1
|
Graham JH, Schlachetzki JCM, Yang X, Breuss MW. Genomic Mosaicism of the Brain: Origin, Impact, and Utility. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:759-776. [PMID: 37898991 PMCID: PMC11178748 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01124-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic mosaicism describes the phenomenon where some but not all cells within a tissue harbor unique genetic mutations. Traditionally, research focused on the impact of genomic mosaicism on clinical phenotype-motivated by its involvement in cancers and overgrowth syndromes. More recently, we increasingly shifted towards the plethora of neutral mosaic variants that can act as recorders of cellular lineage and environmental exposures. Here, we summarize the current state of the field of genomic mosaicism research with a special emphasis on our current understanding of this phenomenon in brain development and homeostasis. Although the field of genomic mosaicism has a rich history, technological advances in the last decade have changed our approaches and greatly improved our knowledge. We will provide current definitions and an overview of contemporary detection approaches for genomic mosaicism. Finally, we will discuss the impact and utility of genomic mosaicism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jared H Graham
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, 80045-2581, CO, USA
| | - Johannes C M Schlachetzki
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093-0021, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoxu Yang
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093-0021, San Diego, CA, USA
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, 92123, CA, USA
| | - Martin W Breuss
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, 80045-2581, CO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Acharya P, Joshi P, Shrestha S, Choi NY, Jeong S, Lee MY. Uniform cerebral organoid culture on a pillar plate by simple and reproducible spheroid transfer from an ultralow attachment well plate. Biofabrication 2024; 16:10.1088/1758-5090/ad1b1e. [PMID: 38176079 PMCID: PMC10822717 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad1b1e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived brain organoids have potential to recapitulate the earliest stages of brain development, serving as an effectivein vitromodel for studying both normal brain development and disorders. However, current brain organoid culture methods face several challenges, including low throughput, high variability in organoid generation, and time-consuming, multiple transfer and encapsulation of cells in hydrogels throughout the culture. These limitations hinder the widespread application of brain organoids including high-throughput assessment of compounds in clinical and industrial lab settings. In this study, we demonstrate a straightforward approach of generating multiple cerebral organoids from iPSCs on a pillar plate platform, eliminating the need for labor-intensive, multiple transfer and encapsulation steps to ensure the reproducible generation of cerebral organoids. We formed embryoid bodies in an ultra-low attachment 384-well plate and subsequently transferred them to the pillar plate containing Matrigel, using a straightforward sandwiching and inverting method. Each pillar on the pillar plate contains a single spheroid, and the success rate of spheroid transfer was in a range of 95%-100%. Using this approach, we robustly generated cerebral organoids on the pillar plate and demonstrated an intra-batch coefficient of variation below 9%-19% based on ATP-based cell viability and compound treatment. Notably, our spheroid transfer method in combination with the pillar plate allows miniaturized culture of cerebral organoids, alleviates the issue of organoid variability, and has potential to significantly enhance assay throughput by allowingin situorganoid assessment as compared to conventional organoid culture in 6-/24-well plates, petri dishes, and spinner flasks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prabha Acharya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
| | | | - Sunil Shrestha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
| | - Na Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
| | - Sehoon Jeong
- Department of Healthcare Information Technology, Inje University, Gimhae, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Yeal Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
- Bioprinting Laboratories Inc., Dallas, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang Q, Liu X, Gong L, He M. Combinatorial genetic strategies for dissecting cell lineages, cell types, and gene function in the mouse brain. Dev Growth Differ 2023; 65:546-553. [PMID: 37963088 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Research in neuroscience has greatly benefited from the development of genetic approaches that enable lineage tracing, cell type targeting, and conditional gene regulation. Recent advances in combinatorial strategies, which integrate multiple cellular features, have significantly enhanced the spatiotemporal precision and flexibility of these manipulations. In this minireview, we introduce the concept and design of these strategies and provide a few examples of their application in genetic fate mapping, cell type targeting, and reversible conditional gene regulation. These advancements have facilitated in-depth investigation into the developmental principles underlying the assembly of brain circuits, granting experimental access to highly specific cell lineages and subtypes, as well as offering valuable new tools for modeling and studying neurological diseases. Additionally, we discuss future directions aimed at expanding and improving the existing genetic toolkit for a better understanding of the development, structure, and function of healthy and diseased brains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Miao He
