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Gong M, Peng C, Yang C, Wang Z, Qian H, Hu X, Zhou P, Shan C, Ding Q. Genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen identifies SLC39A9 and PIK3C3 as crucial entry factors for Ebola virus infection. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012444. [PMID: 39173055 PMCID: PMC11341029 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The Ebola virus (EBOV) has emerged as a significant global health concern, notably during the 2013-2016 outbreak in West Africa. Despite the clinical approval of two EBOV antibody drugs, there is an urgent need for more diverse and effective antiviral drugs, along with comprehensive understanding of viral-host interactions. In this study, we harnessed a biologically contained EBOVΔVP30-EGFP cell culture model which could recapitulate the entire viral life cycle, to conduct a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen. Through this, we identified PIK3C3 (phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase) and SLC39A9 (zinc transporter) as crucial host factors for EBOV infection. Genetic depletion of SLC39A9 and PIK3C3 lead to reduction of EBOV entry, but not impact viral genome replication, suggesting that SLC39A9 and PIK3C3 act as entry factors, facilitating viral entry into host cells. Moreover, PIK3C3 kinase activity is indispensable for the internalization of EBOV virions, presumably through the regulation of endocytic and autophagic membrane traffic, which has been previously recognized as essential for EBOV internalization. Notably, our study demonstrated that PIK3C3 kinase inhibitor could effectively block EBOV infection, underscoring PIK3C3 as a promising drug target. Furthermore, biochemical analysis showed that recombinant SLC39A9 protein could directly bind viral GP protein, which further promotes the interaction of viral GP protein with cellular receptor NPC1. These findings suggests that SLC39A9 plays dual roles in EBOV entry. Initially, it serves as an attachment factor during the early entry phase by engaging with the viral GP protein. Subsequently, SLC39A9 functions an adaptor protein, facilitating the interaction between virions and the NPC1 receptor during the late entry phase, prior to cathepsin cleavage on the viral GP. In summary, this study offers novel insights into virus-host interactions, contributing valuable information for the development of new therapies against EBOV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingli Gong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chen Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Interdisciplinary Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Hongwu Qian
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Interdisciplinary Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chao Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qiang Ding
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- SXMU-Tsinghua Collaborative Innovation Center for Frontier Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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Kyobe Bosa H, Kamara N, Aragaw M, Wayengera M, Talisuna A, Bangura J, Mwebesa HG, Katoto PDMC, Agyarko RK, Ihekweazu C, Bousso A, Joshua O, Douno M, Fallah MP, Squire JS, Nyenswah TG, Nelson TV, Maeda J, Raji T, Traoré MS, Olu OO, Tegegn Woldemariam Y, Djoudalbaye B, Ngongo N, Kasolo FC, Mbala P, Fall IS, Ouma AO, Kaseya J, Aceng JR. The west Africa Ebola virus disease outbreak: 10 years on. Lancet Glob Health 2024; 12:e1081-e1083. [PMID: 38527467 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(24)00129-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Neema Kamara
- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, PO Box 3243, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Merawi Aragaw
- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, PO Box 3243, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Ambrose Talisuna
- WHO Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - James Bangura
- Health and Development in Action, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Moussa Douno
- Université Gamal Abdel de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Mosoka P Fallah
- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, PO Box 3243, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | | | - Justin Maeda
- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, PO Box 3243, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tajudeen Raji
- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, PO Box 3243, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | | | - Benjamin Djoudalbaye
- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, PO Box 3243, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ngashi Ngongo
- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, PO Box 3243, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Placide Mbala
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Ahmed Ogwell Ouma
- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, PO Box 3243, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Jean Kaseya
- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, PO Box 3243, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Keita M, Cherif IS, Polonsky JA, Boland ST, Kandako Y, Cherif MS, Kourouma M, Kamano AA, Bah H, Fofana IS, Ki-Zerbo GA, Dagron S, Chamla D, Gueye AS, Keiser O. Factors Associated with Reliable Contact Tracing During the 2021 Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak in Guinea. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2024:10.1007/s44197-024-00202-y. [PMID: 38372893 DOI: 10.1007/s44197-024-00202-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2021, an Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak was declared in Guinea, linked to persistent virus from the 2014-2016 West Africa Epidemic. This paper analyzes factors associated with contact tracing reliability (defined as completion of a 21-day daily follow-up) during the 2021 outbreak, and transitively, provides recommendations for enhancing contact tracing reliability in future. METHODS We conducted a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study using multivariate regression analysis of contact tracing data from 1071 EVD contacts of 23 EVD cases (16 confirmed and 7 probable). RESULTS Findings revealed statistically significant factors affecting contact tracing reliability. Unmarried contacts were 12.76× more likely to miss follow-up than those married (OR = 12.76; 95% CI [3.39-48.05]; p < 0.001). Rural-dwelling contacts had 99% lower odds of being missed during the 21-day follow-up, compared to those living in urban areas (OR = 0.01; 95% CI [0.00-0.02]; p < 0.01). Contacts who did not receive food donations were 3× more likely to be missed (OR = 3.09; 95% CI [1.68-5.65]; p < 0.001) compared to those who received them. Contacts in health areas with a single team were 8× more likely to be missed (OR = 8.16; 95% CI [5.57-11.96]; p < 0.01) than those in health areas with two or more teams (OR = 1.00; 95% CI [1.68-5.65]; p < 0.001). Unvaccinated contacts were 30.1× more likely to be missed compared to vaccinated contacts (OR = 30.1; 95% CI [5.12-176.83]; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Findings suggest that contact tracing reliability can be significantly influenced by various demographic and organizational factors. Considering and understanding these factors-and where possible addressing them-may be crucial when designing and implementing contact tracing strategies during future outbreaks in low-resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mory Keita
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo.
- Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | | | - Jonathan A Polonsky
- Geneva Centre of Humanitarian Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Epicentre, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Samuel T Boland
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo
- Chatham House, London, UK
| | - Youba Kandako
- Country Office for Guinea, World Health Organization, Conakry, Guinea
| | | | - Mamadou Kourouma
- Country Office for Guinea, World Health Organization, Conakry, Guinea
| | | | - Houssainatou Bah
- Country Office for Guinea, World Health Organization, Conakry, Guinea
| | | | | | - Stephanie Dagron
- Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dick Chamla
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Abdou Salam Gueye
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Olivia Keiser
- Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Smith ED. Sustaining Preparedness in Hospitals. Adv Health Care Manag 2024; 22:161-178. [PMID: 38262015 DOI: 10.1108/s1474-823120240000022008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The years following the 9/11/2001 terrorists attacks saw a marked increase in community and hospital emergency preparedness, from communications across community networks, development of policies and procedures, to attainment and training in the use of biological warfare resources. Regular drills ensured emergency and health care personnel were trained and prepared to address the next large-scale crisis, especially from terrorist and bioterrorist attacks. This chapter looks at some of the more familiar global health issues over the past two decades and the lessons learned from hospital responses to inform hospital management in preparation for future incidents. SEARCH METHODS This study is a narrative review of the literature related to lessons learned from four major events in the time period from 2002 to 2023 - SARS, MERS, Ebola, and COVID-19. SEARCH RESULTS The initial search yielded 25,913 articles; 57 articles were selected for inclusion in the study. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Comparison of key issues and lessons learned among the four major events described in this article - SARS, MERS, Ebola, and COVID-19 - highlight that several lessons are "relearned" with each event. Other key issues, such as supply shortages, staffing availability, and hospital capacity to simultaneously provide care to noninfectious patients came to the forefront during the COVID-19 pandemic. A primary, ongoing concern for hospitals is how to maintain their preparedness given competing priorities, resources, and staff time. This concern remains post-COVID-19.
