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Wu C, Yang Y, Wang Y, Zhang W, Sun H. Colonization of root endophytic fungus Serendipita indica improves drought tolerance of Pinus taeda seedlings by regulating metabolome and proteome. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1294833. [PMID: 38559354 PMCID: PMC10978793 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1294833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Pinus taeda is an important forest tree species for plantations because of its rapid growth and high yield of oleoresins. Although P. taeda plantations distribute in warm and wet southern China, drought, sometime serious and long time, often occurs in the region. To explore drought tolerance of P. taeda and usage of beneficial microorganisms, P. taeda seedlings were planted in pots and were inoculated with root endophytic fungus Serendipita indica and finally were treated with drought stress for 53 d. Metabolome and proteome of their needles were analyzed. The results showed that S. indica inoculation of P. taeda seedlings under drought stress caused great changes in levels of some metabolites in their needles, especially some flavonoids and organic acids. Among them, the levels of eriocitrin, trans-aconitic acid, vitamin C, uric acid, alpha-ketoglutaric acid, vitamin A, stachydrine, coumalic acid, itaconic acid, calceolarioside B, 2-oxoglutaric acid, and citric acid were upregulated more than three times in inoculated seedlings under drought stress, compared to those of non-inoculated seedlings under drought stress. KEGG analysis showed that some pathways were enriched in inoculated seedlings under drought stress, such as flavonoid biosynthesis, ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, C5-branched dibasic acid metabolism. Proteome analysis revealed some specific differential proteins. Two proteins, namely, H9X056 and H9VDW5, only appeared in the needles of inoculated seedlings under drought stress. The protein H9VNE7 was upregulated more than 11.0 times as that of non-inoculated seedlings under drought stress. In addition, S. indica inoculation increased enrichment of water deficient-inducible proteins (such as LP3-1, LP3-2, LP3-3, and dehydrins) and those involved in ribosomal structures (such as A0A385JF23). Meanwhile, under drought stress, the inoculation caused great changes in biosynthesis and metabolism pathways, mainly including phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis, and 2-oxocarboxylic acid metabolism. In addition, there were positive relationships between accumulation of some metabolites and enrichment of proteins in P. taeda under drought stress. Altogether, our results showed great changes in metabolome and proteome in inoculated seedlings under drought stress and provided a guideline to further study functions of metabolites and proteins, especially those related to drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu Wu
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Yujie Yang
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Yun Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Wenying Zhang
- College of Agricultural Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Honggang Sun
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
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Zhang W, Wang G, Zhang B, Sui W, Si C, Zhou L, Jia H. Green potassium fertilizer from enzymatic hydrolysis lignin: Effects of lignin fractionation on wheat seed germination and seedling growth. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:130017. [PMID: 38336333 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Sustainably sourced lignin presents great potential as a green feedstock for fertilizer production but commercial fulfillment is still challenging owing to the mediocre fertilizer activity of lignin. To address this issue, an effective strategy to enhance the activity of lignin-based potassium fertilizer (LPF) is proposed through lignin fractionation. Three lignin fractions subdivided from enzymatic hydrolysis lignin (EHL) were adopted as the feedstock for LPF preparation, and the effect of lignin fractionation on wheat seed germination and seedling growth was investigated. Compared with the potassium fertilizer from unfractionated lignin, LPF-F1 showed significantly improved effects on promoting seed germination and seedling growth, which can be attributed to the high potassium content resulted from its abundant phenolic hydroxyl and carboxyl contents. Under the optimal treatment concentration (100 mg/L), LPF-F1 showed comparable promotion effect to commercial fulvic acid potassium on wheat seedling growth, suggesting the potential of LPF-F1 as commercial potassium fertilizer. Overall, this work reveals that lignin heterogeneity presents critical effects on the wheat seed germination and seedling growth of LPF, and the fertilizer activity of LPF can be substantially improved using fractionated lignin with low molecular weight as the raw material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Guanhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Wenjie Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Chuanling Si
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Liping Zhou
- Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Hongyu Jia
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, Shandong 250132, China.
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Wang M, Bai QX, Zheng XX, Hu WJ, Wang S, Tang HP, Yu AQ, Yang BY, Kuang HX. Smilax china L.: A review of its botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, actual and potential applications. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 318:116992. [PMID: 37541403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Smilax china L., an extensively used traditional Chinese medicine, is known as Baqia in China. It has been used to treat various inflammatory disorders, particularly pelvic inflammation. AIM OF THE REVIEW The present paper aims to provide an up-to-date review at the advancements of the investigations on the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacological effect and actual and potential applications of S. china. Besides, the possible tendency and perspective for future research of this plant are discussed, as well. MATERIALS AND METHODS This article uses "Smilax china L." "S. china" as the keyword and collects relevant information on Smilax china L. plants through electronic searches (Elsevier, PubMed, ACS, CNKI, Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, Web of Science), relevant books, and classic literature about Chinese herb. RESULTS 134 chemical constituents, among which steroid saponins and flavonoids are the predominant groups, have been isolated and identified from S. china. S. china with its active compounds is possessed of wide-reaching biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, detoxify nicotine, anti-diabetes, anti-obesity, anti-hyperuricaemia, anti-hypertension, promoting skin wound and barrier repair and anti-bacterial activity. Besides, S. china is also applied to other fields, such as food industry and detection technology. CONCLUSIONS Based on the review of the existing phytochemical studies on Smilax china L., the structural characterization of Smilax china L. extract can continue to be the focus of future research. Pharmacological studies in vitro and in vivo have demonstrated some of the traditional uses of Smilax china L. extract, while other traditional uses still need to be confirmed by research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150000, China.
| | - Qian-Xiang Bai
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Xiu-Xi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Wen-Jing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Hai-Peng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Ai-Qi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Bing-You Yang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Hai-Xue Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150000, China.
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Chen Z, Guan M, Bian Y, Yin X. Multifunctional Electrospun Nanofibers for Biosensing and Biomedical Engineering Applications. BIOSENSORS 2023; 14:13. [PMID: 38248390 PMCID: PMC10813457 DOI: 10.3390/bios14010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is experiencing unprecedented developments, leading to the advancement of functional nanomaterials. The properties that stand out include remarkable porosity, high-specific surface area, excellent loading capacity, easy modification, and low cost make electrospun nanofibers. In the biomedical field, especially in biosensors, they exhibit amazing potential. This review introduces the principle of electrospinning, describes several structures and biomaterials of electrospun nanofibers used for biomedicine, and summarizes the applications of this technology in biosensors and other biomedical applications. In addition, the technical challenges and limitations of electrospinning for biomedicine are discussed; however, more research work is needed to elucidate its full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Chen
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China; (M.G.); (Y.B.); (X.Y.)
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Zhang S, Miao W, Liu Y, Jiang J, Chen S, Chen F, Guan Z. Jasmonate signaling drives defense responses against Alternaria alternata in chrysanthemum. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:553. [PMID: 37723458 PMCID: PMC10507968 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09671-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black spot disease caused by the necrotrophic fungus Alternaria spp. is one of the most devastating diseases affecting Chrysanthemum morifolium. There is currently no effective way to prevent chrysanthemum black spot. RESULTS We revealed that pre-treatment of chrysanthemum leaves with the methy jasmonate (MeJA) significantly reduces their susceptibility to Alternaria alternata. To understand how MeJA treatment induces resistance, we monitored the dynamics of metabolites and the transcriptome in leaves after MeJA treatment following A. alternata infection. JA signaling affected the resistance of plants to pathogens through cell wall modification, Ca2+ regulation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulation, mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade and hormonal signaling processes, and the accumulation of anti-fungal and anti-oxidant metabolites. Furthermore, the expression of genes associated with these functions was verified by reverse transcription quantitative PCR and transgenic assays. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that MeJA pre-treatment could be a potential orchestrator of a broad-spectrum defense response that may help establish an ecologically friendly pest control strategy and offer a promising way of priming plants to induce defense responses against A. alternata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration On Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No.50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weihao Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration On Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No.50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ye Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration On Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No.50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiafu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration On Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No.50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sumei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration On Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No.50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fadi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration On Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No.50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiyong Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration On Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No.50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China.
