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Han Q, Yu Y, Liu X, Guo Y, Shi J, Xue Y, Li Y. The Role of Endothelial Cell Mitophagy in Age-Related Cardiovascular Diseases. Aging Dis 2024:AD.2024.0788. [PMID: 39122456 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2024.0788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and mitochondrial autophagy impairment is considered a significant physiological change associated with aging. Endothelial cells play a crucial role in maintaining vascular homeostasis and function, participating in various physiological processes such as regulating vascular tone, coagulation, angiogenesis, and inflammatory responses. As aging progresses, mitochondrial autophagy impairment in endothelial cells worsens, leading to the development of numerous cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, regulating mitochondrial autophagy in endothelial cells is vital for preventing and treating age-related cardiovascular diseases. However, there is currently a lack of systematic reviews in this area. To address this gap, we have written this review to provide new research and therapeutic strategies for managing aging and age-related cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quancheng Han
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yiding Yu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiujuan Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yonghong Guo
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jingle Shi
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yitao Xue
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yan Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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Ma J, Li Y, Yang X, Liu K, Zhang X, Zuo X, Ye R, Wang Z, Shi R, Meng Q, Chen X. Signaling pathways in vascular function and hypertension: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:168. [PMID: 37080965 PMCID: PMC10119183 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01430-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a global public health issue and the leading cause of premature death in humans. Despite more than a century of research, hypertension remains difficult to cure due to its complex mechanisms involving multiple interactive factors and our limited understanding of it. Hypertension is a condition that is named after its clinical features. Vascular function is a factor that affects blood pressure directly, and it is a main strategy for clinically controlling BP to regulate constriction/relaxation function of blood vessels. Vascular elasticity, caliber, and reactivity are all characteristic indicators reflecting vascular function. Blood vessels are composed of three distinct layers, out of which the endothelial cells in intima and the smooth muscle cells in media are the main performers of vascular function. The alterations in signaling pathways in these cells are the key molecular mechanisms underlying vascular dysfunction and hypertension development. In this manuscript, we will comprehensively review the signaling pathways involved in vascular function regulation and hypertension progression, including calcium pathway, NO-NOsGC-cGMP pathway, various vascular remodeling pathways and some important upstream pathways such as renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, oxidative stress-related signaling pathway, immunity/inflammation pathway, etc. Meanwhile, we will also summarize the treatment methods of hypertension that targets vascular function regulation and discuss the possibility of these signaling pathways being applied to clinical work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Li
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyu Yang
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianghao Zuo
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Runyu Ye
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziqiong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Rufeng Shi
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingtao Meng
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China.
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Rossi GP, Barton M, Dhaun N, Rizzoni D, Seccia TM. Challenges in the evaluation of endothelial cell dysfunction: a statement from the European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Endothelin and Endothelial Factors. J Hypertens 2023; 41:369-379. [PMID: 36728915 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cell function is mediated by different mechanisms in different vascular beds. Moreover, in humans, endothelial cell dysfunction triggers and accelerates the progression of cardiovascular and chronic kidney diseases. Progression of such diseases can be in part mitigated by the control of cardiovascular risk factors and drugs targeting different systems, including endothelin receptor antagonists (ERAs), renin-angiotensin aldosterone antagonists and agents affecting glucose metabolism, all of which were shown to improve endothelial cell function. In recent years, the microRNAs, which are endogenous regulators of gene expression, have been identified as transmitters of information from endothelial cells to vascular smooth muscle cells, suggesting that they can entail tools to assess the endothelial cell dysfunction in arterial hypertension and target for pharmacologic intervention. This article critically reviews current challenges and limitations of available techniques for the invasive and noninvasive assessment of endothelial cell function, and also discusses therapeutic aspects as well as directions for future research in the areas of endothelial cell biology and pathophysiology in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Paolo Rossi
- Emergency Medicine Unit and European Society of Hypertension Specialized Center of Excellence for Hypertension, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Matthias Barton
- Molecular Internal Medicine, University of Zürich, and Andreas Grüntzig Foundation, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Neeraj Dhaun
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Damiano Rizzoni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia and Division of Medicine, Istituto Clinico Città di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Teresa M Seccia
- Emergency Medicine Unit and European Society of Hypertension Specialized Center of Excellence for Hypertension, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
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Shcheblykin DV, Bolgov AA, Pokrovskii MV, Stepenko JV, Tsuverkalova JM, Shcheblykina OV, Golubinskaya PA, Korokina LV. Endothelial dysfunction: developmental mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. RESEARCH RESULTS IN PHARMACOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/rrpharmacology.8.80376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Every year the importance of the normal functioning of the endothelial layer of the vascular wall in maintaining the health of the body becomes more and more obvious.
The physiological role of the endothelium: The endothelium is a metabolically active organ actively involved in the regulation of hemostasis, modulation of inflammation, maintenance of hemovascular homeostasis, regulation of angiogenesis, vascular tone, and permeability.
Risk factors for the development of endothelial dysfunction: Currently, insufficient bioavailability of nitric oxide is considered the most significant risk factor for endothelial dysfunction.
Mechanisms of development of endothelial dysfunction: The genesis of endothelial dysfunction is a multifactorial process. Among various complex mechanisms, this review examines oxidative stress, inflammation, hyperglycemia, vitamin D deficiency, dyslipidemia, excess visceral fat, hyperhomocysteinemia, hyperuricemia, as well as primary genetic defect of endotheliocytes, as the most common causes in the population underlying the development of endothelial dysfunction.
Markers of endothelial dysfunction in various diseases: This article discusses the main biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction currently used, as well as promising biomarkers in the future for laboratory diagnosis of this pathology.
Therapeutic strategies: Therapeutic approaches to the endothelium in order to prevent or reduce a degree of damage to the vascular wall are briefly described.
Conclusion: Endothelial dysfunction is a typical pathological process involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Thus, pharmacological agents with endothelioprotective properties can provide more therapeutic benefits than a drug without such an effect.
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Efentakis P, Andreadou I, Iliodromitis KE, Triposkiadis F, Ferdinandy P, Schulz R, Iliodromitis EK. Myocardial Protection and Current Cancer Therapy: Two Opposite Targets with Inevitable Cost. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:14121. [PMID: 36430599 PMCID: PMC9696420 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) is mediated by various ligands, activating different cellular signaling cascades. These include classical cytosolic mediators such as cyclic-GMP (c-GMP), various kinases such as Phosphatydilinositol-3- (PI3K), Protein Kinase B (Akt), Mitogen-Activated-Protein- (MAPK) and AMP-activated (AMPK) kinases, transcription factors such as signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and bioactive molecules such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Most of the aforementioned signaling molecules constitute targets of anticancer therapy; as they are also involved in carcinogenesis, most of the current anti-neoplastic drugs lead to concomitant weakening or even complete abrogation of myocardial cell tolerance to ischemic or oxidative stress. Furthermore, many anti-neoplastic drugs may directly induce cardiotoxicity via their pharmacological effects, or indirectly via their cardiovascular side effects. The combination of direct drug cardiotoxicity, indirect cardiovascular side effects and neutralization of the cardioprotective defense mechanisms of the heart by prolonged cancer treatment may induce long-term ventricular dysfunction, or even clinically manifested heart failure. We present a narrative review of three therapeutic interventions, namely VEGF, proteasome and Immune Checkpoint inhibitors, having opposing effects on the same intracellular signal cascades thereby affecting the heart. Moreover, we herein comment on the current guidelines for managing cardiotoxicity in the clinical setting and on the role of cardiovascular confounders in cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Efentakis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Andreadou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Péter Ferdinandy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
- Pharmahungary Group, 6722 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35390 Giessen, Germany
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Benincasa G, Coscioni E, Napoli C. Cardiovascular risk factors and molecular routes underlying endothelial dysfunction: Novel opportunities for primary prevention. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 202:115108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Bai T, Yu S, Feng J. Advances in the Role of Endothelial Cells in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease. Front Neurol 2022; 13:861714. [PMID: 35481273 PMCID: PMC9035937 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.861714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) poses a serious socio-economic burden due to its high prevalence and severe impact on the quality of life of elderly patients. Pathological changes in CSVD mainly influence small cerebral arteries, microarteries, capillaries, and small veins, which are usually caused by multiple vascular risk factors. CSVD is often identified on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) by recent small subcortical infarcts, white matter hyperintensities, lacune, cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), enlarged perivascular spaces (ePVSs), and brain atrophy. Endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction is earlier than clinical symptoms. Immune activation, inflammation, and oxidative stress may be potential mechanisms of EC injury. ECs of the blood–brain–barrier (BBB) are the most important part of the neurovascular unit (NVU) that ensures constant blood flow to the brain. Impaired cerebral vascular autoregulation and disrupted BBB cause cumulative brain damage. This review will focus on the role of EC injury in CSVD. Furthermore, several specific biomarkers will be discussed, which may be useful for us to assess the endothelial dysfunction and explore new therapeutic directions.