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xie L, Liu H, You Z, Wang L, Li Y, Zhang X, Ji X, He H, Yuan T, Zheng W, Wu Z, Xiong M, Wei W, Chen Y. Comprehensive spatiotemporal mapping of single-cell lineages in developing mouse brain by CRISPR-based barcoding. Nat Methods 2023; 20:1244-1255. [PMID: 37460718 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-023-01947-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental interest in developmental neuroscience lies in the ability to map the complete single-cell lineages within the brain. To this end, we developed a CRISPR editing-based lineage-specific tracing (CREST) method for clonal tracing in Cre mice. We then used two complementary strategies based on CREST to map single-cell lineages in developing mouse ventral midbrain (vMB). By applying snapshotting CREST (snapCREST), we constructed a spatiotemporal lineage landscape of developing vMB and identified six progenitor archetypes that could represent the principal clonal fates of individual vMB progenitors and three distinct clonal lineages in the floor plate that specified glutamatergic, dopaminergic or both neurons. We further created pandaCREST (progenitor and derivative associating CREST) to associate the transcriptomes of progenitor cells in vivo with their differentiation potentials. We identified multiple origins of dopaminergic neurons and demonstrated that a transcriptome-defined progenitor type comprises heterogeneous progenitors, each with distinct clonal fates and molecular signatures. Therefore, the CREST method and strategies allow comprehensive single-cell lineage analysis that could offer new insights into the molecular programs underlying neural specification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lianshun Xie
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hengxin Liu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiwen You
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Luyue Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwen Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoshan Ji
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui He
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingli Yuan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenping Zheng
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziyan Wu
- UniXell Biotechnology, Shanghai, China
| | - Man Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology-Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wu Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Big Data in Pediatric Precision Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yuejun Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Identifying Genes that Affect Differentiation of Human Neural Stem Cells and Myelination of Mature Oligodendrocytes. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022:10.1007/s10571-022-01313-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01313-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractHuman neural stem cells (NSCs) are self-renewing, multipotent cells of the central nervous system (CNS). They are characterized by their ability to differentiate into a range of cells, including oligodendrocytes (OLs), neurons, and astrocytes, depending on exogenous stimuli. An efficient and easy directional differentiation method was developed for obtaining large quantities of high-quality of human OL progenitor cells (OPCs) and OLs from NSCs. RNA sequencing, immunofluorescence staining, flow cytometry, western blot, label-free proteomic sequencing, and qPCR were performed in OL lines differentiated from NSC lines. The changes in the positive rate of typical proteins were analyzed expressed by NSCs, neurons, astrocytes, OPCs, and OLs. We assessed Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways of differentially expressed (DE) messenger RNAs (mRNAs) related to the differentiation of NSCs and the maturation of OLs. The percentage of NSCs differentiated into neurons, astrocytes, and OLs was 82.13%, 80.19%, and 90.15%, respectively. We found that nestin, PAX6, Musashi, and vimentin were highly expressed in NSCs; PDGFR-α, A2B5, NG2, OLIG2, SOX10, and NKX2-2 were highly expressed in OPCs; and CNP, GALC, PLP1, and MBP were highly expressed in OLs. RNA sequencing, western blot and qPCR revealed that ERBB4 and SORL1 gradually increased during NSC–OL differentiation. In conclusion, NSCs can differentiate into neurons, astrocytes, and OLs efficiently. PDGFR-α, APC, ID4, PLLP, and other markers were related to NSC differentiation and OL maturation. Moreover, we refined a screening method for ERBB4 and SORL1, which may underlie NSC differentiation and OL maturation.
Graphical Abstract
Potential unreported genes and proteins may regulate differentiation of human neural stem cells into oligodendrocyte lineage. Neural stem cells (NSCs) can differentiate into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocyte (OLs) efficiently. By analyzing the DE mRNAs and proteins of NSCs and OLs lineage, we could identify reported markers and unreported markers of ERBB4 and SORL1 that may underlie regulate NSC differentiation and OL maturation.
Collapse
|
6
|
Asymmetric Contribution of Blastomere Lineages of First Division of the Zygote to Entire Human Body Using Post-Zygotic Variants. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2022; 19:809-821. [PMID: 35438457 PMCID: PMC9294097 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-022-00443-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In humans, after fertilization, the zygote divides into two 2n diploid daughter blastomeres. During this division, DNA is replicated, and the remaining mutually exclusive genetic mutations in the genome of each cell are called post-zygotic variants. Using these somatic mutations, developmental lineages can be reconstructed. How these two blastomeres are contributing to the entire body is not yet identified. This study aims to evaluate the cellular contribution of two blastomeres of 2-cell embryos to the entire body in humans using post-zygotic variants based on whole genome sequencing. METHODS Tissues from different anatomical areas were obtained from five donated cadavers for use in single-cell clonal expansion and bulk target sequencing. After conducting whole genome sequencing, computational analysis was applied to find the early embryonic mutations of each clone. We developed our in-house bioinformatics pipeline, and filtered variants using strict criteria, composed of mapping quality, base quality scores, depth, soft-clipped reads, and manual inspection, resulting in the construction of embryological phylogenetic cellular trees. RESULTS Using our in-house pipeline for variant filtering, we could extract accurate true positive variants, and construct the embryological phylogenetic trees for each cadaver. We found that two daughter blastomeres, L1 and L2 (lineage 1 and 2, respectively), derived from the zygote, distribute unequally to the whole body at the clonal level. From bulk target sequencing data, we validated asymmetric contribution by means of the variant allele frequency of L1 and L2. The asymmetric contribution of L1 and L2 varied from person to person. CONCLUSION We confirmed that there is asymmetric contribution of two daughter blastomeres from the first division of the zygote across the whole human body.