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El Houari I, Klíma P, Baekelandt A, Staswick PE, Uzunova V, Del Genio CI, Steenackers W, Dobrev PI, Filepová R, Novák O, Napier R, Petrášek J, Inzé D, Boerjan W, Vanholme B. Non-specific effects of the CINNAMATE-4-HYDROXYLASE inhibitor piperonylic acid. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37036146 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Chemical inhibitors are often implemented for the functional characterization of genes to overcome the limitations associated with genetic approaches. Although it is well established that the specificity of the compound is key to success of a pharmacological approach, off-target effects are often overlooked or simply neglected in a complex biological setting. Here we illustrate the cause and implications of such secondary effects by focusing on piperonylic acid (PA), an inhibitor of CINNAMATE-4-HYDROXYLASE (C4H) that is frequently used to investigate the involvement of lignin during plant growth and development. When supplied to plants, we found that PA is recognized as a substrate by GRETCHEN HAGEN 3.6 (GH3.6), an amido synthetase involved in the formation of the indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) conjugate IAA-Asp. By competing for the same enzyme, PA interferes with IAA conjugation, resulting in an increase in IAA concentrations in the plant. In line with the broad substrate specificity of the GH3 family of enzymes, treatment with PA increased not only IAA levels but also those of other GH3-conjugated phytohormones, namely jasmonic acid and salicylic acid. Finally, we found that interference with the endogenous function of GH3s potentially contributes to phenotypes previously observed upon PA treatment. We conclude that deregulation of phytohormone homeostasis by surrogate occupation of the conjugation machinery in the plant is likely a general phenomenon when using chemical inhibitors. Our results hereby provide a novel and important basis for future reference in studies using chemical inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias El Houari
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Petr Klíma
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandra Baekelandt
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Paul E Staswick
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Veselina Uzunova
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Charo I Del Genio
- Centre for Fluid and Complex Systems, School of Computing, Electronics and Mathematics, Coventry University, Prior Street, Coventry, CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Ward Steenackers
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Petre I Dobrev
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Roberta Filepová
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science of Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Richard Napier
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Jan Petrášek
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bartel Vanholme
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
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Wu D, Wang Y, Qi S, Yuan Y, Guo J, Chen G, Ahmad M, Jiang B, Jin Y. Effects of the Structure and Molecular Weight of Alkali-Oxygen Lignin Isolated from Rice Straw on the Growth of Maize Seedlings. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:1377-1387. [PMID: 36799412 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The abundant and low-cost features of lignin in combination with its natural activities make it a fascinating biopolymer for valorization, especially, in agriculture as an active plant growth regulator. However, the structure-activity relationship of lignin in regulating plant growth and metabolism remains unclear. In this work, rice-straw-based low-molecular-weight (LWM, 1860 Da) and high-molecular-weight (HMW, 6840 Da) alkali-oxygen lignins are structurally and comparatively investigated to understand their effects on the growth and metabolism of maize seedlings. The results indicate that LMW lignin at 150 mg·L-1 displays early growth stimulation in maize. Under the optimal concentration of LMW lignin (25 mg·L-1), the growth of maize shoot is ∼83% higher than that of the control one. Furthermore, LMW lignin also has a positive effect on the upregulation of photosynthetic pigment, carbohydrate, and protein synthesis. In contrast, HMW lignin shows an overall inhibitory effect on the above-mentioned biochemical parameters. Based on the structural characterization, LMW lignin contains a higher syringyl/guaiacyl ratio (0.78) and carboxyl content (1.64 mmol·g-1) than HMW lignin (0.43 and 1.27 mmol·g-1, respectively), which demonstrates that methoxyl and carboxyl content of lignin may play a decisive role in seedling growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yilin Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Shuang Qi
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yufeng Yuan
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jiaqi Guo
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Gegu Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Mehraj Ahmad
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yongcan Jin
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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Moreno-Robles A, Cala Peralta A, Zorrilla JG, Soriano G, Masi M, Vilariño-Rodríguez S, Cimmino A, Fernández-Aparicio M. Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) Study of trans-Cinnamic Acid and Derivatives on the Parasitic Weed Cuscuta campestris. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:697. [PMID: 36840045 PMCID: PMC9962612 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cuscuta campestris Yunck. is a parasitic weed responsible for severe yield losses in crops worldwide. The selective control of this weed is scarce due to the difficult application of methods that kill the parasite without negatively affecting the infected crop. trans-Cinnamic acid is secreted by plant roots naturally into the rhizosphere, playing allelopathic roles in plant-plant communities, although its activity in C. campestris has never been investigated. In the search for natural molecules with phytotoxic activity against parasitic weeds, this work hypothesized that trans-cinnamic acid could be active in inhibiting C. campestris growth and that a study of a series of analogs could reveal key structural features for its growth inhibition activity. In the present structure-activity relationship (SAR) study, we determined in vitro the inhibitory activity of trans-cinnamic acid and 24 analogs. The results showed that trans-cinnamic acid's growth inhibition of C. campestris seedlings is enhanced in eight of its derivatives, namely hydrocinnamic acid, 3-phenylpropionaldehyde, trans-cinnamaldehyde, trans-4-(trifluoromethyl)cinnamic acid, trans-3-chlorocinnamic acid, trans-4-chlorocinnamic acid, trans-4-bromocinnamic acid, and methyl trans-cinnamate. Among the derivatives studied, the methyl ester derivative of trans-cinnamic acid was the most active compound. The findings of this SAR study provide knowledge for the design of herbicidal treatments with enhanced activity against parasitic weeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Moreno-Robles
- Department of Plant Breeding, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (IAS), CSIC, Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Cala Peralta
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Facultad de Ciencias, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), University of Cadiz, C/Avenida República Saharaui, s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Jesús G. Zorrilla
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Facultad de Ciencias, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), University of Cadiz, C/Avenida República Saharaui, s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriele Soriano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Masi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Alessio Cimmino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Mónica Fernández-Aparicio
- Department of Plant Breeding, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (IAS), CSIC, Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
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Kim CY, Mitchell AJ, Kastner DW, Albright CE, Gutierrez MA, Glinkerman CM, Kulik HJ, Weng JK. Emergence of a proton exchange-based isomerization and lactonization mechanism in the plant coumarin synthase COSY. Nat Commun 2023; 14:597. [PMID: 36737607 PMCID: PMC9898226 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36299-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants contain rapidly evolving specialized enzymes that support the biosynthesis of functionally diverse natural products. In coumarin biosynthesis, a BAHD acyltransferase-family enzyme COSY was recently discovered to accelerate coumarin formation as the only known BAHD enzyme to catalyze an intramolecular acyl transfer reaction. Here we investigate the structural and mechanistic basis for COSY's coumarin synthase activity. Our structural analyses reveal an unconventional active-site configuration adapted to COSY's specialized activity. Through mutagenesis studies and deuterium exchange experiments, we identify a unique proton exchange mechanism at the α-carbon of the o-hydroxylated trans-hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA substrates during the catalytic cycle of COSY. Quantum mechanical cluster modeling and molecular dynamics further support this key mechanism for lowering the activation energy of the rate-limiting trans-to-cis isomerization step in coumarin production. This study unveils an unconventional catalytic mechanism mediated by a BAHD-family enzyme, and sheds light on COSY's evolutionary origin and its recruitment to coumarin biosynthesis in eudicots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Y Kim
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Andrew J Mitchell
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - David W Kastner
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Claire E Albright
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | | | | | - Heather J Kulik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jing-Ke Weng
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA. .,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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10