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Zeng M, Niu L. Exploring spatiotemporal trends and impacts of health resources and services on under-5 mortality in West African countries, 2010-2019: a spatial data analysis. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1193319. [PMID: 37771822 PMCID: PMC10524609 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1193319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background West African countries experienced the highest under-5 mortality rate (U5MR), the lowest life expectancy, and the poorest economic development. This study aimed to explore the spatiotemporal trend of U5MR and spatial spillover effects of health resources and services to provide a basis for establishing health policies and international cooperative mechanisms in West Africa. Methods We retrieved data from the World Health Organization's Global Health Observatory, the United Nations Human Development Report, and the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Joinpoint regression analysis and Moran's I method were used to examine the temporal trend and spatial dependence of U5MR, respectively. Spatial regression analysis was used to examine the spatial spillover effects. Results The long-term downward trends in U5MR were divided into multiple segments by two or three change points in 2013, 2014, or 2015, and the annual percentage change after 2015 was higher than before 2015. Global Moran's I was positive, significantly indicating positive spatial autocorrelation, which increased from 0.2850 (p = 0.0210) to 0.3597 (p = 0.0080). Based on spatial regression analysis, human development index (HDI), physicians density, nurses and midwives density, health center density, percentage of infants lacking immunization for diphtheria and measles, and coverage rate of at least one antenatal visit had negative spatial spillover effects on U5MR. HDI had the strongest negative correlation (β = -0.0187 to -0.1054, p < 0.0001). Current health expenditure (CHE) per capita had positive spatial spillover effects on U5MR. Conclusion This study revealed the spatiotemporal trend of U5MR in West African countries and spatial spillover effects of health resources and services. Promoting economic development, increasing health human resources, health expenditure, vaccination rate, antenatal care coverage, and the proportion of health professionals attending births not only reduced the local U5MR but also exerted spatial spillover effects on adjacent countries. The West African Health Organization may consider regional spillover mechanisms to develop regional health policy and intervention cooperation mechanisms, which will contribute to achieving the sustainable development goal on U5MR, Africa Agenda 2063, and universal health coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lu Niu
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Lin M, Chen H, Jia L, Yang M, Qiu S, Song H, Wang L, Zheng T. Using a grey relational analysis in an improved Grunow-Finke assessment tool to detect unnatural epidemics. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2023; 43:1508-1517. [PMID: 36100578 DOI: 10.1111/risa.14016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Grunow-Finke epidemiological assessment tool (GFT) has several limitations in its ability to differentiate between natural and man-made epidemics. Our study aimed to improve the GFT and analyze historical epidemics to validate the model. Using a gray relational analysis (GRA), we improved the GFT by revising the existing standards and adding five new standards. We then removed the artificial weights and final decision threshold. Finally, by using typically unnatural epidemic events as references, we used the GRA to calculate the unnatural probability and obtain assessment results. Using the advanced tool, we conducted retrospective and case analyses to test its performance. In the validation set of 13 historical epidemics, unnatural and natural epidemics were divided into two categories near the unnatural probability of 45%, showing evident differences (p < 0.01) and an assessment accuracy close to 100%. The unnatural probabilities of the Ebola virus disease of 2013 and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome of 2012 were 30.6% and 36.1%, respectively. Our advanced epidemic assessment tool improved the accuracy of the original GFT from approximately 55% to approximately 100% and reduced the impact of human factors on these outcomes effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxuan Lin
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Science of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Leili Jia
- Department of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Mingjuan Yang
- Department of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Shaofu Qiu
- Department of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbin Song
- Department of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Ligui Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Zheng
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Science of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
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7