Collapse
|
7
|
Genetic mosaicism in the human brain: from lineage tracing to neuropsychiatric disorders. Nat Rev Neurosci 2022; 23:275-286. [PMID: 35322263 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-022-00572-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Genetic mosaicism is the result of the accumulation of somatic mutations in the human genome starting from the first postzygotic cell generation and continuing throughout the whole life of an individual. The rapid development of next-generation and single-cell sequencing technologies is now allowing the study of genetic mosaicism in normal tissues, revealing unprecedented insights into their clonal architecture and physiology. The somatic variant repertoire of an adult human neuron is the result of somatic mutations that accumulate in the brain by different mechanisms and at different rates during development and ageing. Non-pathogenic developmental mutations function as natural barcodes that once identified in deep bulk or single-cell sequencing can be used to retrospectively reconstruct human lineages. This approach has revealed novel insights into the clonal structure of the human brain, which is a mosaic of clones traceable to the early embryo that contribute differentially to the brain and distinct areas of the cortex. Some of the mutations happening during development, however, have a pathogenic effect and can contribute to some epileptic malformations of cortical development and autism spectrum disorder. In this Review, we discuss recent findings in the context of genetic mosaicism and their implications for brain development and disease.
Collapse
|
8
|
Clonal relations in the mouse brain revealed by single-cell and spatial transcriptomics. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:285-294. [PMID: 35210624 PMCID: PMC8904259 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01011-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian brain contains many specialized cells that develop from a thin sheet of neuroepithelial progenitor cells. Single-cell transcriptomics revealed hundreds of molecularly diverse cell types in the nervous system, but the lineage relationships between mature cell types and progenitor cells are not well understood. Here we show in vivo barcoding of early progenitors to simultaneously profile cell phenotypes and clonal relations in the mouse brain using single-cell and spatial transcriptomics. By reconstructing thousands of clones, we discovered fate-restricted progenitor cells in the mouse hippocampal neuroepithelium and show that microglia are derived from few primitive myeloid precursors that massively expand to generate widely dispersed progeny. We combined spatial transcriptomics with clonal barcoding and disentangled migration patterns of clonally related cells in densely labeled tissue sections. Our approach enables high-throughput dense reconstruction of cell phenotypes and clonal relations at the single-cell and tissue level in individual animals and provides an integrated approach for understanding tissue architecture. Ratz et al. present an easy-to-use method to barcode progenitor cells, enabling profiling of cell phenotypes and clonal relations using single-cell and spatial transcriptomics, providing an integrated approach for understanding brain architecture.
Collapse
|
9
|
Multicolor strategies for investigating clonal expansion and tissue plasticity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:141. [PMID: 35187598 PMCID: PMC8858928 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04077-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the generation of complexity in living organisms requires the use of lineage tracing tools at a multicellular scale. In this review, we describe the different multicolor strategies focusing on mouse models expressing several fluorescent reporter proteins, generated by classical (MADM, Brainbow and its multiple derivatives) or acute (StarTrack, CLoNe, MAGIC Markers, iOn, viral vectors) transgenesis. After detailing the multi-reporter genetic strategies that serve as a basis for the establishment of these multicolor mouse models, we briefly mention other animal and cellular models (zebrafish, chicken, drosophila, iPSC) that also rely on these constructs. Then, we highlight practical applications of multicolor mouse models to better understand organogenesis at single progenitor scale (clonal analyses) in the brain and briefly in several other tissues (intestine, skin, vascular, hematopoietic and immune systems). In addition, we detail the critical contribution of multicolor fate mapping strategies in apprehending the fine cellular choreography underlying tissue morphogenesis in several models with a particular focus on brain cytoarchitecture in health and diseases. Finally, we present the latest technological advances in multichannel and in-depth imaging, and automated analyses that enable to better exploit the large amount of data generated from multicolored tissues.
Collapse
|
10
|
Emerging strategies for the genetic dissection of gene functions, cell types, and neural circuits in the mammalian brain. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:422-435. [PMID: 34561609 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01292-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian brain is composed of a large number of highly diverse cell types with different molecular, anatomical, and functional features. Distinct cellular identities are generated during development under the regulation of intricate genetic programs and manifested through unique combinations of gene expression. Recent advancements in our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the assembly, function, and pathology of the brain circuitry depend on the invention and application of genetic strategies that engage intrinsic gene regulatory mechanisms. Here we review the strategies for gene regulation on DNA, RNA, and protein levels and their applications in cell type targeting and neural circuit dissection. We highlight newly emerged strategies and emphasize the importance of combinatorial approaches. We also discuss the potential caveats and pitfalls in current methods and suggest future prospects to improve their comprehensiveness and versatility.
