1
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Chikhi S, Matton N, Sanna M, Blanchet S. Mental strategies and resting state EEG: Effect on high alpha amplitude modulation by neurofeedback in healthy young adults. Biol Psychol 2023; 178:108521. [PMID: 36801435 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Neurofeedback (NFB) is a brain-computer interface which allows individuals to modulate their brain activity. Despite the self-regulatory nature of NFB, the effectiveness of strategies used during NFB training has been little investigated. In a single session of NFB training (6*3 min training blocks) with healthy young participants, we experimentally tested if providing a list of mental strategies (list group, N = 46), compared with a group receiving no strategies (no list group, N = 39), affected participants' neuromodulation ability of high alpha (10-12 Hz) amplitude. We additionally asked participants to verbally report the mental strategies used to enhance high alpha amplitude. The verbatim was then classified in pre-established categories in order to examine the effect of type of mental strategy on high alpha amplitude. First, we found that giving a list to the participants did not promote the ability to neuromodulate high alpha activity. However, our analysis of the specific strategies reported by learners during training blocks revealed that cognitive effort and recalling memories were associated with higher high alpha amplitude. Furthermore, the resting amplitude of trained high alpha frequency predicted an amplitude increase during training, a factor that may optimize inclusion in NFB protocols. The present results also corroborate the interrelation with other frequency bands during NFB training. Although these findings are based on a single NFB session, our study represents a further step towards developing effective protocols for high alpha neuromodulation by NFB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samy Chikhi
- Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire Mémoire, Cerveau et Cognition, F-92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Nadine Matton
- CLLE, Université de Toulouse, CNRS (UMR 5263), Toulouse, France; ENAC, École Nationale d'Aviation Civile, Université de Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Sanna
- Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire Mémoire, Cerveau et Cognition, F-92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Sophie Blanchet
- Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire Mémoire, Cerveau et Cognition, F-92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
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2
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Kvamme TL, Sarmanlu M, Overgaard M. Doubting the double-blind: Introducing a questionnaire for awareness of experimental purposes in neurofeedback studies. Conscious Cogn 2022; 104:103381. [PMID: 35947940 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2022.103381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Double-blinding subjects to the experiment's purpose is an important standard in neurofeedback studies. However, it is difficult to provide evidence that humans are entirely unaware of certain information. This study used insights from consciousness studies and neurophenomenology to develop a contingency awareness questionnaire for neurofeedback. We assessed whether participants had an awareness of experimental purposes to manipulate their attention and multisensory perception. A subset of subjects (5 out of 20) gained a degree of awareness of experimental purposes as evidenced by their correct guess about the purposes of the experiment to affect their attention and multisensory perceptions specific to their double-blinded group assignment. The results warrant replication before they are applied to clinical neurofeedback studies, given the considerable time taken to perform the questionnaire (∼25 min). We discuss the strengths and limitations of our contingency awareness questionnaire and the growing appeal of the double-blinded standard in clinical neurofeedback studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo L Kvamme
- Cognitive Neuroscience Research Unit, CFIN/MINDLab, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Centre for Alcohol and Drug Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Mesud Sarmanlu
- Cognitive Neuroscience Research Unit, CFIN/MINDLab, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Morten Overgaard
- Cognitive Neuroscience Research Unit, CFIN/MINDLab, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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3
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Stirner M, Gurevitch G, Lubianiker N, Hendler T, Schmahl C, Paret C. An Investigation of Awareness and Metacognition in Neurofeedback with the Amygdala Electrical Fingerprint. Conscious Cogn 2022; 98:103264. [PMID: 35026688 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2021.103264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Awareness theory posits that individuals connected to a brain-computer interface can learn to estimate and discriminate their brain states. We used the amygdala Electrical Fingerprint (amyg-EFP) - a functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging-inspired Electroencephalogram surrogate of deep brain activation - to investigate whether participants could accurately estimate their own brain activation. Ten participants completed up to 20 neurofeedback runs and estimated their amygdala-EFP activation (depicted as a thermometer) and confidence in this rating during each trial. We analysed data using multilevel models, predicting the real thermometer position with participant rated position and adjusted for activation during the previous trial. Hypotheses on learning regulation and improvement of estimation were not confirmed. However, participant ratings were significantly associated with the amyg-EFP signal. Higher rating accuracy also predicted higher subjective confidence in the rating. This proof-of-concept study introduces an approach to study awareness with fMRI-informed neurofeedback and provides initial evidence for metacognition in neurofeedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madita Stirner
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Guy Gurevitch
- Sagol Brain Institute, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Nitzan Lubianiker
- Sagol Brain Institute, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; School of Psychological Sciences, Gershon H. Gordon Faculty of Social Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Talma Hendler
- Sagol Brain Institute, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; School of Psychological Sciences, Gershon H. Gordon Faculty of Social Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Christian Schmahl
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Christian Paret
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Sagol Brain Institute, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Israel.
