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Kouri G, Meuwly N, Richter M, Schoebi D. Attachment insecurities, emotion dynamics and stress in intimate relationships during the transition to parenthood. BMC Psychol 2024; 12:200. [PMID: 38609973 PMCID: PMC11010316 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-024-01686-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In intimate relationships, which are characterized by emotional interdependence, partners act as attachment figures which serve emotion regulation functions. The experience of emotions as well as the strategies that partners use to regulate them and to respond to relational experiences, especially during stressful periods, differ greatly according to their attachment orientation. An important aspect in emotion dynamics is emotional inertia, which reflects the degree to which a person's current affective state is resistant to change on a moment-to-moment basis. Inertia has been related to maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, like suppression and rumination, preferentially used by highly anxious and avoidant individuals. The aim of this study is to examine associations between attachment orientations and reports on the experience of positive and negative affect, and their dynamics in daily life across the transition to parenthood. METHODS Longitudinal data from a sample of 152 mixed-gender couples collected across the transition to parenthood was analyzed. We predicted that individuals with a more insecure attachment would report more negative and less positive affect, and that their emotional experience would be more resistant to change over time. We explored effects when participants reported feeling stressed. RESULTS The data suggested that attachment anxiety was associated with less positive and more negative affect and that attachment avoidance was associated with more positive affect. Anxious individuals showed lower emotional inertia and not higher as we expected. Reported stress for anxious and avoidant individuals was significantly associated with more negative but not less positive affect. CONCLUSIONS Results are discussed in the light of their impact on couples during stressful periods. Differences between anxiety and avoidance are found, emphasizing the importance of attachment insecurities on the experience of emotion. Furthermore, our findings on momentary fluctuating affect offer complementary insight into the emotional functioning of individuals with different attachment orientations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Kouri
- University of Fribourg, Department of Psychology, Rue de Faucigny 2, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Nathalie Meuwly
- University of Fribourg, Department of Psychology, Rue de Faucigny 2, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Marianne Richter
- University of Fribourg, Department of Psychology, Rue de Faucigny 2, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Schoebi
- University of Fribourg, Department of Psychology, Rue de Faucigny 2, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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2
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Gosselin C, Daspe MÈ, Brassard A, Lussier Y, Vaillancourt-Morel MP. Attachment as an intermediary variable between childhood maltreatment and perceived partner responsiveness in adolescents and young adults. JOURNAL OF MARITAL AND FAMILY THERAPY 2024; 50:434-452. [PMID: 38225522 DOI: 10.1111/jmft.12688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Cumulative childhood maltreatment (CCM) is associated with relationship difficulties including lower perceived partner responsiveness (PPR)-the degree of feeling cared for, understood, and validated by a person's partner. Attachment theory is understood via its representations of self and others and could offer a better understanding of how CCM effects continue into adulthood and affect PPR. We examined whether CCM is related to PPR via attachment in French-speaking adolescents and young adults. A sample of 427 individuals in a romantic relationship and another sample of 159 couples completed self-report measures. In both samples, a person's CCM was associated with their own lower PPR via their higher attachment anxiety and avoidance. In the dyadic sample, a person's CCM was associated with their partner's lower PPR via their own higher attachment anxiety. Attachment insecurities help understand the associations between CCM and PPR and may represent an important intervention target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyne Gosselin
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Daspe
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Audrey Brassard
- Department of Psychology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yvan Lussier
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada
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3
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Wei M, Adler-Baeder F, McGill JM, Novak JR. Healthy couple, better sleep: Exploring connections and changes in couple relationship education participants. FAMILY PROCESS 2024. [PMID: 38459791 DOI: 10.1111/famp.12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Considerable evidence suggests couple relationship education (CRE) programs are effective in improving couples' relationship functioning, yet few studies have examined the implications of CRE programs on indicators of physical health despite substantial research supporting links between relational and physical health. This study utilized a sample of 308 couples randomly assigned to a CRE curriculum to explore the dyadic links between conflict management and self-care skills (emphasized in CRE), stress, and sleep dysfunction concurrently. We prospectively tested whether changes in skills drove changes in sleep dysfunction or vice versa, for both self and partner. Results from a series of structural equation models indicated indirect links for men and women between conflict management and self-care skills and sleep dysfunction through lower stress level at program start. Dyadically, men's and women's better conflict management skills were associated with partners' lower stress, which was in turn associated with partners' lower sleep dysfunction. Men's better self-care skills were linked with partners' lower stress levels, which were linked with partners' lower sleep dysfunction. Tests of dyadic prospective cross-lagged effects among changes in sleep and changes in skills indicated that initial improvements in both partners' sleep predicted improvements in their own conflict management skills 1 year later. Initial improvements in women's conflict management skills predicted reduced sleep dysfunction for themselves. Additionally, for both partners, early changes in self-care predicted later reductions in sleep dysfunction. Dyadically, immediate improvements in men's self-care predicted reduced sleep dysfunction for their partner a year later. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglin Wei
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Francesca Adler-Baeder
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Julianne M McGill