Collapse
|
11
|
Bello-Rojas S, Bagnall MW. Clonally related, Notch-differentiated spinal neurons integrate into distinct circuits. eLife 2022; 11:83680. [PMID: 36580075 PMCID: PMC9799969 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Shared lineage has diverse effects on patterns of neuronal connectivity. In mammalian cortex, excitatory sister neurons assemble into shared microcircuits. In Drosophila, in contrast, sister neurons with different levels of Notch expression (NotchON/NotchOFF) develop distinct identities and diverge into separate circuits. Notch-differentiated sister neurons have been observed in vertebrate spinal cord and cerebellum, but whether they integrate into shared or distinct circuits remains unknown. Here, we evaluate how sister V2a (NotchOFF)/V2b (NotchON) neurons in the zebrafish integrate into spinal circuits. Using an in vivo labeling approach, we identified pairs of sister V2a/b neurons born from individual Vsx1+ progenitors and observed that they have somata in close proximity to each other and similar axonal trajectories. However, paired whole-cell electrophysiology and optogenetics revealed that sister V2a/b neurons receive input from distinct presynaptic sources, do not communicate with each other, and connect to largely distinct targets. These results resemble the divergent connectivity in Drosophila and represent the first evidence of Notch-differentiated circuit integration in a vertebrate system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saul Bello-Rojas
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. LouisSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Martha W Bagnall
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. LouisSt. LouisUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang Q, Wu X, Fan Y, Jiang P, Zhao Y, Yang Y, Han S, Xu B, Chen B, Han J, Sun M, Zhao G, Xiao Z, Hu Y, Dai J. Single-cell analysis reveals dynamic changes of neural cells in developing human spinal cord. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e52728. [PMID: 34605607 PMCID: PMC8567249 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202152728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
During central nervous system development, neurogenesis and gliogenesis occur in an orderly manner to create precise neural circuitry. However, no systematic dataset of neural lineage development that covers both neurogenesis and gliogenesis for the human spinal cord is available. We here perform single-cell RNA sequencing of human spinal cord cells during embryonic and fetal stages that cover neuron generation as well as astrocytes and oligodendrocyte differentiation. We also map the timeline of sensory neurogenesis and gliogenesis in the spinal cord. We further identify a group of EGFR-expressing transitional glial cells with radial morphology at the onset of gliogenesis, which progressively acquires differentiated glial cell characteristics. These EGFR-expressing transitional glial cells exhibited a unique position-specific feature during spinal cord development. Cell crosstalk analysis using CellPhoneDB indicated that EGFR glial cells can persistently interact with other neural cells during development through Delta-Notch and EGFR signaling. Together, our results reveal stage-specific profiles and dynamics of neural cells during human spinal cord development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xianming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yongheng Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Peipei Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyThe Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjingChina
| | - Yannan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yaming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Sufang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Bai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Bing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Minghan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Guangfeng Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyThe Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjingChina
| | - Zhifeng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yali Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyThe Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjingChina
| | - Jianwu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhou J, Liu G, Zhang X, Wu C, Ma M, Wu J, Hou L, Yin B, Qiang B, Shu P, Peng X. Comparison of the Spatiotemporal Expression Patterns of Three Cre Lines, Emx1IRES-Cre, D6-Cre and hGFAP-Cre, Commonly Used in Neocortical Development Research. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:1668-1681. [PMID: 34550336 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Emx1IRES-Cre, D6-Cre and hGFAP-Cre are commonly used to conditionally manipulate gene expression or lineage tracing because of their specificity in the dorsal telencephalon during early neurogenesis as previously described. However, the spatiotemporal differences in Cre recombinase activity would lead to divergent phenotypes. Here, we compared the patterns of Cre activity in the early embryos among the three lines by mating with reporter mice. The activities of Emx1IRES-Cre, D6-Cre and hGFAP-Cre were observed in the dorsal telencephalon, starting from approximately embryonic day 9.5, 11.5 and 12.5, respectively. Although all the three lines have activity in radial glial cells, Emx1IRES-Cre fully covers the dorsal and medial telencephalon, including the archicortex and cortical hem. D6-Cre is highly restricted to the dorsal telencephalon with anterior-low to posterior-high gradients, partially covers the hippocampus, and absent in the cortical hem. Moreover, both Emx1IRES-Cre and hGFAP-Cre exhibit Cre activity outside the dorsal neocortex. Meanwhile, we used the three Cre lines to mediate Dicer knockout and observed inconsistent phenotypes, including discrepancies in radial glial cell number, survival and neurogenesis in the neocortex and hippocampus. Together we proved differences in Cre activity can perturb the resultant phenotypes, which aid researchers in appropriate experimental design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiafeng Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Center, Medical Primate Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Gaoao Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Center, Medical Primate Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Center, Medical Primate Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Chao Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Center, Medical Primate Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Mengjie Ma