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Reily-Bell M, Bahn A, Katare R. Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Diabetic Heart Disease: Mechanisms and Therapies. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 36:608-630. [PMID: 34011169 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Diabetic heart disease (DHD) is the primary cause of mortality in people with diabetes. A significant contributor to the development of DHD is the disruption of redox balance due to reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction resulting from sustained high glucose levels. Therapies specifically focusing on the suppression of ROS will hugely benefit patients with DHD. Recent Advances: In addition to the gold standard pharmacological therapies, the recent development of gene therapy provides an exciting avenue for developing new therapeutics to treat ROS-mediated DHD. In particular, microRNAs (miRNAs) are gaining interest due to their crucial role in several physiological and pathological processes, including DHD. Critical Issues: miRNAs have many targets and differential function depending on the environment. Therefore, a proper understanding of the function of miRNAs in specific cell types and cell states is required for the successful application of this technology. In the present review, we first provide an overview of the role of ROS in contributing to DHD and the currently available treatments. We then discuss the newer gene therapies with a specific focus on the role of miRNAs as the causative factors and therapeutic targets to combat ROS-mediated DHD. Future Directions: The future of miRNA therapeutics in tackling ROS-mediated DHD is dependent on a complete understanding of how miRNAs behave in different cells and environments. Future research should also aim to develop conditional miRNA therapeutic platforms capable of switching on and off in response to disruptions in the redox state. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 608-630.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Reily-Bell
- Department of Physiology-HeartOtago, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Andrew Bahn
- Department of Physiology-HeartOtago, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Rajesh Katare
- Department of Physiology-HeartOtago, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Rami AZA, Hamid AA, Anuar NNM, Aminuddin A, Ugusman A. Exploring the Relationship of Perivascular Adipose Tissue Inflammation and the Development of Vascular Pathologies. Mediators Inflamm 2022; 2022:2734321. [PMID: 35177953 PMCID: PMC8846975 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2734321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Initially thought to only provide mechanical support for the underlying blood vessels, perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) has now emerged as a regulator of vascular function. A healthy PVAT exerts anticontractile and anti-inflammatory actions on the underlying vasculature via the release of adipocytokines such as adiponectin, nitric oxide, and omentin. However, dysfunctional PVAT produces more proinflammatory adipocytokines such as leptin, resistin, interleukin- (IL-) 6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, thus inducing an inflammatory response that contributes to the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. In this review, current knowledge on the role of PVAT inflammation in the development of vascular pathologies such as atherosclerosis and hypertension was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afifah Zahirah Abd Rami
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Adila A. Hamid
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nur Najmi Mohamad Anuar
- Center for Toxicology & Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abd Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Amilia Aminuddin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Azizah Ugusman
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Sheng S, Xu J, Liang Q, Hong L, Zhang L. Astragaloside IV Inhibits Bleomycin-Induced Ferroptosis in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells by Mediating LPC. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6241242. [PMID: 34760046 PMCID: PMC8575634 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6241242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis, as an iron-dependent programmed cell death pathway, can induce a variety of cardiovascular diseases. Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), which is purified from Astragalus membranaceus, can protect endothelial function and promote vascular regeneration. However, the role played by AS-IV in ferroptosis remains unknown. In this study, the lipid metabolomics in HUVECs treated with/without bleomycin and/or AS-IV were explored using LC/MS. The most differential metabolite between groups was further identified via GO and pathway enrichment analyses. The effects of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), AS-IV, and FIN56 on cell viability were explored using the CCK-8 assay, their effects on cell senescence were examined by β-galactosidase staining, and their effects on ferroptosis were detected by a flow cytometric analysis of lipid ROS levels, transmission electron microscopy, and an assay for cellular iron levels. The related mechanisms were investigated by real-time PCR and Western blot assays. Our results showed that LPC, as the most differential metabolite, inhibited cell viability but promoted cell apoptosis and senescence as its concentration increased. Also, the decreased cell activity, increased iron ion and lipid ROS levels, and the enhanced cell senescence induced by LPC treatment were all significantly reversed by AS-IV but further enhanced by FIN56 treatment. The changes in mitochondrial morphology caused by the LPC treatment were significantly alleviated by the AS-IV treatment, while treatment with FIN56 reversed those phenomena. Moreover, AS-IV partially upregulated the levels of SLC7A11 and GPX4 expression which were reduced by LPC. However, those changes were prevented by FIN56 treatment. In conclusion, our data suggested that AS-IV could serve as a novel drug for treating ferroptosis-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Sheng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jialin Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingyang Liang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Hong
- Department of Cardiology, Long Gang Central Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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Torres Crigna A, Link B, Samec M, Giordano FA, Kubatka P, Golubnitschaja O. Endothelin-1 axes in the framework of predictive, preventive and personalised (3P) medicine. EPMA J 2021; 12:265-305. [PMID: 34367381 PMCID: PMC8334338 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-021-00248-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is involved in the regulation of a myriad of processes highly relevant for physical and mental well-being; female and male health; in the modulation of senses, pain, stress reactions and drug sensitivity as well as healing processes, amongst others. Shifted ET-1 homeostasis may influence and predict the development and progression of suboptimal health conditions, metabolic impairments with cascading complications, ageing and related pathologies, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative pathologies, aggressive malignancies, modulating, therefore, individual outcomes of both non-communicable and infectious diseases such as COVID-19. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the involvement of ET-1 and related regulatory pathways in physiological and pathophysiological processes and estimates its capacity as a predictor of ageing and related pathologies,a sensor of lifestyle quality and progression of suboptimal health conditions to diseases for their targeted preventionand as a potent target for cost-effective treatments tailored to the person.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Torres Crigna
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Barbara Link
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marek Samec
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Frank A. Giordano
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Kubatka
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Olga Golubnitschaja
- Predictive, Preventive and Personalised (3P) Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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García-Bello JA, Gómez-Díaz RA, Contreras-Rodríguez A, Sánchez-Barbosa L, Mondragón-González R, Gallardo-Montoya JM, Wacher NH. Endothelial dysfunction in children with chronic kidney disease. Nefrologia 2021; 41:436-445. [PMID: 36165112 DOI: 10.1016/j.nefroe.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the main cause of death in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Inflammation and endothelial dysfunction (ED) are found in the majority of these patients and are factors associated to CVD. Flow mediated dilatation (FMD) is a surrogate marker validated for evaluating ED. Our objective was to identify risk factors associated to ED in children with CKD. MATERIALS AND METHODS Children 2-16 years of age were studied. Clinical information and biochemical variables were gathered, including intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), interleukins 6 and 1b, high sensitivity C reactive protein (hsCRP), reduced glutathione, nitric oxide, malondialdehyde and homocysteine. FMD was measured, and considered altered if <7%. RESULTS Included were 129 patients aged 13.1 ± 2.6 years. FMD < 7% was found in 69 (52.7%). Patients with altered FMD had higher levels of triglycerides and hsCRP than those with normal FMD (145.5 mg/dl vs. 120.0 mg/dl, P = .042, y 1.24 U/L vs. 0.55 U/L, P = .007, respectively), as well as higher frequency of low iPTH (19.1% vs. 4.9%, P = .036). Levels of hsCRP correlated significantly with FMD (Rho = -0.28, P = .003). Patients with low iPTH (OR = 4.41, 95%CI 1.13-17.27, P = .033) and increased hsCRP (OR = 2.89, 95%CI 1.16-7.17, P = .022) had higher adjusted risk of having FMD < 7%. CONCLUSIONS Hypertriglyceridemia, inflammation and low iPTH associated significantly with altered FMD. They are frequent, treatable risk factors for CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio García-Bello
- División de Investigación, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad Hospital de Gineco Obstetricia No. 3, Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Rita A Gómez-Díaz
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Epidemiología Clínica, UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Alicia Contreras-Rodríguez
- Servicio de Radiodiagnóstico, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad Hospital de Cardiología, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Lorena Sánchez-Barbosa
- Coordinación de Unidades Médicas de Alta Especialidad, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Rafael Mondragón-González
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Epidemiología Clínica, UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Juan Manuel Gallardo-Montoya
- Enfermedades Nefrológicas, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Niels H Wacher
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Epidemiología Clínica, UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Barton M, Cardillo C. Exercise is medicine: key to cardiovascular disease and diabetes prevention. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:360-363. [PMID: 32702117 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Barton
- University of Zürich, Molecular Internal Medicine, Y44 G22, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.,Andreas Grüntzig Foundation, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Carmine Cardillo
- Internal Medicine, Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Vito 1, 00168 Roma, Italy.,Internal Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Vito 1, 00168 Roma, Italy
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14
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Cignarella A, Fadini GP, Bolego C, Trevisi L, Boscaro C, Sanga V, Seccia TM, Rosato A, Rossi GP, Barton M. Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Angiogenesis Inhibitors: Sex Differences and Current Challenges. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:988-1003. [PMID: 33739385 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasoactive molecules, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and endothelins, share cytokine-like activities and regulate endothelial cell (EC) growth, migration and inflammation. Some endothelial mediators and their receptors are targets for currently approved angiogenesis inhibitors, drugs that are either monoclonal antibodies raised towards VEGF, or inhibitors of vascular receptor protein kinases and signaling pathways. Pharmacological interference with the protective functions of ECs results in a similar spectrum of adverse effects. Clinically, the most common side effects of VEGF signaling pathway inhibition include an increase in arterial pressure, left ventricular (LV) dysfunction ultimately causing heart failure, and thromboembolic events, including pulmonary embolism, stroke, and myocardial infarction. Sex steroids such as androgens, progestins, and estrogen and their receptors (ERα, ERβ, GPER; PR-A, PR-B; AR) have been identified as important modifiers of angiogenesis, and sex differences have been reported for anti-angiogenic drugs. This review article discusses the current challenges clinicians are facing with regard to angiogenesis inhibitor treatments, including the need to consider sex differences affecting clinical efficacy and safety. We also propose areas for future research taking into account the role of sex hormone receptors and sex chromosomes. Development of new sex-specific drugs with improved target and cell-type selectivity likely will open the way personalized medicine in men and women requiring antiangiogenic therapy and result in reduced adverse effects and improved therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gian Paolo Fadini
