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Wilson LR, Plummer NW, Evsyukova IY, Patino D, Stewart CL, Smith KG, Konrad KS, Fry SA, Deal AL, Kilonzo VW, Panda S, Sciolino NR, Cushman JD, Jensen P. Partial or Complete Loss of Norepinephrine Differentially Alters Contextual Fear and Catecholamine Release Dynamics in Hippocampal CA1. Biol Psychiatry Glob Open Sci 2024; 4:51-60. [PMID: 38058990 PMCID: PMC10695841 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Contextual fear learning is heavily dependent on the hippocampus. Despite evidence that catecholamines contribute to contextual encoding and memory retrieval, the precise temporal dynamics of their release in the hippocampus during behavior is unknown. In addition, new animal models are required to probe the effects of altered catecholamine synthesis on release dynamics and contextual learning. Methods We generated 2 new mouse models of altered locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (NE) synthesis and utilized them together with GRABNE and GRABDA sensors and in vivo fiber photometry to investigate NE and dopamine (DA) release dynamics in the dorsal hippocampal CA1 during contextual fear conditioning. Results Aversive foot shock increased both NE and DA release in the dorsal CA1, while freezing behavior associated with recall of fear memory was accompanied by decreased release. Moreover, we found that freezing at the recent time point was sensitive to both partial and complete loss of locus coeruleus-NE synthesis throughout prenatal and postnatal development, similar to previous observations of mice with global loss of NE synthesis beginning postnatally. In contrast, freezing at the remote time point was compromised only by complete loss of locus coeruleus-NE synthesis beginning prenatally. Conclusions Overall, these findings provide novel insights into the role of NE in contextual fear and the precise temporal dynamics of both NE and DA during freezing behavior and highlight complex relationships between genotype, sex, and NE signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie R. Wilson
- Neurobiology Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
- Neurobehavioral Core Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Nicholas W. Plummer
- Neurobiology Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Irina Y. Evsyukova
- Neurobiology Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Daniela Patino
- Neurobiology Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Casey L. Stewart
- Neurobiology Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Kathleen G. Smith
- Neurobiology Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Kathryn S. Konrad
- Social and Scientific Systems, Inc., a DLH Holdings Corp Company, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Sydney A. Fry
- Neurobehavioral Core Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Alex L. Deal
- Neurobiology Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Victor W. Kilonzo
- Neurobiology Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Sambit Panda
- Neurobehavioral Core Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Natale R. Sciolino
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for System Genomics, Connecticut Institute for the Brain & Cognitive Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Jesse D. Cushman
- Neurobehavioral Core Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Patricia Jensen
- Neurobiology Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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Goral RO, Harper KM, Bernstein BJ, Fry SA, Lamb PW, Moy SS, Cushman JD, Yakel JL. Loss of GABA co-transmission from cholinergic neurons impairs behaviors related to hippocampal, striatal, and medial prefrontal cortex functions. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:1067409. [PMID: 36505727 PMCID: PMC9730538 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.1067409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Altered signaling or function of acetylcholine (ACh) has been reported in various neurological diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Tourette syndrome, epilepsy among others. Many neurons that release ACh also co-transmit the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA) at synapses in the hippocampus, striatum, substantia nigra, and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Although ACh transmission is crucial for higher brain functions such as learning and memory, the role of co-transmitted GABA from ACh neurons in brain function remains unknown. Thus, the overarching goal of this study was to investigate how a systemic loss of GABA co-transmission from ACh neurons affected the behavioral performance of mice. Methods: To do this, we used a conditional knock-out mouse of the vesicular GABA transporter (vGAT) crossed with the ChAT-Cre driver line to selectively ablate GABA co-transmission at ACh synapses. In a comprehensive series of standardized behavioral assays, we compared Cre-negative control mice with Cre-positive vGAT knock-out mice of both sexes. Results: Loss of GABA co-transmission from ACh neurons did not disrupt the animal's sociability, motor skills or sensation. However, in the absence of GABA co-transmission, we found significant alterations in social, spatial and fear memory as well as a reduced reliance on striatum-dependent response strategies in a T-maze. In addition, male conditional knockout (CKO) mice showed increased locomotion. Discussion: Taken together, the loss of GABA co-transmission leads to deficits in higher brain functions and behaviors. Therefore, we propose that ACh/GABA co-transmission modulates neural circuitry involved in the affected behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Oliver Goral
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, United States,Center on Compulsive Behaviors, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kathryn M. Harper
- Department of Psychiatry and Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Briana J. Bernstein
