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Li ZY, Ma N, Sun P, Zhang FJ, Li L, Li H, Zhang S, Wang XF, You CX, Zhang Z. Fungal invasion-induced accumulation of salicylic acid promotes anthocyanin biosynthesis through MdNPR1-MdTGA2.2 module in apple fruits. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38923625 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
In the field, necrosis area induced by pathogens is usually surrounded by a red circle in apple fruits. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of this phenomenon remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that accumulated salicylic acid (SA) induced by fungal infection promoted anthocyanin biosynthesis through MdNPR1-MdTGA2.2 module in apple (Malus domestica). Inoculating apple fruits with Valsa mali or Botryosphaeria dothidea induced a red circle surrounding the necrosis area, which mimicked the phenotype observed in the field. The red circle accumulated a high level of anthocyanins, which was positively correlated with SA accumulation stimulated by fungal invasion. Further analysis showed that SA promoted anthocyanin biosynthesis in a dose-dependent manner in both apple calli and fruits. We next demonstrated that MdNPR1, a master regulator of SA signaling, positively regulated anthocyanin biosynthesis in both apple and Arabidopsis. Moreover, MdNPR1 functioned as a co-activator to interact with and enhance the transactivation activity of MdTGA2.2, which could directly bind to the promoters of anthocyanin biosynthetic and regulatory genes to promote their transcription. Suppressing expression of either MdNPR1 or MdTGA2.2 inhibited coloration of apple fruits, while overexpressing either of them significantly promoted fruit coloration. Finally, we revealed that silencing either MdNPR1 or MdTGA2.2 in apple fruits repressed SA-induced fruit coloration. Therefore, our data determined that fungal-induced SA promoted anthocyanin biosynthesis through MdNPR1-MdTGA2.2 module, resulting in a red circle surrounding the necrosis area in apple fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Yang Li
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Ning Ma
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Ping Sun
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Fu-Jun Zhang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, China
| | - Lianzhen Li
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Haojian Li
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Wang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Chun-Xiang You
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Zhenlu Zhang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
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Menconi J, Perata P, Gonzali S. In pursuit of purple: anthocyanin biosynthesis in fruits of the tomato clade. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 29:589-604. [PMID: 38177013 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Over the past decade, progress has been made in the characterization of anthocyanin synthesis in fruits of plants belonging to the tomato clade. The genomic elements underlying the activation of the process were identified, providing the basis for understanding how the pathway works in these species. In this review we explore the genetic mechanisms that have been characterized to date, and detail the various wild relatives of the tomato, which have been crucial for recovering ancestral traits that were probably lost during evolution from green-purple to yellow and red tomatoes. This knowledge should help developing strategies to further enhance the status of the commercial tomato lines on sale, based on both genome editing and breeding techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Menconi
- PlantLab, Center of Plant Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Via Guidiccioni 10, San Giuliano Terme, 56010, Pisa, Italy
| | - Pierdomenico Perata
- PlantLab, Center of Plant Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Via Guidiccioni 10, San Giuliano Terme, 56010, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Silvia Gonzali
- PlantLab, Center of Plant Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Via Guidiccioni 10, San Giuliano Terme, 56010, Pisa, Italy.
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Wu X, Yang M, Liu C, Kuang R, He H, Zhou C, Wei Y. Transcriptome, Plant Hormone, and Metabolome Analysis Reveals the Mechanism of Purple Pericarp Formation in 'Zihui' Papaya ( Carica papaya L.). Molecules 2024; 29:1485. [PMID: 38611765 PMCID: PMC11013584 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The color of the pericarp is a crucial characteristic that influences the marketability of papaya fruit. Prior to ripening, normal papaya exhibits a green pericarp, whereas the cultivar 'Zihui' displays purple ring spots on the fruit tip, which significantly affects the fruit's visual appeal. To understand the mechanism behind the formation of purple pericarp, this study performed a thorough examination of the transcriptome, plant hormone, and metabolome. Based on the UPLC-ESI-MS/MS system, a total of 35 anthocyanins and 11 plant hormones were identified, with 27 anthocyanins and two plant hormones exhibiting higher levels of abundance in the purple pericarp. In the purple pericarp, 14 anthocyanin synthesis genes were up-regulated, including CHS, CHI, F3H, F3'5'H, F3'H, ANS, OMT, and CYP73A. Additionally, through co-expression network analysis, three MYBs were identified as potential key regulators of anthocyanin synthesis by controlling genes encoding anthocyanin biosynthesis. As a result, we have identified numerous key genes involved in anthocyanin synthesis and developed new insights into how the purple pericarp of papaya is formed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Chenping Zhou
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou 510640, China; (X.W.)
| | - Yuerong Wei
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou 510640, China; (X.W.)
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Zhou Y, Wu W, Sun Y, Shen Y, Mao L, Dai Y, Yang B, Liu Z. Integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis reveals anthocyanin biosynthesis mechanisms in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) leaves under continuous blue light irradiation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:210. [PMID: 38519909 PMCID: PMC10960449 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04888-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different metabolic compounds give pepper leaves and fruits their diverse colors. Anthocyanin accumulation is the main cause of the purple color of pepper leaves. The light environment is a critical factor affecting anthocyanin biosynthesis. It is essential that we understand how to use light to regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in plants. RESULT Pepper leaves were significantly blue-purple only in continuous blue light or white light (with a blue light component) irradiation treatments, and the anthocyanin content of pepper leaves increased significantly after continuous blue light irradiation. This green-to-purple phenotype change in pepper leaves was due to the expression of different genes. We found that the anthocyanin synthesis precursor-related genes PAL and 4CL, as well as the structural genes F3H, DFR, ANS, BZ1, and F3'5'H in the anthocyanin synthesis pathway, had high expression under continuous blue light irradiation. Similarly, the expression of transcription factors MYB1R1-like, MYB48, MYB4-like isoform X1, bHLH143-like, and bHLH92-like isoform X3, and circadian rhythm-related genes LHY and COP1, were significantly increased after continuous blue light irradiation. A correlation network analysis revealed that these transcription factors and circadian rhythm-related genes were positively correlated with structural genes in the anthocyanin synthesis pathway. Metabolomic analysis showed that delphinidin-3-O-glucoside and delphinidin-3-O-rutinoside were significantly higher under continuous blue light irradiation relative to other light treatments. We selected 12 genes involved in anthocyanin synthesis in pepper leaves for qRT-PCR analysis, and the accuracy of the RNA-seq results was confirmed. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we found that blue light and 24-hour irradiation together induced the expression of key genes and the accumulation of metabolites in the anthocyanin synthesis pathway, thus promoting anthocyanin biosynthesis in pepper leaves. These results provide a basis for future study of the mechanisms of light quality and photoperiod in anthocyanin synthesis and metabolism, and our study may serve as a valuable reference for screening light ratios that regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Education Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Weisheng Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Education Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Education Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Yiyu Shen
- Engineering Research Center of Education Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Lianzhen Mao
- Engineering Research Center of Education Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Yunhua Dai
- Engineering Research Center of Education Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Bozhi Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Education Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China.
| | - Zhoubin Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Education Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China.
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Zhou H, He J, Zhang Y, Zhao H, Sun X, Chen X, Liu X, Zheng Y, Lin H. RHA2b-mediated MYB30 degradation facilitates MYB75-regulated, sucrose-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis seedlings. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100744. [PMID: 37946410 PMCID: PMC10943538 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins play diverse roles in plant physiology and stress adaptation. In Arabidopsis, the MYB-bHLH-WD40 (MBW) complex has a crucial role in the regulation of anthocyanin synthesis. Here, we report that the R2R3-MYB transcription factor MYB30 and the ubiquitin E3 ligase RHA2b participate in anthocyanin biosynthesis through regulation of the MBW complex. MYB30 was found to negatively regulate sucrose-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis seedlings. Expression of multiple genes involved in flavonoid or anthocyanin biosynthesis was affected in the myb30 mutant, and MYB30 directly repressed the expression of MYB75, which encodes a core component of the MBW complex, by binding to its promoter. Moreover, MYB30 physically interacted with MYB75 to inhibit its activity by repressing MBW complex assembly. In addition, sucrose treatment significantly promoted MYB30 degradation via the action of RHA2b. The ubiquitination and degradation of MYB30 were significantly attenuated in the rha2b mutant under high-sucrose treatment, and further analysis showed that MYB75 directly promoted RHA2b expression in response to high sucrose. Our work thus reveals an anthocyanin biosynthetic regulatory module, RHA2b-MYB30, that controls the function of the MBW complex via MYB75. The repression of MYB75 by MYB30 is released by MYB75-induced RHA2b expression, thus ensuring the self-activation of MYB75 when anthocyanin synthesis is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huapeng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Jiaxian He
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yiyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Hongyun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Department of Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Xia Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xinrui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Department of Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Honghui Lin
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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Zhang P, Chen S, Chen S, Zhu Y, Lin Y, Xu X, Liu Z, Zou S. Selection and Validation of qRT-PCR Internal Reference Genes to Study Flower Color Formation in Camellia impressinervis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3029. [PMID: 38474274 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25053029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) is a pivotal technique for gene expression analysis. To ensure reliable and accurate results, the internal reference genes must exhibit stable expression across varied experimental conditions. Currently, no internal reference genes for Camellia impressinervis have been established. This study aimed to identify stable internal reference genes from eight candidates derived from different developmental stages of C. impressinervis flowers. We employed geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper to evaluate the expression stability of these candidates, which was followed by a comprehensive stability analysis. The results indicated that CiTUB, a tubulin gene, exhibited the most stable expression among the eight reference gene candidates in the petals. Subsequently, CiTUB was utilized as an internal reference for the qRT-PCR analysis of six genes implicated in the petal pigment synthesis pathway of C. impressinervis. The qRT-PCR results were corroborated by transcriptome sequencing data, affirming the stability and suitability of CiTUB as a reference gene. This study marks the first identification of stable internal reference genes within the entire genome of C. impressinervis, establishing a foundation for future gene expression and functional studies. Identifying such stable reference genes is crucial for advancing molecular research on C. impressinervis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilan Zhang
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian Colleges and Universities Engineering Research Institute of Conservation and Utilization of Natural Bioresources, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shuying Chen
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian Colleges and Universities Engineering Research Institute of Conservation and Utilization of Natural Bioresources, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Siyu Chen
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian Colleges and Universities Engineering Research Institute of Conservation and Utilization of Natural Bioresources, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yuanming Zhu
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian Colleges and Universities Engineering Research Institute of Conservation and Utilization of Natural Bioresources, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yuqing Lin
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian Colleges and Universities Engineering Research Institute of Conservation and Utilization of Natural Bioresources, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xinyu Xu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhongjian Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shuangquan Zou
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian Colleges and Universities Engineering Research Institute of Conservation and Utilization of Natural Bioresources, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Gong J, Wang Y, Xue C, Wu L, Sheng S, Wang M, Peng J, Cao S. Regulation of blue infertile flower pigmentation by WD40 transcription factor HmWDR68 in Hydrangea macrophylla 'forever summer'. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:328. [PMID: 38393428 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09287-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND WD40 transcription factors are crucial in plant growth and developmental, significantly impacting plant growth regulation. This study investigates the WD40 transcription factor HmWDR68's role in developing the distinctive blue infertile flower colors in Hydrangea macrophylla 'Forever Summer'. METHODS AND RESULTS The HmWDR68 gene was isolated by PCR, revealing an open reading frame of 1026 base pairs, which encodes 341 amino acids. Characterized by four WD40 motifs, HmWDR68 is a member of the WD40 family. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that HmWDR68 shares high homology with PsWD40 in Camellia sinensis and CsWD40 in Paeonia suffruticosa, both of which are integral in anthocyanin synthesis regulation. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis demonstrated that HmWDR68 expression in the blue infertile flowers of 'Forever Summer' hydrangea was significantly higher compared to other tissues and organs. Additionally, in various hydrangea varieties with differently colored infertile flowers, HmWDR68 expression was markedly elevated in comparison to other hydrangea varieties, correlating with the development of blue infertile flowers. Pearson correlation analysis revealed a significant association between HmWDR68 expression and the concentration of delphinidin 3-O-glucoside, as well as key genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis (HmF3H, HmC3'5'H, HmDFR, and HmANS) in the blue infertile flowers of 'Forever Summer' hydrangea (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION These findings suggest HmWDR68 may specifically regulate blue infertile flower formation in hydrangea by enhancing delphinidin-3-O-glucoside synthesis, modulating expression of HmF3H, HmC3'5'H, HmDFR and HmANS. This study provides insights into HmWDR68's role in hydrangea's blue flowers development, offering a foundation for further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Gong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China
| | - Chao Xue
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China
| | - Linshi Wu
- Hunan Botanical Garden, Changsha, Hunan, 410000, China
| | - Song Sheng
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China
| | - Meng Wang
- College of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650000, China
| | - Jiqing Peng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China.
| | - Shoujin Cao
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China.