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Li W, Sun Y, Li K, Tian H, Jia J, Zhang H, Wang Y, Wang H, Bi B, Guo J, Tran LSP, Miao Y. Sinapate Esters Mediate UV-B-Induced Stomatal Closure by Regulating Nitric Oxide, Hydrogen Peroxide, and Malate Accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 63:1890-1899. [PMID: 35475535 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sinapate esters, which are induced in plants under ultraviolet-B (UV-B) irradiation, have important roles not only in the protection against UV-B irradiation but also in the regulation of stomatal closure. Here, we speculated that sinapate esters would function in the stomatal closure of Arabidopsis thaliana in response to UV-B. We measured the stomatal aperture size of the wild-type (WT) and bright trichomes 1 (brt1) and sinapoylglucose accumulator 1 (sng1) mutants under UV-B irradiation; the latter two mutants are deficient in the conversion of sinapic acid to sinapoylglucose (SG) and SG to sinapoylmalate (SM), respectively. Both the brt1 and sng1 plants showed smaller stomatal apertures than the WT under normal light and UV-B irradiation conditions. The accumulation of SM and malate were induced by UV-B irradiation in WT and brt1 plants but not in sng1 plants. Consistently, exogenous malate application reduced UV-B-induced stomatal closure in WT, brt1 and sng1 plants. Nonetheless, levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO) and cytosolic Ca2+ were higher in guard cells of the sng1 mutant than in those of the WT under normal white light and UV-B irradiation, suggesting that disturbance of sinapate metabolism induced the accumulation of these signaling molecules that promote stomatal closure. Unexpectedly, exogenous sinapic acid application prevented stomatal closure of WT, brt1 and sng1 plants. In summary, we hypothesize that SG or other sinapate esters may promote the UV-B-induced malate accumulation and stomatal closure, whereas sinapic acid inhibits the ROS-NO pathway that regulates UV-B-induced cytosolic Ca2+ accumulation and stomatal closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, No. 85 Jinming Road, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yaru Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, No. 85 Jinming Road, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, No. 85 Jinming Road, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Hongtao Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, No. 85 Jinming Road, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Jiangtao Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, No. 85 Jinming Road, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, No. 85 Jinming Road, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, No. 85 Jinming Road, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, No. 85 Jinming Road, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Baodi Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, No. 85 Jinming Road, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Jinggong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, No. 85 Jinming Road, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Lam-Son Phan Tran
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, 03 Quang Trung, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
- Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Texas Tech University, 1006 Canton Ave, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Yuchen Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, No. 85 Jinming Road, Kaifeng 475004, China
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11
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Zhao R, Ren W, Wang H, Li Z, Teng Y, Luo Y. Nontargeted metabolomic analysis to unravel alleviation mechanisms of carbon nanotubes on inhibition of alfalfa growth under pyrene stress. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 852:158405. [PMID: 36058326 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes have displayed great potential in enhancing phytoremediation of PAHs polluted soils. However, the response of plants to the coexistence of carbon nanotubes and PAHs and the associated influencing mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, the effect of carbon nanotubes on alfalfa growth and pyrene uptake under exposure to pyrene was evaluated through sand culture experiment and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometer (GC-TOF-MS) based metabolomics. Results showed that pyrene at 10 mg kg-1 obviously reduced the shoot fresh weight of alfalfa by 18.3 %. Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) at 25 and 50 mg kg-1 significantly enhanced the shoot fresh weight in a dose-dependent manner, nearly by 80 % at 50 mg kg-1. Pyrene was mainly accumulated in alfalfa roots, in which the concentration was 35 times as much as that in shoots. MWCNTs greatly enhanced the accumulation of pyrene in alfalfa roots, almost by two times at 50 mg kg-1, while decreased pyrene concentration in shoots, from 0.11 mg kg-1 to 0.044 mg kg-1 at MWCNTs concentration of 50 mg kg-1. Metabolomics data revealed that pyrene at 10 mg kg-1 trigged significant metabolic changes in alfalfa root exudates, downregulating 27 metabolites. MWCNTs generated an increase in the contents of some downregulated metabolites caused by pyrene stress, which were restored to the original level or even higher, mainly including organic acids and amino acids. MWNCTs significantly enriched some metabolic pathways positively correlated with shoot growth and pyrene accumulation in shoots under exposure to pyrene, including TCA cycle, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, cysteine and methione metabolism as well as alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism. This work highlights the regulation effect of MWCNTs on the metabolism of root exudates, which are helpful for alfalfa to alleviate the stress from pyrene contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Wenjie Ren
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Huimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhenxuan Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Ying Teng
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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12
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Vlaminck L, De Rouck B, Desmet S, Van Gerrewey T, Goeminne G, De Smet L, Storme V, Kyndt T, Demeestere K, Gheysen G, Inzé D, Vanholme B, Depuydt S. Opposing effects of trans- and cis-cinnamic acid during rice coleoptile elongation. PLANT DIRECT 2022; 6:e465. [PMID: 36545006 PMCID: PMC9763633 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The phenylpropanoid cinnamic acid (CA) is a plant metabolite that can occur under a trans- or cis-form. In contrast to the proven bioactivity of the cis-form (c-CA), the activity of trans-CA (t-CA) is still a matter of debate. We tested both compounds using a submerged rice coleoptile assay and demonstrated that they have opposite effects on cell elongation. Notably, in the tip of rice coleoptile t-CA showed an inhibiting and c-CA a stimulating activity. By combining transcriptomics and (untargeted) metabolomics with activity assays and genetic and pharmacological experiments, we aimed to explain the underlying mechanistic processes. We propose a model in which c-CA treatment activates proton pumps and stimulates acidification of the apoplast, which in turn leads to the loosening of the cell wall, necessary for elongation. We hypothesize that c-CA also inactivates auxin efflux transporters, which might cause a local auxin accumulation in the tip of the coleoptile. For t-CA, the phenotype can partially be explained by a stimulation of cell wall polysaccharide feruloylation, leading to a more rigid cell wall. Metabolite profiling also demonstrated that salicylic acid (SA) derivatives are increased upon t-CA treatment. As SA is a known antagonist of auxin, the shift in SA homeostasis provides an additional explanation of the observed t-CA-mediated restriction on cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Vlaminck
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- VIB‐UGent Center for Plant Systems BiologyGhentBelgium
- Laboratory of Plant Growth AnalysisGhent University Global CampusIncheonSouth Korea
| | - Brix De Rouck
- Laboratory of Plant Growth AnalysisGhent University Global CampusIncheonSouth Korea
| | | | - Thijs Van Gerrewey
- Laboratory of Plant Growth AnalysisGhent University Global CampusIncheonSouth Korea
| | | | - Lien De Smet
- Department of BiotechnologyGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Veronique Storme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- VIB‐UGent Center for Plant Systems BiologyGhentBelgium
| | - Tina Kyndt
- Department of BiotechnologyGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Kristof Demeestere
- Department of Green Chemistry and TechnologyGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | | | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- VIB‐UGent Center for Plant Systems BiologyGhentBelgium
| | - Bartel Vanholme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- VIB‐UGent Center for Plant Systems BiologyGhentBelgium
| | - Stephen Depuydt
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- VIB‐UGent Center for Plant Systems BiologyGhentBelgium
- Laboratory of Plant Growth AnalysisGhent University Global CampusIncheonSouth Korea
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13
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Wang P, Guo L, Morgan J, Dudareva N, Chapple C. Transcript and metabolite network perturbations in lignin biosynthetic mutants of Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:2828-2846. [PMID: 35880844 PMCID: PMC9706439 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Lignin, one of the most abundant polymers in plants, is derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway, which also gives rise to an array of metabolites that are essential for plant fitness. Genetic engineering of lignification can cause drastic changes in transcription and metabolite accumulation with or without an accompanying development phenotype. To understand the impact of lignin perturbation, we analyzed transcriptome and metabolite data from the rapidly lignifying stem tissue in 13 selected phenylpropanoid mutants and wild-type Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Our dataset contains 20,974 expressed genes, of which over 26% had altered transcript levels in at least one mutant, and 18 targeted metabolites, all of which displayed altered accumulation in at least one mutant. We found that lignin biosynthesis and phenylalanine supply via the shikimate pathway are tightly co-regulated at the transcriptional level. The hierarchical clustering analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) grouped the 13 mutants into 5 subgroups with similar profiles of mis-regulated genes. Functional analysis of the DEGs in these mutants and correlation between gene expression and metabolite accumulation revealed system-wide effects on transcripts involved in multiple biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Longyun Guo
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - John Morgan
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Natalia Dudareva
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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14
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Shrestha HK, Fichman Y, Engle NL, Tschaplinski TJ, Mittler R, Dixon RA, Hettich RL, Barros J, Abraham PE. Multi-omic characterization of bifunctional peroxidase 4-coumarate 3-hydroxylase knockdown in Brachypodium distachyon provides insights into lignin modification-associated pleiotropic effects. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:908649. [PMID: 36247563 PMCID: PMC9554711 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.908649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A bifunctional peroxidase enzyme, 4-coumarate 3-hydroxylase (C3H/APX), provides a parallel route to the shikimate shunt pathway for the conversion of 4-coumarate to caffeate in the early steps of lignin biosynthesis. Knockdown of C3H/APX (C3H/APX-KD) expression has been shown to reduce the lignin content in Brachypodium distachyon. However, like many other lignin-modified plants, C3H/APX-KDs show unpredictable pleiotropic phenotypes, including stunted growth, delayed senescence, and reduced seed yield. A system-wide level understanding of altered biological processes in lignin-modified plants can help pinpoint the lignin-modification associated growth defects to benefit future studies aiming to negate the yield penalty. Here, a multi-omic approach was used to characterize molecular changes resulting from C3H/APX-KD associated lignin modification and negative growth phenotype in Brachypodium distachyon. Our findings demonstrate that C3H/APX knockdown in Brachypodium stems substantially alters the abundance of enzymes implicated in the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway and disrupt cellular redox homeostasis. Moreover, it elicits plant defense responses associated with intracellular kinases and phytohormone-based signaling to facilitate growth-defense trade-offs. A deeper understanding along with potential targets to mitigate the pleiotropic phenotypes identified in this study could aid to increase the economic feasibility of lignocellulosic biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Him K. Shrestha