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Italy.,Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Chiara Bolego
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Lucia Trevisi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Carlotta Boscaro
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Viola Sanga
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Rosato
- Venetian Cancer Institute IOV - IRCCS, Padova, Italy.,Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Italy
| | | | - Matthias Barton
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Italy.,Molecular Internal Medicine, University of Zürich, Switzerland.,Andreas Grüntzig Foundation, Zürich, Switzerland
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15
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Differences in the vascular and metabolic profiles between metabolically healthy and unhealthy obesity. ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.endmts.2020.100077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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16
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Endothelial dysfunction in children with chronic kidney disease. Nefrologia 2021. [PMID: 33602566 DOI: 10.1016/j.nefro.2020.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of death in children with chronic kidney disease. Inflammation and endothelial dysfunction are found in the majority of these patients and are factors associated to cardiovascular disease. Flow mediated dilatation (FMD) is a surrogate marker validated for evaluating endothelial dysfunction. Our objective was to identify risk factors associated to endothelial dysfunction in children with chronic kidney disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Children 2-16 years of age were studied. Clinical information and biochemical variables were gathered, including intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), interleukins 6 and 1β, high sensitivity C reactive protein (hsCRP), reduced glutathione, nitric oxide, malondialdehyde and homocysteine. FMD was measured, and considered altered if<7%. RESULTS Included were 129 patients aged 13.1±2.6 years. FMD<7% was found in 69 (52.7%). Patients with altered FMD had higher levels of triglycerides and hsCRP than those with normal FMD (145.5 vs. 120.0mg/dL, P=.042, and 1.24 vs. 0.55U/L, P=.007, respectively), as well as higher frequency of low iPTH (19.1 vs. 4.9%, P=.036). Levels of hsCRP correlated significantly with FMD (Rho=-0.28, P=.003). Patients with low iPTH (OR 4.41, 95% CI 1.13-17.27, P=.033) and increased hsCRP (OR 2.89, 95% CI 1.16-7.17, P=.022) had higher adjusted risk of having FMD<7%. CONCLUSIONS Hypertriglyceridemia, inflammation and low iPTH associated significantly with altered FMD. They are frequent, treatable risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
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17
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Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction (ED) plays a substantial role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and some other vascular diseases. ED has been demonstrated in patients with hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, smoking, hypertension, and in patients with atherosclerotic disease. Besides classical risk factors, ED is affected by chronic inflammatory diseases and acute infections, particularly viral diseases. Causes of ED include oxidative stress, inflammation, and shear stress, which decrease the bioavailability of nitric oxide. Markers of ED have been sought, particularly circulating markers. Using these tests, it is possible to evaluate the response to harmful effects of risk factors and the effects of treatment on vessel wall function. Endothelial dysfunction is significantly and directly correlated with the occurrence of cardiac events and the risk of cardiac events increase as ED worsens. Because endothelial function plays a central role in atherogenesis it became a therapeutic target. Endothelial dysfunction is reversible and its improvement may be achieved by elimination of risk factors, inhibitors of endothelium-derived contracting factors (angiotensin-converting enzyme), smoking cessation, lipid-lowering drugs, diet, and physical exercise. By reversing ED, it is possible to restore vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Poredos
- Department of Vascular Disease, 37663University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Advanced Cardiopulmonary Therapies and Transplantation, 7067The University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Igor Gregoric
- Department of Advanced Cardiopulmonary Therapies and Transplantation, 7067The University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston, TX, USA
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18
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Abu-Saleh N, Yaseen H, Kinaneh S, Khamaisi M, Abassi Z. Combination of hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia induces endothelial dysfunction: Role of the endothelin and nitric oxide systems. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 25:1884-1895. [PMID: 33369150 PMCID: PMC7882960 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is a key feature of diabetes and is a major cause of diabetic vasculopathy. Diabetic patients who also exhibit hyperlipidaemia suffer from accelerated vascular complications. While the deleterious effects of high glucose levels (HG) and hyperlipidaemia alone on ED are well established, the effects of combined hyperlipidaemia and HG have not been thoroughly studied. Therefore, the current study examines whether HG and hyperlipidaemia exert synergistic ED, and explores the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. We applied multi‐disciplinary approaches including cultured HUVECs and HMEC‐1 as well as knockout mice CByJ.129S7(B6)‐Ldlrtm1Her/J (LDLR−/−) to investigate the mechanisms underlying combined HG and hyperlipidaemia‐induced ED. Incremental doses of glucose in the presence or absence of OxLDL were added to HUVECs and HMEC‐1. After 5 days, the status of nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin (ET)‐1 systems as well as their signal transduction were assessed using Western blot, ELISA and immunoreactive staining. The effects of chronic combination of HG and hyperlipidaemia on endothelial integrity and function as well as alterations in circulatory NO and ET‐1 systems were examined in knockout mice LDLR−/− and their wild‐type. HUVEC cells exposed to HG and OxLDL displayed enhanced ET‐1 production, more than HG or OxLDL when added alone. Overproduction of ET‐1 stems from up‐regulation of endothelin converting enzyme (ECE)‐1 as observed under these conditions. In contrast, combination of HG and OxLDL dramatically decreased both total endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) by 60%, and activated eNOS (peNOS) by 80%. Moreover, NRF2 decreased by 42% and its active form (pNRF2) by 56%, as compared to baseline. Likewise, ETB levels decreased by 64% from baseline on endothelial cells. Furthermore, diabetic LDLR−/− mice displayed a higher blood pressure, plasma triglycerides, cholesterol, ET‐1 and NO2/NO3 levels, when compared with normoglycemic LDLR−/− and BALB mice. Combined hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia activates the ET system and attenuates the nitric oxide system with the Nrf2 signalling pathway. These findings suggest that perturbations in these paracrine systems may contribute to ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niroz Abu-Saleh
- Department of Physiology, Ruth & Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Hiba Yaseen
- Department of Medicine D, Rambam Health Care Campus and Ruth & Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-IIT, Haifa, Israel.,Clinical Research Institute, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Safa Kinaneh
- Department of Physiology, Ruth & Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Mogher Khamaisi
- Department of Medicine D, Rambam Health Care Campus and Ruth & Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-IIT, Haifa, Israel.,Clinical Research Institute, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Zaid Abassi
- Department of Physiology, Ruth & Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
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19
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Kataru RP, Park HJ, Baik JE, Li C, Shin J, Mehrara BJ. Regulation of Lymphatic Function in Obesity. Front Physiol 2020; 11:459. [PMID: 32499718 PMCID: PMC7242657 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system has many functions, including macromolecules transport, fat absorption, regulation and modulation of adaptive immune responses, clearance of inflammatory cytokines, and cholesterol metabolism. Thus, it is evident that lymphatic function can play a key role in the regulation of a wide array of biologic phenomenon, and that physiologic changes that alter lymphatic function may have profound pathologic effects. Recent studies have shown that obesity can markedly impair lymphatic function. Obesity-induced pathologic changes in the lymphatic system result, at least in part, from the accumulation of inflammatory cells around lymphatic vessel leading to impaired lymphatic collecting vessel pumping capacity, leaky initial and collecting lymphatics, alterations in lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) gene expression, and degradation of junctional proteins. These changes are important since impaired lymphatic function in obesity may contribute to the pathology of obesity in other organ systems in a feed-forward manner by increasing low-grade tissue inflammation and the accumulation of inflammatory cytokines. More importantly, recent studies have suggested that interventions that inhibit inflammatory responses, either pharmacologically or by lifestyle modifications such as aerobic exercise and weight loss, improve lymphatic function and metabolic parameters in obese mice. The purpose of this review is to summarize the pathologic effects of obesity on the lymphatic system, the cellular mechanisms that regulate these responses, the effects of impaired lymphatic function on metabolic syndrome in obesity, and the interventions that may improve lymphatic function in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghu P Kataru
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Hyeong Ju Park
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jung Eun Baik
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Claire Li
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jinyeon Shin
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Babak J Mehrara
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
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20
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Rapone B, Converti I, Santacroce L, Cesarano F, Vecchiet F, Cacchio L, Scacco S, Grassi R, Grassi FR, Gnoni A, Ferrara E, Nardi GM. Impact of Periodontal Inflammation on Nutrition and Inflammation Markers in Hemodialysis Patients. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:antibiotics8040209. [PMID: 31683838 PMCID: PMC6963174 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8040209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome (MICS) is a common and usually concurrent condition occurring in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD), with a pathogenesis linked to biological and in situ environmental traditional risk factors. Periodontitis, one of the major types of infection-driven inflammation, often co-occurs in the in the hemodialysis population and correlates with markers of malnutrition and inflammation, such as albumin, creatinine, and C-reactive protein. Aim: The present study aimed to determine whether the periodontal inflammatory status parameters correlate with the albumin, creatinine, and C-reactive protein serum concentrations in HD patients, and investigate whether periodontal treatment improves these markers of nutritional and systemic inflammation. Materials and Methods: The serum creatinine, albumin, and C-reactive Protein (CRP) levels were measured at baseline and after non-surgical periodontal treatment, at 3 months and 6 months. Results: At 3 months, a significant correlation between plaque index and C-reactive protein (p = 0.012), bleeding on probing and C-reactive protein (p < 0.0019), and clinical attachment level and C-reactive protein (p = 0.022) was found. No significant correlation was found between clinical periodontal parameters and nutrition markers at each time. Conclusions: Our results confirmed the association between C-reactive protein serum concentration and periodontal inflammatory status, but further research is necessary to identify the contributing role of periodontitis on the onset and progression of MICS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biagio Rapone
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, 70122 Bari, Italy; (S.S.); (F.R.G.); (A.G.)