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Yeom WW, Kim HJ, Lee JH, Jeong Jeong Y, Choi HK, Jung HW, Heo JB, Kim CY, Chung YS. Overexpression of R2R3-MYB IbMYB1a induces anthocyanin pigmentation in soybean cotyledon. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:56. [PMID: 38319432 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03142-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE This is the first report showing anthocyanin accumulation in the soybean cotyledon via genetic transformation of a single gene. Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] contains valuable components, including anthocyanins. To enhance anthocyanin production in Korean soybean Kwangankong, we utilized the R2R3-type MYB gene (IbMYB1a), known for inducing anthocyanin pigmentation in Arabidopsis. This gene was incorporated into constructs using two promoters: the CaMV 35S promoter (P35S) and the β-conglycinin promoter (Pβ-con). Kwangankong was transformed using Agrobacterium, and the presence of IbMYB1a and Bar transgenes in T0 plants was confirmed through polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by gene expression validation. Visual inspection revealed that one P35S:IbMYB1a and three Pβ-con:IbMYB1a lines displayed seed color change. Pβ-con:IbMYB1a T1 seeds accumulated anthocyanins in cotyledon outer layers, whereas P35S:IbMYB1a and non-transgenic black soybean (Cheongja 5 and Seum) accumulated anthocyanins in the seed coat. During the germination and growth phase, T1 seedlings from Pβ-con:IbMYB1a lines exhibited anthocyanin pigmentation in cotyledons for up to 1 month without growth aberrations. High-performance liquid chromatography confirmed cyanidin-3-O-glucoside as the major anthocyanin in the Pβ-con:IbMYB1a line (#3). We analyzed the expression patterns of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes, chalcone synthase 7,8, chalcone isomerase 1A, flavanone 3-hydroxylase, flavanone 3'-hydroxylase, dihydroflavanol reductase 1, dihydroflavanol reductase 2, anthocyanidin synthase 2, anthocyanidin synthase 3, and UDP glucose flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase in transgenic and control Kwangankong and black soybean (Cheongja 5 and Seum) seeds using quantitative real-time PCR. We conclude that the induction of gene expression in transgenic plants in comparison with Kwangankong was attributable to IbMYB1a transformation. Notably, flavanone 3-hydroxylase, flavanone 3'-hydroxylase, and dihydroflavanol reductase 1 were abundantly expressed in black soybean seed coat, distinguishing them from transgenic cotyledons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Woo Yeom
- Department of Molecular Genetics, College of National Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Korea
| | - Hye Jeong Kim
- Department of Molecular Genetics, College of National Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Korea
| | - Jin Hwan Lee
- Department of Life Resources Industry, College of National Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Korea
| | - Yu Jeong Jeong
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup, 56212, Korea
| | - Hong Kyu Choi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, College of National Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Korea
| | - Ho Won Jung
- Department of Molecular Genetics, College of National Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Korea
| | - Jae Bok Heo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, College of National Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Korea
| | - Cha Young Kim
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup, 56212, Korea.
| | - Young-Soo Chung
- Department of Molecular Genetics, College of National Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Korea.
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Jiang W, Jiang Q, Shui Z, An P, Shi S, Liu T, Zhang H, Huang S, Jing B, Xiao E, Quan L, Liu J, Wang Z. HaMYBA-HabHLH1 regulatory complex and HaMYBF fine-tune red flower coloration in the corolla of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 338:111901. [PMID: 37865209 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Sunflowers are well-known ornamental plants, while sunflowers with red corolla are rare and the mechanisms underlying red coloration remain unclear. Here, a comprehensive analysis of metabolomics and transcriptomics on flavonoid pathway was performed to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the differential color formation between red sunflower Pc103 and two yellow sunflowers (Yr17 and Y35). Targeted metabolomic analysis revealed higher anthocyanin levels but lower flavonol content in Pc103 compared to the yellow cultivars. RNA-sequencing and phylogenetic analysis identified multiple genes involved in the flavonoid pathway, including series of structural genes and three MYB and bHLH genes. Specifically, HaMYBA and HabHLH1 were up-regulated in Pc103, whereas HaMYBF exhibited reduced expression. HaMYBA was found to interact with HabHLH1 in vivo and in vitro, while HaMYBF does not. Transient expression analysis further revealed that HabHLH1 and HaMYBA cooperatively regulate increased expression of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), leading to anthocyanin accumulation. On the other hand, ectopic expression of HaMYBF independently modulates flavonol synthase (FLS) expression, but hindered anthocyanin production. Collectively, our findings suggest that the up-regulation of HaMYBA and HabHLH1, as well as the down-regulation of HaMYBF, contribute to the red coloration in Pc103. It offers a theoretical basis for improving sunflower color through genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Qinqin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhijie Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Peipei An
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shandang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tianxiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hanbing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shuyi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Bing Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Enshi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Li Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jixia Liu
- Crop Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750002, China
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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10
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Hu X, Liang Z, Sun T, Huang L, Wang Y, Chan Z, Xiang L. The R2R3-MYB Transcriptional Repressor TgMYB4 Negatively Regulates Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Tulips ( Tulipa gesneriana L.). Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:563. [PMID: 38203734 PMCID: PMC10779166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins play a paramount role in color variation and significantly contribute to the economic value of ornamental plants. The conserved activation complex MYB-bHLH-WD40 (MBW; MYB: v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog; bHLH: basic helix-loop-helix protein; WD40:WD-repeat protein) involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis has been thoroughly researched, but there have been limited investigations into the function of repressor factors. In this study, we characterized TgMYB4, an R2R3-MYB transcriptional repressor which is highly expressed during petal coloration in red petal cultivars. TgMYB4-overexpressing tobaccos exhibited white or light pink petals with less anthocyanin accumulation compared to control plants. TgMYB4 was found to inhibit the transcription of ANTHOCYANIDIN SYNTHASE (TfANS1) and DIHYDRO-FLAVONOL-4-REDUCTASE (AtDFR), although it did not bind to their promoters. Moreover, the TgMYB4 protein was able to compete with the MYB activator to bind to the :bHLHprotein, thereby suppressing the function of the activator MBW complex. These findings demonstrate that TgMYB4 plays a suppressive role in the regulation of anthocyanin synthesis during flower pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zhulong Chan
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.H.)
| | - Lin Xiang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.H.)
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11
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Murthy HN, Joseph KS, Paek KY, Park SY. Anthocyanin Production from Plant Cell and Organ Cultures In Vitro. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:117. [PMID: 38202425 PMCID: PMC10780419 DOI: 10.3390/plants13010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are water-soluble pigments found in plants. They exist in various colors, including red, purple, and blue, and are utilized as natural colorants in the food and cosmetics industries. The pharmaceutical industry uses anthocyanins as therapeutic compounds because they have several medicinal qualities, including anti-obesity, anti-cancer, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective effects. Anthocyanins are conventionally procured from colored fruits and vegetables and are utilized in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. However, the composition and concentration of anthocyanins from natural sources vary quantitively and qualitatively; therefore, plant cell and organ cultures have been explored for many decades to understand the production of these valuable compounds. A great deal of research has been carried out on plant cell cultures using varied methods, such as the selection of suitable cell lines, medium optimization, optimization culture conditions, precursor feeding, and elicitation for the production of anthocyanin pigments. In addition, metabolic engineering technologies have been applied for the hyperaccumulation of these compounds in varied plants, including tobacco and arabidopsis. In this review, we describe various strategies applied in plant cell and organ cultures for the production of anthocyanins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosakatte Niranjana Murthy
- Department of Botany, Karnatak University, Dharwad 580003, India
- Department of Horticultural Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Kee Yoeup Paek
- Department of Horticultural Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Young Park
- Department of Horticultural Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
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12
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Hao J, Na R, Sun L, Jia Y, Han F, Fu Z, Wang Z, Zhao M, Gao C, Ge G. Chemical profile and quantitative comparison of constituents in different medicinal parts of Lactuca indica during varied harvest periods using UPLC-MS/MS method. Food Chem X 2023; 20:101031. [PMID: 38144840 PMCID: PMC10740015 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.101031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactuca indica L. cv. Mengzao (LIM), acknowledged as a pivotal "One Root of Medicine and Food", boasts dual applications in both culinary and medicinal domains. This research delves into the influence of various harvest periods (vegetative, budding, blossom, and fruiting) on distinct medicinal parts (roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and seeds) of LIM, employing plant metabolomics to assess its chemical constituents. A total of 66 chemical constituents were identified in LIM, with 11 chemical components emerging as potential markers for distinguish medicinal parts. Notably, nutritional organs exhibited elevated levels of cichoric acid, rutin and chlorogenic acid. Specifically, leaves during the budding stage displayed the highest chicoric acid content at 11.70 mg·g-1. Conversely, reproductive organs showed heightened concentrations of cichoric acid, rutin and chlorogenic acid, with seeds exhibiting the peak cichoric acid content at 4.53 mg g-1. This study enriches our understanding of LIM by offering novel insights into quality assessment and the comprehensive utilization of its diverse parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Hao
- College of Grassland Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
| | - Risu Na
- Center of Ecology and Agrometeorology of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot 010000, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural & Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010000, China
| | - Yushan Jia
- College of Grassland Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
| | - Feng Han
- College of Grassland Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
| | - Zhihui Fu
- College of Grassland Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
| | - Zhijun Wang
- College of Grassland Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
| | - Muqier Zhao
- College of Grassland Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
| | - Cuiping Gao
- College of Grassland Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
| | - Gentu Ge
- College of Grassland Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
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13
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Gao Q, Hu S, Wang X, Han F, Luo H, Liu Z, Kang C. The red/far-red light photoreceptor FvePhyB regulates tissue elongation and anthocyanin accumulation in woodland strawberry. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad232. [PMID: 38143485 PMCID: PMC10745270 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Light is an important environmental signal that influences plant growth and development. Among the photoreceptors, phytochromes can sense red/far-red light to coordinate various biological processes. However, their functions in strawberry are not yet known. In this study, we identified an EMS mutant, named P8, in woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca) that showed greatly increased plant height and reduced anthocyanin content. Mapping-by-sequencing revealed that the causal mutation in FvePhyB leads to premature termination of translation. The light treatment assay revealed that FvePhyB is a bona fide red/far-red light photoreceptor, as it specifically inhibits hypocotyl length under red light. Transcriptome analysis showed that the FvePhyB mutation affects the expression levels of genes involved in hormone synthesis and signaling and anthocyanin biosynthesis in petioles and fruits. The srl mutant with a longer internode is caused by a mutation in the DELLA gene FveRGA1 (Repressor of GA1) in the gibberellin pathway. We found that the P8 srl double mutant has much longer internodes than srl, suggesting a synergistic role of FvePhyB and FveRGA1 in this process. Taken together, these results demonstrate the important role of FvePhyB in regulating plant architecture and anthocyanin content in woodland strawberry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Gao
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shaoqiang Hu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Fu Han
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Huifeng Luo
- Institute of Horticulture, Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Zhongchi Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Chunying Kang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
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14
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Li J, Wu K, Li L, Ma G, Fang L, Zeng S. Identification of HpMYB1 inducing anthocyanin accumulation in Hippeastrum Hybridum tepals by RNA-seq. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:594. [PMID: 38012575 PMCID: PMC10683291 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04582-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cultivated Hippeastrum × hybridum is a popular ornamental plant with large and colorful flowers, long flowering duration, and high commercial value. As its main ornamental feature, its flower color is related to the anthocyanin content in the tepals. However, the molecular regulatory mechanisms of anthocyanin biosynthesis in H. × hybridum have not yet been elucidated. RESULTS In the present study, 12 cDNA libraries of four stages of H.× hybridum 'Royal Velvet' tepal development were used for RNA-seq, obtaining 79.83 gigabases (GB) of clean data. The data were assembled into 148,453 unigenes, and 11,262 differentially expressed genes were identified. Forty key enzymes participating in anthocyanin biosynthesis were investigated, and the results showed that most of the anthocyanin structural genes were expressed at low levels in S1 and were markedly upregulated in S2 and S3. The expression profiles of 12 selected genes were verified by qRT-PCR. Furthermore, the R2R3-MYB transcription factor (TF), HpMYB1, involved in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis was identified by sequence, expression pattern, and subcellular localization analyses. Its overexpression in tobacco significantly increased the anthocyanin levels in various tissues and activated anthocyanin-related genes. CONCLUSIONS Using RNA-seq technology, we successfully identified a potential R2R3-MYB gene, HpMYB1, that regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis in H.× hybridum 'Royal Velvet'. Our findings provide basic transcript information and valuable transcriptome data for further identification of key genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis and can be applied in the artificial breeding of new H. × hybridum cultivars with enhanced ornamental value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Li
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510650, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Kunlin Wu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510650, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510650, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guohua Ma
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510650, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Fang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510650, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510650, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Songjun Zeng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510650, Guangzhou, China.