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Letafati A, Salahi Ardekani O, Karami H, Soleimani M. Ebola virus disease: A narrative review. Microb Pathog 2023:106213. [PMID: 37355146 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Ebola virus disease (EVD), which is also referred to as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, is a highly contagious and frequently lethal sickness caused by the Ebola virus. In 1976, the disease emerged in two simultaneous outbreaks in Sudan and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Subsequently, it has caused intermittent outbreaks in several African nations. The virus is primarily spread via direct contact with the bodily fluids of an infected individual or animal. EVD is distinguished by symptoms such as fever, fatigue, muscle pain, headache, and hemorrhage. The outbreak of EVD in West Africa in 2014-2016 emphasized the need for effective control and prevention measures. Despite advancements and the identification of new treatments for EVD, the primary approach to treatment continues to be centered around providing supportive care. Early detection and supportive care can enhance the likelihood of survival. This includes intravenous fluids, electrolyte replacement, and treatment of secondary infections. Experimental therapies, for instance, monoclonal antibodies and antiviral drugs, have shown promising results in animal studies and some clinical trials. Some African countries have implemented the use of vaccines developed for EVD, but their effectiveness and long-term safety are still being studied. This article provides an overview of the history, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, and Ebola coinfection, as well as highlights the ongoing research efforts to develop effective treatments and vaccines to combat this deadly virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Letafati
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Omid Salahi Ardekani
- Department of Bacteriology & Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Hassan Karami
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mina Soleimani
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran.
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Cao W, He S, Liu G, Schulz H, Emeterio K, Chan M, Tierney K, Azaransky K, Soule G, Tailor N, Salawudeen A, Nichols R, Fusco J, Safronetz D, Banadyga L. The rVSV-EBOV vaccine provides limited cross-protection against Sudan virus in guinea pigs. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:91. [PMID: 37301890 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00685-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant vesicular stomatitis viruses (rVSVs) engineered to express heterologous viral glycoproteins have proven to be remarkably effective vaccines. Indeed, rVSV-EBOV, which expresses the Ebola virus (EBOV) glycoprotein, recently received clinical approval in the United States and Europe for its ability to prevent EBOV disease. Analogous rVSV vaccines expressing glycoproteins of different human-pathogenic filoviruses have also demonstrated efficacy in pre-clinical evaluations, yet these vaccines have not progressed far beyond research laboratories. In the wake of the most recent outbreak of Sudan virus (SUDV) in Uganda, the need for proven countermeasures was made even more acute. Here we demonstrate that an rVSV-based vaccine expressing the SUDV glycoprotein (rVSV-SUDV) generates a potent humoral immune response that protects guinea pigs from SUDV disease and death. Although the cross-protection generated by rVSV vaccines for different filoviruses is thought to be limited, we wondered whether rVSV-EBOV might also provide protection against SUDV, which is closely related to EBOV. Surprisingly, nearly 60% of guinea pigs that were vaccinated with rVSV-EBOV and challenged with SUDV survived, suggesting that rVSV-EBOV offers limited protection against SUDV, at least in the guinea pig model. These results were confirmed by a back-challenge experiment in which animals that had been vaccinated with rVSV-EBOV and survived EBOV challenge were inoculated with SUDV and survived. Whether these data are applicable to efficacy in humans is unknown, and they should therefore be interpreted cautiously. Nevertheless, this study confirms the potency of the rVSV-SUDV vaccine and highlights the potential for rVSV-EBOV to elicit a cross-protective immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenguang Cao
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Shihua He
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Guodong Liu
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Helene Schulz
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Karla Emeterio
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Michael Chan
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Kevin Tierney
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Kim Azaransky
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Geoff Soule
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Nikesh Tailor
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Abdjeleel Salawudeen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Rick Nichols
- Public Health Vaccines, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Joan Fusco
- Public Health Vaccines, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - David Safronetz
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Logan Banadyga
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada.
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada.