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4
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Vozzi A, Ronca V, Aricò P, Borghini G, Sciaraffa N, Cherubino P, Trettel A, Babiloni F, Di Flumeri G. The Sample Size Matters: To What Extent the Participant Reduction Affects the Outcomes of a Neuroscientific Research. A Case-Study in Neuromarketing Field. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:6088. [PMID: 34577294 PMCID: PMC8473095 DOI: 10.3390/s21186088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The sample size is a crucial concern in scientific research and even more in behavioural neurosciences, where besides the best practice it is not always possible to reach large experimental samples. In this study we investigated how the outcomes of research change in response to sample size reduction. Three indices computed during a task involving the observations of four videos were considered in the analysis, two related to the brain electroencephalographic (EEG) activity and one to autonomic physiological measures, i.e., heart rate and skin conductance. The modifications of these indices were investigated considering five subgroups of sample size (32, 28, 24, 20, 16), each subgroup consisting of 630 different combinations made by bootstrapping n (n = sample size) out of 36 subjects, with respect to the total population (i.e., 36 subjects). The correlation analysis, the mean squared error (MSE), and the standard deviation (STD) of the indexes were studied at the participant reduction and three factors of influence were considered in the analysis: the type of index, the task, and its duration (time length). The findings showed a significant decrease of the correlation associated to the participant reduction as well as a significant increase of MSE and STD (p < 0.05). A threshold of subjects for which the outcomes remained significant and comparable was pointed out. The effects were to some extents sensitive to all the investigated variables, but the main effect was due to the task length. Therefore, the minimum threshold of subjects for which the outcomes were comparable increased at the reduction of the spot duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Vozzi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic & Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- BrainSigns srl, Via Lungotevere Michelangelo, 9, 00192 Rome, Italy; (P.A.); (G.B.); (N.S.); (P.C.); (A.T.); (F.B.); (G.D.F.)
| | - Vincenzo Ronca
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic & Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- BrainSigns srl, Via Lungotevere Michelangelo, 9, 00192 Rome, Italy; (P.A.); (G.B.); (N.S.); (P.C.); (A.T.); (F.B.); (G.D.F.)
| | - Pietro Aricò
- BrainSigns srl, Via Lungotevere Michelangelo, 9, 00192 Rome, Italy; (P.A.); (G.B.); (N.S.); (P.C.); (A.T.); (F.B.); (G.D.F.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Borghini
- BrainSigns srl, Via Lungotevere Michelangelo, 9, 00192 Rome, Italy; (P.A.); (G.B.); (N.S.); (P.C.); (A.T.); (F.B.); (G.D.F.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Nicolina Sciaraffa
- BrainSigns srl, Via Lungotevere Michelangelo, 9, 00192 Rome, Italy; (P.A.); (G.B.); (N.S.); (P.C.); (A.T.); (F.B.); (G.D.F.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Cherubino
- BrainSigns srl, Via Lungotevere Michelangelo, 9, 00192 Rome, Italy; (P.A.); (G.B.); (N.S.); (P.C.); (A.T.); (F.B.); (G.D.F.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Arianna Trettel
- BrainSigns srl, Via Lungotevere Michelangelo, 9, 00192 Rome, Italy; (P.A.); (G.B.); (N.S.); (P.C.); (A.T.); (F.B.); (G.D.F.)