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Center, Medical Primate Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Jiarui Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Center, Medical Primate Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Lin Hou
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Center, Medical Primate Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Bin Yin
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Center, Medical Primate Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Boqin Qiang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Center, Medical Primate Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Pengcheng Shu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Center, Medical Primate Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.,Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xiaozhong Peng
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Center, Medical Primate Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.,Institute of Medical Biology of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) retain the capacity to remyelinate axons upon demyelinating injury. However, mode of cell division and differentiation dynamics of individual OPCs in deep brain structures, such as the corpus callosum, remains unknown. Using in vivo two-photon imaging in a focal model of demyelination, we show that OPCs undergo several rounds of symmetric and asymmetric cell divisions before producing a subset of daughter cells that differentiates into myelinating oligodendrocytes. The data presented here characterize the behavior of OPC clones and delineate the cellular principles that lead to remyelination. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) retain the capacity to remyelinate axons in the corpus callosum (CC) upon demyelination. However, the dynamics of OPC activation, mode of cell division, migration, and differentiation on a single-cell level remain poorly understood due to the lack of longitudinal observations of individual cells within the injured brain. After inducing focal demyelination with lysophosphatidylcholin in the CC of adult mice, we used two-photon microscopy to follow for up to 2 mo OPCs and their differentiating progeny, genetically labeled through conditional recombination driven by the regulatory elements of the gene Achaete-scute homolog 1. OPCs underwent several rounds of symmetric and asymmetric cell divisions, producing a subset of daughter cells that differentiates into myelinating oligodendrocytes. While OPCs continue to proliferate, differentiation into myelinating oligodendrocytes declines with time, and death of OPC-derived daughter cells increases. Thus, chronic in vivo imaging delineates the cellular principles leading to remyelination in the adult brain, providing a framework for the development of strategies to enhance endogenous brain repair in acute and chronic demyelinating disease.
Collapse
|
15
|
Pearson CA, Moore DM, Tucker HO, Dekker JD, Hu H, Miquelajáuregui A, Novitch BG. Foxp1 Regulates Neural Stem Cell Self-Renewal and Bias Toward Deep Layer Cortical Fates. Cell Rep 2021; 30:1964-1981.e3. [PMID: 32049024 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The laminar architecture of the mammalian neocortex depends on the orderly generation of distinct neuronal subtypes by apical radial glia (aRG) during embryogenesis. Here, we identify critical roles for the autism risk gene Foxp1 in maintaining aRG identity and gating the temporal competency for deep-layer neurogenesis. Early in development, aRG express high levels of Foxp1 mRNA and protein, which promote self-renewing cell divisions and deep-layer neuron production. Foxp1 levels subsequently decline during the transition to superficial-layer neurogenesis. Sustained Foxp1 expression impedes this transition, preserving a population of cells with aRG identity throughout development and extending the early neurogenic period into postnatal life. FOXP1 expression is further associated with the initial formation and expansion of basal RG (bRG) during human corticogenesis and can promote the formation of cells exhibiting characteristics of bRG when misexpressed in the mouse cortex. Together, these findings reveal broad functions for Foxp1 in cortical neurogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Alayne Pearson
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Destaye M Moore
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Haley O Tucker
- Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Joseph D Dekker
- Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Hui Hu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - Amaya Miquelajáuregui
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00911, USA
| | - Bennett G Novitch
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Raj B, Farrell JA, Liu J, El Kholtei J, Carte AN, Navajas Acedo J, Du LY, McKenna A, Relić Đ, Leslie JM, Schier AF. Emergence of Neuronal Diversity during Vertebrate Brain Development. Neuron 2020; 108:1058-1074.e6. [PMID: 33068532 PMCID: PMC8286448 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Neurogenesis comprises many highly regulated processes including proliferation, differentiation, and maturation. However, the transcriptional landscapes underlying brain development are poorly characterized. We describe a developmental single-cell catalog of ∼220,000 zebrafish brain cells encompassing 12 stages from embryo to larva. We characterize known and novel gene markers for ∼800 clusters and provide an overview of the diversification of neurons and progenitors across these time points. We also introduce an optimized GESTALT lineage recorder that enables higher expression and recovery of Cas9-edited barcodes to query lineage segregation. Cell type characterization indicates that most embryonic neural progenitor states are transitory and transcriptionally distinct from neural progenitors of post-embryonic stages. Reconstruction of cell specification trajectories reveals that late-stage retinal neural progenitors transcriptionally overlap cell states observed in the embryo. The zebrafish brain development atlas provides a resource to define and manipulate specific subsets of neurons and to uncover the molecular mechanisms underlying vertebrate neurogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Raj
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Allen Discovery Center for Cell Lineage Tracing, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Jeffrey A Farrell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Unit on Cell Specification and Differentiation, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Jialin Liu
- Allen Discovery Center for Cell Lineage Tracing, Seattle, WA, USA; Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jakob El Kholtei