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Yosef Fichman
- Division of Plant Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Nancy L. Engle
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | | | - Ron Mittler
- Division of Plant Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Richard A. Dixon
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
| | - Robert L. Hettich
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Jaime Barros
- Division of Plant Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
| | - Paul E. Abraham
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
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15
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Barros J, Shrestha HK, Serrani-Yarce JC, Engle NL, Abraham PE, Tschaplinski TJ, Hettich RL, Dixon RA. Proteomic and metabolic disturbances in lignin-modified Brachypodium distachyon. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:3339-3363. [PMID: 35670759 PMCID: PMC9421481 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Lignin biosynthesis begins with the deamination of phenylalanine and tyrosine (Tyr) as a key branch point between primary and secondary metabolism in land plants. Here, we used a systems biology approach to investigate the global metabolic responses to lignin pathway perturbations in the model grass Brachypodium distachyon. We identified the lignin biosynthetic protein families and found that ammonia-lyases (ALs) are among the most abundant proteins in lignifying tissues in grasses. Integrated metabolomic and proteomic data support a link between lignin biosynthesis and primary metabolism mediated by the ammonia released from ALs that is recycled for the synthesis of amino acids via glutamine. RNA interference knockdown of lignin genes confirmed that the route of the canonical pathway using shikimate ester intermediates is not essential for lignin formation in Brachypodium, and there is an alternative pathway from Tyr via sinapic acid for the synthesis of syringyl lignin involving yet uncharacterized enzymatic steps. Our findings support a model in which plant ALs play a central role in coordinating the allocation of carbon for lignin synthesis and the nitrogen available for plant growth. Collectively, these data also emphasize the value of integrative multiomic analyses to advance our understanding of plant metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Him K Shrestha
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
- Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37916, USA
| | - Juan C Serrani-Yarce
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76201, USA
| | - Nancy L Engle
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76201, USA
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | - Paul E Abraham
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | - Timothy J Tschaplinski
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | - Robert L Hettich
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
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16
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Antimicrobial Biomaterial on Sutures, Bandages and Face Masks with Potential for Infection Control. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14101932. [PMID: 35631817 PMCID: PMC9143446 DOI: 10.3390/polym14101932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a challenge for the survival of the human race. The steady rise of resistant microorganisms against the common antimicrobials results in increased morbidity and mortality rates. Iodine and a plethora of plant secondary metabolites inhibit microbial proliferation. Antiseptic iodophors and many phytochemicals are unaffected by AMR. Surgical site and wound infections can be prevented or treated by utilizing such compounds on sutures and bandages. Coating surgical face masks with these antimicrobials can reduce microbial infections and attenuate their burden on the environment by re-use. The facile combination of Aloe Vera Barbadensis Miller (AV), Trans-cinnamic acid (TCA) and Iodine (I2) encapsulated in a polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) matrix seems a promising alternative to common antimicrobials. The AV-PVP-TCA-I2 formulation was impregnated into sterile discs, medical gauze bandages, surgical sutures and face masks. Morphology, purity and composition were confirmed by several analytical methods. Antimicrobial activity of AV-PVP-TCA-I2 was investigated by disc diffusion methods against ten microbial strains in comparison to gentamycin and nystatin. AV-PVP-TCA-I2 showed excellent antifungal and strong to intermediate antibacterial activities against most of the selected pathogens, especially in bandages and face masks. The title compound has potential use for prevention or treatment of surgical site and wound infections. Coating disposable face masks with AV-PVP-TCA-I2 may be a sustainable solution for their re-use and waste management.
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17
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The Phytotoxin Myrigalone A Triggers a Phased Detoxification Programme and Inhibits Lepidium sativum Seed Germination via Multiple Mechanisms including Interference with Auxin Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094618. [PMID: 35563008 PMCID: PMC9104956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular responses of plants to natural phytotoxins comprise more general and compound-specific mechanisms. How phytotoxic chalcones and other flavonoids inhibit seedling growth was widely studied, but how they interfere with seed germination is largely unknown. The dihydrochalcone and putative allelochemical myrigalone A (MyA) inhibits seed germination and seedling growth. Transcriptome (RNAseq) and hormone analyses of Lepidium sativum seed responses to MyA were compared to other bioactive and inactive compounds. MyA treatment of imbibed seeds triggered the phased induction of a detoxification programme, altered gibberellin, cis-(+)-12-oxophytodienoic acid and jasmonate metabolism, and affected the expression of hormone transporter genes. The MyA-mediated inhibition involved interference with the antioxidant system, oxidative signalling, aquaporins and water uptake, but not uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation or p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase expression/activity. MyA specifically affected the expression of auxin-related signalling genes, and various transporter genes, including for auxin transport (PIN7, ABCG37, ABCG4, WAT1). Responses to auxin-specific inhibitors further supported the conclusion that MyA interferes with auxin homeostasis during seed germination. Comparative analysis of MyA and other phytotoxins revealed differences in the specific regulatory mechanisms and auxin transporter genes targeted to interfere with auxin homestasis. We conclude that MyA exerts its phytotoxic activity by multiple auxin-dependent and independent molecular mechanisms.
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18
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Wheat Metabolite Interferences on Fluorescent Pseudomonas Physiology Modify Wheat Metabolome through an Ecological Feedback. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12030236. [PMID: 35323679 PMCID: PMC8955329 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12030236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant roots exude a wide variety of secondary metabolites able to attract and/or control a large diversity of microbial species. In return, among the root microbiota, some bacteria can promote plant development. Among these, Pseudomonas are known to produce a wide diversity of secondary metabolites that could have biological activity on the host plant and other soil microorganisms. We previously showed that wheat can interfere with Pseudomonas secondary metabolism production through its root metabolites. Interestingly, production of Pseudomonas bioactive metabolites, such as phloroglucinol, phenazines, pyrrolnitrin, or acyl homoserine lactones, are modified in the presence of wheat root extracts. A new cross metabolomic approach was then performed to evaluate if wheat metabolic interferences on Pseudomonas secondary metabolites production have consequences on wheat metabolome itself. Two different Pseudomonas strains were conditioned by wheat root extracts from two genotypes, leading to modification of bacterial secondary metabolites production. Bacterial cells were then inoculated on each wheat genotypes. Then, wheat root metabolomes were analyzed by untargeted metabolomic, and metabolites from the Adular genotype were characterized by molecular network. This allows us to evaluate if wheat differently recognizes the bacterial cells that have already been into contact with plants and highlights bioactive metabolites involved in wheat—Pseudomonas interaction.
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19
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Zhang Q, Liu J, Duan H, Li R, Peng W, Wu C. Activation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling: An important molecular mechanism of herbal medicine in the treatment of atherosclerosis via the protection of vascular endothelial cells from oxidative stress. J Adv Res 2022; 34:43-63. [PMID: 35024180 PMCID: PMC8655139 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 133.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Recently, Nrf2/HO-1 has received extensive attention as the main regulatory pathway of intracellular defense against oxidative stress and is considered an ideal target for alleviating endothelial cell (EC) injury. Objectives This paper aimed to summarized the natural monomers/extracts that potentially exert protective effects against oxidative stress in ECs. Methods A literature search was carried out regarding our topic with the keywords of “atherosclerosis” or “Nrf2/HO-1” or “vascular endothelial cells” or “oxidative stress” or “Herbal medicine” or “natural products” or “natural extracts” or “natural compounds” or “traditional Chinese medicines” based on classic books of herbal medicine and scientific databases including Pubmed, SciFinder, Scopus, the Web of Science, GoogleScholar, BaiduScholar, and others. Then, we analyzed the possible molecular mechanisms for different types of natural compounds in the treatment of atherosclerosis via the protection of vascular endothelial cells from oxidative stress. In addition, perspectives for possible future studies are discussed. Results These agents with protective effects against oxidative stress in ECs mainly include phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and alkaloids. Most of these agents alleviate cell apoptosis in ECs due to oxidative stress, and the mechanisms are related to Nrf2/HO-1 signaling activation. However, despite continued progress in research on various aspects of natural agents exerting protective effects against EC injury by activating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling, the development of new drugs for the treatment of atherosclerosis (AS) and other CVDs based on these agents will require more detailed preclinical and clinical studies. Conclusion Our present paper provides updated information of natural agents with protective activities on ECs against oxidative stress by activating Nrf2/HO-1. We hope this review will provide some directions for the further development of novel candidate drugs from natural agents for the treatment of AS and other CVDs.