- Correspondence: (B.R.); (L.S.); Tel.: +39-3477619817 (B.R.)
| | - Ilaria Converti
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, 70122 Bari, Italy;
| | - Luigi Santacroce
- Ionian Department (DJSGEM), “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, 70122 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence: (B.R.); (L.S.); Tel.: +39-3477619817 (B.R.)
| | - Francesca Cesarano
- Department of Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (G.M.N.)
| | - Federico Vecchiet
- Complex Operative Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Hospital S.S. Annunziata, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (F.V.); (L.C.); (E.F.)
| | - Luciano Cacchio
- Complex Operative Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Hospital S.S. Annunziata, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (F.V.); (L.C.); (E.F.)
| | - Salvatore Scacco
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, 70122 Bari, Italy; (S.S.); (F.R.G.); (A.G.)
| | - Roberta Grassi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Felice Roberto Grassi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, 70122 Bari, Italy; (S.S.); (F.R.G.); (A.G.)
| | - Antonio Gnoni
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, 70122 Bari, Italy; (S.S.); (F.R.G.); (A.G.)
| | - Elisabetta Ferrara
- Complex Operative Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Hospital S.S. Annunziata, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (F.V.); (L.C.); (E.F.)
| | - Gianna Maria Nardi
- Department of Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (G.M.N.)
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21
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Senoner T, Dichtl W. Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases: Still a Therapeutic Target? Nutrients 2019; 11:E2090. [PMID: 31487802 PMCID: PMC6769522 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 445] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are complex entities with heterogenous pathophysiologic mechanisms and increased oxidative stress has been viewed as one of the potential common etiologies. A fine balance between the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants is essential for the proper normal functioning of the cell. A basal concentration of ROS is indispensable for the manifestation of cellular functions, whereas excessive levels of ROS cause damage to cellular macromolecules such as DNA, lipids and proteins, eventually leading to necrosis and apoptotic cell death. CVD is the main cause of death worldwide with several conditions being affected by oxidative stress. Increased ROS lead to decreased nitric oxide availability and vasoconstriction, promoting arterial hypertension. ROS also negatively influence myocardial calcium handling, causing arrhythmia, and augment cardiac remodeling by inducing hypertrophic signaling and apoptosis. Finally, ROS have also been shown to promote atherosclerotic plaque formation. This review aims at giving an introduction into oxidative stress in CVD, with special focus on endothelial dysfunction, and then examining in detail the role of oxidative stress in the most prevalent of these diseases. Finally, potential nutraceuticals and diets that might be beneficial in diminishing the burden of oxidative stress in CVD are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Senoner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology and Angiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Wolfgang Dichtl
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology and Angiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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22
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Endothelial factors in the pathogenesis and treatment of chronic kidney disease Part I: General mechanisms: a joint consensus statement from the European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Endothelin and Endothelial Factors and The Japanese Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens 2019; 36:451-461. [PMID: 29120962 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
: Kidney damage is a common consequence of arterial hypertension, but is also a cause of atherogenesis. Dysfunction and/or harm of the endothelium in glomeruli and tubular interstitium damage the function of these structures and translates into dynamic changes of filtration fraction, with progressive reduction in glomerular filtration rate, expansion of extracellular fluid volume, abnormal ion balance, and hypoxia, ultimately leading to chronic kidney disease. Considering the key role played by endothelial dysfunction in chronic kidney disease, the Working Group on Endothelin and Endothelial Factors of the European Society of Hypertension and the Japanese Society of Hypertension have critically reviewed available knowledge on the mechanisms underlying endothelial cell injury. This resulted into two articles: in the first, we herein examine the mechanisms by which endothelial factors induce vascular remodeling and the role of different players, including endothelin-1, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and their interactions, and of oxidative stress; in the second, we discuss the role of endothelial dysfunction in the major disease conditions that affect the kidney.
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23
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Shen L, Hu Y, Lou J, Yin S, Wang W, Wang Y, Xia Y, Wu W. CircRNA‑0044073 is upregulated in atherosclerosis and increases the proliferation and invasion of cells by targeting miR‑107. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:3923-3932. [PMID: 30864721 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are endogenous non‑coding RNAs implicated in atherosclerosis. The aim of the present study was to explore the function of circRNA‑0044073 in atherosclerosis. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays were used to measure the expression levels of circRNA‑0044073, microRNA (miRNA/miR)‑107, janus kinase 1 (JAK1), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), B‑cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl‑2) and v‑myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog (c‑myc) in in blood cells from patients with atherosclerosis. RNA pull‑down and luciferase reporter assays were then used to determine the association between circRNA and miR expression, and miR and gene expression, respectively. Matrigel invasion assay and flow cytometry were used to analyze cell invasion and cell cycle. Western blot analysis and ELISA were used to evaluate the expression levels of proteins. It was identified that the expression of circRNA‑0044073 was upregulated and the expression of miR‑107 was downregulated in atherosclerotic blood cells. Overexpression of circRNA‑0044073 promoted the proliferation of human vascular smooth muscle cells (HUVSMCs) and human vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs), while overexpression of miR‑107 inhibited their proliferation. In addition, circRNA‑0044073 suppressed the levels of miR‑107 via a sponge mechanism. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) affected the proliferation of HUVSMCs and HUVECs, and also resulted in changes in circRNA‑0044073 expression levels. CircRNA‑0044073 promoted the proliferation and invasion of HUVSMCs and HUVECs in spite of the opposite effect observed with LPS treatment. The JAK/STAT signaling pathway was activated in patients with atherosclerosis. CircRNA‑0044073 favored the activation of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway and inflammation in HUVSMCs and HUVECs. These data indicate that circRNA‑0044073 is upregulated in atherosclerosis and promotes the proliferation and invasion of cells by targeting miR‑107 and activating the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, potentially offering a target for novel treatment strategies against atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Shen
- Department of Geriatrics, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Qi‑Lu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Yanyan Hu
- Department of Geriatrics, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Qi‑Lu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Jianwei Lou
- Department of Neurology, Qi‑Lu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Sen Yin
- Department of Neurology, Qi‑Lu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Weiling Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Qi‑Lu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyan Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Qi‑Lu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Yong Xia
- Department of Geriatrics, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Qi‑Lu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Neurology, Qi‑Lu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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24
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Rodrigues KL, Borges JP, Lopes GDO, Pereira ENGDS, Mediano MFF, Farinatti P, Tibiriça E, Daliry A. Influence of Physical Exercise on Advanced Glycation End Products Levels in Patients Living With the Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1641. [PMID: 30574090 PMCID: PMC6291474 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) used to treat acquired immunodeficiency virus (HIV) induces a number of adverse effects, such as insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, which ultimately increases the cardiovascular risk. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) have been implicated in the etiology of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and other chronic diseases. It is known that physical exercise improves the lipid profile, insulin resistance and reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases. However, the impact of physical exercise on AGE levels in HIV-infected patients has not been so far investigated. Therefore, this study compared AGEs levels in people with and without HIV and verified the effect of physical training on serum AGE levels. Methods: Participants were initially assigned into three groups: healthy control (CTL, n = 35), physically inactive HIV-infected (In-HIV, n = 33) and physically active HIV-infected (Ac-HIV, n = 19). The In-HIV group underwent physical training for 3 months, consisting of 60-min sessions of multimodal supervised exercise (aerobic, resistance and flexibility) with moderate intensity (50–80% heart rate reserve), performed 3 times/week. AGEs were measured in serum by fluorescence spectrometry. Results: At baseline, serum AGEs fluorescence level was significantly higher in inactive HIV-patients when compared to controls or active HIV-patients (In-HIV: 0.93 ± 0.08 vs. controls: 0.68 ± 0.13 and Ac-HIV: 0.59 ± 0.04 A.U.; P < 0.001). Triglycerides were also higher in In-HIV than CTL (182.8 ± 102 vs. 132.8 ± 52.3 mg/dL; P < 0.05). Waist circumference was lower in Ac-HIV, compared to In-HIV and controls (83.9 ± 10.4 vs. 92.9 ± 13.5 and 98.3 ± 12.4, respectively; P < 0.05). Body mass, fasting blood glucose, LDL, HDL, and total cholesterol were similar between groups. After training, AGE levels decreased (Baseline: 0.93 ± 0.08 vs. 3 months follow-up: 0.59 ± 0.04 AU; P < 0.001), no further difference being detected vs. CTL or Ac-HIV. Conclusion: HIV-infected patients under cART exhibited elevated AGEs levels compared to healthy individuals and physically active patients. Short-term aerobic training of moderate intensity counteracted this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Lino Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Investigation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana Pereira Borges
- Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriella de Oliveira Lopes
- Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Mauro Felippe Felix Mediano
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Cardiology, Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo Farinatti
- Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Tibiriça
- National Institute of Cardiology, Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anissa Daliry
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Investigation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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25
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Qi XY, Qu SL, Xiong WH, Rom O, Chang L, Jiang ZS. Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) in atherosclerosis: a double-edged sword. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2018; 17:134. [PMID: 30305178 PMCID: PMC6180425 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-018-0777-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), the adipose tissue that surrounds most of the vasculature, has emerged as an active component of the blood vessel wall regulating vascular homeostasis and affecting the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Although PVAT characteristics resemble both brown and white adipose tissues, recent evidence suggests that PVAT develops from its own distinct precursors implying a closer link between PVAT and vascular system. Under physiological conditions, PVAT has potent anti-atherogenic properties mediated by its ability to secrete various biologically active factors that induce non-shivering thermogenesis and metabolize fatty acids. In contrast, under pathological conditions (mainly obesity), PVAT becomes dysfunctional, loses its thermogenic capacity and secretes pro-inflammatory adipokines that induce endothelial dysfunction and infiltration of inflammatory cells, promoting atherosclerosis development. Since PVAT plays crucial roles in regulating key steps of atherosclerosis development, it may constitute a novel therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis. Here, we review the current literature regarding the roles of PVAT in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Qi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 China
| | - Shun-Lin Qu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 China
| | - Wen-Hao Xiong
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 China
| | - Oren Rom
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Lin Chang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Zhi-Sheng Jiang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 China
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Nafisa A, Gray SG, Cao Y, Wang T, Xu S, Wattoo FH, Barras M, Cohen N, Kamato D, Little PJ. Endothelial function and dysfunction: Impact of metformin. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 192:150-162. [PMID: 30056057 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Endothelial dysfunction is a key player in the initiation and progression of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Current evidence suggests that the anti-diabetic drug metformin improves insulin resistance and protects against endothelial dysfunction in the vasculature. Hereby, we provide a timely review on the protective effects and molecular mechanisms of metformin in preventing endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Nafisa
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.
| | - Susan G Gray
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.
| | - Yingnan Cao
- Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tinghuai Wang
- Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Suowen Xu
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Feroza H Wattoo
- Department of Biochemistry, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Shamasabad, Muree Road, Rawalpindi 4600, Pakistan..
| | - Michael Barras
- Dept. of Pharmacy, Princess Alexandra Hospital, 199 Ipswich Rd, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Neale Cohen
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Danielle Kamato
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia; Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia; Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China.
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Endothelial factors in the pathogenesis and treatment of chronic kidney disease Part II. J Hypertens 2018; 36:462-471. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Barton M, Filardo EJ, Lolait SJ, Thomas P, Maggiolini M, Prossnitz ER. Twenty years of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor GPER: Historical and personal perspectives. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 176:4-15. [PMID: 28347854 PMCID: PMC5716468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens play a critical role in many aspects of physiology, particularly female reproductive function, but also in pathophysiology, and are associated with protection from numerous diseases in premenopausal women. Steroids and the effects of estrogen have been known for ∼90 years, with the first evidence for a receptor for estrogen presented ∼50 years ago. The original ancestral steroid receptor, extending back into evolution more than 500 million years, was likely an estrogen receptor, whereas G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) trace their origins back into history more than one billion years. The classical estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) are ligand-activated transcription factors that confer estrogen sensitivity upon many genes. It was soon apparent that these, or novel receptors may also be responsible for the "rapid"/"non-genomic" membrane-associated effects of estrogen. The identification of an orphan GPCR (GPR30, published in 1996) opened a new field of research with the description in 2000 that GPR30 expression is required for rapid estrogen signaling. In 2005-2006, the field was greatly stimulated by two studies that described the binding of estrogen to GPR30-expressing cell membranes, followed by the identification of a GPR30-selective agonist (that lacked binding and activity towards ERα and ERβ). Renamed GPER (G protein-coupled estrogen receptor) by IUPHAR in 2007, the total number of articles in PubMed related to this receptor recently surpassed 1000. In this article, the authors present personal perspectives on how they became involved in the discovery and/or advancement of GPER research. These areas include non-genomic effects on vascular tone, receptor cloning, molecular and cellular biology, signal transduction mechanisms and pharmacology of GPER, highlighting the roles of GPER and GPER-selective compounds in diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and cancer and the obligatory role of GPER in propagating cardiovascular aging, arterial hypertension and heart failure through the stimulation of Nox expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Barton
- Molecular Internal Medicine, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Edward J Filardo
- Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Stephen J Lolait
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Peter Thomas
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA
| | - Marcello Maggiolini
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Eric R Prossnitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center and University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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Barton M, Husmann M. Obesity causes lymphatic vascular injury: time for clinical translation. J Physiol 2018; 594:6807-6808. [PMID: 27905133 DOI: 10.1113/jp273253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Barton
- Molecular Internal Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marc Husmann
- Division of Angiology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Role of Hyperhomocysteinemia and Hyperuricemia in Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2017; 26:2695-2699. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Network pharmacology exploration reveals endothelial inflammation as a common mechanism for stroke and coronary artery disease treatment of Danhong injection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15427. [PMID: 29133791 PMCID: PMC5684234 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14692-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Danhong injection (DHI) is the most widely prescribed Chinese medicine for both stroke and coronary artery disease (CAD), its underlying common molecular mechanisms remain unclear. An integrated network pharmacology and experimental verification approach was used to decipher common pharmacological mechanisms of DHI on stroke and CAD treatment. A compound-target-disease & function-pathway network was constructed and analyzed, indicating that 37 ingredients derived from DH (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge., Flos Carthami tinctorii and DHI) modulated 68 common targets shared by stroke and CAD. In-depth network analysis results of the top diseases, functions, pathways and upstream regulators implied that a common underlying mechanism linking DHI’s role in stroke and CAD treatment was inflammatory response in the process of atherosclerosis. Experimentally, DHI exerted comprehensive anti-inflammatory effects on LPS, ox-LDL or cholesterol crystal-induced NF-κB, c-jun and p38 activation, as well as IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-10 secretion in vascular endothelial cells. Ten of 14 predicted ingredients were verified to have significant anti-inflammatory activities on LPS-induced endothelial inflammation. DHI exerts pharmacological efficacies on both stroke and CAD through multi-ingredient, multi-target, multi-function and multi-pathway mode. Anti-endothelial inflammation therapy serves as a common underlying mechanism. This study provides a new understanding of DHI in clinical application on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.