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510650, Guangzhou, China.
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15
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Hua Y, Dai B, Luo Y, Ding Y. Integrated analysis of multiple metabolome and transcriptome revealed the accumulation of flavonoids and associated molecular regulation mechanisms in Rubus chingii Hu at different developmental stages. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 204:108085. [PMID: 37847976 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
The traditional Chinese herb Rubus chingii Hu (R. chingii) is widely used in clinical practice due to its beneficial effects. Flavonoids are the important class of pharmacological substances in R. chingii, however, the molecular mechanism underlying the differences in active flavonoid contents in R. chingii at different developmental stages remain poorly understood. In this experiment, we selected four developmental stages (GG, GY, YR, RR) of R. chingii as the research material. We studied the untargeted and targeted metabolic profiles of flavonoids in different periods of R. chingii, combining full-length and comparative transcriptome analyses. Functional analyses were conducted on genes implicated in flavonoid differences. GG and RR displayed relatively higher and lower contents of flavonols, flavones, flavanols, flavanones, and isoflavonoid, respectively. RNA-seq analyses showed structural genes such as RcPAL, RcC4H, Rc4CL, RcCHS, RcCHI, RcF3H, RcF3'H, and RcFLS in flavonoid biosynthesis pathway were upregulated in GG, which were essential for the accumulation flavanones, flavones, and flavonols (effective components). qRT-PCR analyses investigated that six structural genes RcCHI, RcF3H, 2 RcCHS, and 2 Rc4CL, two TFs RcMYB308 and RcMYB123 had a consistent expression pattern with which in transcriptome. Also, an interaction network showed that the RcMYB308 could positively regulate Ka3R, Qu, Qu3G, AS, Hy, Ti through RcF3H. Furthermore, Subcellular localization analysis revealed that RcMYB308 was localization to the nucleus. In tobacco, RcMYB308 was overexpressed, resulting in higher flavonoids, RcF3H, RcF3'H, RcCHI, and RcFLS. RcMYB308 upregulated RcF3H in dual-luciferase assays. These results provide new insights for further understanding the molecular mechanism regulating flavonol biosynthesis in R. chingii fruit, and also provide a potential MYB regulator for molecular breeding of R. chingii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Hua
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214000, China.
| | - Bingyi Dai
- Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214000, China.
| | - Yiyuan Luo
- Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, 315500, China.
| | - Yongjuan Ding
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214000, China.
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16
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Ma L, Jia W, Duan Q, Du W, Li X, Cui G, Wang X, Wang J. Heterologous Expression of Platycodon grandiflorus PgF3'5'H Modifies Flower Color Pigmentation in Tobacco. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1920. [PMID: 37895269 PMCID: PMC10606865 DOI: 10.3390/genes14101920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoid-3',5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H) is the key enzyme for the biosynthesis of delphinidin-based anthocyanins, which are generally required for purple or blue flowers. Previously, we isolated a full-length cDNA of PgF3'5'H from Platycodon grandiflorus, which shared the highest homology with Campanula medium F3'5'H. In this study, PgF3'5'H was subcloned into a plant over-expression vector and transformed into tobacco via Agrobacterium tumefaciens to investigate its catalytic function. Positive transgenic tobacco T0 plants were obtained by hygromycin resistance screening and PCR detection. PgF3'5'H showed a higher expression level in all PgF3'5'H transgenic tobacco plants than in control plants. Under the drive of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter, the over-expressed PgF3'5'H produced dihydromyricetin (DHM) and some new anthocyanin pigments (including delphinidin, petunidin, peonidin, and malvidin derivatives), and increased dihydrokaempferol (DHK), taxifolin, tridactyl, cyanidin derivatives, and pelargonidin derivatives in PgF3'5'H transgenic tobacco plants by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) analysis, resulting in a dramatic color alteration from light pink to magenta. These results indicate that PgF3'5'H products have F3'5'H enzyme activity. In addition, PgF3'5'H transfer alters flavonoid pigment synthesis and accumulation in tobacco. Thus, PgF3'5'H may be considered a candidate gene for gene engineering to enhance anthocyanin accumulation and the molecular breeding project for blue flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jihua Wang
- Flower Research Institute of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Lab of Yunnan Flower Breeding, National Engineering Research Center For Ornamental Horticulture, Kunming 650205, China; (L.M.); (X.L.)
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17
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Ding A, Bao F, Yuan X, Wang J, Cheng T, Zhang Q. Integrative Analysis of Metabolome and Transcriptome Revealed Lutein Metabolism Contributed to Yellow Flower Formation in Prunus mume. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3333. [PMID: 37765497 PMCID: PMC10537319 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Prunus mume is a famous ornamental woody tree with colorful flowers. P. mume with yellow flowers is one of the most precious varieties. Regretfully, metabolites and regulatory mechanisms of yellow flowers in P. mume are still unclear. This hinders innovation of flower color breeding in P. mume. To elucidate the metabolic components and molecular mechanisms of yellow flowers, we analyzed transcriptome and metabolome between 'HJH' with yellow flowers and 'ZLE' with white flowers. Comparing the metabolome of the two varieties, we determined that carotenoids made contributions to the yellow flowers rather than flavonoids. Lutein was the key differential metabolite to cause yellow coloration of 'HJH'. Transcriptome analysis revealed significant differences in the expression of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (CCD) between the two varieties. Specifically, the expression level of PmCCD4 was higher in 'ZLE' than that in 'HJH'. Moreover, we identified six major transcription factors that probably regulated PmCCD4 to affect lutein accumulation. We speculated that carotenoid cleavage genes might be closely related to the yellow flower phenotype in P. mume. Further, the coding sequence of PmCCD4 has been cloned from the 'HJH' petals, and bioinformatics analysis revealed that PmCCD4 possessed conserved histidine residues, ensuring its enzymatic activity. PmCCD4 was closely related to PpCCD4, with a homology of 98.16%. Instantaneous transformation analysis in petal protoplasts of P. mume revealed PmCCD4 localization in the plastid. The overexpression of PmCCD4 significantly reduced the carotenoid content in tobacco plants, especially the lutein content, indicating that lutein might be the primary substrate for PmCCD4. We speculated that PmCCD4 might be involved in the cleavage of lutein in plastids, thereby affecting the formation of yellow flowers in P. mume. This work could establish a material and molecular basis of molecular breeding in P. mume for improving the flower color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiqin Ding
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fei Bao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xi Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tangren Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qixiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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18
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Zheng K, Wu X, Xue X, Li W, Wang Z, Chen J, Zhang Y, Qiao F, Zhao H, Zhang F, Han S. Transcriptome Screening of Long Noncoding RNAs and Their Target Protein-Coding Genes Unmasks a Dynamic Portrait of Seed Coat Coloration Associated with Anthocyanins in Tibetan Hulless Barley. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10587. [PMID: 37445765 PMCID: PMC10341697 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Many plants have the capability to accumulate anthocyanins for coloration, and anthocyanins are advantageous to human health. In the case of hulless barley (Hordeum vulgare L. var. nudum), investigation into the mechanism of anthocyanin formation is limited to the level of protein-coding genes (PCGs). Here, we conducted a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis to identify a total of 9414 long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the seed coats of purple and white hulless barley along a developmental gradient. Transcriptome-wide profiles of lncRNAs documented several properties, including GC content fluctuation, uneven length, a diverse range of exon numbers, and a wide variety of transcript classifications. We found that certain lncRNAs in hulless barley possess detectable sequence conservation with Hordeum vulgare and other monocots. Furthermore, both differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) and PCGs (DEPCGs) were concentrated in the later seed development stages. On the one hand, DElncRNAs could potentially cis-regulate DEPCGs associated with multiple metabolic pathways, including flavonoid and anthocyanin biosynthesis in the late milk and soft dough stages. On the other hand, there was an opportunity for trans-regulated lncRNAs in the color-forming module to affect seed coat color by upregulating PCGs in the anthocyanin pathway. In addition, the interweaving of hulless barley lncRNAs and diverse TFs may function in seed coat coloration. Notably, we depicted a dynamic portrait of the anthocyanin synthesis pathway containing hulless barley lncRNAs. Therefore, this work provides valuable gene resources and more insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying anthocyanin accumulation in hulless barley from the perspective of lncRNAs, which facilitate the development of molecular design breeding in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifeng Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resources and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (K.Z.); (X.X.); (W.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Xiaozhuo Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China; (X.W.); (Z.W.); (J.C.); (Y.Z.); (F.Q.)
| | - Xiuhua Xue
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resources and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (K.Z.); (X.X.); (W.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Wanjie Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resources and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (K.Z.); (X.X.); (W.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Zitao Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China; (X.W.); (Z.W.); (J.C.); (Y.Z.); (F.Q.)
| | - Jinyuan Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China; (X.W.); (Z.W.); (J.C.); (Y.Z.); (F.Q.)
| | - Yanfen Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China; (X.W.); (Z.W.); (J.C.); (Y.Z.); (F.Q.)
| | - Feng Qiao
- College of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China; (X.W.); (Z.W.); (J.C.); (Y.Z.); (F.Q.)
| | - Heping Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resources and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (K.Z.); (X.X.); (W.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Fanfan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resources and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (K.Z.); (X.X.); (W.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Shengcheng Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resources and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (K.Z.); (X.X.); (W.L.); (H.Z.)
- Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability of the People’s Government of Qinghai Province & Beijing Normal University, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China
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Kapoor P, Sharma S, Tiwari A, Kaur S, Kumari A, Sonah H, Goyal A, Krishania M, Garg M. Genome–Transcriptome Transition Approaches to Characterize Anthocyanin Biosynthesis Pathway Genes in Blue, Black and Purple Wheat. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14040809. [PMID: 37107567 PMCID: PMC10137985 DOI: 10.3390/genes14040809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Colored wheat has gained enormous attention from the scientific community, but the information available on the anthocyanin biosynthetic genes is very minimal. The study involved their genome-wide identification, in silico characterization and differential expression analysis among purple, blue, black and white wheat lines. The recently released wheat genome mining putatively identified eight structural genes in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway with a total of 1194 isoforms. Genes showed distinct exon architecture, domain profile, regulatory elements, chromosome emplacement, tissue localization, phylogeny and synteny, indicative of their unique function. RNA sequencing of developing seeds from colored (black, blue and purple) and white wheats identified differential expressions in 97 isoforms. The F3H on group two chromosomes and F3′5′H on 1D chromosomes could be significant influencers in purple and blue color development, respectively. Apart from a role in anthocyanin biosynthesis, these putative structural genes also played an important role in light, drought, low temperature and other defense responses. The information can assist in targeted anthocyanin production in the wheat seed endosperm.
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20
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Zou J, Gong Z, Liu Z, Ren J, Feng H. Investigation of the Key Genes Associated with Anthocyanin Accumulation during Inner Leaf Reddening in Ornamental Kale ( Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032837. [PMID: 36769159 PMCID: PMC9917897 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ornamental kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala) is a popular decorative plant in late autumn and winter. However, only during low-temperature color-changed periods below rough 15 °C can the plant accumulate anthocyanins and exhibit a diverse array of foliar color patterns. In this study, we probed into the potential mechanism of inner leaf reddening in a red-leaf pure line of ornamental kale by physiological, metabolic, and transcriptomic analyses. Determination of anthocyanin contents in the uncolored new white leaves (S0), the light red leaves (S1) in the reddening period and the red leaves (S2) completing color change, and analysis of anthocyanin metabolites at stage S2, revealed that the coloring of red leaves was mainly attributed to the accumulation of cyanidins. We further used transcriptomic sequencing between the pairwise S0, S1, and S2 stages to identify 21 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis, among which the expression level of 14 DEGs was positively correlated with anthocyanin accumulation, and 6 DEGs were negatively correlated with anthocyanin accumulation. A total of 89 co-expressed genes were screened out, from which three DEGs (BoCHI, Bo4CL3, and BoF3H) were identified as hub genes in co-expression DEGs network. BoDFR and BoCHI were the DEGs with the highest expressions at S2. Moreover, two co-expressed DEGs related to stress response (BoBBX17 and BoCOR47) also exhibited upregulated expressions and positive correlations with anthocyanin accumulation. A deep dive into the underlying regulatory network of anthocyanin accumulation comprising these six upregulated DEGs from S0 to S2 was performed via trend, correlation, and differentially co-expression analysis. This study uncovered the DEGs expression profiles associated with anthocyanin accumulation during ornamental kale inner leaf reddening, which provided a basis for further dissecting the molecular mechanisms of leaf color characteristic change in ornamental kale at low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jie Ren
- Correspondence: (J.R.); (H.F.)
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21
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Transcriptome Analysis of Key Genes Involved in Color Variation between Blue and White Flowers of Iris bulleyana. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:7407772. [PMID: 36714023 PMCID: PMC9876678 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7407772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Iris bulleyana Dykes (Southwest iris) is an extensively distributed Iridaceae species with blue or white flowers. Hereby, we performed a systematic study, employing metabolomics and transcriptomics to uncover the subtle color differentiation from blue to white in Southwest iris. Fresh flower buds from both cultivars were subjected to flavonoid/anthocyanin and carotenoid-targeted metabolomics along with transcriptomic sequencing. Among 297 flavonoids, 24 anthocyanins were identified, and 13 showed a strong down-accumulation pattern in the white flowers compared to the blue flowers. Significant downregulation of 3GT and 5GT genes involved in the glycosylation of anthocyanins was predicted to hinder the accumulation of anthocyanins, resulting in white coloration. Besides, no significant altered accumulation of carotenoids and expression of their biosynthetic genes was observed between the two cultivars. Our study systematically addressed the color differentiation in I. bulleyana flowers, which can aid future breeding programs.
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22
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Li J, Wu K, Li L, Ma G, Fang L, Zeng S. Transcriptomic analysis reveals biosynthesis genes and transcription factors related to leaf anthocyanin biosynthesis in Aglaonema commutatum. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:28. [PMID: 36650457 PMCID: PMC9847206 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-09107-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aglaonema commutatum 'Red Valentine', as a foliage ornamental plant, is widely used for interior and exterior decoration because of its easy cultivation and management. However, reduced proportion of red foliage during large-scale production of A. commutatum seedlings is a frequent occurrence, which has considerable implications on the plant's ornamental and market value. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain unclear. RESULTS To explore the molecular basis of the variation in leaf color of A. commutatum Red Valentine, we performed transcriptome sequencing with the Illumina platform using two different varieties of A. commutatum, namely Red Valentine and a green mutant, at three different stages of leaf development. We annotated 63,621 unigenes and 14,186 differentially expressed genes by pairwise comparison. Furthermore, we identified 26 anthocyanin biosynthesis structural genes. The transcript per million (TPM) values were significantly higher for Red Valentine than for the green mutant in all three developmental stages, consistent with the high anthocyanin content of Red Valentine leaves. We detected positive transcription factors that may be involved in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis using BLAST and through correlation analysis. Downregulation of these transcription factors may downregulate the expression of anthocyanin genes. We obtained full-length cDNA of the anthocyanin biosynthesis and regulatory genes and constructed phylogenetic trees to ensure accuracy of the analysis. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying leaf variation in A. commutatum Red Valentine and may be used to facilitate the breeding of ornamental cultivars with high anthocyanin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Li
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Kunlin Wu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650 China
| | - Lin Li
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650 China
| | - Guohua Ma
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650 China
| | - Lin Fang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650 China ,grid.9227.e0000000119573309Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650 China
| | - Songjun Zeng
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650 China ,grid.9227.e0000000119573309Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650 China
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23
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Lin B, Ma H, Zhang K, Cui J. Regulatory mechanisms and metabolic changes of miRNA during leaf color change in the bud mutation branches of Acer pictum subsp. mono. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1047452. [PMID: 36714704 PMCID: PMC9879609 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1047452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Acer pictum subsp. mono is a colorful tree species with considerable ornamental and economic value. However, little is known about the metabolism and regulatory mechanism of leaf color change in A. p. subsp. mono. To reveal the molecular mechanism of leaf color change in A. p. subsp. mono, the present study examined the bud mutation branches and compared the metabolites of the red leaves (AR) of the bud mutation branches of A. p. subsp. mono with those of the green leaves (AG) of the wild-type branches. It was found that the chlorophyll and carotenoids content of the red leaves decreased significantly, while anthocyanins, and various antioxidant enzymes increased significantly compared with the green leaves. The glycosides cyanidin, pelargonidin, malvidin, petunidin, delphinidin, and peonidin were detected in AR by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The cyanidin glycosides increased, and cyanidin 3-O-glycoside was significantly upregulated. We analyzed the transcriptome and small RNA of A. p. subsp. mono leaves and detected 4061 differentially expressed mRNAs and 116 differentially expressed miRNAs. Through miRNA-mRNA association analysis, five differentially expressed modules were found; one miRNA targeted three genes, and four miRNAs targeted a single gene. Among them, miR160b, miR6300, and miR396g were found to be the key miRNAs regulating stable anthocyanin accumulation in A. p. subsp. mono leaves. By revealing the physiological response of leaf color change and the molecular regulatory mechanism of the miRNA, this study provides new insight into the molecular regulatory mechanism of leaf color change, thereby offering a foundation for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoli Lin
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - He Ma
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Kezhong Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Jinteng Cui
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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24
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Luo B, Chen L, Chen G, Wang Y, Xie Q, Chen X, Hu Z. Transcription and Metabolism Pathways of Anthocyanin in Purple Shamrock ( Oxalis triangularis A.St.-Hil.). Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12121290. [PMID: 36557327 PMCID: PMC9784199 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12121290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins are water-soluble pigments that can impart various colors to plants. Purple shamrock (Oxalis triangularis) possesses unique ornamental value due to its purple leaves. In this study, three anthocyanins, including malvidin 3-O-(4-O-(6-O-malonyl-glucopyranoside)-rhamnopyranosyl)-5-O-(6-O-malonyl-glucopyranoside), delphinidin-3-O-rutinoside and malvidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside, were characterized with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) in purple shamrock. To investigate the molecular mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis in green shamrock (Oxalis corymbosa) and purple shamrock, RNA-seq and qRT-PCR were performed, and the results showed that most of the anthocyanin biosynthetic and regulatory genes were up-regulated in purple shamrock. Then, dark treatment and low temperature treatment experiments in purple shamrock showed that both light and low temperature can induce the biosynthesis of anthocyanins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baobing Luo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Liujun Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Guoping Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Yunshu Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Qiaoli Xie
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Xuqing Chen
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
- Correspondence: (X.C.); (Z.H.); Tel.: +86-1051503868 (X.C.); +86-13996265017 (Z.H.)
| | - Zongli Hu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- Correspondence: (X.C.); (Z.H.); Tel.: +86-1051503868 (X.C.); +86-13996265017 (Z.H.)
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25
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Zhu L, Wen J, Ma Q, Yan K, Du Y, Chen Z, Lu X, Ren J, Wang Y, Li S, Li Q. Transcriptome profiling provides insights into leaf color changes in two Acer palmatum genotypes. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:589. [PMID: 36526968 PMCID: PMC9756493 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03979-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ornamental trees with seasonally-dependent leaf color, such as Acer palmatum, have gained worldwide popularity. Leaf color is a main determinant of the ornamental and economic value of A. palmatum. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for leaf color changes remain unclear. RESULTS We chose A. palmatum cultivars with yellow ('Jinling Huangfeng') and red ('Jinling Danfeng') leaves as the ideal material for studying the complex metabolic networks responsible for variations in leaf coloration. The 24 libraries obtained from four different time points in the growth of 'Jinling Huangfeng' and 'Jinling Danfeng' was subjected to Illumina high-throughput sequencing. We observed that the difference in cyanidin and delphinidin content is the primary reason behind the varying coloration of the leaves. Transcriptomic analyses revealed 225,684 unigenes, and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) confirmed that they were involved in 'anthocyanin biosynthesis.' Eighteen structural genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis were thought to be related to anthocyanin accumulation, whereas 46 MYBs, 33 basic helix-loop-helixs (bHLHs), and 29 WD40s were presumed to be involved in regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis. Based on weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), three candidate genes (ApRHOMBOID, ApMAPK, and ApUNE10) were screened in the significant association module with a correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.86. CONCLUSION In this study, the leaf color changes of two A. palmatum genotypes were analyzed. These findings provide novel insights into variations in leaf coloration and suggest pathways for targeted genetic improvements in A. palmatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhu
- Institute of Leisure Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhongling Street, 210014 Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Jing Wen
- Institute of Leisure Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhongling Street, 210014 Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Qiuyue Ma
- Institute of Leisure Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhongling Street, 210014 Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Kunyuan Yan
- Institute of Leisure Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhongling Street, 210014 Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Yiming Du
- Institute of Leisure Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhongling Street, 210014 Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Zhu Chen
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 40 Nongke South Road, 230031 Hefei, Anhui China
| | - Xiaoyu Lu
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 40 Nongke South Road, 230031 Hefei, Anhui China
| | - Jie Ren
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 40 Nongke South Road, 230031 Hefei, Anhui China
| | - Yuelan Wang
- Chenshi Maples Nursery, 313308 Longba Village, Huzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Shushun Li
- Institute of Leisure Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhongling Street, 210014 Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Qianzhong Li
- Institute of Leisure Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhongling Street, 210014 Nanjing, Jiangsu China
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26
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Xu Q, Xia M, He G, Zhang Q, Meng Y, Ming F. New insights into the influence of NHX-type Cation/H + antiporter on flower color in Phalaenopsis orchids. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 279:153857. [PMID: 36370614 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Vacuolar sodium/proton Na+(K+)/H+ exchanger (NHX) influence color formation because of their effects on cellular pH and Na+/K+ homeostasis. Research regarding NHXs has mainly focused on the vacuolar NHX family members. However, the NHX functions related to Phalaenopsis flower coloration remain relatively uncharacterized. In this study, we cloned and characterized PeNHX1, a vacuolar cation/H+ antiporter-encoding gene that is highly expressed in the Phalaenopsis equestris (orchid) flower lip. Phylogenetic and sequence analyses showed that PeNHX1 is a vacuolar NHX protein family member that is similar to other known vacuolar antiporters. The PeNHX1-GFP fusion protein was clearly localized to the vacuolar membrane in a transient transfection assay. A quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed the increased expression of PeNHX1 in different flower developmental stages. Moreover, it was more highly expressed in the lip than in the other flower organs. On the basis of virus-induced gene silencing, we determined that decreased PeNHX1 expression significantly reduces P. equestris petal coloration. Furthermore, the overexpression of PeNHX1 in Phalaenopsis Big Chili caused the pH to increase and the petal color to change from red to blue. The results indicate that NHX1 may mediates the Na + or K+/H+ exchange, thereby regulating the vacuolar pH to promote blue coloration. This research provides a theoretical basis for the development of orchid varieties with blue flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Xu
- Development Centre of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Meng Xia
- Development Centre of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Guoren He
- Development Centre of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Qiyu Zhang
- Development Centre of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Yang Meng
- Development Centre of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Feng Ming
- Development Centre of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China.