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Key Words
- 7-HMR, (−)-7(S)-hydroxymatairesinol
- ADH, andrographolide
- AGE, advanced glycation end product
- AMP, Athyrium Multidentatum
- APV, aqueous extracts of Prunella Vulgaris
- ARE, antioxidant reaction elements
- AS, atherosclerosis
- ASD-IV, Astragaloside IV
- ASP, Angelica sinensis polysaccharide
- ASTP, Astragalus polysacharin
- Akt, protein kinase B
- Ang, Angiotensin
- ApoE, apolipoprotein E
- Atherosclerosis
- BAECs, bovine artery endothelial cells
- BBR, Berberine
- BITC, benzyl isothiocyanate
- C3G, Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside
- CINM, Cinnamaldehyde
- CNC, Cap'n'collar
- CREB, cAMP-response element binding protein
- CVDs, cardiovascular diseases
- CVRF, cardiovascular risk factors
- DMY, Dihydromyricetin
- ECC, (−)-Epicatechin
- ECs, endothelial cells
- EGCG, epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate
- ERK, extracellular regulated protein kinases
- ET, endothelin
- EXS, Xanthoceras sorbifolia
- FFA, Fatty Acids
- GPx, Glutathione peroxidase
- GSD Rg1, Ginsenoside Rg1
- GTE, Ganoderma tsugae extracts
- Gau A, Glaucocalyxin A
- HAMS, human anthocyanin medicated serum
- HG, high glucose
- HIF-1, Hypoxia-inducible factor 1
- HO-1, heme oxygenase
- HUVECs, human umbilical vein endothelial cells
- HXC, Huoxue capsule
- Hcy, Homocysteine
- Herbal medicine
- ICAM, intercellular adhesion molecule
- IL, interleukin
- KGRE, extracts of KGR
- KRG, Korean red ginseng
- Keap1, kelch-like epichlorohydrin-related proteins
- LWDH, Liuwei-Dihuang pill
- MA, maslinic acid
- MAPKK, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase
- MAPKs, mitogen-activated protein kinases
- MCGA3, 3-O-caffeoyl-1-methylquinic acid
- MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic protein 1
- MMPs, matrix metalloproteinases
- Molecular mechanism
- NAF, Nepeta Angustifolia
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-B
- NG, naringenin
- NQO1, NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase
- Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2
- Nrf2/HO-1 signaling
- OA, Oleanolic acid
- OMT, Oxymatrine
- OX-LDL, oxidized low density lipoprotein
- Oxidative stress
- PA, Palmitate
- PAA, Pachymic acid
- PAI-1, plasminogen activator Inhibitor-1
- PEITC, phenethyl isocyanate
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase
- PKC, protein kinase C
- PT, Pterostilbene
- RBPC, phenolic extracts derived from rice bran
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SAL, Salidroside
- SFN, sulforaphane
- SMT, Samul-Tang Tang
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- Sal B, salvianolic acid B
- SchB, Schisandrin B
- TCM, traditional Chinese medicine
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- TXA2, Thromboxane A2
- TrxR1, thioredoxin reductase-1
- US, uraemic serum
- VA, Vanillic acid
- VCAM, vascular cell adhesion molecule
- VEC, vascular endothelial cells
- VEI, vascular endothelial injury
- Vascular endothelial cells
- XAG, xanthoangelol
- XXT, Xueshuan Xinmaining Tablet
- Z-Lig, Z-ligustilide
- eNOS, endothelial NO synthase
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Jia Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Huxinyue Duan
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Ruolan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Wei Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Chunjie Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611130, PR China
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Huber R, Marcourt L, Koval A, Schnee S, Righi D, Michellod E, Katanaev VL, Wolfender JL, Gindro K, Queiroz EF. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Complex Phenylpropanoid Derivatives by the Botrytis cinerea Secretome and Evaluation of Their Wnt Inhibition Activity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:805610. [PMID: 35095976 PMCID: PMC8792767 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.805610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a series of complex phenylpropanoid derivatives were obtained by chemoenzymatic biotransformation of ferulic acid, caffeic acid, and a mixture of both acids using the enzymatic secretome of Botrytis cinerea. These substrates were incubated with fungal enzymes, and the reactions were monitored using state-of-the-art analytical methods. Under such conditions, a series of dimers, trimers, and tetramers were generated. The reactions were optimized and scaled up. The resulting mixtures were purified by high-resolution semi-preparative HPLC combined with dry load introduction. This approach generated a series of 23 phenylpropanoid derivatives, 11 of which are described here for the first time. These compounds are divided into 12 dimers, 9 trimers (including a completely new structural scaffold), and 2 tetramers. Elucidation of their structures was performed with classical spectroscopic methods such as NMR and HRESIMS analyses. The resulting compound series were analyzed for anti-Wnt activity in TNBC cells, with several derivatives demonstrating specific inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Huber
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laurence Marcourt
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexey Koval
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Translational Research Centre in Oncohaematology, Faculty of Medicine, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Schnee
- Mycology Group, Research Department Plant Protection, Agroscope, Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Davide Righi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emilie Michellod
- Mycology Group, Research Department Plant Protection, Agroscope, Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Vladimir L. Katanaev
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Translational Research Centre in Oncohaematology, Faculty of Medicine, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Jean-Luc Wolfender
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Katia Gindro
- Mycology Group, Research Department Plant Protection, Agroscope, Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Emerson Ferreira Queiroz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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21
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Applying Four-Step Characteristic Ion Filtering with HPLC-Q-Exactive MS/MS Spectrometer Approach for Rapid Compound Structures Characterization and Major Representative Components Quantification in Modified Tabusen-2 Decoction. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2021:9255305. [PMID: 35003312 PMCID: PMC8741372 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9255305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Modified Tabusen-2 decoction (MTBD) is traditional Chinese Mongolia medicine, mainly used to treat osteoporosis. However, the precise material basis of this prescription is not yet fully elucidated. Herein, we establish an HPLC-Q-Exactive MS/MS spectrometer method with four-step characteristic ion filtering (FSCIF) strategy to quickly and effectively identify the structural features of MTBD and determine the representative compounds content. The FSCIF strategy included database establishment, characteristic ions summarization, neutral loss fragments screening, and secondary mass spectrum fragment matching four steps. By using this strategy, a total of 143 compounds were unambiguously or tentatively annotated, including 5 compounds which were first reported in MTBD. Nineteen representative components were simultaneously quantified with the HPLC-Q-Exactive MS/MS spectrometer, and it is suitable for eight batches of MTBD. Methodology analysis showed that the assay method had good repeatability, accuracy, and stability. The method established above was successfully applied to assess the quality of MTBD extracts. Collectively, our findings enhance our molecular understanding of the MTBD formulation and will allow us to control its quality in a better way. At the same time, this study can promote the development and utilization of ethnic medicine.