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Massengo NRB, Tinto B, Simonin Y. One Health Approach to Arbovirus Control in Africa: Interests, Challenges, and Difficulties. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1496. [PMID: 37374998 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The "One Health" concept considers that human and animal health, and ecosystems are closely related and aims to make a link between ecology and human and veterinary medicine. Due to the explosion in population growth along with the geographic and climatic conditions (equatorial and/or tropical climate), Africa is becoming a major hotspot for various socio-health issues associated with infectious diseases, including arboviruses. The incontestable advantages of a One Health approach in Africa lie in the fight against pathogens, such as arboviruses, and in the preservation of environmental, animal, and human health to ensure that the increasing high needs of this population are met as well as their protection against potential epidemics. The One Health strategy gives us a glimpse of the difficulties and challenges that the African continent faces. The importance of this approach in Africa is to establish guidelines and strategies for effective solutions and changes in behavior and harmful activities. Overall, the establishment of high-quality global health policies in the framework of the global health standards program would provide healthy and sustainable human-animal-environmental interactions for the welfare of all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norvi Rigobert Bienvenu Massengo
- Formation Doctorale de Santé et Biologie Humaine, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université Marien NGOUABI, Brazzaville BP69, Congo
| | - Bachirou Tinto
- Centre MURAZ, Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Yannick Simonin
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, 34394 Montpellier, France
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10
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Keita M, Talisuna A, Chamla D, Burmen B, Cherif MS, Polonsky JA, Boland S, Barry B, Mesfin S, Traoré FA, Traoré J, Kimenyi JP, Diallo AB, Godjedo TP, Traore T, Delamou A, Ki-Zerbo GA, Dagron S, Keiser O, Gueye AS. Investing in preparedness for rapid detection and control of epidemics: analysis of health system reforms and their effect on 2021 Ebola virus disease epidemic response in Guinea. BMJ Glob Health 2023; 8:bmjgh-2022-010984. [PMID: 36599498 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2022-010984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2014-2016 West Africa Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) Epidemic devastated Guinea's health system and constituted a public health emergency of international concern. Following the crisis, Guinea invested in the establishment of basic health system reforms and crucial legal instruments for strengthening national health security in line with the WHO's recommendations for ensuring better preparedness for (and, therefore, a response to) health emergencies. The investments included the scaling up of Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response; Joint External Evaluation of International Health Regulation capacities; National Action Plan for Health Security; Simulation Exercises; One Health platforms; creation of decentralised structures such as regional and prefectural Emergency Operation Centres; Risk assessment and hazard identification; Expanding human resources capacity; Early Warning Alert System and community preparedness. These investments were tested in the subsequent 2021 EVD outbreak and other epidemics. In this case, there was a timely declaration and response to the 2021 EVD epidemic, a lower-case burden and mortality rate, a shorter duration of the epidemic and a significant reduction in the cost of the response. Similarly, there was timely detection, response and containment of other epidemics including Lassa fever and Marburg virus disease. Findings suggest the utility of the preparedness activities for the early detection and efficient containment of outbreaks, which, therefore, underlines the need for all countries at risk of infectious disease epidemics to invest in similar reforms. Doing so promises to be not only cost-effective but also lifesaving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mory Keita
- Emergency Preparedness and Response, World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo .,Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ambrose Talisuna
- Emergency Preparedness and Response, World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Dick Chamla
- Emergency Preparedness and Response, World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Barbara Burmen
- Health Security Preparedness, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mahamoud Sama Cherif
- Faculty of Sciences and Health Technics, Gamal Abdel Nasser University of Conakry, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Jonathan A Polonsky
- Geneva Centre of Humanitarian Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Emergency Response, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Boland
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Boubacar Barry
- Emergency Response, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Mesfin
- Emergency Response, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fodé Amara Traoré
- National Agency for Health Security, Ministry of Health, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Jean Traoré
- National Agency for Health Security, Ministry of Health, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Jean Paul Kimenyi