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Escobedo N, Oliver G. The Lymphatic Vasculature: Its Role in Adipose Metabolism and Obesity. Cell Metab 2017; 26:598-609. [PMID: 28844882 PMCID: PMC5629116 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a key risk factor for metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, and although we understand the mechanisms regulating weight and energy balance, the causes of some forms of obesity remain enigmatic. Despite the well-established connections between lymphatics and lipids, and the fact that intestinal lacteals play key roles in dietary fat absorption, the function of the lymphatic vasculature in adipose metabolism has only recently been recognized. It is well established that angiogenesis is tightly associated with the outgrowth of adipose tissue, as expanding adipose tissue requires increased nutrient supply from blood vessels. Results supporting a crosstalk between lymphatic vessels and adipose tissue, and linking lymphatic function with metabolic diseases, obesity, and adipose tissue, also started to accumulate in the last years. Here we review our current knowledge of the mechanisms by which defective lymphatics contribute to obesity and fat accumulation in mouse models, as well as our understanding of the lymphatic-adipose tissue relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Escobedo
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Guillermo Oliver
- Center for Vascular and Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Roles of Cells from the Arterial Vessel Wall in Atherosclerosis. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:8135934. [PMID: 28680196 PMCID: PMC5478858 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8135934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis has been identified as a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial vessel wall. Accumulating evidence indicates that different cells from the tunica intima, media, adventitia, and perivascular adipose tissue not only comprise the intact and normal arterial vessel wall but also participate all in the inflammatory response of atherosclerosis via multiple intricate pathways. For instance, endothelial dysfunction has historically been considered to be the initiator of the development of atherosclerosis. The migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells also play a pivotal role in the progression of atherosclerosis. Additionally, the fibroblasts from the adventitia and adipocytes from perivascular adipose tissue have received considerable attention given their special functions that contribute to atherosclerosis. In addition, numerous types of cytokines produced by different cells from the arterial vessel wall, including endothelium-derived relaxing factors, endothelium-derived contracting factors, tumor necrosis factors, interleukin, adhesion molecules, interferon, and adventitium-derived relaxing factors, have been implicated in atherosclerosis. Herein, we summarize the possible roles of different cells from the entire arterial vessel wall in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
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Taylor MS, Choi CS, Bayazid L, Glosemeyer KE, Baker CCP, Weber DS. Changes in vascular reactivity and endothelial Ca 2+ dynamics with chronic low flow. Microcirculation 2017; 24:10.1111/micc.12354. [PMID: 28106317 PMCID: PMC5404954 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of blood flow promotes endothelial dysfunction and predisposes vessels to remodeling and atherosclerosis. Recent findings suggest that spatial and temporal tuning of local Ca2+ signals along the endothelium is vital to vascular function. In this study, we examined whether chronic flow disruption causes alteration of dynamic endothelial Ca2+ signal patterning associated with changes in vascular structure and function. For these studies, we performed surgical PL of the left carotid arteries of mice to establish chronic low flow for 2 weeks; right carotid arteries remained open and served as controls (C). Histological sections showed substantial remodeling of PL compared to C arteries, including formation of neointima. Isometric force measurements revealed increased PE-induced contractions and decreased KCl-induced contractions in PL vs C arteries. Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in response to ACh; 10-8 to 10-5 mol/L) was significantly impaired in PL vs C vessels. Evaluation of endothelial Ca2+ using confocal imaging and custom analysis exposed distinct impairment of Ca2+ dynamics in PL arteries, characterized by reduction in active sites and truncation of events, corresponding to attenuated vasorelaxation. Our findings suggest that endothelial dysfunction in developing vascular disease may be characterized by distinct shifts in the spatial and temporal patterns of localized Ca2+ signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Taylor
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Chung-Sik Choi
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Leith Bayazid
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Katherine E Glosemeyer
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Calvin C P Baker
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - David S Weber
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, USA
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Meyer MR, Barton M. Estrogens and Coronary Artery Disease: New Clinical Perspectives. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 77:307-60. [PMID: 27451102 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In premenopausal women, endogenous estrogens are associated with reduced prevalence of arterial hypertension, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Clinical trials conducted in the 1990s such as HERS, WHI, and WISDOM have shown that postmenopausal treatment with horse hormone mixtures (so-called conjugated equine estrogens) and synthetic progestins adversely affects female cardiovascular health. Our understanding of rapid (nongenomic) and chronic (genomic) estrogen signaling has since advanced considerably, including identification of a new G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), which like the "classical" receptors ERα and ERβ is highly abundant in the cardiovascular system. Here, we discuss the role of estrogen receptors in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and review natural and synthetic ligands of estrogen receptors as well as their effects in physiology, on cardiovascular risk factors, and atherosclerotic vascular disease. Data from preclinical and clinical studies using nonselective compounds activating GPER, which include selective estrogen receptor modulators such as tamoxifen or raloxifene, selective estrogen receptor downregulators such as Faslodex™ (fulvestrant/ICI 182,780), vitamin B3 (niacin), green tea catechins, and soy flavonoids such as genistein or resveratrol, strongly suggest that activation of GPER may afford therapeutic benefit for primary and secondary prevention in patients with or at risk for coronary artery disease. Evidence from preclinical studies suggest similar efficacy profiles for selective small molecule GPER agonists such as G-1 which are devoid of uterotrophic activity. Further clinical research in this area is warranted to provide opportunities for future cardiovascular drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Meyer
- Triemli City Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - M Barton
- Molecular Internal Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Barton M, Husmann M, Meyer MR. Accelerated Vascular Aging as a Paradigm for Hypertensive Vascular Disease: Prevention and Therapy. Can J Cardiol 2016; 32:680-686.e4. [PMID: 27118295 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2016.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is considered the most important nonmodifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease and death after age 28 years. Because of demographic changes the world population is expected to increase to 9 billion by the year 2050 and up to 12 billion by 2100, with several-fold increases among those 65 years of age and older. Healthy aging and prevention of aging-related diseases and associated health costs have become part of political agendas of governments around the world. Atherosclerotic vascular burden increases with age; accordingly, patients with progeria (premature aging) syndromes die from myocardial infarctions or stroke as teenagers or young adults. The incidence and prevalence of arterial hypertension also increases with age. Arterial hypertension-like diabetes and chronic renal failure-shares numerous pathologies and underlying mechanisms with the vascular aging process. In this article, we review how arterial hypertension resembles premature vascular aging, including the mechanisms by which arterial hypertension (as well as other risk factors such as diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, or chronic renal failure) accelerates the vascular aging process. We will also address the importance of cardiovascular risk factor control-including antihypertensive therapy-as a powerful intervention to interfere with premature vascular aging to reduce the age-associated prevalence of diseases such as myocardial infarction, heart failure, hypertensive nephropathy, and vascular dementia due to cerebrovascular disease. Finally, we will discuss the implementation of endothelial therapy, which aims at active patient participation to improve primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Barton
- Molecular Internal Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Marc Husmann
- Division of Angiology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Park KH, Park WJ. Endothelial Dysfunction: Clinical Implications in Cardiovascular Disease and Therapeutic Approaches. J Korean Med Sci 2015; 30:1213-25. [PMID: 26339159 PMCID: PMC4553666 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2015.30.9.1213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic progressive vascular disease. It starts early in life, has a long asymptomatic phase, and a progression accelerated by various cardiovascular risk factors. The endothelium is an active inner layer of the blood vessel. It generates many factors that regulate vascular tone, the adhesion of circulating blood cells, smooth muscle proliferation, and inflammation, which are the key mechanisms of atherosclerosis and can contribute to the development of cardiovascular events. There is growing evidence that functional impairment of the endothelium is one of the first recognizable signs of development of atherosclerosis and is present long before the occurrence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Therefore, understanding the endothelium's central role provides not only insights into pathophysiology, but also a possible clinical opportunity to detect early disease, stratify cardiovascular risk, and assess response to treatments. In the present review, we will discuss the clinical implications of endothelial function as well as the therapeutic issues for endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular disease as primary and secondary endothelial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Ha Park
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Medical Center, Anyang, Korea
| | - Woo Jung Park
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Medical Center, Anyang, Korea
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de Souza JA, Menin A, Lima LO, Smiderle L, Hutz MH, Van Der Sand CR, Van Der Sand LC, Ferreira MEW, Pires RC, Almeida S, Fiegenbaum M. PON1 polymorphisms are predictors of ability to attain HDL-C goals in statin-treated patients. Clin Biochem 2015; 48:1039-44. [PMID: 26079344 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES PON1 plays an important role in inhibiting LDL-C oxidation, which reduces atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Elevated PON1 activity or levels may contribute to increased HDL-C levels, but controversy exists over the hypothesis that genetic variation in the PON1 gene locus modulates HDL-C levels and responses to statin treatment. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the association between two polymorphisms in the PON1 gene and statin responses in a south Brazilian population. DESIGN AND METHODS The study population included 433 dyslipidemic patients who were prescribed statins. Total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-C and LDL-C levels were measured in these patients both before and after approximately 6months of treatment with simvastatin/atorvastatin. Genotypes were assessed by real-time PCR for two PON1 polymorphisms, Q192R (rs662) and L55M (rs854560). RESULTS Baseline lipid levels were not associated with Q192R or L55M polymorphisms. For the Q192R (rs662) polymorphism, we observed that HDL-C goals were attained less often in patients with RR homozygosity than in Q allele carriers (χ(2) P=0.009, adjusted residual analysis P=0.003). For the L55M (rs854560) polymorphism, LL homozygotes were underrepresented among subjects that achieved the HDL-C goal (χ(2) P=0.026, adjusted residual analysis P=0.008). Analysis by univariate logistic regression confirmed that QQ/QR and MM/ML carriers had an increased chance of attaining HDL-C goals (OR=2.41, CI95%=1.32-4.40, P=0.004 and OR=1.68, CI95%=1.15-2.45, P=0.008). In a multivariate logistic analysis used to assess predictors of attaining an HDL-C goal>1.55mmol/L, we observed that gender (OR=1.71, CI95%=1.04-2.83, P=0.036), baseline HDL-C levels (OR=1.13, CI95%=1.10-1.16, P<0.001) and the QQ/QR+MM/ML genotypes increased the chance of achieving HDL-C goals (OR=2.81, CI95%=1.35-5.85, P=0.006). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show that the Q192R (rs662) and L55M (rs854560) polymorphisms may play a role in interindividual variation in achievement of HDL-C goals in response to statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Aguiar de Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre-UFCSPA, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Angelica Menin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre-UFCSPA, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luciana Otero Lima
- Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Lisiane Smiderle
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre-UFCSPA, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mara Helena Hutz
- Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Silvana Almeida
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre-UFCSPA, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marilu Fiegenbaum
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre-UFCSPA, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre-UFCSPA, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Fischer T. [The age-related macular degeneration as a vascular disease/part of systemic vasculopathy: contributions to its pathogenesis]. Orv Hetil 2015; 156:358-65. [PMID: 25702256 DOI: 10.1556/oh.2015.30017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The wall of blood vessels including those in choroids may be harmed by several repeated and/or prolonged mechanical, physical, chemical, microbiological, immunologic, and genetic impacts (risk factors), which may trigger a protracted response, the so-called host defense response. As a consequence, pathological changes resulting in vascular injury (e. g. atherosclerosis, age-related macular degeneration) may be evolved. Risk factors can also act directly on the endothelium through an increased production of reactive oxygen species promoting an endothelial activation, which leads to endothelial dysfunction, the onset of vascular disease. Thus, endothelial dysfunction is a link between the harmful stimulus and vascular injury; any kind of harmful stimuli may trigger the defensive chain that results in inflammation that may lead to vascular injury. It has been shown that even early age-related macular degeneration is associated with the presence of diffuse arterial disease and patients with early age-related macular degeneration demonstrate signs of systemic and retinal vascular alterations. Chronic inflammation, a feature of AMD, is tightly linked to diseases associated with ED: AMD is accompanied by a general inflammatory response, in the form of complement system activation, similar to that observed in degenerative vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. All these facts indicate that age-related macular degeneration may be a vascular disease (or part of a systemic vasculopathy). This recognition could have therapeutic implications because restoration of endothelial dysfunction may prevent the development or improve vascular disease resulting in prevention or improvement of age-related macular degeneration as well.