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22
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Shen S, Peng M, Fang H, Wang Z, Zhou S, Jing X, Zhang M, Yang C, Guo H, Li Y, Lei L, Shi Y, Sun Y, Liu X, Xu C, Tohge T, Yuan M, Fernie AR, Ning Y, Wang GL, Luo J. An Oryza-specific hydroxycinnamoyl tyramine gene cluster contributes to enhanced disease resistance. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2021; 66:2369-2380. [PMID: 36654123 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2021.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Genomic clustering of non-homologous genes for the biosynthesis of plant defensive compounds is an emerging theme, but insights into their formation and physiological function remain limited. Here we report the identification of a newly discovered hydroxycinnamoyl tyramine (HT) gene cluster in rice. This cluster contains a pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate oxidase (OsPDX3) producing the cofactor pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), a PLP-dependent tyrosine decarboxylase (OsTyDC1), and two duplicated hydroxycinnamoyl transferases (OsTHT1 and OsTHT2). These members were combined to represent an enzymological innovation gene cluster. Natural variation analysis showed that the abundance of the toxic tyramine intermediate of the gene cluster among different rice accessions is mainly determined by the coordinated transcription of OsTyDC1 and OsTHT1. Further pathogen incubation assays demonstrated that the end products of the HT gene cluster displayed enhanced resistance to the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae (Xoo) and fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae (M. oryzae), and the enhanced resistance is associated with the boost of phytoalexins and the activation of defense response. The unique presence of the HT gene cluster in Oryza AA genome, together with the enrichment of transposon elements within this gene cluster region, provides an evolutionary background to accelerate cluster member combinations. Our study not only discovered a gene cluster involved in the phenylpropanoid metabolism but also addressed the key aspects of gene cluster formation. In addition, our results provide a new metabolic pool for plant defense against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangqian Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Meng Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Hong Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zixuan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shen Zhou
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xinyu Jing
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chenkun Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hao Guo
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yufei Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Long Lei
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yuheng Shi
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yangyang Sun
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xianqing Liu
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Congping Xu
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Takayuki Tohge
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Meng Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany; Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria
| | - Yuese Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guo-Liang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210, USA
| | - Jie Luo
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
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23
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Shu F, Jiang B, Yuan Y, Li M, Wu W, Jin Y, Xiao H. Biological Activities and Emerging Roles of Lignin and Lignin-Based Products─A Review. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:4905-4918. [PMID: 34806363 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive substances, displaying excellent biocompatibility, chemical stability, and processability, could be extensively applied in biomedicine and tissue engineering. In recent years, plant-based bioactive substances such as flavonoids, vitamins, terpenes, and lignin have received considerable attention due to their human health benefits and pharmaceutical/medical applications. Among them is lignin, an amorphous biomacromolecule mainly derived from the combinatorial radical coupling of three phenylpropane units (p-hydroxypenyl, guaiacyl, and syringyl) during lignification. Lignin possesses intrinsic bioactivities (antioxidative, antibacterial, anti-UV activities, etc.) against phytopathogens. Lignin also enhances the plant resistance (adaptability) against environmental stresses. The abundant structural features of lignin offer other significant bioactivities including antitumor and antivirus bioactivities, regulation of plant growth, and enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. This Review reports the latest research results on the bioactive potential of lignin and lignin-based substances in biomedicine, agriculture, and biomass conversion. Moreover, the interfacial reactions and bonding mechanisms of lignin with biotissue/cells and other constituents were also discussed, aiming at promoting the conversion or evolution of lignin from industrial wastes to value-added bioactive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Shu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.,Joint International Research Lab of Lignocellulosic Functional Materials, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yufeng Yuan
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Mohan Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wenjuan Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yongcan Jin
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.,Joint International Research Lab of Lignocellulosic Functional Materials, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Huining Xiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B5A3, Canada
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24
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Zhuang Q, Chen S, Jua Z, Yao Y. Joint transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis reveals the mechanism of low-temperature tolerance in Hosta ventricosa. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259455. [PMID: 34731224 PMCID: PMC8565764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hosta ventricosa is a robust ornamental perennial plant that can tolerate low temperatures, and which is widely used in urban landscaping design in Northeast China. However, the mechanism of cold-stress tolerance in this species is unclear. A combination of transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis was used to explore the mechanism of low-temperature tolerance in H. ventricosa. A total of 12 059 differentially expressed genes and 131 differentially expressed metabolites were obtained, which were mainly concentrated in the signal transduction and phenylpropanoid metabolic pathways. In the process of low-temperature signal transduction, possibly by transmitting Ca2+ inside and outside the cell through the ion channels on the three cell membranes of COLD, CNGCs and CRLK, H. ventricosa senses temperature changes and stimulates SCRM to combine with DREB through the MAPK signal pathway and Ca2+ signal sensors such as CBL, thus strengthening its low-temperature resistance. The pathways of phenylpropanoid and flavonoid metabolism represent the main mechanism of low-temperature tolerance in this species. The plant protects itself from low-temperature damage by increasing its content of genistein, scopolentin and scopolin. It is speculated that H. ventricosa can also adjust the content ratio of sinapyl alcohol and coniferyl alcohol and thereby alter the morphological structure of its cell walls and so increase its resistance to low temperatures.When subjected to low-temperature stress, H. ventricosa perceives temperature changes via COLD, CNGCs and CRLK, and protection from low-temperature damage is achieved by an increase in the levels of genistein, scopolentin and scopolin through the pathways of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and flavonoid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- QianQian Zhuang
- College of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, PR China
| | - Shaopeng Chen
- College of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, PR China
- * E-mail:
| | - ZhiXin Jua
- College of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, PR China
| | - Yue Yao
- College of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, PR China
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25
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El Houari I, Van Beirs C, Arents HE, Han H, Chanoca A, Opdenacker D, Pollier J, Storme V, Steenackers W, Quareshy M, Napier R, Beeckman T, Friml J, De Rybel B, Boerjan W, Vanholme B. Seedling developmental defects upon blocking CINNAMATE-4-HYDROXYLASE are caused by perturbations in auxin transport. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:2275-2291. [PMID: 33728703 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The phenylpropanoid pathway serves a central role in plant metabolism, providing numerous compounds involved in diverse physiological processes. Most carbon entering the pathway is incorporated into lignin. Although several phenylpropanoid pathway mutants show seedling growth arrest, the role for lignin in seedling growth and development is unexplored. We use complementary pharmacological and genetic approaches to block CINNAMATE-4-HYDROXYLASE (C4H) functionality in Arabidopsis seedlings and a set of molecular and biochemical techniques to investigate the underlying phenotypes. Blocking C4H resulted in reduced lateral rooting and increased adventitious rooting apically in the hypocotyl. These phenotypes coincided with an inhibition in AUX transport. The upstream accumulation in cis-cinnamic acid was found to be likely to cause polar AUX transport inhibition. Conversely, a downstream depletion in lignin perturbed phloem-mediated AUX transport. Restoring lignin deposition effectively reestablished phloem transport and, accordingly, AUX homeostasis. Our results show that the accumulation of bioactive intermediates and depletion in lignin jointly cause the aberrant phenotypes upon blocking C4H, and demonstrate that proper deposition of lignin is essential for the establishment of AUX distribution in seedlings. Our data position the phenylpropanoid pathway and lignin in a new physiological framework, consolidating their importance in plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias El Houari
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Caroline Van Beirs
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Helena E Arents
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Huibin Han
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, Klosterneuburg, 3400, Austria
| | - Alexandra Chanoca
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Davy Opdenacker
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Jacob Pollier
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
- VIB Metabolomics Core, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Véronique Storme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Ward Steenackers
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Mussa Quareshy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Richard Napier
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, Klosterneuburg, 3400, Austria
| | - Bert De Rybel
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Bartel Vanholme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
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Two chemically distinct root lignin barriers control solute and water balance. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2320. [PMID: 33875659 PMCID: PMC8055973 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22550-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignin is a complex polymer deposited in the cell wall of specialised plant cells, where it provides essential cellular functions. Plants coordinate timing, location, abundance and composition of lignin deposition in response to endogenous and exogenous cues. In roots, a fine band of lignin, the Casparian strip encircles endodermal cells. This forms an extracellular barrier to solutes and water and plays a critical role in maintaining nutrient homeostasis. A signalling pathway senses the integrity of this diffusion barrier and can induce over-lignification to compensate for barrier defects. Here, we report that activation of this endodermal sensing mechanism triggers a transcriptional reprogramming strongly inducing the phenylpropanoid pathway and immune signaling. This leads to deposition of compensatory lignin that is chemically distinct from Casparian strip lignin. We also report that a complete loss of endodermal lignification drastically impacts mineral nutrients homeostasis and plant growth.