- Emergency Preparedness and Response, World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Amadou Bailo Diallo
- Emergency Preparedness and Response, World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Togbemabou Primous Godjedo
- Emergency Preparedness and Response, World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Tieble Traore
- Emergency Preparedness and Response, World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Alexandre Delamou
- African Centre of Excellence for the Prevention and Control of Communicable Diseases, Gamal Abdel Nasser University of Conakry, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Georges Alfred Ki-Zerbo
- Office at the African Union (AU) and Un Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Stephanie Dagron
- Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olivia Keiser
- Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Abdou Salam Gueye
- Emergency Preparedness and Response, World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
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Cimini E, Agrati C. γδ T Cells in Emerging Viral Infection: An Overview. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061166. [PMID: 35746638 PMCID: PMC9230790 DOI: 10.3390/v14061166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
New emerging viruses belonging to the Coronaviridae, Flaviviridae, and Filoviridae families are serious threats to public health and represent a global concern. The surveillance to monitor the emergence of new viruses and their transmission is an important target for public health authorities. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an excellent example of a pathogen able to cause a pandemic. In a few months, SARS-CoV-2 has spread globally from China, and it has become a world health problem. Gammadelta (γδ) T cell are sentinels of innate immunity and are able to protect the host from viral infections. They enrich many tissues, such as the skin, intestines, and lungs where they can sense and fight the microbes, thus contributing to the protective immune response. γδ T cells perform their direct antiviral activity by cytolytic and non-cytolytic mechanisms against a wide range of viruses, and they are able to orchestrate the cellular interplay between innate and acquired immunity. For their pleiotropic features, γδ T cells have been proposed as a target for immunotherapies in both cancer and viral infections. In this review, we analyzed the role of γδ T cells in emerging viral infections to define the profile of the response and to better depict their role in the host protection.
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COVID-19: A Veterinary and One Health Perspective. J Indian Inst Sci 2022; 102:689-709. [PMID: 35968231 PMCID: PMC9364302 DOI: 10.1007/s41745-022-00318-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
Interface with animals has been responsible for the occurrence of a major proportion of human diseases for the past several decades. Recent outbreaks of respiratory, haemorrhagic, encephalitic, arthropod-borne and other viral diseases have underlined the role of animals in the transmission of pathogens to humans. The on-going coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is one among them and is thought to have originated from bats and jumped to humans through an intermediate animal host. Indeed, the aetiology, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), can infect and cause disease in cats, ferrets and minks, as well as be transmitted from one animal to another. The seriousness of the pandemic along with the zoonotic origin of the virus has been a red alert on the critical need for collaboration and cooperation among human and animal health professionals, as well as stakeholders from various other disciplines that study planetary health parameters and the well-being of the biosphere. It is therefore imminent that One Health principles are applied across the board for human infectious diseases so that we can be better prepared for future zoonotic disease outbreaks and pandemics.
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Antiviral effects of azithromycin: A narrative review. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 147:112682. [PMID: 35131658 PMCID: PMC8813546 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections have a great impact on human health. The urgent need to find a cure against different viruses led us to investigations in a vast range of drugs. Azithromycin (AZT), classified as a macrolide, showed various effects on different known viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Zika, Ebola, Enterovirus (EVs) and Rhinoviruses (RVs), and Influenza A previously; namely, these viruses, which caused global concerns, are considered as targets for AZT different actions. Due to AZT background in the treatment of known viral infections mentioned above (which is described in this study), in the early stages of COVID-19 (a new zoonotic disease caused by a novel coronavirus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)) development, AZT drew attention to itself due to its antiviral and immunomodulatory effects as a valuable candidate for COVID-19 treatment. AZT usage instructions for treating different viral infections have always been under observation, and COVID-19 is no exception. There are still debates about the use of AZT in COVID-19 treatment. However, eventually, novel researches convinced WHO to announce the discontinuation of AZT use (alone or in combination with hydroxychloroquine) in treating SARS-CoV-2 infection. This research aims to study the structure of all of the viruses mentioned above and the molecular and clinical effects of AZT against the virus.
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