea
| | | | - Min Whan Jung
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science Daejeon, Korea ; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine Suwon, Korea ; Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon, Korea
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47
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Xu HT, Han Z, Gao P, He S, Li Z, Shi W, Kodish O, Shao W, Brown KN, Huang K, Shi SH. Distinct lineage-dependent structural and functional organization of the hippocampus. Cell 2014; 157:1552-64. [PMID: 24949968 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus, as part of the cerebral cortex, is essential for memory formation and spatial navigation. Although it has been extensively studied, especially as a model system for neurophysiology, the cellular processes involved in constructing and organizing the hippocampus remain largely unclear. Here, we show that clonally related excitatory neurons in the developing hippocampus are progressively organized into discrete horizontal, but not vertical, clusters in the stratum pyramidale, as revealed by both cell-type-specific retroviral labeling and mosaic analysis with double markers (MADM). Moreover, distinct from those in the neocortex, sister excitatory neurons in the cornu ammonis 1 region of the hippocampus rarely develop electrical or chemical synapses with each other. Instead, they preferentially receive common synaptic input from nearby fast-spiking (FS), but not non-FS, interneurons and exhibit synchronous synaptic activity. These results suggest that shared inhibitory input may specify horizontally clustered sister excitatory neurons as functional units in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Tai Xu
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Zhi Han
- College of Software, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Shuijin He
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Zhizhong Li
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Wei Shi
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Oren Kodish
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Wei Shao
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology, and Molecular Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Keith N Brown
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kun Huang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, 333 West 10(th) Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Song-Hai Shi
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology, and Molecular Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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48
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Tomar A, Polygalov D, Chattarji S, McHugh TJ. The dynamic impact of repeated stress on the hippocampal spatial map. Hippocampus 2014; 25:38-50. [PMID: 25139366 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Stress alters the function of many physiological processes throughout the body, including in the brain. A neural circuit particularly vulnerable to the effects of stress is the hippocampus, a key component of the episodic and spatial memory system in both humans and rodents. Earlier studies have provided snapshots of morphological, molecular, physiological and behavioral changes in the hippocampus following either acute or repeated stress. However, the cumulative impact of repeated stress on in vivo hippocampal physiology remains unexplored. Here we report the stress-induced modulation of the spatially receptive fields of the hippocampal CA1 'place cells' as mice explore familiar and novel tracks after 5 and 10 days of immobilization stress. We find that similar to what has been observed following acute stress, five days of repeated stress results in decreased excitability of CA1 pyramidal cells. Following ten days of chronic stress, however, this decreased hippocampal excitability is no longer evident, suggesting adaptation may have occurred. In addition to these changes in neuronal excitability, we find deficient context discrimination, wherein both short-term and chronic stress impair the ability of the hippocampus to unambiguously distinguish novel and familiar environments. These results suggest that a loss of network flexibility may underlie some of the behavioral deficits accompanying chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupratap Tomar
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore, India; Manipal University, Manipal, India
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49
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Vorhees CV, Williams MT. Value of water mazes for assessing spatial and egocentric learning and memory in rodent basic research and regulatory studies. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2014; 45:75-90. [PMID: 25116937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Maneuvering safely through the environment is central to survival of all animals. The ability to do this depends on learning and remembering locations. This capacity is encoded in the brain by two systems: one using cues outside the organism (distal cues), allocentric navigation, and one using self-movement, internal cues and sometimes proximal cues, egocentric navigation. Allocentric navigation involves the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and surrounding structures (e.g., subiculum); in humans this system encodes declarative memory (allocentric, semantic, and episodic, i.e., memory for people, places, things, and events). This form of memory is assessed in laboratory animals by many methods, but predominantly the Morris water maze (MWM). Egocentric navigation involves the dorsal striatum and connected structures; in humans this system encodes routes and integrated paths and when over-learned becomes implicit or procedural memory. Several allocentric methods for rodents are reviewed and compared with the MWM with particular focus on the Cincinnati water maze (CWM). MWM advantages include minimal training, no food deprivation, ease of testing, reliable learning, insensitivity to differences in body weight and appetite, absence of non-performers, control methods for performance effects, repeated testing capability and other factors that make this test well-suited for regulatory studies. MWM limitations are also reviewed. Evidence-based MWM design and testing methods are presented. On balance, the MWM is arguably the preferred test for assessing learning and memory in basic research and regulatory studies and the CWM is recommended if two tests can be accommodated so that both allocentric (MWM) and egocentric (CWM) learning and memory can be effectively and efficiently assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles V Vorhees
- Division of Child Neurology, Dept. of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States.
| | - Michael T Williams
- Division of Child Neurology, Dept. of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
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50
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Hitier M, Besnard S, Smith PF. Vestibular pathways involved in cognition. Front Integr Neurosci 2014; 8:59. [PMID: 25100954 PMCID: PMC4107830 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2014.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent discoveries have emphasized the role of the vestibular system in cognitive processes such as memory, spatial navigation and bodily self-consciousness. A precise understanding of the vestibular pathways involved is essential to understand the consequences of vestibular diseases for cognition, as well as develop therapeutic strategies to facilitate recovery. The knowledge of the “vestibular cortical projection areas”, defined as the cortical areas activated by vestibular stimulation, has dramatically increased over the last several years from both anatomical and functional points of view. Four major pathways have been hypothesized to transmit vestibular information to the vestibular cortex: (1) the vestibulo-thalamo-cortical pathway, which probably transmits spatial information about the environment via the parietal, entorhinal and perirhinal cortices to the hippocampus and is associated with spatial representation and self-versus object motion distinctions; (2) the pathway from the dorsal tegmental nucleus via the lateral mammillary nucleus, the anterodorsal nucleus of the thalamus to the entorhinal cortex, which transmits information for estimations of head direction; (3) the pathway via the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis, the supramammillary nucleus and the medial septum to the hippocampus, which transmits information supporting hippocampal theta rhythm and memory; and (4) a possible pathway via the cerebellum, and the ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus (perhaps to the parietal cortex), which transmits information for spatial learning. Finally a new pathway is hypothesized via the basal ganglia, potentially involved in spatial learning and spatial memory. From these pathways, progressively emerges the anatomical network of vestibular cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hitier
- Inserm, U 1075 COMETE Caen, France ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brain Health Research Center, University of Otago Dunedin, New Zealand ; Department of Anatomy, UNICAEN Caen, France ; Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Caen Caen, France
| | | | - Paul F Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brain Health Research Center, University of Otago Dunedin, New Zealand
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