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Bomfim de Sá C, Brito Lira A, Filho AADO, de Oliveira KM, Rolim da Paz A, Castro de Morais M, de Sousa DP, Tafaela Dias G, Rodrigues Melo C, Pessôa HDLF, Maria Bezerra Luna Lima C, de Fátima Formiga Melo Diniz M. In silico, in vitro, and in vivo investigation of antioxidant potential and toxicity of ethyl ferulate. Drug Chem Toxicol 2021; 45:1769-1779. [PMID: 33632037 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2021.1878207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
By submitting this manuscript, each author certifies that they have made a direct and substantial contribution to the work reported in the manuscript. In this manuscript the conception, design, investigation, acquisition of data and analysis, interpretation of data and writing of the article were conducted by author Camila Bomfim de Sá under the guidance of professors Margareth de Fátima Formiga Melo Diniz, Hilzeth de Luna Freire Pessôa and Caliandra Maria Bezerra Luna Lima, who also approved the final version of the manuscript. Professor Damião Pergentino de Sousa and his student Mayara Castro de Morais performed the production, synthesis and chemical characterization of ethyl ferulate (EF). Professor Abrahão Alves de Oliveira Filho assessed the in silico tests. PhD student Andressa Brito Lira participated in the critical review of the text for important intellectual content and assisted in the in vitro antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity tests. Kardilandia Mendes de Oliveira participated in acute oral toxicity tests evaluating the biochemical parameters. Students, Tafaela Dias and Cinthia Rodrigues Melo also assisted in the acute oral toxicity testing and preparing of slides for histopathological analysis. Pathologist Alexandre Rolim da Paz analyzed the histopathology results. EF, a phenolic compound of the large class of phenylpropanoids, is derived from ferulic acid and is produced both naturally and synthetically. Its principal pharmacological activities are: anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. This study aimed to investigate the in silico, in vitro and in vivo toxicity and antioxidant activity of EF. The in silico prediction showed more than 20 biological activities as well as good absorption at the biological membranes and no theoretical toxicity. However, EF presented high environmental toxicity. EF presented low hemolytic potential and exerted protective activity for the erythrocyte membrane for only blood type O. EF presented antioxidant activity against H2O2 at all concentrations and all blood types, but no effect against phenylhydrazine, being unable to prevent its oxidative effects. In the acute nonclinical toxicological trial, the treated animals presented behavioral changes (e.g., sedation). Feed intake was higher for the 2000 mg/kg group, but with no significant difference in weight change. The biochemical parameters presented no differences between treated and control animals, and the organs remained intact with no change. Thus, EF presents a low toxic profile and this study provides important information about the toxicity of this compound, suggesting future safe use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Bomfim de Sá
- Program of Postgraduate Studies in Natural Products and Synthetic Bioactive, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Andressa Brito Lira
- Program of Postgraduate Studies in Natural Products and Synthetic Bioactive, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | - Kardilandia Mendes de Oliveira
- Program of Postgraduate Studies in Development and Technological Innovation in Medicine, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | - Mayara Castro de Morais
- Program of Postgraduate Studies in Natural Products and Synthetic Bioactive, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Damião Pergentino de Sousa
- Program of Postgraduate Studies in Natural Products and Synthetic Bioactive, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Program of Postgraduate Studies in Development and Technological Innovation in Medicine, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Tafaela Dias
- Program of Postgraduate Studies in Natural Products and Synthetic Bioactive, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Cinthia Rodrigues Melo
- Program of Postgraduate Studies in Natural Products and Synthetic Bioactive, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Hilzeth de Luna Freire Pessôa
- Program of Postgraduate Studies in Development and Technological Innovation in Medicine, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | - Margareth de Fátima Formiga Melo Diniz
- Program of Postgraduate Studies in Natural Products and Synthetic Bioactive, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Program of Postgraduate Studies in Development and Technological Innovation in Medicine, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
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Solvent role in the lipase-catalysed esterification of cinnamic acid and derivatives. Optimisation of the biotransformation conditions. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Lynch JH, Huang XQ, Dudareva N. Silent constraints: the hidden challenges faced in plant metabolic engineering. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 69:112-117. [PMID: 33429160 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2020.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic engineering is embraced as a method to sustainably enhance production of valuable phytochemicals with beneficial properties. However, successful production of these compounds in plants is not always predictable even when the pathways are fully known, frequently due to the lack of comprehensive understanding of plant metabolism as a whole, and interconnections between different primary, secondary, and hormone metabolic networks. Here, we highlight critical hidden constraints, including substrate availability, silent metabolism, and metabolic crosstalk, that impair engineering strategies. We explore how these constraints have historically been manifested in engineering attempts and propose how modern advancements will enable future strategies to overcome these impediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H Lynch
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 South University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907-2063, USA; Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Xing-Qi Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 South University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907-2063, USA; Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Natalia Dudareva
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 South University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907-2063, USA; Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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El Houari I, Boerjan W, Vanholme B. Behind the Scenes: The Impact of Bioactive Phenylpropanoids on the Growth Phenotypes of Arabidopsis Lignin Mutants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:734070. [PMID: 34567045 PMCID: PMC8458929 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.734070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The phenylpropanoid pathway converts the aromatic amino acid phenylalanine into a wide range of secondary metabolites. Most of the carbon entering the pathway incorporates into the building blocks of lignin, an aromatic polymer providing mechanical strength to plants. Several intermediates in the phenylpropanoid pathway serve as precursors for distinct classes of metabolites that branch out from the core pathway. Untangling this metabolic network in Arabidopsis was largely done using phenylpropanoid pathway mutants, all with different degrees of lignin depletion and associated growth defects. The phenotypic defects of some phenylpropanoid pathway mutants have been attributed to differentially accumulating phenylpropanoids or phenylpropanoid-derived compounds. In this perspectives article, we summarize and discuss the reports describing an altered accumulation of these bioactive molecules as the causal factor for the phenotypes of lignin mutants in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias El Houari
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bartel Vanholme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Bartel Vanholme,
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Wang DD, Li P, Chen QY, Chen XY, Yan ZW, Wang MY, Mao YB. Differential Contributions of MYCs to Insect Defense Reveals Flavonoids Alleviating Growth Inhibition Caused by Wounding in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:700555. [PMID: 34326858 PMCID: PMC8313826 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.700555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis, basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors (TFs) MYC2, MYC3, and MYC4 are involved in many biological processes, such as defense against insects. We found that despite functional redundancy, MYC-related mutants displayed different resistance to cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera). To screen out the most likely genes involved in defense against insects, we analyzed the correlation of gene expression with cotton bollworm resistance in wild-type (WT) and MYC-related mutants. In total, the expression of 94 genes in untreated plants and 545 genes in wounded plants were strongly correlated with insect resistance, and these genes were defined as MGAIs (MYC-related genes against insects). MYC3 had the greatest impact on the total expression of MGAIs. Gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed that besides the biosynthesis pathway of glucosinolates (GLSs), MGAIs, which are well-known defense compounds, were also enriched in flavonoid biosynthesis. Moreover, MYC3 dominantly affected the gene expression of flavonoid biosynthesis. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed that AAE18, which is involved in activating auxin precursor 2,4-dichlorophenoxybutyric acid (2,4-DB) and two other auxin response genes, was highly co-expressed with flavonoid biosynthesis genes. With wounding treatment, the WT plants exhibited better growth performance than chalcone synthase (CHS), which was defective in flavonoid biosynthesis. The data demonstrated dominant contributions of MYC3 to cotton bollworm resistance and imply that flavonoids might alleviate the growth inhibition caused by wounding in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pai Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiu-Yi Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Ying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zi-Wei Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mu-Yang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Bo Mao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Ying-Bo Mao,
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Zhang J, Shi LY, Yin X, Xu FC, Zhang QY, Tu PF, Liang H. Discovery of novel potential plant growth regulators from Corydalis mucronifera. Fitoterapia 2020; 147:104776. [PMID: 33166598 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Three pairs of enantiomers mucroniferals A-C (1-3), with a novel skeleton of 1,4-epoxynaphthalene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid first reported from nature source, were isolated from Corydalis mucronifera. Their structures were elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic data analysis of MS, 1D and 2D NMR, and their absolute configurations were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and comparison of the experimental and calculated ECD data. Mucroniferals A-C showed broad-spectrum inhibitory activities on seedling growth of all plants tested (Lepidium apetalum, Raphanus sativus, Lactuca sativa, and Arabidopsis thaliana) with a dose-dependent relationship. Additionally, mucroniferals A and B exhibited significant inhibitory effects on germination of most seeds at concentration of 80 μg/mL, and the inhibition was reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Lun-Yong Shi
- Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Yin
- Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Chun Xu
- Medical College of Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Ying Zhang
- Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Fei Tu
- Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Liang
- Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China.