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, United States,Department of Health and Human Services, Neurobehavioral Core, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sydney A. Fry
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, United States,Department of Health and Human Services, Neurobehavioral Core, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Patricia W. Lamb
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sheryl S. Moy
- Department of Psychiatry and Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jesse D. Cushman
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, United States,Department of Health and Human Services, Neurobehavioral Core, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jerrel L. Yakel
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, United States,*Correspondence: Jerrel L. Yakel
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3
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Sciolino NR, Hsiang M, Mazzone CM, Wilson LR, Plummer NW, Amin J, Smith KG, McGee CA, Fry SA, Yang CX, Powell JM, Bruchas MR, Kravitz AV, Cushman JD, Krashes MJ, Cui G, Jensen P. Natural locus coeruleus dynamics during feeding. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabn9134. [PMID: 35984878 PMCID: PMC9390985 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn9134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent data demonstrate that noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus (LC-NE) are required for fear-induced suppression of feeding, but the role of endogenous LC-NE activity in natural, homeostatic feeding remains unclear. Here, we found that LC-NE activity was suppressed during food consumption, and the magnitude of this neural response was attenuated as mice consumed more pellets throughout the session, suggesting that LC responses to food are modulated by satiety state. Visual-evoked LC-NE activity was also attenuated in sated mice, suggesting that satiety state modulates LC-NE encoding of multiple behavioral states. We also found that food intake could be attenuated by brief or longer durations of LC-NE activation. Last, we found that activation of the LC to the lateral hypothalamus pathway suppresses feeding and enhances avoidance and anxiety-like responding. Our findings suggest that LC-NE neurons modulate feeding by integrating both external cues (e.g., anxiogenic environmental cues) and internal drives (e.g., satiety).
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Affiliation(s)
- Natale R. Sciolino
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Madeline Hsiang
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Christopher M. Mazzone
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Leslie R. Wilson
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Nicholas W. Plummer
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jaisal Amin
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kathleen G. Smith
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Christopher A. McGee
- Comparative Medicine, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Sydney A. Fry
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Cindy X. Yang
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jeanne M. Powell
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Michael R. Bruchas
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Jesse D. Cushman
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Michael J. Krashes
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Guohong Cui
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Patricia Jensen
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Stevanovic KD, Fry SA, DeFilipp JMS, Wu N, Bernstein BJ, Cushman JD. Assessing the importance of sex in a hippocampus-dependent behavioral test battery in C57BL/6NTac mice. Learn Mem 2022; 29:203-215. [PMID: 35882502 PMCID: PMC9374270 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053599.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Inclusion of male and female subjects in behavioral neuroscience research requires a concerted effort to characterize sex differences in standardized behavioral assays. Sex differences in hippocampus-dependent assays have been widely reported but are still poorly characterized. In the present study, we conducted a parametric analysis of spontaneous alternation, object recognition, and fear conditioning in a commonly used control strain, C57BL/6NTac. Our findings show largely similar performance between males and females across the majority of behavioral end points. However, we identified an important difference in nonassociative fear sensitization, whereby females showed an enhanced fear response to the 75-dB tone that is used as the conditional stimulus. In addition, we observed an impairment in object location performance in females that was ameliorated by more extensive habituation to handling. Together, these findings argue that sex differences in nonassociative fear responses to both novel auditory cues and novel objects need to be considered when designing and interpreting cognitive assays in C57BL/6 mice. Furthermore, this elevated fear sensitization could serve as a novel approach to model the increased incidence of anxiety disorders in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korey D Stevanovic
- Neurobehavioral Core Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Sydney A Fry
- Neurobehavioral Core Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Jemma M S DeFilipp
- Neurobehavioral Core Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Nicholas Wu
- University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Briana J Bernstein
- Neurobehavioral Core Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Jesse D Cushman
- Neurobehavioral Core Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina 27709, USA