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27
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Qian J, Jiang L, Qing H, Chen J, Wan Z, Xu M, Fu J, Zhang C. ZeMYB9 regulates cyanidin synthesis by activating the expression of flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase gene in Zinnia elegans. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:981086. [PMID: 36330274 PMCID: PMC9623174 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.981086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Petal color in Zinnia elegans is characterized mainly by anthocyanin accumulation. The difference in the content of anthocyanins, especially cyanidins, affects petal coloration in Z. elegans, but the underlying regulatory mechanism remains elusive. Here, we report one R2R3-MYB transcription factor from subgroup 6, ZeMYB9, acting as a positive regulator of anthocyanin accumulation in Z. elegans. Up-regulated expression of ZeMYB9 and flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase gene (ZeF3'H) was detected in the cultivar with higher cyanidin content. ZeMYB9 could specifically activate the promoter of ZeF3'H, and over-expression of ZeMYB9 induces much greater anthocyanin accumulation and higher expression level of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in both petunia and tobacco. And then, ZeMYB9 was demonstrated to interact with ZeGL3, a bHLH transcription factor belonging to IIIf subgroup. Promoter activity of ZeF3'H was significantly promoted by co-expressing ZeMYB9 and ZeGL3 compared with expressing ZeMYB9 alone. Moreover, transient co-expression of ZeMYB9 and ZeGL3 induced anthocyanin accumulation in tobacco leaves. Our results suggest that ZeMYB9 could enhance cyanidin synthesis and regulate petal color in Z. elegans though activating the expression of ZeF3'H, by itself or interacting with ZeGL3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyu Qian
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Garden Plants, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Southern Garden Plants, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
- School of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingli Jiang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Garden Plants, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Southern Garden Plants, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
- School of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongsheng Qing
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Garden Plants, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Southern Garden Plants, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
- School of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiahong Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Garden Plants, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Southern Garden Plants, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
- School of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ziyun Wan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Garden Plants, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Southern Garden Plants, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
- School of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Menghan Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Garden Plants, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Southern Garden Plants, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
- School of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianxin Fu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Garden Plants, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Southern Garden Plants, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
- School of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Garden Plants, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Southern Garden Plants, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
- School of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
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Lim SH, Kim DH, Lee JY. RsTTG1, a WD40 Protein, Interacts with the bHLH Transcription Factor RsTT8 to Regulate Anthocyanin and Proanthocyanidin Biosynthesis in Raphanus sativus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911973. [PMID: 36233274 PMCID: PMC9570178 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
MBW complexes, consisting of MYB, basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH), and WD40 proteins, regulate multiple traits in plants, including anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin (PA) biosynthesis and the determination of epidermal cell fate. Here, a WD40 gene from Raphanus sativus, designated TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA 1 (RsTTG1), was cloned and functionally characterized. Heterologous expression of RsTTG1 in the Arabidopsis thaliana mutant ttg1-22 background restored accumulation of anthocyanin and PA in the mutant and rescued trichome development. In radish, RsTTG1 was abundantly expressed in all root and leaf tissues, independently of anthocyanin accumulation, while its MBW partners RsMYB1 and TRANSPARENT TESTA 8 (RsTT8) were expressed at higher levels in pigment-accumulating tissues. In yeast two-hybrid analysis, the full-length RsTTG1 protein interacted with RsTT8. Moreover, transient protoplast co-expression assays demonstrated that RsTTG1, which localized to both the cytoplasm and nucleus, moves from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in the presence of RsTT8. When co-expressed with RsMYB1 and RsTT8, RsTTG1 stably activated the promoters of the anthocyanin biosynthesis genes CHALCONE SYNTHASE (RsCHS) and DIHYDROFLAVONOL 4-REDUCTASE (RsDFR). Transient expression of RsTTG1 in tobacco leaves exhibited an increase in anthocyanin accumulation due to activation of the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes when simultaneously expressed with RsMYB1 and RsTT8. These results indicate that RsTTG1 is a vital regulator of pigmentation and trichome development as a functional homolog of AtTTG1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hyung Lim
- Division of Horticultural Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Korea
- Research Institute of International Technology and Information, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-670-5105
| | - Da-Hye Kim
- Division of Horticultural Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Korea
- Research Institute of International Technology and Information, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Korea
| | - Jong-Yeol Lee
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea
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Chen R, Yang C, Gao H, Shi C, Zhang Z, Lu G, Shen X, Tang Y, Li F, Lu Y, Ouyang B. Induced mutation in ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 abolishes anthocyanin accumulation in the hypocotyl of pepper. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:3455-3468. [PMID: 35963933 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-022-04192-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The causal gene, CaHY5 of a chemical induced green-hypocotyl mutant was identified by molecular mapping. CaHY5 regulates anthocyanin accumulation by directly binding to the promoter of genes in anthocyanin pathway. Morphological markers at seedling stage are useful indicators for F1 hybrid seeds screening. Pepper is a worldwide vegetable with diverse uses, and F1 hybrids are popular in the pepper industry. Hypocotyl color is a useful marker to identify F1 hybrid seeds. However, most pepper accessions have purple hypocotyl caused by anthocyanin accumulation, while green hypocotyl pepper accessions are rare. In this study, we identified a green hypocotyl mutant (e1898) from a pepper ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS) mutant library. By combining bulked segregant RNA-seq (BSR), genome resequencing and recombinant analysis, it was found that CaHY5 is the causal gene of this mutant. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of CaHY5 resulted in the decrease of anthocyanin accumulation in pepper hypocotyls. RNA-seq data showed that many genes related to anthocyanin biosynthesis and transport decreased significantly in the mutant. Yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) assays showed that CaHY5 can bind to the promoter of CaF3H, CaF3'5'H, CaDFR, CaANS and CaGST, which are important genes in anthocyanin biosynthesis or transport. Our results indicate that CaHY5 directly regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis and transport, thus governing anthocyanin accumulation in pepper hypocotyl. The mutant and gene identified in this work shall be valuable in the purity control of hybrid pepper seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Can Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hu Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chunmei Shi
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhiying Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Guangyu Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xinyan Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yaping Tang
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Feng Li
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yongen Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Bo Ouyang
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Fu H, Chao H, Zhao X, Wang H, Li H, Zhao W, Sun T, Li M, Huang J. Anthocyanins identification and transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in purple Brassica napus. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:53-68. [PMID: 35723867 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01285-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The main anthocyanin components were identified, and the transcriptional regulation pattern of anthocyanin related genes in leaves and stem bark was elucidated in a purple B. napus. Brassica napus is one of the most important oil crops planted worldwide, and developing varieties of dual-purpose for oil and vegetable is beneficial to improve economic benefits. Anthocyanins are a class of secondary metabolites that not only make plants present beautiful colors, but have a variety of important physiological functions and biological activities. Therefore, increasing the accumulation of anthocyanin in vegetative organs can improve vegetable value of rapeseed. However, anthocyanin enriched varieties in vegetative organs are rare, and there are few studies on category identification and accumulation mechanism of anthocyanin, which limits the utilization of anthocyanins in B. napus. In this study, 157 anthocyanin biosynthesis related genes (ABGs) were identified in B. napus genome by homology comparison and collinearity analysis of genes related to anthocyanin synthesis and regulation in Arabidopsis. Moreover, five anthocyanins were identified in the stem bark and leaves of the purple B. napus PR01 by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS), and the expression characteristics of ABGs in the leaves and stem bark of PR01 were analyzed and compared with the green cultivar ZS11 by RNA-Seq. Combining further weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), the up-regulation of transcript factors BnaA07. PAP2 and BnaC06. PAP2 were identified as the key to the up-regulation of most of anthocyanin synthesis genes that promoted anthocyanin accumulation in PR01. This study is helpful to understand the transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in B. napus and provides the theoretical basis for breeding novel varieties of dual-purpose for oil and vegetable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Fu
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Hongbo Chao
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Xuejie Zhao
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Haoyi Wang
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Huaixin Li
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Weiguo Zhao
- Hybrid Rapeseed Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Rapeseed Branch of National Centre for Oil Crops Genetic Improvement, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Tao Sun
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Maoteng Li
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jinyong Huang
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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31
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Sharma H, Chawla N, Dhatt AS. Role of phenylalanine/tyrosine ammonia lyase and anthocyanidin synthase enzymes for anthocyanin biosynthesis in developing Solanum melongena L. genotypes. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13756. [PMID: 36281844 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Solanum melongena is a widely consumed vegetable crop comprising health-benefiting phenolic compounds. It has a complex network of biosynthetic enzymes involved in synthesizing nutraceuticals, including anthocyanins. The present study was conducted to investigate the activities of key enzymes involved in biosynthesis and accumulation of anthocyanins in developing genotypes, such as phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL), and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS). As inadequate information is available in this context, fruit and leaf tissues were analyzed for enzyme activities and anthocyanin accumulation. The study included characterization of extracted anthocyanin followed by expression studies for gateway enzyme (ANS) involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis. Delphinidin was a major anthocyanidin present in fruit tissues (1.46-110.49 mg/100 g) of S. melongena. Anthocyanin accumulation is backed up by the correlation between biochemical analysis and expression studies. The study has shown variation for PAL, TAL and ANS enzymes in different tissues at developmental stages. Enzyme activities had a strong positive correlation with anthocyanin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Neena Chawla
- Department of Vegetable Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Ajmer Singh Dhatt
- Department of Vegetable Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
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Li Y, Zhou Y, Chen H, Chen C, Liu Z, Han C, Wu Q, Yu F. Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal Key Genes Involved in Pigment Biosynthesis Related to Leaf Color Change of Liquidambar formosana Hance. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175433. [PMID: 36080201 PMCID: PMC9457658 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquidambar formosana Hance has a highly ornamental value as an important urban greening tree species with bright and beautiful leaf color. To gain insights into the physiological and molecular mechanisms of L. formosana leaf color change, the leaves of three different clones were sampled every ten days from October 13, 2019, five times in total, which are S1, S2, S3, S4 and S5. Transcriptome sequencing was performed at S1 and S4. The chlorophyll content of the three clones decreased significantly, while the anthocyanins content of the three clones increased significantly in the coloring stage. The anthocyanins content of clone 2 was far more than that of the other two clones throughout the period of leaf color change. The transcriptome analysis showed that six DEGs related to anthocyanins biosynthesis, including CHS (chalcone synthase), CHI (chalcone isomerase), F3′H (flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase), DFR (dihydroflavonol 4-reductase), ANS (anthocyanidin synthase) and FLS (flavonol synthase), were found in three clones. Clone 2 has another three DEGs related to anthocyanins biosynthesis, including PAL (Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase), F3′5′H (flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase) and UFGT (flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase). We lay a foundation for understanding the molecular regulation mechanism of the formation of leaf color by exploring valuable genes, which is helpful for L. formosana breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Li
- Collaborative innovation Centre of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Faculty of Forest Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Collaborative innovation Centre of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Faculty of Forest Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Collaborative innovation Centre of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Faculty of Forest Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zemao Liu
- Collaborative innovation Centre of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Faculty of Forest Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Chao Han