| | - Fabio Babiloni
- BrainSigns srl, Via Lungotevere Michelangelo, 9, 00192 Rome, Italy; (P.A.); (G.B.); (N.S.); (P.C.); (A.T.); (F.B.); (G.D.F.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Department of Computer Science, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Gianluca Di Flumeri
- BrainSigns srl, Via Lungotevere Michelangelo, 9, 00192 Rome, Italy; (P.A.); (G.B.); (N.S.); (P.C.); (A.T.); (F.B.); (G.D.F.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
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5
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Muñoz-Moldes S, Cleeremans A. Delineating implicit and explicit processes in neurofeedback learning. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 118:681-688. [PMID: 32918947 PMCID: PMC7758707 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurofeedback allows humans to self-regulate neural activity in specific brain regions and is considered a promising tool for psychiatric interventions. Recently, methods have been developed to use neurofeedback implicitly, prompting a theoretical debate on the role of awareness in neurofeedback learning. We offer a critical review of the role of awareness in neurofeedback learning, with a special focus on recently developed neurofeedback paradigms. We detail differences in instructions and propose a fine-grained categorization of tasks based on the degree of involvement of explicit and implicit processes. Finally, we review the methods used to measure awareness in neurofeedback and propose new candidate measures. We conclude that explicit processes cannot be eschewed in most current implicit tasks that have explicit goals, and suggest ways in which awareness could be better measured in the future. Investigating awareness during learning will help understand the learning mechanisms underlying neurofeedback learning and will help shape future tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Muñoz-Moldes
- Consciousness, Cognition and Computation group, Center for Research in Cognition & Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Axel Cleeremans
- Consciousness, Cognition and Computation group, Center for Research in Cognition & Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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6
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Fedotchev A, Radchenko G, Zemlianaia A. On one approach to health protection: Music of the brain. J Integr Neurosci 2018; 17:309-315. [PMID: 29060941 DOI: 10.3233/jin-170053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents the current status of a method for prevention and timely correction of human functional disturbances that was first proposed by Russian neurologist Ya.I. Levin in 1998 and further developed by the authors. The approach is named "Music of the Brain" and is based on musical or music-like stimulation organized in strict accordance with the biopotentials of a patient's brain. Initial studies on the music of the brain approach were analyzed, and its limitations were noted. To enhance the efficiency and usability of the approach, several combinations of music therapy with neurofeedback technique - musical neurofeedback - were developed. Enhanced efficiency of the approach has been shown for correction of functional disturbances during pregnancy and for elimination of stress-induced states in high technology specialists. The use and advantages of musical neurofeedback technology for increasing human cognitive activity, correcting sleep disturbances and treatment of disorders of attention were verified. After further development and testing the approach may be suited for a wide range of therapeutic and rehabilitation procedures in the protection of public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Fedotchev
- Laboratory of the Mechanisms of Reception, Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya st., 3, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia. E-mail:
| | - Grigoriy Radchenko
- Department of Psychophysiology, Lobachevsky State University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. E-mail:
| | - Anna Zemlianaia
- Federal Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow, Russia. E-mail:
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7
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Frederick JA, Heim AS, Dunn KN, Powers CD, Klein CJ. Generalization of skills between operant control and discrimination of EEG alpha. Conscious Cogn 2016; 45:226-234. [PMID: 27662584 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jon A Frederick
- Department of Psychology, St. Cloud State University, 720 4th Avenue South, St. Cloud, MN 56301-4498, USA.
| | - Andrew S Heim
- Department of Psychology, Middle Tennessee State University, Box 87, 1301 E. Main St., Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA
| | - Kelli N Dunn
- Department of Psychology, Middle Tennessee State University, Box 87, 1301 E. Main St., Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA
| | - Cynthia D Powers
- Elite Behavior Analysis, 6116 Shallowford Road, STE 201, Chattanooga, TN 37421, USA
| | - Casey J Klein
- Department of Psychology, Middle Tennessee State University, Box 87, 1301 E. Main St., Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA
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8
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Kiroy VN, Aslanyan EV, Lazurenko DM, Minyaeva NR, Bakhtin OM. Efficiency analysis of voluntary control of human's EEG spectral characteristics. J Integr Neurosci 2016; 15:97-108. [PMID: 26912214 DOI: 10.1142/s0219635216500072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spectral power (SP) of EEG alpha and beta-2 frequencies in different cortical areas has been used for neurofeedback training to control a graphic interface in different scenarios. The results show that frequency range and brain cortical areas are associated with high or low efficiency of voluntary control. Overall, EEG phenomena observed in the course of training are largely general changes involving extensive brain areas and frequency bands. Finally, we have demonstrated EEG patterns that dynamically switch with a specific feature in different tasks within one training, after a relatively short period of training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery N Kiroy
- 1 A. B. Kogan Research Institute for Neurocybernetics, SFedU, 194/1, Stachki ave, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation
| | - Elena V Aslanyan
- 1 A. B. Kogan Research Institute for Neurocybernetics, SFedU, 194/1, Stachki ave, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry M Lazurenko
- 1 A. B. Kogan Research Institute for Neurocybernetics, SFedU, 194/1, Stachki ave, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation
| | - Nadezhda R Minyaeva
- 1 A. B. Kogan Research Institute for Neurocybernetics, SFedU, 194/1, Stachki ave, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation