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Grieco F, Bernstein BJ, Biemans B, Bikovski L, Burnett CJ, Cushman JD, van Dam EA, Fry SA, Richmond-Hacham B, Homberg JR, Kas MJH, Kessels HW, Koopmans B, Krashes MJ, Krishnan V, Logan S, Loos M, McCann KE, Parduzi Q, Pick CG, Prevot TD, Riedel G, Robinson L, Sadighi M, Smit AB, Sonntag W, Roelofs RF, Tegelenbosch RAJ, Noldus LPJJ. Measuring Behavior in the Home Cage: Study Design, Applications, Challenges, and Perspectives. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:735387. [PMID: 34630052 PMCID: PMC8498589 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.735387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The reproducibility crisis (or replication crisis) in biomedical research is a particularly existential and under-addressed issue in the field of behavioral neuroscience, where, in spite of efforts to standardize testing and assay protocols, several known and unknown sources of confounding environmental factors add to variance. Human interference is a major contributor to variability both within and across laboratories, as well as novelty-induced anxiety. Attempts to reduce human interference and to measure more "natural" behaviors in subjects has led to the development of automated home-cage monitoring systems. These systems enable prolonged and longitudinal recordings, and provide large continuous measures of spontaneous behavior that can be analyzed across multiple time scales. In this review, a diverse team of neuroscientists and product developers share their experiences using such an automated monitoring system that combines Noldus PhenoTyper® home-cages and the video-based tracking software, EthoVision® XT, to extract digital biomarkers of motor, emotional, social and cognitive behavior. After presenting our working definition of a "home-cage", we compare home-cage testing with more conventional out-of-cage tests (e.g., the open field) and outline the various advantages of the former, including opportunities for within-subject analyses and assessments of circadian and ultradian activity. Next, we address technical issues pertaining to the acquisition of behavioral data, such as the fine-tuning of the tracking software and the potential for integration with biotelemetry and optogenetics. Finally, we provide guidance on which behavioral measures to emphasize, how to filter, segment, and analyze behavior, and how to use analysis scripts. We summarize how the PhenoTyper has applications to study neuropharmacology as well as animal models of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric illness. Looking forward, we examine current challenges and the impact of new developments. Examples include the automated recognition of specific behaviors, unambiguous tracking of individuals in a social context, the development of more animal-centered measures of behavior and ways of dealing with large datasets. Together, we advocate that by embracing standardized home-cage monitoring platforms like the PhenoTyper, we are poised to directly assess issues pertaining to reproducibility, and more importantly, measure features of rodent behavior under more ethologically relevant scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Briana J Bernstein
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | | | - Lior Bikovski
- Myers Neuro-Behavioral Core Facility, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- School of Behavioral Sciences, Netanya Academic College, Netanya, Israel
| | - C Joseph Burnett
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jesse D Cushman
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | | | - Sydney A Fry
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Bar Richmond-Hacham
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Judith R Homberg
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Martien J H Kas
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Helmut W Kessels
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Michael J Krashes
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Vaishnav Krishnan
- Laboratory of Epilepsy and Emotional Behavior, Baylor Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sreemathi Logan
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Allied Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Maarten Loos
- Sylics (Synaptologics BV), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Katharine E McCann
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | | | - Chaim G Pick
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Chair and Center for the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Thomas D Prevot
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gernot Riedel
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Lianne Robinson
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Mina Sadighi
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - August B Smit
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - William Sonntag
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Center for Geroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | | | | | - Lucas P J J Noldus
- Noldus Information Technology BV, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Department of Biophysics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Cheng Q, Lamb P, Stevanovic K, Bernstein BJ, Fry SA, Cushman JD, Yakel JL. Differential signalling induced by α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in hippocampal dentate gyrus in vitro and in vivo. J Physiol 2021; 599:4687-4704. [PMID: 34487349 DOI: 10.1113/jp280505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) has been shown to improve hippocampus-dependent learning and memory. α7 nAChRs are densely expressed among several different cell types in the hippocampus, with high Ca2+ permeability, although it is unclear if α7 nAChRs mobilize differential signalling mechanisms among distinct neuronal populations. To address this question, we compared α7 nAChR agonist-induced responses (i.e. calcium and cAMP changes) between granule cells and GABAergic neurons in the hippocampal dentate gyrus both in vitro and in vivo. In cultured organotypic hippocampal slices, we observed robust intracellular calcium and cAMP increases in dentate granule cells upon activation of α7 nAChRs. In contrast, GABAergic interneurons displayed little change in either calcium or cAMP concentration after α7 nAChR activation, even though they displayed much larger α7 nAChR current responses than those of dentate