- Collaborative innovation Centre of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Faculty of Forest Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Qikui Wu
- Collaborative innovation Centre of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Faculty of Forest Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Faculty of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Fangyuan Yu
- Collaborative innovation Centre of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Faculty of Forest Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Correspondence:
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Yao X, Yao Y, An L, Li X, Bai Y, Cui Y, Wu K. Accumulation and regulation of anthocyanins in white and purple Tibetan Hulless Barley (Hordeum vulgare L. var. nudum Hook. f.) revealed by combined de novo transcriptomics and metabolomics. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:391. [PMID: 35922757 PMCID: PMC9351122 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03699-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colored barley, which may have associated human health benefits, is more desirable than the standard white variety, but the metabolites and molecular mechanisms underlying seedcoat coloration remain unclear. RESULTS Here, the development of Tibetan hulless barley was monitored, and 18 biological samples at 3 seedcoat color developmental stages were analyzed by transcriptomic and metabolic assays in Nierumuzha (purple) and Kunlun10 (white). A total of 41 anthocyanin compounds and 4186 DEGs were identified. Then we constructed the proanthocyanin-anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway of Tibetan hulless barley, including 19 genes encoding structural enzymes in 12 classes (PAL, C4H, 4CL, CHS, CHI, F3H, F3'H, DFR, ANS, ANR, GT, and ACT). 11 DEGs other than ANR were significantly upregulated in Nierumuzha as compared to Kunlun10, leading to high levels of 15 anthocyanin compounds in this variety (more than 25 times greater than the contents in Kunlun10). ANR was significantly upregulated in Kunlun10 as compared to Nierumuzha, resulting in higher contents of three anthocyanins compounds (more than 5 times greater than the contents in Nierumuzha). In addition, 22 TFs, including MYBs, bHLHs, NACs, bZips, and WD40s, were significantly positively or negatively correlated with the expression patterns of the structural genes. Moreover, comparisons of homologous gene sequences between the two varieties identified 61 putative SNPs in 13 of 19 structural genes. A nonsense mutation was identified in the coding sequence of the ANS gene in Kunlun10. This mutation might encode a nonfunctional protein, further reducing anthocyanin accumulation in Kunlun10. Then we identified 3 modules were highly specific to the Nierumuzha (purple) using WGCNA. Moreover, 12 DEGs appeared both in the putative proanthocyanin-anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway and the protein co-expression network were obtained and verified. CONCLUSION Our study constructed the proanthocyanin-anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway of Tibetan hulless barley. A series of compounds, structural genes and TFs responsible for the differences between purple and white hulless barley were obtained in this pathway. Our study improves the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of anthocyanin accumulation and biosynthesis in barley seeds. It provides new targets for the genetic improvement of anthocyanin content and a framework for improving the nutritional quality of barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Yao
- Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
- Qinghai Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Xining, 810016, China
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley Genetics and Breeding, Xining, 810016, China
- Qinghai Subcenter of National Hulless Barley Improvement, Xining, 810016, China
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Germplasm Resources, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Youhua Yao
- Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
- Qinghai Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Xining, 810016, China
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley Genetics and Breeding, Xining, 810016, China
- Qinghai Subcenter of National Hulless Barley Improvement, Xining, 810016, China
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Germplasm Resources, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Likun An
- Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
- Qinghai Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Xining, 810016, China
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley Genetics and Breeding, Xining, 810016, China
- Qinghai Subcenter of National Hulless Barley Improvement, Xining, 810016, China
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Germplasm Resources, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Xin Li
- Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
- Qinghai Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Xining, 810016, China
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley Genetics and Breeding, Xining, 810016, China
- Qinghai Subcenter of National Hulless Barley Improvement, Xining, 810016, China
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Germplasm Resources, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Yixiong Bai
- Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
- Qinghai Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Xining, 810016, China
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley Genetics and Breeding, Xining, 810016, China
- Qinghai Subcenter of National Hulless Barley Improvement, Xining, 810016, China
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Germplasm Resources, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Yongmei Cui
- Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
- Qinghai Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Xining, 810016, China
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley Genetics and Breeding, Xining, 810016, China
- Qinghai Subcenter of National Hulless Barley Improvement, Xining, 810016, China
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Germplasm Resources, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Kunlun Wu
- Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China.
- Qinghai Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Xining, 810016, China.
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley Genetics and Breeding, Xining, 810016, China.
- Qinghai Subcenter of National Hulless Barley Improvement, Xining, 810016, China.
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Germplasm Resources, Xining, 810016, China.
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Zhang G, Yang X, Xu F, Wei D. Combined Analysis of the Transcriptome and Metabolome Revealed the Mechanism of Petal Coloration in Bauhinia variegata. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:939299. [PMID: 35903221 PMCID: PMC9315375 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.939299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bauhinia variegata petals are colorful, rich in anthocyanins, and have ornamental, nutritional, and medicinal value. However, the regulatory mechanism of anthocyanin accumulation in B. variegata remains unclear. In this study, a combined analysis of the metabolome and transcriptome was performed in red and white B. variegata cultivars in the early, middle, and blooming stages. A total of 46 different anthocyanins were identified, of which 27 showed marked differences in accumulation between the two cultivars, and contribute to their different petal colors. Malvidin 3-O-galactoside, peonidin 3-O-galactoside, cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, cyanidin 3-O-galactoside, and malvidin 3-O-glucoside were much more abundant in the second stage of flowering. In the blooming stage, except for the anthocyanins mentioned, delphinidin 3-O-galactoside and petunidin 3-O-galactoside were the most abundant anthocyanins in the red flowers, indicating that malvidin, peonidin, cyanidin, delphinidin, and petunidin were all responsible for the red color of petals in B. variegata. RNA sequencing identified 2,431 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), of which 26 were involved in the anthocyanin synthesis pathway. Correlations between the anthocyanin biosynthesis-related DEGs and anthocyanin contents were explored, and the DEGs involved in anthocyanin accumulation in B. variegata petals were identified. Eighteen of these DEGs encoded key catalytic enzymes, such as anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) and flavonoid-3'5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H), and 17 of them encoded transcription factors (TFs) belonging to 14 families (including MYB, NAC, SPL, ERF, and CHR28). These results improve our understanding of the roles of anthocyanins, catalytic enzymes, and TFs in B. variegata petal-color expression.
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Nistor M, Pop R, Daescu A, Pintea A, Socaciu C, Rugina D. Anthocyanins as Key Phytochemicals Acting for the Prevention of Metabolic Diseases: An Overview. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134254. [PMID: 35807504 PMCID: PMC9268666 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins are water-soluble pigments present in fruits and vegetables, which render them an extensive range of colors. They have a wide distribution in the human diet, are innocuous, and, based on numerous studies, have supposed preventive and therapeutical benefits against chronic affections such as inflammatory, neurological, cardiovascular, digestive disorders, diabetes, and cancer, mostly due to their antioxidant action. Despite their great potential as pharmaceutical applications, they have a rather limited use because of their rather low stability to environmental variations. Their absorption was noticed to occur best in the stomach and small intestine, but the pH fluctuation of the digestive system impacts their rapid degradation. Urine excretion and tissue distribution also occur at low rates. The aim of this review is to highlight the chemical characteristics of anthocyanins and emphasize their weaknesses regarding bioavailability. It also targets to deliver an update on the recent advances in the involvement of anthocyanins in different pathologies with a focus on in vivo, in vitro, animal, and human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalina Nistor
- Department of Agricultural Egineering Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Manastur Street 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.N.); (R.P.); (A.D.); (C.S.)
| | - Roxana Pop
- Department of Agricultural Egineering Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Manastur Street 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.N.); (R.P.); (A.D.); (C.S.)
| | - Adela Daescu
- Department of Agricultural Egineering Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Manastur Street 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.N.); (R.P.); (A.D.); (C.S.)
| | - Adela Pintea
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Manastur Street 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Carmen Socaciu
- Department of Agricultural Egineering Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Manastur Street 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.N.); (R.P.); (A.D.); (C.S.)
| | - Dumitrita Rugina
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Manastur Street 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Correspondence:
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Zhang A, Yang H, Ji S, Tian C, Chen N, Gong H, Li J. Metabolome and Transcriptome Analyses of Anthocyanin Accumulation Mechanisms Reveal Metabolite Variations and Key Candidate Genes Involved in the Pigmentation of Prunus tomentosa Thunb. Cherry Fruit. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:938908. [PMID: 35845695 PMCID: PMC9277446 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.938908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Prunus tomentosa Thunb. has excellent nutritional, economic, and ornamental values with different fruit color. The red coloration of fruit is determined by anthocyanin pigmentation, which is an attractive trait for consumers. However, the mechanisms underlying fruit color formation in the P. tomentosa cherry are not well understood. In this research, the pigmentation patterns in red-color P. tomentosa (RP) fruit and white-color P. tomentosa (WP) were evaluated. Anthocyanin content in matured RP fruit was significantly abundant compared with WP fruit. Metabolomic profiling revealed that pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside, cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside, and pelargonidin 3-O-rutinoside were the predominant anthocyanin compounds in the RP fruit, while, WP fruit had less anthocyanin compositions and lower level. Then, integrative analyses of transcriptome and metabolome identified 285 significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) closely related to anthocyanin differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs). Among them, nine genes were involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis, transport and degradation pathway, including four biosynthesis genes (PtPAL1, PtDFR, PtANS, and PtUFGT), two transport genes (PtGST11, PtABC10), and three degradation genes (PtPOD1, PtPOD16, PtPOD73). Transcriptome data and real-time PCR showed that the transcript levels of biosynthesis and transport genes were significantly higher in RP than in WP, especially PtANS, PtUFGT, and PtGST11, suggesting they may play key roles in red-colored fruit formation. Meanwhile, the degradation-related genes PtPOD1/16/73 took on exactly opposite trend, suggesting their potential effects on anthocyanin degradation. These results provide novel insights into color patterns formation mechanisms of cherries fruit, and the candidate key genes identified in anthocyanin biosynthesis, transport and degradation may provide a valuable resource for cherry breeding research in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidi Zhang
- School of Food Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Haiying Yang
- School of Food Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Shujun Ji
- School of Food Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Changping Tian
- Cherry Research Department, Yantai Agricultural Science and Technology Institute, Yantai, China
| | - Ni Chen
- Fushan Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Yantai, China
| | - Hansheng Gong
- School of Food Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Jianzhao Li
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, China
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Advances in engineering the production of the natural red pigment lycopene: A systematic review from a biotechnology perspective. J Adv Res 2022; 46:31-47. [PMID: 35753652 PMCID: PMC10105081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lycopene is a natural red compound with potent antioxidant activity that can be utilized both as pigment and as a raw material in functional food, and so possesses good commercial prospects. The biosynthetic pathway has already been documented, which provides the foundation for lycopene production using biotechnology. AIM OF REVIEW Although lycopene production has begun to take shape, there is still an urgent need to alleviate the yield of lycopene. Progress in this area can provide useful reference for metabolic engineering of lycopene production utilizing multiple approaches. Key scientific concepts of review Using conventional microbial fermentation approaches, biotechnologists have enhanced the yield of lycopene by selecting suitable host strains, utilizing various additives, and optimizing culture conditions. With the development of modern biotechnology, genetic engineering, protein engineering, and metabolic engineering have been applied for lycopene production. Extraction from natural plants is the main way for lycopene production at present. Based on the molecular mechanism of lycopene accumulation, the production of lycopene by plant bioreactor through genetic engineering has a good prospect. Here we summarized common strategies for optimizing lycopene production engineering from a biotechnology perspective, which are mainly carried out by microbial cultivation. We reviewed the challenges and limitations of this approach, summarized the critical aspects, and provided suggestions with the aim of potential future breakthroughs for lycopene production in plants.