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Zhou X, Wang D, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Xiang D, Wang H. Activation of κ-opioid receptor by U50,488H improves vascular dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. BMC Endocr Disord 2015; 15:7. [PMID: 25887435 PMCID: PMC4355970 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-015-0004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that activation of κ-opioid receptor (KOR) by U50,488H exhibits potential cardiovascular protective properties. However, the effects of U50,488H on vascular dysfunction in diabetes mellitus (DM) are still not clear. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of U50,488H on vascular dysfunction in diabetic rats and explore the underlying mechanisms involved. METHODS Rats were randomly divided into control, DM, DM + vehicle, DM + U50,488H and DM + nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI) groups. Streptozotocin injection was used to induce DM. Weight, blood glucose, blood pressure and plasma insulin for each group were measured. Arterial functions were assessed with isolated vessels mounted for isometric tension recordings. Angiotensin II (ANG II), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 levels were measured by ELISA, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation and NF-κB p65 translocation were measured by Western blot. RESULTS Activation of KOR by U50,488H reduced the enhanced contractility of aortas to KCl and noradrenaline and increased acetylcholine-induced vascular relaxation, which could also protect the aortal ultrastructure in DM. U50,488H treatment resulted in reduction in ANG II, sICAM-1, IL-6 and IL-8 levels and elevation in NO levels, while these effects were abolished by nor-BNI treatment. Further more, eNOS phosphorylation was increased, and NF-κB p65 translocation was decreased after U50,488H treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that U50,488H may have therapeutic effects on diabetic vascular dysfunction by improving endothelial dysfunction and attenuating chronic inflammation, which may be dependent on phosphorylation of eNOS and downstream inhibition of NF-кB.
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MESH Headings
- 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer/pharmacology
- 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Antihypertensive Agents/pharmacology
- Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic use
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/physiopathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/physiopathology
- Diabetic Angiopathies/physiopathology
- Diabetic Angiopathies/prevention & control
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
- Male
- Pulmonary Artery/drug effects
- Pulmonary Artery/physiopathology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/agonists
- Streptozocin
- Vasoconstriction/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Guang Zhou Military Command, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510011, China.
| | - Dongjuan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.
- Department of Cardiology, PLA Navy General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Yuyang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.
| | - Jinxia Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Guang Zhou Military Command, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510011, China.
| | - Dingcheng Xiang
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Guang Zhou Military Command, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510011, China.
| | - Haichang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.
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42
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ACE2 and Ang-(1-7) protect endothelial cell function and prevent early atherosclerosis by inhibiting inflammatory response. Inflamm Res 2015; 64:253-60. [PMID: 25721616 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-015-0805-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a counter-regulator against ACE by converting angiotensin II (Ang-II) to Ang-(1-7), but the effect of ACE2 and Ang-(1-7) on endothelial cell function and atherosclerotic evolution is unknown. We hypothesized that ACE2 overexpression and Ang-(1-7) may protect endothelial cell function by counterregulation of angiotensin II signaling and inhibition of inflammatory response. METHODS We used a recombinant adenovirus vector to locally overexpress ACE2 gene (Ad-ACE2) in human endothelial cells in vitro and in apoE-deficient mice in vivo. The Ang II-induced MCP-1, VCAM-1 and E-selectin expression, endothelial cell migration and adhesion of human monocytic cells (U-937) to HUVECs by ACE2 gene transfer were evaluated in vitro. Accelerated atherosclerosis was studied in vivo, and atherosclerosis was induced in apoE-deficient mice which were divided randomly into four groups that received respectively a ACE2 gene transfer, Ad-ACE2, Ad-EGFP, Ad-ACE2 + A779, an Ang-(1-7) receptor antagonist, control group. After a gene transfer for 4 weeks, atherosclerotic pathology was evaluated. RESULTS ACE2 gene transfer not only promoted HUVECs migration, inhibited adhesion of monocyte to HUVECs and decreased Ang II-induced MCP-1, VCAM-1 and E-selectin protein production in vitro, but also decreased the level of MCP-1, VCAM-1 and interleukin 6 and inhibit atherosclerotic plaque evolution in vivo. Further, administration of A779 increased the level of MCP-1, VCAM-1 and interleukin 6 in vivo and led to further advancements in atherosclerotic extent. CONCLUSIONS ACE2 and Ang-(1-7) significantly inhibit early atherosclerotic lesion formation via protection of endothelial function and inhibition of inflammatory response.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cardiovascular disease remains the single most serious contributor to mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Although conventional risk factors are prevalent in CKD, both cardiomyopathy and vasculopathy can be caused by pathophysiologic mechanisms specific to the uremic state. CKD is a state of systemic αKlotho deficiency. Although the molecular mechanism of action of αKlotho is not well understood, the downstream targets and biologic functions of αKlotho are astonishingly pleiotropic. An emerging body of literature links αKlotho to uremic vasculopathy. RECENT FINDINGS The expression of αKlotho in the vasculature is controversial because of conflicting data. Regardless of whether αKlotho acts as a circulating or resident protein, there are good data associating changes in αKlotho levels with vascular pathology including vascular calcification and in-vitro data of the direct action of αKlotho on both the endothelium and vascular smooth muscle cells in terms of cytoprotection and prevention of mineralization. SUMMARY It is critical to understand the pathogenic role of αKlotho on the integral endothelium-vascular smooth muscle network rather than each cell type in isolation in uremic vasculopathy, as αKlotho can serve as a potential prognostic biomarker and a biological therapeutic agent.