granule cells. We found that this was due to smaller α7 nAChR-induced Ca2+ rises in GABAergic interneurons. Thus, the regulation of the Ca2+ transients in different cell types resulted in differential subsequent intracellular signalling cascades and likely the ultimate outcome of α7 nAChR activation. Furthermore, we monitored neuronal activities of dentate granule cells and GABAergic interneurons in vivo via optic fibre photometry. We observed enhancement of neuronal activities after nicotine administration in dentate granule cells, but not in GABAergic neurons, which was absent in α7 nAChR-deficient granule cells. In summary, we reveal a mechanism for α7 nAChR-mediated increase of neuronal activity via cell type-specific intracellular signalling pathways. KEY POINTS: α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are widely distributed throughout the central nervous system and regulate a variety of brain functions including learning and memory. Understanding the cellular signalling mechanisms of their activations among different neuronal populations is important for delineating their actions in cognitive function, and developing effective treatment strategies for cognitive deficits. We report that α7 nAChR activation leads to Ca2+ and cAMP increases in granule cells (but not in GABAergic interneurons) in hippocampal dentate gyrus in vitro, a key region for pattern separation during learning. We also found that nicotine enhanced granule cell (but not in GABAergic interneurons) activity in an α7 nAChR-dependent manner via in vivo fibre photometry recording. Based on our findings, we propose that differential responses to α7 nAChR activation between granule cells and GABAergic interneurons is responsible for the increase of excitation by α7 nAChR agonists in hippocampal circuits synergistically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Cheng
- Neurobiology Laboratory, The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, USA.,Biological/Biomedical Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Patricia Lamb
- Neurobiology Laboratory, The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Korey Stevanovic
- Neurobiology Laboratory, The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Briana J Bernstein
- Neurobiology Laboratory, The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sydney A Fry
- Neurobiology Laboratory, The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jesse D Cushman
- Neurobiology Laboratory, The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jerrel L Yakel
- Neurobiology Laboratory, The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, USA
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7
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Matikainen-Ankney BA, Ali MA, Miyazaki NL, Fry SA, Licholai JA, Kravitz AV. Weight Loss After Obesity is Associated with Increased Food Motivation and Faster Weight Regain in Mice. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28:851-856. [PMID: 32133782 PMCID: PMC7180106 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While changes in diet often result in short-term weight loss, weight loss is not typically maintained. It remains unclear why long-term weight loss is so difficult. It was hypothesized that obesity produces persistent changes in behavior that bias animals toward weight regain after weight loss. METHODS Mice were induced to gain weight with a high-fat diet for 6 weeks and then induced to lose this weight with a low-fat diet for 7 subsequent weeks. A control group was maintained on the low-fat diet for all 13 weeks. Activity was measured continuously with home cage activity monitors for the entire experiment. Motivation for sweetened food pellets was tested following weight loss. A separate group of mice was reexposed to a high-fat diet following 2, 4, or 8 weeks of withdrawal to assess the rate of weight regain. RESULTS Activity levels decreased as animals gained weight and partially recovered following weight loss. Motivation for sucrose pellets was persistently heightened after weight loss. Consistent with these behavioral changes, mice also regained weight at a faster rate when reexposed to a high-fat diet after a period of weight loss. CONCLUSIONS Weight loss after obesity was associated with increased motivation for palatable food and an increased rate of weight regain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamed A Ali
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nanami L Miyazaki
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sydney A Fry
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Julia A Licholai
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexxai V Kravitz
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
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8
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Brooks SA, Carter TM, Royle L, Harvey DJ, Fry SA, Kinch C, Dwek RA, Rudd PM. Altered glycosylation of proteins in cancer: what is the potential for new anti-tumour strategies. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2008; 8:2-21. [PMID: 18220502 DOI: 10.2174/187152008783330860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly apparent that cell surface oligosaccharides play pivotal roles as recognition molecules in a range of cell communication and adhesion processes. Alterations in cellular glycosylation are also associated with diseases, including cancer, and may have functional significance. This paper gives an overview of the complex topic of cellular glycosylation mechanisms and reviews the well-documented alterations in cellular glycosylation of proteins in malignancy. One particular type of cancer-associated glycosylation change, the incomplete synthesis of O-linked glycans, is highlighted, and its possible functional significance in cancer cell metastatic mechanisms is discussed. The significance that cancer-associated changes in glycoprotein glycosylation may have in new approaches to anti-tumour therapies is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Brooks
- School of Biological & Molecular Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK.