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Fu X, Shan H, Yao X, Cheng J, Jiang Y, Yin X, Kong H. Petal development and elaboration. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:3308-3318. [PMID: 35275176 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Petals can be simple or elaborate, depending on whether they have complex basic structures and/or highly specialized epidermal modifications. It has been proposed that the independent origin and diversification of elaborate petals have promoted plant-animal interactions and, therefore, the evolutionary radiation of corresponding plant groups. Recent advances in floral development and evolution have greatly improved our understanding of the processes, patterns, and mechanisms underlying petal elaboration. In this review, we compare the developmental processes of simple and elaborate petals, concluding that elaborate petals can be achieved through four main paths of modifications (i.e. marginal elaboration, ventral elaboration, dorsal elaboration, and surface elaboration). Although different types of elaborate petals were formed through different types of modifications, they are all results of changes in the expression patterns of genes involved in organ polarity establishment and/or the proliferation, expansion, and differentiation of cells. The deployment of existing genetic materials to perform a new function was also shown to be a key to making elaborate petals during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Hongyan Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xu Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongchao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Hongzhi Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Monitoring Apricot ( Prunus armeniaca L.) Ripening Progression through Candidate Gene Expression Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094575. [PMID: 35562966 PMCID: PMC9105867 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at the monitoring of the apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) ripening progression through the expression analysis of 25 genes related to fruit quality traits in nine cultivars with great differences in fruit color and ripening date. The level of pigment compounds, such as anthocyanins and carotenoids, is a key factor in food taste, and is responsible for the reddish blush color or orange skin and flesh color in apricot fruit, which are desirable quality traits in apricot breeding programs. The construction of multiple linear regression models to predict anthocyanins and carotenoids content from gene expression allows us to evaluate which genes have the strongest influence over fruit color, as these candidate genes are key during biosynthetic pathways or gene expression regulation, and are responsible for the final fruit phenotype. We propose the gene CHS as the main predictor for anthocyanins content, CCD4 and ZDS for carotenoids content, and LOX2 and MADS-box for the beginning and end of the ripening process in apricot fruit. All these genes could be applied as RNA markers to monitoring the ripening stage and estimate the anthocyanins and carotenoids content in apricot fruit during the ripening process.
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Mihai RA, Landazuri Abarca PA, Tinizaray Romero BA, Florescu LI, Catană R, Kosakyan A. Abiotic Factors from Different Ecuadorian Regions and Their Contribution to Antioxidant, Metabolomic and Organoleptic Quality of Theobroma cacao L. Beans, Variety "Arriba Nacional". PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:976. [PMID: 35406956 PMCID: PMC9002803 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fine flavor cocoa is a unique category of cocoa that produces almonds with high aromatic potential and several sensory benefits that make it different from the basic or ordinary cocoas. Ecuador is the world's leader in the production and export of fine flavor cocoa, responsible for 63% of the world's total production due to the commercialization of the Arriba Nacional variety, known to possess an intense aroma that is unique in the cocoa world market. Besides its organoleptic specificity, this variety represents a source of important bioactive compounds associated with both sensory and health properties. This study evaluates the influence of an abiotic factor, nutritional soil status, on the phytochemical composition (methylxantines and phenolic compounds), and antioxidant and sensory properties of Arriba variety cocoa beans originating from three different geographical regions of Ecuador. We used the Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS), Folin-Ciocalteau, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ABTS free-radical-scavenging activity, the α, α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl free-radical-scavenging method (DPPH), and Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) analysis to reveal a significant correlation between Mn ions and total phenolic content, a positive implication of N in methylxanthine composition and antioxidant properties, and the importance of Ca, Mg, and K ions in increasing the flavonoid and anthocyanin content of raw cocoa beans. We showed that these nutritional elements can interfere with the nutraceutical and sensory properties of cocoa beans, as Cu, Mg, and K are correlated with anthocyaninic content, while Fe, Ca, P and Zn influenced the flavonoid content. We underline that the Arriba variety is suitable not only for the production of high-quality chocolate, but also for the increasing worldwide nutraceutical market, generating qualitative and competitive products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluca A. Mihai
- CICTE, Department of Life Science and Agriculture, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas—ESPE, Av. General Rumiñahui s/n y Ambato, Sangolquí 171103, Ecuador
| | - Pablo A. Landazuri Abarca
- IASA 1, Department of Life Science and Agriculture, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas—ESPE, Av. General Rumiñahui s/n y Ambato, Sangolquí 171103, Ecuador;
| | | | - Larisa I. Florescu
- Institute of Biology Bucharest, Romanian Academy, 060031 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Rodica Catană
- Institute of Biology Bucharest, Romanian Academy, 060031 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Anush Kosakyan
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic;
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Fei X, Wei Y, Qi Y, Luo Y, Hu H, Wei A. Integrated LC-MS/MS and Transcriptome Sequencing Analysis Reveals the Mechanism of Color Formation During Prickly Ash Fruit Ripening. Front Nutr 2022; 9:847823. [PMID: 35369068 PMCID: PMC8967253 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.847823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Prickly ash peel is one of the eight major condiments in China and is widely used in cooking because of its unique fragrance and numbing taste. The color of prickly ash fruit is the most intuitive quality that affects consumer choice. However, the main components and key biosynthetic genes responsible for prickly ash fruit color have not yet been determined. To better understand the biosynthetic mechanisms and accumulation of prickly ash fruit color components, we performed an integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of red and green prickly ash fruit at different growth periods. The transcriptome analysis identified 17,269 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between fruit of red and green prickly ash: 7,236 upregulated in green fruit and 10,033 downregulated. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) identified 214 flavonoids of 10 types. Flavonoids and flavonols are the main flavonoids in prickly ash, and the total flavonoid content of red prickly ash is higher than that of green prickly ash. Comprehensive analysis showed that the main colored metabolites that differed between green and red prickly ash were cyanidin-3-O-galactoside and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, and differences in the contents of these metabolites were due mainly to differences in the expression of ANS and UFGT. Our results provide insight into the mechanisms underlying color differences in red and green prickly ash and will be useful for improving the quality of prickly ash fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xitong Fei
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Xianyang, China
| | - Yuan Wei
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yichen Qi
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Xianyang, China
| | - Yingli Luo
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Xianyang, China
| | - Haichao Hu
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Xianyang, China
| | - Anzhi Wei
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Xianyang, China
- *Correspondence: Anzhi Wei
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Biosynthesis and regulation of anthocyanin pathway genes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:1783-1798. [PMID: 35171341 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11835-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are the phenolic compounds responsible for coloring pigments in fruits and vegetables. Anthocyanins offer a wide range of health benefits to human health. Their scope has expanded dramatically in the past decade, making anthocyanin control, influx, and outflow regulation fascinating for many researchers. The main culprit is anthocyanin stability and concentration form, which demands novel ways because these are critical in the food industry. This review aims to examine anthocyanin synthesis via triggering transcription genes that code for anthocyanin-producing enzymes. The balance between production and breakdown determines anthocyanin accumulation. Thus, increasing the anthocyanin content in food requires the stability of molecules in the vacuolar lumen, the pigment fading process, and a better understanding of the mechanism. The promising option is biosynthesis by metabolically engineered microorganisms with a lot of success. This study aims to look into and evaluate the existing literature on anthocyanin production, namely the biosynthesis of anthocyanin pathway genes, production by microbial cell factories, and the regulatory factors that can modulate the production of anthocyanins. Understanding these mechanisms will provide new biotechnological approaches.Key points• Factors affecting the regulation of anthocyanins• Focus on degradation, biosynthesis pathway genes, and alternative systems for the production of anthocyanins• Microbial cell factories can be used to produce large amounts of anthocyanins.
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Liu Y, Qian J, Li J, Xing M, Grierson D, Sun C, Xu C, Li X, Chen K. Hydroxylation decoration patterns of flavonoids in horticultural crops: chemistry, bioactivity and biosynthesis. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhab068. [PMID: 35048127 PMCID: PMC8945325 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are the most widespread polyphenolic compounds and are important dietary constituents present in horticultural crops such as fruits, vegetables, and tea. Natural flavonoids are responsible for important quality traits, such as food colors and beneficial dietary antioxidants and numerous investigations have shown that intake of flavonoids can reduce the incidence of various non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Analysis of the thousands of flavonoids reported so far has shown that different hydroxylation modifications affect their chemical properties and nutritional values. These diverse flavonoids can be classified based on different hydroxylation patterns in the B, C, A rings and multiple structure-activity analyses have shown that hydroxylation decoration at specific positions markedly enhances their bioactivities. This review focuses on current knowledge concerning hydroxylation of flavonoids catalyzed by several different types of hydroxylase enzymes. Flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H) and flavonoid 3'5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H) are important enzymes for the hydroxylation of the B ring of flavonoids. Flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H) is key for the hydroxylation of the C ring, while flavone 6-hydroxylase (F6H) and flavone 8-hydroxylase (F8H) are key enzymes for hydroxylation of the A ring. These key hydroxylases in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway are promising targets for the future bioengineering of plants and mass production of flavonoids with designated hydroxylation patterns of high nutritional importance. In addition, hydroxylation in key places on the ring may help render flavonoids ready for degradation, the catabolic turnover of which may open the door for new lines of inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilong Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Jiafei Qian
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiajia Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mengyun Xing
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Donald Grierson
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Plant and Crop Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Chongde Sun
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Changjie Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xian Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Kunsong Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Linyi 276000, China
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Li P, Lv S, Zhang D, Su T, Xin X, Wang W, Zhao X, Yu Y, Zhang Y, Yu S, Zhang F. The Carotenoid Esterification Gene BrPYP Controls Pale-Yellow Petal Color in Flowering Chinese Cabbage ( Brassica rapa L. subsp. parachinensis). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:844140. [PMID: 35592555 PMCID: PMC9111173 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.844140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoid esterification plays indispensable roles in preventing degradation and maintaining the stability of carotenoids. Although the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway has been well characterized, the molecular mechanisms underlying carotenoid esterification, especially in floral organs, remain poorly understood. In this study, we identified a natural mutant flowering Chinese cabbage (Caixin, Brassica rapa L. subsp. chinensis var. parachinensis) with visually distinguishable pale-yellow petals controlled by a single recessive gene. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrated that the chromoplasts in the yellow petals were surrounded by more fully developed plastoglobules compared to the pale-yellow mutant. Carotenoid analyses further revealed that, compared to the pale-yellow petals, the yellow petals contained high levels of esterified carotenoids, including lutein caprate, violaxanthin dilaurate, violaxanthin-myristate-laurate, 5,6epoxy-luttein dilaurate, lutein dilaurate, and lutein laurate. Based on bulked segregation analysis and fine mapping, we subsequently identified the critical role of a phytyl ester synthase 2 protein (PALE YELLOW PETAL, BrPYP) in regulating carotenoid pigmentation in flowering Chinese cabbage petals. Compared to the yellow wild-type, a 1,148 bp deletion was identified in the promoter region of BrPYP in the pale-yellow mutant, resulting in down-regulated expression. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants harboring beta-glucuronidase (GUS) driven by yellow (BrPYP Y ::GUS) and pale-yellow type (BrPYP PY ::GUS) promoters were subsequently constructed, revealing stronger expression of BrPYP Y ::GUS both in the leaves and petals. Furthermore, virus-induced gene silencing of BrPYP significantly altered petal color from yellow to pale yellow. These findings demonstrate the molecular mechanism of carotenoid esterification, suggesting a role of phytyl ester synthase in carotenoid biosynthesis of flowering Chinese cabbage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peirong Li
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Sirui Lv
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin, China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Deshuang Zhang
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Tongbing Su
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyun Xin
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Weihong Wang
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuyun Zhao
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Yangjun Yu
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Yaowei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin, China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuancang Yu
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Shuancang Yu,
| | - Fenglan Zhang
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, China
- Fenglan Zhang,
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Xing Y, Wang K, Huang C, Huang J, Zhao Y, Si X, Li Y. Global Transcriptome Analysis Revealed the Molecular Regulation Mechanism of Pigment and Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism During the Stigma Development of Carya cathayensis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:881394. [PMID: 35615144 PMCID: PMC9125253 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.881394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Hickory (Carya cathayensis Sarg.) is a monoecious plant of the genus Carya of the Juglandaceae family. Its nuts contain a number of nutritional compounds and are deeply loved by consumers. Interestingly, it was observed that the color of hickory stigma changed obviously from blooming to mature. However, the molecular mechanism underlying color formation during stigma development and the biological significance of this phenomenon was mostly unknown. In this work, pigment content, reactive oxygen species (ROS) removal capacity, and transcriptome analysis of developing stigma of hickory at 4 differential sampling time points (S1, S2, S3, and S4) were performed to reveal the dynamic changes of related pigment, antioxidant capacity, and its internal molecular regulatory mechanism. It was found that total chlorophyll content was decreased slightly from S1 to S4, while total carotenoids content was increased from S1 to S3 but decreased gradually from S3 to S4. Total anthocyanin content continued to increase during the four periods of stigma development, reaching the highest level at the S4. Similarly, the antioxidant capacity of stigma was also gradually improved from S1 to S4. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis of developing hickory stigma identified 31,027 genes. Time-series analysis of gene expressions showed that these genes were divided into 12 clusters. Cluster 5 was enriched with some genes responsible for porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, carotenoid metabolism, and photosynthesis. Meanwhile, cluster 10 was enriched with genes related to flavonoid metabolism, including anthocyanin involved in ROS scavenging, and its related genes were mainly distributed in cluster 12. Based on the selected threshold values, a total of 10432 differentially expressed genes were screened out and enriched in the chlorophyll, carotenoid, anthocyanin, and ROS metabolism. The expression trends of these genes provided plausible explanations for the dynamic change of color and ROS level of hickory stigma with development. qRT-PCR analyses were basically consistent with the results of RNA-seq. The gene co-regulatory networks of pigment and ROS metabolism were further constructed and MYB113 (CCA0887S0030) and WRKY75 (CCA0573S0068) were predicted to be two core transcriptional regulators. These results provided in-depth evidence for revealing the molecular mechanism of color formation in hickory stigma and its biological significance.