- Allen Discovery Center for Cell Lineage Tracing, Seattle, WA, USA; Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adam N Carte
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; Systems, Synthetic, and Quantitative Biology Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Joaquin Navajas Acedo
- Allen Discovery Center for Cell Lineage Tracing, Seattle, WA, USA; Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Y Du
- Allen Discovery Center for Cell Lineage Tracing, Seattle, WA, USA; Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aaron McKenna
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Đorđe Relić
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jessica M Leslie
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Alexander F Schier
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Allen Discovery Center for Cell Lineage Tracing, Seattle, WA, USA; Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sánchez-González R, Figueres-Oñate M, Ojalvo-Sanz AC, López-Mascaraque L. Cell Progeny in the Olfactory Bulb After Targeting Specific Progenitors with Different UbC-StarTrack Approaches. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11030305. [PMID: 32183100 PMCID: PMC7140809 DOI: 10.3390/genes11030305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The large phenotypic variation in the olfactory bulb may be related to heterogeneity in the progenitor cells. Accordingly, the progeny of subventricular zone (SVZ) progenitor cells that are destined for the olfactory bulb is of particular interest, specifically as there are many facets of these progenitors and their molecular profiles remain unknown. Using modified StarTrack genetic tracing strategies, specific SVZ progenitor cells were targeted in E12 mice embryos, and the cell fate of these neural progenitors was determined in the adult olfactory bulb. This study defined the distribution and the phenotypic diversity of olfactory bulb interneurons from specific SVZ-progenitor cells, focusing on their spatial pallial origin, heterogeneity, and genetic profile.
Collapse
|
18
|
Cong W, Shi Y, Qi Y, Wu J, Gong L, He M. Viral approaches to study the mammalian brain: Lineage tracing, circuit dissection and therapeutic applications. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 335:108629. [PMID: 32045571 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Viral vectors are widely used to study the development, function and pathology of neural circuits in the mammalian brain. Their flexible payloads with customizable choices of tool genes allow versatile applications ranging from lineage tracing, circuit mapping and functional interrogation, to translational and therapeutic applications. Different applications have distinct technological requirements, therefore, often utilize different types of virus. This review introduces the most commonly used viruses for these applications and some recent advances in improving the resolution and throughput of lineage tracing, the efficacy and selectivity of circuit tracing and the specificity of cell type targeting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cong
- Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Shi
- Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqing Qi
- Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinyun Wu
- Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Gong
- Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Miao He
- Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Figueres-Oñate M, Sánchez-Villalón M, Sánchez-González R, López-Mascaraque L. Lineage Tracing and Cell Potential of Postnatal Single Progenitor Cells In Vivo. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 13:700-712. [PMID: 31543472 PMCID: PMC6829765 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the contribution of adult neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and their lineage potential is a great challenge in neuroscience. To reveal progenitor diversity and cell-lineage relationships of postnatal NPCs in the subventricular zone (SVZ), we performed in vivo lineage-tracing genetic analysis using the UbC-StarTrack. We determined the progeny of single SVZ-NPCs, the number of cells per clone, the dispersion of sibling cells, and the cell types within clones. Long-term analysis revealed that both the cell-dispersion pattern and number of cells comprising clones varied depending on the glial/neuronal nature of sibling cells. Sibling-olfactory interneurons were primarily located within the same layer, while sibling-glial cells populated SVZ-adjacent areas. Sibling astrocytes and interneurons did not form big clones, whereas oligodendroglial-lineage clones comprised the largest clones originated in adult brains. These results demonstrate the existence of SVZ postnatal bipotential progenitors that give rise to clones widely dispersed across the olfactory bulb and SVZ-adjacent areas. Bipotent postnatal progenitors produce clones of olfactory neurons and glial cells Different clonal cell patterns in astroglial, oligodendroglial, and neuronal lineages Sibling neuroblasts migrating to the olfactory bulb widespread along the RMS axis Sibling astrocytes and interneurons form discrete cell clones
Collapse
|
20
|
Picco N, Hippenmeyer S, Rodarte J, Streicher C, Molnár Z, Maini PK, Woolley TE. A mathematical insight into cell labelling experiments for clonal analysis. J Anat 2019; 235:687-696. [PMID: 31173344 PMCID: PMC6704238 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying the progression of the proliferative and differentiative patterns of neural stem cells at the individual cell level is crucial to the understanding of cortex development and how the disruption of such patterns can lead to malformations and neurodevelopmental diseases. However, our understanding of the precise lineage progression programme at single-cell resolution is still incomplete due to the technical variations in lineage-tracing approaches. One of the key challenges involves developing a robust theoretical framework in which we can integrate experimental observations and introduce correction factors to obtain a reliable and representative description of the temporal modulation of proliferation and differentiation. In order to obtain more conclusive insights, we carry out virtual clonal analysis using mathematical modelling and compare our results against experimental data. Using a dataset obtained with Mosaic Analysis with Double Markers, we illustrate how the theoretical description can be exploited to interpret and reconcile the disparity between virtual and experimental results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Picco
- Department of Mathematics, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | | | - Julio Rodarte
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, UK
| | | | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Philip K Maini
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas E Woolley
- School of Mathematics, Cardiff University, Senghennydd Rd, Cardiff, UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chai PC, Cruchet S, Wigger L, Benton R. Sensory neuron lineage mapping and manipulation in the Drosophila olfactory system. Nat Commun 2019; 10:643. [PMID: 30733440 PMCID: PMC6367400 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08345-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nervous systems exhibit myriad cell types, but understanding how this diversity arises is hampered by the difficulty to visualize and genetically-probe specific lineages, especially at early developmental stages prior to expression of unique molecular markers. Here, we use a genetic immortalization method to analyze the development of sensory neuron lineages in the Drosophila olfactory system, from their origin to terminal differentiation. We apply this approach to define a fate map of nearly all olfactory lineages and refine the model of temporal patterns of lineage divisions. Taking advantage of a selective marker for the lineage that gives rise to Or67d pheromone-sensing neurons and a genome-wide transcription factor RNAi screen, we identify the spatial and temporal requirements for Pointed, an ETS family member, in this developmental pathway. Transcriptomic analysis of wild-type and Pointed-depleted olfactory tissue reveals a universal requirement for this factor as a switch-like determinant of fates in these sensory lineages. Few tools exist to study molecular diversity during neurodevelopment. Here the authors apply a genetic immortalization method in Drosophila to generate a fate map of olfactory sensory lineages, examine the relationships of this map and the neuroanatomical, molecular and evolutionary properties of the mature circuits, and identify a novel factor controlling lineage development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phing Chian Chai
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Génopode Building, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Steeve Cruchet
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Génopode Building, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Leonore Wigger
- Lausanne Genomic Technologies Facility, Génopode Building, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Vital-IT Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Richard Benton
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Génopode Building, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Jones WD, Guadiana SM, Grove EA. A model of neocortical area patterning in the lissencephalic mouse may hold for larger gyrencephalic brains. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:1461-1477. [PMID: 30689213 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the mouse, two telencephalic signaling centers orchestrate embryonic patterning of the cerebral cortex. From the rostral patterning center in the telencephalon, the Fibroblast Growth Factor, FGF8, disperses as a morphogen to establish the rostral to caudal axis of the neocortical area map. FGF8 coordinates with Wnt3a from the cortical hem to regulate graded expression of transcription factors that position neocortical areas, and control hippocampal development. Whether similar signaling centers pattern the much larger cortices of carnivore and primate species, however, is unclear. The limited dispersion range of FGF8 and Wnt3a is inconsistent with patterning larger cortical primordia. Yet the implication that different mechanisms organize cortex in different mammals flies in the face of the tenet that developmental patterning mechanisms are conserved across vertebrate species. In the present study, both signaling centers were identified in the ferret telencephalon, as were expression gradients of the patterning transcription factor genes regulated by FGF8 and Wnt3a. Notably, at the stage corresponding to the peak period of FGF8 signaling in the mouse neocortical primordium (NP), the NP was the same size in ferret and mouse, which would allow morphogen patterning of the ferret NP. Subsequently, the size of ferret neocortex shot past that of the mouse. Images from online databases further suggest that NP growth in humans, too, is slowed in early cortical development. We propose that if early growth in larger brains is held back, mechanisms that pattern the neocortical area map in the mouse could be conserved across mammalian species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William D Jones
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sarah M Guadiana
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Elizabeth A Grove
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Committee on Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Raj B, Gagnon JA, Schier AF. Large-scale reconstruction of cell lineages using single-cell readout of transcriptomes and CRISPR-Cas9 barcodes by scGESTALT. Nat Protoc 2018; 13:2685-2713. [PMID: 30353175 PMCID: PMC6279253 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-018-0058-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lineage relationships among the large number of heterogeneous cell types generated during development are difficult to reconstruct in a high-throughput manner. We recently established a method, scGESTALT, that combines cumulative editing of a lineage barcode array by CRISPR-Cas9 with large-scale transcriptional profiling using droplet-based single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). The technique generates edits in the barcode array over multiple timepoints using Cas9 and pools of single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) introduced during early and late zebrafish embryonic development, which distinguishes it from similar Cas9 lineage-tracing methods. The recorded lineages are captured, along with thousands of cellular transcriptomes, to build lineage trees with hundreds of branches representing relationships among profiled cell types. Here, we provide details for (i) generating transgenic zebrafish; (ii) performing multi-timepoint barcode editing; (iii) building scRNA-seq libraries from brain tissue; and (iv) concurrently amplifying lineage barcodes from captured single cells. Generating transgenic lines takes 6 months, and performing barcode editing and generating single-cell libraries involve 7 d of hands-on time. scGESTALT provides a scalable platform to map lineage relationships between cell types in any system that permits genome editing during development, regeneration, or disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Raj