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Fry SA. Studies of U.S. radium dial workers: an epidemiological classic. Radiat Res 1998; 150:S21-9. [PMID: 9806606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The tragic history of the exposure during the second and third decades of this century in the United States of radium dial workers, patients and members of the public to ionizing radiation from internally deposited isotopes of radium is well documented. Recognition of abnormal health outcomes among female dial workers and determination of a causal association between these outcomes among the workers and their exposure to radium leading to the development of protection standards is a classic example of an epidemiological process whereby knowledge and understanding of "the distribution and determinants of disease" evolve. Health effects studies involving U.S. female dial workers began in the early 1920s and continued into the present decade. These studies are discussed in the context of the epidemiological process whereby cause-effect relationships may be postulated, evaluated and refined to the benefit of workers and the general public.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Fry
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Tennessee 37831-0117, USA
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Gilbert ES, Fry SA, Wiggs LD, Voelz GL, Cragle DL, Petersen GR. Methods for analyzing combined data from studies of workers exposed to low doses of radiation. Am J Epidemiol 1990; 131:917-27. [PMID: 2321632 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies of workers exposed occupationally to protracted low doses of radiation provide a direct assessment of health effects resulting from such exposure and thus supplement information provided by studies of populations exposed at high doses of radiation and high dose rates. Analyses based on combined data from several studies can be expected to provide a more thorough assessment of low dose occupational studies and more precise risk estimates than can be obtained from any single study. Statistical methods for conducting such combined analyses are discussed, and different approaches, such as basing analyses on various levels of aggregation of exposure data, are compared and evaluated. Emphasis is given to methods for obtaining risk estimates and confidence limits that can be appropriately compared with estimates that form the basis for current radiation protection standards; these estimates have been obtained through extrapolation from high dose data. Methods are illustrated using combined data on workers at three US Department of Energy facilities: the Hanford Site, Richland, Washington; the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee; and the Rocky Flats Nuclear Weapons Plant, Denver, Colorado.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Gilbert
- Epidemiology and Biometry Group, Life Sciences Center, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352
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Abstract
Although humans have evolved in an environment of ionizing radiation, it was not until man-made sources were developed that the effects of ionizing radiation started to become known. Detection and measurement of radiation is not only sophisticated but widely applied. This article deals with exposure to this kind of radiation and the risk it may cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Fry
- Biology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee
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Gilbert ES, Fry SA, Wiggs LD, Voelz GL, Cragle DL, Petersen GR. Analyses of combined mortality data on workers at the Hanford Site, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and Rocky Flats Nuclear Weapons Plant. Radiat Res 1989; 120:19-35. [PMID: 2798781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
An important objective of studies of workers exposed occupationally to chronic low doses of ionizing radiation is to provide a direct assessment of health risks resulting from this exposure. This objective is most effectively accomplished by conducting combined analyses that allow evaluation of the totality of evidence from all study populations. In this paper, combined analyses of mortality in workers at the Hanford Site, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and Rocky Flats Nuclear Weapons Plant are presented. These combined analyses provide no evidence of a correlation between radiation exposure and mortality from all cancer or from leukemia. Of 11 other specific types of cancer analyzed, multiple myeloma was the only cancer found to exhibit a statistically significant correlation with radiation exposure. Estimates of the excess risk of all cancer and of leukemia, based on the combined data, were negative. Upper confidence limits based on the combined data were lower than for any single population, and were similar to estimates obtained from recent analyses of A-bomb survivor data. These results strengthen support for the conclusion that estimates obtained through extrapolation from high-dose data do not seriously underestimate risks of low-dose exposure, but leave open the possibility that extrapolation may overestimate risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Gilbert
- Life Sciences Center, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352
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Carpenter AV, Flanders WD, Frome EL, Tankersley WG, Fry SA. Chemical exposures and central nervous system cancers: a case-control study among workers at two nuclear facilities. Am J Ind Med 1988; 13:351-62. [PMID: 3354584 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.4700130305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In a nested case-control study of workers employed between 1943 and 1977 at two nuclear facilities, we evaluated the possible association of primary CNS cancers with occupational exposure to chemicals. Seventy-two white male and 17 white female workers who, according to the information on death certificates, died of primary CNS cancers were identified as cases. For each case, four controls were matched on race, sex, facility at which initially employed (cohort), year of birth, and year of hire. Each job title/department combination was subjectively evaluated for potential exposure to each of 26 chemicals or chemical groups. Statistically significant associations were not found between CNS cancer deaths and any of the 26 chemicals. An increased risk of CNS cancer occurrence was observed among subjects employed for more than 20 yr (OR = 7.0, 95% CI = 1.2,41.1, cases = 9).