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Zhao YW, Wang CK, Huang XY, Hu DG. Anthocyanin stability and degradation in plants. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1987767. [PMID: 34686106 PMCID: PMC9208790 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1987767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins, a flavonoid group of polyphenolic compounds, have evolved in plants since the land was colonized by plants. These bioactive compounds play critical roles in diverse physiological processes. They are synthesized in the cytosol and transported into the vacuole for storage or to other destinations, where they function as bioactive molecules. The mechanisms of anthocyanin synthesis and transport have been well studied. However, the precise regulation of the mechanisms of anthocyanin degradation remains to be elucidated. In this review, we highlight recent progress in the understanding of the characteristics and functions of anthocyanins and class III peroxidases, as well as of the existing evidence of the effects of class III peroxidases on the degradation of anthocyanins and the possible regulatory mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wen Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
| | - Chu-Kun Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
| | - Da-Gang Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
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Shen Z, Li W, Li Y, Liu M, Cao H, Provart N, Ding X, Sun M, Tang Z, Yue C, Cao Y, Yuan D, Zhang L. The red flower wintersweet genome provides insights into the evolution of magnoliids and the molecular mechanism for tepal color development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:1662-1678. [PMID: 34624152 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wintersweet (Chimonanthus praecox) is one of the most important ornamental plants. Its color is mainly determined by the middle tepals. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the intriguing flower color development among different wintersweet groups are still largely unknown. In addition, wintersweet belongs to magnoliids, and the phylogenetic position of magnoliids remains to be determined conclusively. Here, the whole genome of red flower wintersweet, a new wintersweet type, was sequenced and assembled with high quality. The genome comprised 11 super-scaffolds (chromosomes) with a total size of 737.03 Mb. Based on the analyses of the long branch attraction, incomplete lineage sorting, sparse taxon sampling, and other factors, we suggest that a bifurcating tree may not fully represent the complex early diversification of the angiosperms and that magnoliids are most likely sister to the eudicots. The wintersweet genome appears to have undergone two whole-genome duplication (WGD) events: a recent WGD event representing an independent event specific to the Calycanthaceae and an ancient WGD event shared by Laurales. By integrating genomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic data, CpANS1 and the transcription factor CpMYB1 were found to play key roles in regulating tepal color development, whereas CpMYB1 needs to form a complex with bHLH and WD40 to fully perform its regulatory function. The present study not only provides novel insights into the evolution of magnoliids and the molecular mechanism for flower color development, but also lays the foundation for subsequent functional genomics study and molecular breeding of wintersweet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Shen
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, People's Republic of China
- National Innovation Alliance of Wintersweet, Henan Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450008, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenying Li
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanli Li
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, People's Republic of China
| | - Meilan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, People's Republic of China
| | - Heping Cao
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA
| | - Nicholas Provart
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology/Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Xin Ding
- National Innovation Alliance of Wintersweet, Henan Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450008, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Sun
- National Innovation Alliance of Wintersweet, Henan Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450008, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenghui Tang
- National Innovation Alliance of Wintersweet, Henan Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450008, People's Republic of China
| | - Changping Yue
- Forestry Research Institute of Yanling County, Xuchang, Henan, 461200, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunpeng Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, People's Republic of China
| | - Deyi Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, People's Republic of China
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Luo X, Sun D, Wang S, Luo S, Fu Y, Niu L, Shi Q, Zhang Y. Integrating full-length transcriptomics and metabolomics reveals the regulatory mechanisms underlying yellow pigmentation in tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.) flowers. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:235. [PMID: 34719694 PMCID: PMC8558324 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00666-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.) is a popular ornamental plant in China due to its showy and colorful flowers. However, yellow-colored flowers are rare in both wild species and domesticated cultivars. The molecular mechanisms underlying yellow pigmentation remain poorly understood. Here, petal tissues of two tree peony cultivars, "High Noon" (yellow flowers) and "Roufurong" (purple-red flowers), were sampled at five developmental stages (S1-S5) from early flower buds to full blooms. Five petal color indices (brightness, redness, yellowness, chroma, and hue angle) and the contents of ten different flavonoids were determined. Compared to "Roufurong," which accumulated abundant anthocyanins at S3-S5, the yellow-colored "High Noon" displayed relatively higher contents of tetrahydroxychalcone (THC), flavones, and flavonols but no anthocyanin production. The contents of THC, flavones, and flavonols in "High Noon" peaked at S3 and dropped gradually as the flower bloomed, consistent with the color index patterns. Furthermore, RNA-seq analyses at S3 showed that structural genes such as PsC4Hs, PsDFRs, and PsUFGTs in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway were downregulated in "High Noon," whereas most PsFLSs, PsF3Hs, and PsF3'Hs were upregulated. Five transcription factor (TF) genes related to flavonoid biosynthesis were also upregulated in "High Noon." One of these TFs, PsMYB111, was overexpressed in tobacco, which led to increased flavonols but decreased anthocyanins. Dual-luciferase assays further confirmed that PsMYB111 upregulated PsFLS. These results improve our understanding of yellow pigmentation in tree peony and provide a guide for future molecular-assisted breeding experiments in tree peony with novel flower colors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Luo
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Daoyang Sun
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Shu Wang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Sha Luo
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yaqi Fu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Lixin Niu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qianqian Shi
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
| | - Yanlong Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
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Agronomic Performance, Capsaicinoids, Polyphenols and Antioxidant Capacity in Genotypes of Habanero Pepper Grown in the Southeast of Coahuila, Mexico. HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7100372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The genetic improvement program of the Seed Technology Training and Development Center works on the agronomic characterization and the content of bioactive compounds in eight genotypes of habanero pepper. The objective is to select genotypes with good agronomic performance that allow the generation of inbred lines to obtain hybrids. In this study, the agronomic performance and the content of bioactive compounds (capsaicinoids, polyphenols, and antioxidant capacity) were evaluated in eight genotypes of habanero pepper grown in the southeast of Coahuila, Mexico, identified as HNC-1, HNC-2, HNC-3, HNC-4, HNC-5, HNC-6, HNC-7, and HCC-8. The plants were grown in a greenhouse for 127 days, under a completely randomized design with four replications each. The results revealed that the yield (g·plant−1) and number of fruits per plant did not show significant differences between genotypes. However, for the fruit length, the genotypes HCC-8, HNC-7, HNC-6, and HNC-5 stood out with over 40 mm, while in equatorial diameter of the fruit, HCC-8, HNC-4, and HNC-2 stood out with 26.45, 26.46, and 25.12 mm, respectively. The results of the chemical analyses allowed us to identify that HNC-5 and HNC-6 had the highest capsaicin concentration (931.38 and 959.77 mg·kg−1), dihydrocapsaicin (434.95 and 445.89 mg·kg−1), Scoville Heat Units greater than 210,000, total phenols (67.54 and 71.15 mg/100 g) and total flavonoids (34.21 and 38.29 mg/100 g), respectively. The HNC-1 and HNC-6 genotypes had the highest carotenoids concentration with 103.96 and 105.07 mg/100 g, and HCC-8 registered the highest anthocyanin content with 22.08 mg C3GE/100 g. The antioxidant capacities showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) between genotypes, with a range of 43.22 to 110.39 µmol TE/100 g, 72.37 to 186.56 µmol TE/100 g, and 191.41 to 244.98 µmol TE/100 g for the tests of DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2′azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)), and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power). The results of this research will be used to select habanero pepper genotypes that can be used in genetic improvement programs to increase the productive potential and the content of bioactive compounds in the fruits to expand their applications in the food industry.
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Li D, He Y, Li S, Shi S, Li L, Liu Y, Chen H. Genome-wide characterization and expression analysis of AP2/ERF genes in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 167:492-503. [PMID: 34425394 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The AP2/ERF (APETALA2/Ethylene Response Factor) transcription factor superfamily plays crucial roles in a slew of physiological processes, such as plant growth and development, stress response, and secondary metabolites biosynthesis. Eggplant, especially the one rich with anthocyanins, is an economically important horticultural vegetable cultivated worldwide. In this study, we comprehensively analyzed the putative AP2/ERF gene family members and their response to abiotic stress in eggplant. As per the phylogenetic, conserved domains, and motif analysis, 178 AP2/ERF genes in this study belonged to five subfamilies. Chromosomal distributions analysis elucidated stochastic distribution of 178 putative SmAP2/ERF genes across the twelve chromosomes of eggplant. Expression profiles of sixteen selected AP2/ERF genes response to low temperature, drought, salt, abscisic acid, and ethylene treatments were analyzed, which revealed the involvement of SmAP2/ERF genes in diverse signaling pathways. In addition, we integrated RNA-Seq data on anthocyanin biosynthesis in eggplant with yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase assays and identified involvement of the SmAP2/ERF genes (Smechr0902114.1 and Smechr1102075.1) in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis. This study will enable further functional characterization of AP2/ERF genes in eggplant and extend the current understanding of the role played by AP2/ERF genes in anthocyanin biosynthesis regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalu Li
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - YongJun He
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Shaohang Li
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Suli Shi
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Linzhi Li
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Huoying Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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