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Han XD, Zhou ZW, Yang W, Ye HC, Xu YZ, Huang YF, Zhang T, Zhou SF. A computational and functional study elicits the ameliorating effect of the Chinese herbal formula Huo Luo Xiao Ling Dan on experimental ischemia-induced myocardial injury in rats via inhibition of apoptosis. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:1063-102. [PMID: 25733819 PMCID: PMC4342182 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s76336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the leading cause of death worldwide and remains a major life-threatening factor in humans. Apoptosis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of IHD. The Chinese herbal formula Huo Luo Xiao Ling Dan (HLXLD), one of the commonly used Chinese herbal formulas, consists of Salviae miltiorrhizae, Angelica sinensis, Gummi olibanum, and Commiphora myrrha, with a wide spectrum of pharmacological activity. However, the mechanism of action and molecular targets of HLXLD in the treatment of IHD are unclear. This study aimed to computationally predict the molecular interactions between the major active components of HLXLD and key regulators of apoptosis and then examine the effect of HLXLD on coronary artery ligation-induced acute myocardial ischemia in rats. The molecular interactions between the major active components of HLXLD, including ferulic acid, ligustilide, succinic acid, vanillic acid, tanshinone IIA, tanshinone IIB, danshensu, salvianolic acid A, salvianolic acid C, protocatechuic aldehyde, and β-boswellic acid and human protein molecules including B cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xl), B cell lymphoma 2 antagonist/killer 1 (Bak1), B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), procaspase 3, and caspase 9 with regard to hydrogen bond formation, charge interaction, and π-π stacking using Discovery Studio(®) program 3.1. The 12 HLXLD components were predicted by ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity) Predictor to have favorable pharmacokinetic and low hepatotoxicity profiles. The acute myocardial ischemia was established by surgical ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. The rats were divided into a sham operative group, a model group, a positive control group treated with 0.2 mg/kg isosorbide mononitrate, and groups treated with 2.7, 5.4, or 10.8 g/kg HLXLD. The results showed that administration of HLXLD increased mean arterial pressure, left ventricular systolic pressure, heart rate, and maximal rate of rise/descent of left ventricular pressure levels. Administration of HLXLD significantly ameliorated coronary artery ligation-induced tissue damage in the left ventricle, with restored arrangement of myocardial fibers and recovered myoplasm in rats. Furthermore, HLXLD markedly increased the expression level of Bcl-2 but decreased the level of cleaved caspase 3. Taken together, administration of HLXLD attenuated acute myocardial ischemia-induced damage in cardiomyocytes and inhibited apoptotic death of cardiomyocytes, thereby exerting a cardioprotective effect in rats with IHD. These findings suggest that HLXLD may represent a promising herbal formula for the treatment of cardiovascular disease by counteracting apoptotic cell death via multiple active compounds. More studies are warranted to fully elucidate the mechanisms of action, identify the therapeutic targets, and validate the efficacy and safety of HLXLD in the treatment of IHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Dong Han
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Wei Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA ; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China ; Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center and Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang-Cheng Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Zi Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Feng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Feng Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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45
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Sommer W, Knöfel AK, Izykowski N, Oldhafer F, Avsar M, Jonigk D, Warnecke G, Haverich A. Physical exercise reduces transplant arteriosclerosis in a mouse aorta transplantation model. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2015; 149:330-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2014.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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46
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Barton M, Grüntzig J, Husmann M, Rösch J. Balloon Angioplasty - The Legacy of Andreas Grüntzig, M.D. (1939-1985). Front Cardiovasc Med 2014; 1:15. [PMID: 26664865 PMCID: PMC4671350 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2014.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1974, at the Medical Policlinic of the University of Zürich, German-born physician-scientist Andreas Grüntzig (1939-1985) for the first time applied a balloon-tipped catheter to re-open a severely stenosed femoral artery, a procedure, which he initially called "percutaneous transluminal dilatation". Balloon angioplasty as a therapy of atherosclerotic vascular disease, for which Grüntzig and Charles T. Dotter (1920-1985) received a nomination for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1978, became one of the most successful examples of translational medicine in the twentieth century. Known today as percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) in peripheral arteries or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in coronary arteries, balloon angioplasty has become the method of choice to treat patients with acute myocardial infarction or occluded leg arteries. On the occasion of the 40(th) anniversary of balloon angioplasty, we summarize Grüntzig's life and career in Germany, Switzerland, and the United States and also review the developments in vascular medicine from the 1890s to the 1980s, including Dotter's first accidental angioplasty in 1963. The work of pioneers of catheterization, including Pedro L. Fariñas in Cuba, André F. Cournand in France, Werner Forssmann, Werner Porstmann and Eberhard Zeitler in Germany, António Egas Moniz and Reynaldo dos Santos in Portugal, Sven-Ivar Seldinger in Sweden, and Barney Brooks, Thomas J. Fogarty, Melvin P. Judkins, Richard K. Myler, Dickinson W. Richards, and F. Mason Sones in the United States, is discussed. We also present quotes by Grüntzig and excerpts from his unfinished autobiography, statements of Grüntzig's former colleagues and contemporary witnesses, and have included hitherto unpublished historic photographs and links to archive recordings and historic materials. This year, on June 25, 2014, Andreas Grüntzig would have celebrated his 75(th) birthday. This article is dedicated to his memory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Josef Rösch
- Dotter Interventional Institute, OHSU, Portland, OR, USA
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47
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48
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Biscetti F, Straface G, Bertoletti G, Vincenzoni C, Snider F, Arena V, Landolfi R, Flex A. Identification of a potential proinflammatory genetic profile influencing carotid plaque vulnerability. J Vasc Surg 2014; 61:374-81. [PMID: 25441669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2014.08.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Atherosclerosis and vascular remodeling after injury are driven by inflammation and mononuclear cell infiltration. Unstable atherosclerotic plaques are characterized by a large necrotic core. In this study we investigated the distribution and interaction between gene polymorphisms encoding proinflammatory molecules in an Italian population with internal carotid artery stenosis (ICAS). We also evaluated whether reciprocal interaction between these gene polymorphisms increased the risk of plaque vulnerability. METHODS In this genetic association study, 11 proinflammatory gene polymorphisms were analyzed in 933 individuals comprising 344 patients with ICAS who underwent carotid endarterectomy and 589 controls without ultrasound evidence of atherosclerosis or intimal thickening. RESULTS We found that interleukin (IL) 6 (IL-6), IL-1β, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (CCL2) macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (CCL3), E-selectin (SELE), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1), and matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3), and 9 (MMP-9) gene variants were independently and significantly associated with ICAS. The association remained significant even after the Bonferroni correction. We also found a genetic profile associated with different risks for ICAS, depending on the number of high-risk genotypes simultaneously present in an individual. Furthermore, proinflammatory genetic profiles are significantly more common in individuals with unstable carotid plaque. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows, for the first time, a reciprocal interaction between proinflammatory genotypes for the development and progression of ICAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Biscetti
- Department of Medicine, A. Gemelli University Hospital, Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy; Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Genetics, Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Claudio Vincenzoni
- Department of Vascular Surgery, A. Gemelli University Hospital, Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Snider
- Department of Vascular Surgery, A. Gemelli University Hospital, Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Arena
- Department of Pathology, Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Landolfi
- Department of Medicine, A. Gemelli University Hospital, Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Flex
- Department of Medicine, A. Gemelli University Hospital, Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy; Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Genetics, Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy.
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49
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Husmann M, Barton M. Advancing and Translating Knowledge in Vascular Medicine. Front Cardiovasc Med 2014; 1:6. [PMID: 26664857 PMCID: PMC4668854 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2014.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For centuries, physicians have depended on the use of written information to gain knowledge. Book printing and binding introduced by Gutenberg in the fifteenth century revolutionized and accelerated the distribution of information. Advancing medical knowledge and progress is not only linked to the scientific quality of a discovery determining it will be accepted by the peers but also by its communication and sharing of new findings with the medical community. All these factors determine whether new knowledge will advance and improve clinical practice, medical education, and ultimately, patient care, and human health. In the past decade medical publishing has witnessed a revolution with regard to the instant, online availability of published "open access" information, which can be accessed and printed from any computer connected to the internet. As an example, how language and availability of printed information may affect distribution of knowledge, we discuss the publication of the first results of balloon angioplasty in patients with peripheral vascular disease 40 years ago by Andreas Grüntzig, M.D. at the University of Zürich. Vascular Medicine, as part of Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, will provide open access provided to all published content for sharing and distributing new and most up-to-date information on clinical practice and medical knowledge in vascular medicine. We anticipate that the ongoing transformation of scientific publishing through open access will further accelerate this process and make new knowledge available even faster. Immediate, unrestricted, and rapid access to the most current knowledge published will play a role in maintaining and advancing human vascular health across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Husmann
- Clinic of Angiology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Barton
- Molecular Internal Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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50
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Xilifu D, Abudula A, Rehemu N, Zhao L, Zhou X, Zhang X. Effect of rosuvastatin on hyperuricemic rats and the protective effect on endothelial dysfunction. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:1683-1688. [PMID: 25371715 PMCID: PMC4218693 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.2027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction plays a key role in the development of cardiovascular diseases, renal injuries and hypertension induced by hyperuricemia. Therapies targeting uric acid (UA) may be beneficial in cardiovascular diseases. In the present study, the effect of rosuvastatin, a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, was investigated to determine whether rosuvastatin improves endothelial dysfunction via the endothelial nitric oxide (NO) pathway and delays the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction in hyperuricemic rats. A total of 72 Sprague-Dawley rats (age, 8 weeks) were randomly divided into six groups (12 rats per group), including the control, model, 2.5 mg/kg/day rosuvastatin, 5 mg/kg/day rosuvastatin, 10 mg/kg/day rosuvastatin and 53.57 mg/kg/day allopurinol groups. The model, rosuvastatin and allopurinol rats were subjected to hyperuricemia, induced by the administration of yeast extract powder (21 g/kg/day) and oxonic acid potassium salt (200 mg/kg/day). The hyperuricemic rats were treated with 2.5, 5.0 or 10.0 mg/kg/day rosuvastatin orally for six weeks, while rats treated with allopurinol (53.57 mg/kg/day) were used as a positive control. The serum levels of NO and the gene expression levels of endothelial NO synthase in the aortic tissue increased, whereas the serum levels of UA, endothelin-1 and angiotensin II decreased in the hyperuricemic rats treated with rosuvastatin, particularly at a high rosuvastatin dose (10 mg/kg/day). In addition, the curative effect of the 10 mg/kg/day rosuvastatin group was evidently higher compared with the allopurinol group. Therefore, rosuvastatin may be a novel drug candidate for the treatment of hyperuricemia due to its endothelial protective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilidaer Xilifu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Abulizi Abudula
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Endemic Diseases, Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Nijiati Rehemu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Long Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Xinrong Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
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