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Allen Discovery Center for Cell Lineage Tracing, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - James A Gagnon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Allen Discovery Center for Cell Lineage Tracing, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Alexander F Schier
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Allen Discovery Center for Cell Lineage Tracing, Seattle, WA, USA
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Rodilla V, Fre S. Cellular Plasticity of Mammary Epithelial Cells Underlies Heterogeneity of Breast Cancer. Biomedicines 2018; 6:biomedicines6040103. [PMID: 30388868 PMCID: PMC6315661 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6040103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The hierarchical relationships between stem cells, lineage-committed progenitors, and differentiated cells remain unclear in several tissues, due to a high degree of cell plasticity, allowing cells to switch between different cell states. The mouse mammary gland, similarly to other tissues such as the prostate, the sweat gland, and the respiratory tract airways, consists of an epithelium exclusively maintained by unipotent progenitors throughout adulthood. Such unipotent progenitors, however, retain a remarkable cellular plasticity, as they can revert to multipotency during epithelial regeneration as well as upon oncogene activation. Here, we revise the current knowledge on mammary cell hierarchies in light of the most recent lineage tracing studies performed in the mammary gland and highlight how stem cell differentiation or reversion to multipotency are at the base of tumor development and progression. In addition, we will discuss the current knowledge about the interplay between tumor cells of origin and defined genetic mutations, leading to different tumor types, and its implications in choosing specific therapeutic protocols for breast cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Rodilla
- Preclinical Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Silvia Fre
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U934, CNRS UMR3215, F-75248 Paris CEDEX 05, France.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kebschull JM, Zador AM. Cellular barcoding: lineage tracing, screening and beyond. Nat Methods 2018; 15:871-879. [PMID: 30377352 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-018-0185-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cellular barcoding is a technique in which individual cells are labeled with unique nucleic acid sequences, termed barcodes, so that they can be tracked through space and time. Cellular barcoding can be used to track millions of cells in parallel, and thus is an efficient approach for investigating heterogeneous populations of cells. Over the past 25 years, cellular barcoding has been used for fate mapping, lineage tracing and high-throughput screening, and has led to important insights into developmental biology and gene function. Driven by plummeting sequencing costs and the power of synthetic biology, barcoding is now expanding beyond traditional applications and into diverse fields such as neuroanatomy and the recording of cellular activity. In this review, we discuss the fundamental principles of cellular barcoding, including the underlying mathematics, and its applications in both new and established fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justus M Kebschull
- Watson School of Biological Sciences, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA.,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kalhor R, Kalhor K, Mejia L, Leeper K, Graveline A, Mali P, Church GM. Developmental barcoding of whole mouse via homing CRISPR. Science 2018; 361:eaat9804. [PMID: 30093604 PMCID: PMC6139672 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat9804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In vivo barcoding using nuclease-induced mutations is a powerful approach for recording biological information, including developmental lineages; however, its application in mammalian systems has been limited. We present in vivo barcoding in the mouse with multiple homing guide RNAs that each generate hundreds of mutant alleles and combine to produce an exponential diversity of barcodes. Activation upon conception and continued mutagenesis through gestation resulted in developmentally barcoded mice wherein information is recorded in lineage-specific mutations. We used these recordings for reliable post hoc reconstruction of the earliest lineages and investigation of axis development in the brain. Our results provide an enabling and versatile platform for in vivo barcoding and lineage tracing in a mammalian model system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Kalhor
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kian Kalhor
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leo Mejia
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathleen Leeper
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amanda Graveline
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Prashant Mali
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - George M Church
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
He M, Huang ZJ. Genetic approaches to access cell types in mammalian nervous systems. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 50:109-118. [PMID: 29471215 PMCID: PMC5984678 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Understanding brain circuit organization and function requires systematic dissection of its cellular components. With vast cell number and diversity, mammalian nervous systems present a daunting challenge for achieving specific and comprehensive cell type access-prerequisite to circuit analysis. Genetic approaches in the mouse have relied on germline engineering to access marker-defined cell populations. Combinatorial strategies that engage marker intersection, anatomy and projection pattern (e.g. antero-grade and retro-grade viral vectors), and developmental lineage substantially increase the specificity of cell type targeting. While increasing number of mouse cell types are becoming experimentally accessible, comprehensive coverage requires larger coordinated efforts with strategic infrastructural and fiscal planning. CRISPR-based genome editing may enable cell type access in other species, but issues of time, cost and ethics remain, especially for primates. Novel approaches that bypass the germline, such as somatic cell engineering and cell surface-based gene delivery, may reduce the barrier of genetic access to mammalian cell types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao He
- Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Z Josh Huang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
| |
Collapse
|