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Kumar V, Hatan E, Bar E, Davidovich-Rikanati R, Doron-Faigenboim A, Spitzer-Rimon B, Elad Y, Alkan N, Lewinsohn E, Oren-Shamir M. Phenylalanine increases chrysanthemum flower immunity against Botrytis cinerea attack. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:226-240. [PMID: 32645754 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Flowers are the most vulnerable plant organ to infection by the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. Here we show that pre-treatment of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) flowers with phenylalanine (Phe) significantly reduces their susceptibility to B. cinerea. To comprehend how Phe treatment induces resistance, we monitored the dynamics of metabolites (by GC/LC-MS) and transcriptomes (by RNAseq) in flowers after Phe treatment and B. cinerea infection. Phe treatment resulted in accumulation of 3-phenyllactate and benzaldehyde, and in particular induced the expression of genes related to Ca2+ signaling and receptor kinases, implicating an induction of the defense response. Interestingly, the main effects of Phe treatment were observed in flowers exposed to B. cinerea infection, stabilizing the global fluctuations in the levels of metabolites and transcripts while reducing susceptibility to the fungus. We suggest that Phe-induced resistance is associated to cell priming, enabling rapid and targeted reprogramming of cellular defense responses to resist disease development. After Phe pre-treatment, the levels of the anti-fungal volatiles phenylacetaldehyde and eugenol were maintained and the level of coniferin, a plausible monolignol precursor in cell wall lignification, was strongly increased. In addition, Phe pre-treatment reduced ROS generation, prevented ethylene emission, and caused changes in the expression of a minor number of genes related to cell wall biogenesis, encoding the RLK THESEUS1, or involved in Ca2+ and hormonal signaling processes. Our findings point to Phe pre-treatment as a potential orchestrator of a broad-spectrum defense response which may not only provide an ecologically friendly pest control strategy but also offers a promising way of priming plants to induce defense responses against B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Kumar
- Department of Ornamental Plants and Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion, P.O.B 15159, Israel
| | - Erel Hatan
- Department of Ornamental Plants and Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion, P.O.B 15159, Israel
| | - Einat Bar
- Department of Vegetable Crops, Agriculture Research Organization, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel
| | - Rachel Davidovich-Rikanati
- Department of Vegetable Crops, Agriculture Research Organization, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel
| | - Adi Doron-Faigenboim
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion, P.O.B 15159, Israel
| | - Ben Spitzer-Rimon
- Department of Ornamental Plants and Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion, P.O.B 15159, Israel
| | - Yigal Elad
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion, P.O.B 15159, Israel
| | - Noam Alkan
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion, P.O.B 15159, Israel
| | - Efraim Lewinsohn
- Department of Vegetable Crops, Agriculture Research Organization, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel
| | - Michal Oren-Shamir
- Department of Ornamental Plants and Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion, P.O.B 15159, Israel
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Zhao J, Mao Z, Sun Q, Liu Q, Jian H, Xie B. MiMIF-2 Effector of Meloidogyne incognita Exhibited Enzyme Activities and Potential Roles in Plant Salicylic Acid Synthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103507. [PMID: 32429304 PMCID: PMC7278917 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes secrete a series of effectors to promote parasitism by modulating host immunity, but the detailed molecular mechanism is ambiguous. Animal parasites secrete macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)-like proteins for evasion of host immune systems, in which their biochemical activities play essential roles. Previous research demonstrated that MiMIF-2 effector was secreted by Meloidogyne incognita and modulated host immunity by interacting with annexins. In this study, we show that MiMIF-2 had tautomerase activity and protected nematodes against H2O2 damage. MiMIF-2 expression not only decreased the amount of H2O2 generation during nematode infection in Arabidopsis, but also suppressed Bax-induced cell death by inhibiting reactive oxygen species burst in Nicotiana benthamiana. Further, RNA-seq transcriptome analysis and RT-qPCR showed that the expression of some heat-shock proteins was down regulated in MiMIF-2 transgenic Arabidopsis. After treatment with flg22, RNA-seq transcriptome analysis indicated that the differentially expressed genes in MiMIF-2 expressing Arabidopsis were pointed to plant hormone signal transduction, compound metabolism and plant defense. RT-qPCR and metabolomic results confirmed that salicylic acid (SA) related marker genes and SA content were significantly decreased. Our results provide a comprehensive understanding of how MiMIF-2 modulates plant immunity and broaden knowledge of the intricate relationship between M. incognita and host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlong Zhao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China; (J.Z.); (Z.M.); (Q.S.)
| | - Zhenchuan Mao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China; (J.Z.); (Z.M.); (Q.S.)
| | - Qinghua Sun
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China; (J.Z.); (Z.M.); (Q.S.)
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Heng Jian
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
- Correspondence: (H.J.); (B.X.)
| | - Bingyan Xie
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China; (J.Z.); (Z.M.); (Q.S.)
- Correspondence: (H.J.); (B.X.)
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Gomez-Cano L, Gomez-Cano F, Dillon FM, Alers-Velazquez R, Doseff AI, Grotewold E, Gray J. Discovery of modules involved in the biosynthesis and regulation of maize phenolic compounds. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 291:110364. [PMID: 31928683 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds are among the most diverse and widespread of specialized plant compounds and underly many important agronomic traits. Our comprehensive analysis of the maize genome unraveled new aspects of the genes involved in phenylpropanoid, monolignol, and flavonoid production in this important crop. Remarkably, just 19 genes accounted for 70 % of the overall mRNA accumulation of these genes across 95 tissues, indicating that these are the main contributors to the flux of phenolic metabolites. Eighty genes with intermediate to low expression play minor and more specialized roles. Remaining genes are likely undergoing loss of function or are expressed in limited cell types. Phylogenetic and expression analyses revealed which members of gene families governing metabolic entry and branch points exhibit duplication, subfunctionalization, or loss of function. Co-expression analysis applied to genes in sequential biosynthetic steps revealed that certain isoforms are highly co-expressed and are candidates for metabolic complexes that ensure metabolite delivery to correct cellular compartments. Co-expression of biosynthesis genes with transcription factors discovered connections that provided candidate components for regulatory modules governing this pathway. Our study provides a comprehensive analysis of maize phenylpropanoid related genes, identifies major pathway contributors, and novel candidate enzymatic and regulatory modules of the metabolic network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Gomez-Cano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Fabio Gomez-Cano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Francisco M Dillon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | | | - Andrea I Doseff
- Department of Physiology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Erich Grotewold
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - John Gray
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA.
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37
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Steenackers W, El Houari I, Baekelandt A, Witvrouw K, Dhondt S, Leroux O, Gonzalez N, Corneillie S, Cesarino I, Inzé D, Boerjan W, Vanholme B. cis-Cinnamic acid is a natural plant growth-promoting compound. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:6293-6304. [PMID: 31504728 PMCID: PMC6859716 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Agrochemicals provide vast potential to improve plant productivity, because they are easy to implement at low cost while not being restricted by species barriers as compared with breeding strategies. Despite the general interest, only a few compounds with growth-promoting activity have been described so far. Here, we add cis-cinnamic acid (c-CA) to the small portfolio of existing plant growth stimulators. When applied at low micromolar concentrations to Arabidopsis roots, c-CA stimulates both cell division and cell expansion in leaves. Our data support a model explaining the increase in shoot biomass as the consequence of a larger root system, which allows the plant to explore larger areas for resources. The requirement of the cis-configuration for the growth-promoting activity of CA was validated by implementing stable structural analogs of both cis- and trans-CA in this study. In a complementary approach, we used specific light conditions to prevent cis/trans-isomerization of CA during the experiment. In both cases, the cis-form stimulated plant growth, whereas the trans-form was inactive. Based on these data, we conclude that c-CA is an appealing lead compound representing a novel class of growth-promoting agrochemicals. Unraveling the underlying molecular mechanism could lead to the development of innovative strategies for boosting plant biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ward Steenackers
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Gent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Gent, Belgium
| | - Ilias El Houari
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Gent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Gent, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Baekelandt
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Gent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Gent, Belgium
| | - Klaas Witvrouw
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Gent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Gent, Belgium
| | - Stijn Dhondt
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Gent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Gent, Belgium
| | | | - Nathalie Gonzalez
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Gent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Gent, Belgium
| | - Sander Corneillie
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Gent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Gent, Belgium
| | - Igor Cesarino
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Gent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Gent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Gent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Gent, Belgium
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Gent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Gent, Belgium
| | - Bartel Vanholme
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Gent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Gent, Belgium
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Vanholme R, De Meester B, Ralph J, Boerjan W. Lignin biosynthesis and its integration into metabolism. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2019; 56:230-239. [PMID: 30913460 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lignin is a principal structural component of cell walls in higher terrestrial plants. It reinforces the cell walls, facilitates water transport, and acts as a physical barrier to pathogens. Lignin is typically described as being composed of p-hydroxyphenyl (H), guaiacyl (G), and syringyl (S) units that derive from the polymerization of the hydroxycinnamyl alcohols, p-coumaryl, coniferyl, and sinapyl alcohol, respectively. However, lignin also derives from various other aromatic monomers. Here, we review the biosynthetic pathway to the lignin monomers, and how flux through the pathway is regulated. Upon perturbation of the phenylpropanoid pathway, pathway intermediates may successfully incorporate into the lignin polymer, thereby affecting its physicochemical properties, or may remain soluble as such or as derivatized molecules that might interfere with physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Vanholme
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Barbara De Meester
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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