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Carpenter
- Center for Epidemiologic Research, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, TN 37831
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Lushbaugh
- Radiation Emergency Assistance Center/Training Site, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Tennessee
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Carpenter AV, Flanders WD, Frome EL, Cole P, Fry SA. Brain cancer and nonoccupational risk factors: a case-control study among workers at two nuclear facilities. Am J Public Health 1987; 77:1180-2. [PMID: 3618849 PMCID: PMC1647015 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.77.9.1180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In a nested case-control study of nuclear workers, 82 brain cancer cases were compared with 328 matched controls to investigate the possible association with nonoccupational risk factors such as histories of epilepsy or head injury. We observed a moderately strong association between brain cancer occurrence and history of epilepsy (OR = 5.7, 95 per cent CI: 1.0, 32.1), but did not find a positive association with previous head injury (OR = 0.9, 95 per cent CI: 0.2, 4.2).
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Carpenter AV, Flanders WD, Frome EL, Crawford-Brown DJ, Fry SA. CNS cancers and radiation exposure: a case-control study among workers at two nuclear facilities. J Occup Med 1987; 29:601-4. [PMID: 3612338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A nested case-control study was conducted among workers employed in two nuclear facilities to investigate the possible association of primary CNS cancers with occupational exposure to radiation from external and internal sources. External radiation monitoring data from film badges were available for 27 cases and 90 matched controls. The radiation dose to the lung from internally deposited uranium was estimated for 47 cases and 120 matched controls from area and personnel monitoring data and was used in analyses in lieu of the brain dose. No association was observed between deaths from CNS cancers and exposure to ionizing radiation from external or internal sources. However, due to the small number of monitored subjects and low doses, a modest association could not be ruled out.
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Checkoway H, Mathew RM, Shy CM, Watson JE, Tankersley WG, Wolf SH, Smith JC, Fry SA. Radiation, work experience, and cause specific mortality among workers at an energy research laboratory. Br J Ind Med 1985; 42:525-533. [PMID: 4016003 PMCID: PMC1007522 DOI: 10.1136/oem.42.8.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A retrospective cohort mortality study was conducted among 8375 white male employees who had worked at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory for at least one month between 1943 and 1972. This plant has been the site of energy related research, including uranium and plutonium reactor technology and radioisotope production. Radiation doses, primarily from gamma rays, were generally low; the median cumulative exposure for workers was 0.16 rems. Historical follow up was conducted for the years 1943-77 and ascertainment of vital status was achieved for 92.3% of the cohort. Standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) were computed to contrast the subjects' cause specific mortality experience with that of the United States white male population. The observed number of 966 deaths from all causes was 73% of the number expected. Mortality deficits were also seen for arteriosclerotic heart disease (SMR = 0.75; 344 observed) and all cancers (SMR = 0.78; 194 observed). These results are indicative of the healthy worker effect and the favourable influence on health of the cohort's relatively high socioeconomic status. Non-statistically significant raised SMRs were seen for all leukaemias (SMR = 1.49, 16 observed), cancer of the prostate (SMR = 1.16, 14 observed), and Hodgkin's disease (SMR = 1.10, 5 observed). Internal comparisons of mortality (standardised rate ratios, SRRs) were made between subgroups of the cohort according to radiation dose level and duration of employment in various job categories. No consistent gradients of cause specific mortality were detected for radiation exposure. Leukaemia mortality was highest among workers with greater than or equal to 10 years employment in engineering (SRR = 2.40) and maintenance (SRR = 3.12) jobs. The association of leukaemia with employment in engineering was unexpected; maintenance jobs entail potential exposures to radiation and to a wide range of organic chemicals; metals, and other substances.
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Abstract
A cohort of 2,133 white males who were exposed to elemental mercury vapors between 1953 and 1963 was followed up through the end of 1978. Death certificates were obtained for 371 of the 378 workers who were reported by the Social Security Administration to be deceased. The mortality experience of this group was compared with the age-adjusted mortality experience of the U.S. white male population. Mortality has not been studied previously in assessing the long-term health effects of mercury exposure. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated for a comparable unexposed worker population to determine the mortality patterns among workers at the same plant who were not involved in the mercury process. Statistically significant excesses of deaths from cancer of the lung (SMR = 1.34; 71 observed, 52.9 expected) and cancer of the brain and other CNS tissues (SMR = 2.30; 13 observed, 5.65 expected) were observed among the plant workers who were not involved in the mercury process. An excess of deaths from cancer of the lung was also observed among the mercury workers (SMR = 1.34; 42 observed, 31.36 expected), although the elevation of this SMR was not statistically significant. Since excesses of lung cancer were evident in both groups of workers, it is unlikely that they are related to the mercury exposure and more probable that they are due to some other factor present in the plant or to some life-style factor prevalent among the plant workers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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