| | - Oleg M Bakhtin
- 1 A. B. Kogan Research Institute for Neurocybernetics, SFedU, 194/1, Stachki ave, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation
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Zuberer A, Brandeis D, Drechsler R. Are treatment effects of neurofeedback training in children with ADHD related to the successful regulation of brain activity? A review on the learning of regulation of brain activity and a contribution to the discussion on specificity. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:135. [PMID: 25870550 PMCID: PMC4376076 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While issues of efficacy and specificity are crucial for the future of neurofeedback training, there may be alternative designs and control analyses to circumvent the methodological and ethical problems associated with double-blind placebo studies. Surprisingly, most NF studies do not report the most immediate result of their NF training, i.e., whether or not children with ADHD gain control over their brain activity during the training sessions. For the investigation of specificity, however, it seems essential to analyze the learning and adaptation processes that take place in the course of the training and to relate improvements in self-regulated brain activity across training sessions to behavioral, neuropsychological and electrophysiological outcomes. To this aim, a review of studies on neurofeedback training with ADHD patients which include the analysis of learning across training sessions or relate training performance to outcome is presented. Methods on how to evaluate and quantify learning of EEG regulation over time are discussed. “Non-learning” has been reported in a small number of ADHD-studies, but has not been a focus of general methodological discussion so far. For this reason, selected results from the brain-computer interface (BCI) research on the so-called “brain-computer illiteracy”, the inability to gain control over one’s brain activity, are also included. It is concluded that in the discussion on specificity, more attention should be devoted to the analysis of EEG regulation performance in the course of the training and its impact on clinical outcome. It is necessary to improve the knowledge on characteristic cross-session and within-session learning trajectories in ADHD and to provide the best conditions for learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Zuberer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Brandeis
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich Zurich, Switzerland ; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich Zurich, Switzerland ; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/ Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany ; Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Renate Drechsler
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
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Gruzelier JH. EEG-neurofeedback for optimising performance. III: A review of methodological and theoretical considerations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 44:159-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Micoulaud-Franchi JA, Quiles C, Fond G, Cermolacce M, Vion-Dury J. The covariation of independent and dependant variables in neurofeedback: a proposal framework to identify cognitive processes and brain activity variables. Conscious Cogn 2014; 26:162-8. [PMID: 24755406 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This methodological article proposes a framework for analysing the relationship between cognitive processes and brain activity using variables measured by neurofeedback (NF) carried out by functional Magnetic Resonance Imagery (fMRI NF). Cognitive processes and brain activity variables can be analysed as either the dependant variable or the independent variable. Firstly, we propose two traditional approaches, defined in the article as the "neuropsychological" approach (NP) and the "psychophysiology" approach (PP), to extract dependent and independent variables in NF protocols. Secondly, we suggest that NF can be inspired by the style of inquiry used in neurophenomenology. fMRI NF allows participants to experiment with his or her own cognitive processes and their effects on brain region of interest (ROI) activations simultaneously. Thus, we suggest that fMRI NF could be improved by implementing "the elicitation interview method", which allows the investigator to gather relevant verbatim from participants' introspection on subjective experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Arthur Micoulaud-Franchi
- Solaris, Pôle de Psychiatrie Universitaire, CHU Sainte-Marguerite, 270 Bd Sainte-Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France; Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC), UMR CNRS 7291, 31 Aix-Marseille Université, Site St Charles, 3 place Victor Hugo, 13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France; Unité de Neurophysiologie et Psychophysiologie, Fondation FondaMental, Pôle de Psychiatrie Universitaire, CHU Sainte-Marguerite, 270 Bd Sainte-Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France.
| | - Clélia Quiles
- Centre Hospitalier Charles Perrens, Pôle Universitaire de Psychiatrie Adulte, 121 Rue de la Béchade, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France; Université Bordeaux Segalen, 146 rue Léo-Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Guillaume Fond
- Université Paris Est-Créteil, Pôle de psychiatrie du Groupe des hôpitaux universitaires de Mondor, INSERM U955, Eq Psychiatrie Génétique, Fondation FondaMental Fondation de coopération scientifique en santé mentale, France
| | - Michel Cermolacce
- Solaris, Pôle de Psychiatrie Universitaire, CHU Sainte-Marguerite, 270 Bd Sainte-Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France; Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC), UMR CNRS 7291, 31 Aix-Marseille Université, Site St Charles, 3 place Victor Hugo, 13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France; Unité de Neurophysiologie et Psychophysiologie, Fondation FondaMental, Pôle de Psychiatrie Universitaire, CHU Sainte-Marguerite, 270 Bd Sainte-Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Jean Vion-Dury
- Solaris, Pôle de Psychiatrie Universitaire, CHU Sainte-Marguerite, 270 Bd Sainte-Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France; Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC), UMR CNRS 7291, 31 Aix-Marseille Université, Site St Charles, 3 place Victor Hugo, 13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France; Unité de Neurophysiologie et Psychophysiologie, Fondation FondaMental, Pôle de Psychiatrie Universitaire, CHU Sainte-Marguerite, 270 Bd Sainte-Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France
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