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Josh R Novak
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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4
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Knox L, Karantzas G, Ferguson E. The Role of Attachment, Insecurity, and Stress in Partner Maltreatment: A Meta-Analysis. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024; 25:721-737. [PMID: 37036150 PMCID: PMC10666483 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231161012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Negative, destructive, and abusive behaviors in romantic relationships can vary from explicit kinds of abuse and aggression to more subtle and seemingly innocuous slights against or ways of treating a partner. However, regardless of the severity or explicit nature, these behaviors all, to one extent or another, reflect acts of invalidation, disrespect, aggression, or neglect toward a partner, and could be considered maltreatment of a partner. The current paper proposes the term partner maltreatment as a broad overarching concept, which was used to facilitate a meta-analytic synthesis of the literature to examine the associations between attachment insecurity (i.e., attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance) and perpetration of partner maltreatment. Additionally, this paper situated partner maltreatment within an attachment-based diathesis-stress perspective to explore the moderating role of stress. Five databases were systematically searched for published and unpublished studies that examined the direct association between perpetrator's adult attachment orientation and perpetration of partner maltreatment behaviors. We synthesized effect sizes from 139 studies (N = 38,472) and found the effect between attachment insecurity and acts of partner maltreatment varied between r = .11 to .21. Our findings provide meta-analytic evidence to suggest that attachment insecurity is a significant individual vulnerability factor (diathesis) associated with partner maltreatment; and that when individuals with an insecure attachment orientation experience stress, the tendency to perpetrate partner maltreatment is typically heightened. The findings of this meta-analysis provide empirical evidence for the importance of considering and addressing contextual factors, especially stress, for those individuals and couples seeking therapy for partner maltreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Knox
- Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
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5
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AL-shahrani HF, Hammad MA. Impact of emotional divorce on the mental health of married women in Saudi Arabia. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293285. [PMID: 37948408 PMCID: PMC10637691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Emotional divorce occurs when physical, psychological, mental, and spiritual separation occurs between spouses despite the fact that they live in the same house and exercise their marital duties. Emotional divorce has adverse effects on the mental health of those involved, as evidenced by the higher incidence of depression, anxiety, and loneliness among such couples. Saudi women are particularly vulnerable to emotional divorce owing to social, legal, economic, and cultural factors. Therefore, it is important to examine the relationship between emotional divorce and mental health issues (depression, anxiety, and loneliness) in married women in Saudi Arabia. Using scales that assess emotional divorce, depression, anxiety, and loneliness, data were collected from 241 married Saudi women (Mage = 34.41 years; SDage = 5.23 years). Findings revealed a statistically significant correlation between emotional divorce, depression, anxiety, and loneliness. One-way ANOVA confirmed that those with high levels of emotional divorce concurrently scores higher on the depression, anxiety, and loneliness tools, followed by those with moderate and low emotional divorce scores, respectively. Linear regression analysis indicated that depression, anxiety, and loneliness were strong predictors of emotional divorce, explaining 61% of the variance in the emotional divorce scores in this sample. These findings highlight the need to focus on the mental health outcomes of individuals experiencing emotional divorce, especially in societies where legal divorce may not be acceptable or encouraged. The need for regular evaluation and timely interventions for individuals struggling with mental health problems, and for restoring a healthy marital relationship is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hend Faye AL-shahrani
- Social Planning Department, Faculty of Social Services, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Ahmed Hammad
- Mohammad Ahmed Hammad, Faculty of Education, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
- Assiut University, Assiut Governorate, Egypt
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6
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Girme YU, Park Y, MacDonald G. Coping or Thriving? Reviewing Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, and Societal Factors Associated With Well-Being in Singlehood From a Within-Group Perspective. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2023; 18:1097-1120. [PMID: 36534959 PMCID: PMC10475216 DOI: 10.1177/17456916221136119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Singlehood, defined as not being in a romantic relationship, is becoming increasingly common worldwide. Despite this, research on singlehood has not received remotely equivalent research attention as romantic relationships. Well-being research that has explicitly included singles has focused on whether coupled versus single people are more satisfied with their lives. However, these between-group comparisons have not attended to within-group variability among singles that can point to when and for whom singlehood is associated with thriving. In this review, we document findings from the emerging field of singlehood studies to highlight what is and is not known about factors that are associated with the well-being of single individuals from a within-group perspective. Our review examines (a) intrapersonal factors (characteristics of the individual), (b) interpersonal experiences (qualities of one's social relationships and experiences), and (c) societal influences (features related to one's broader social or cultural context) related to well-being in singlehood. We conclude by offering future directions for the conceptualization of and research on singlehood with the goal of promoting a thorough and inclusive perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoobin Park
- Center for Health & Community, University of California, San Francisco
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7
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Weber E, Hülür G. The Role of Relationship Conflict for Momentary Loneliness and Affect in the Daily Lives of Older Couples. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS 2023; 40:2033-2060. [PMID: 37441631 PMCID: PMC10333975 DOI: 10.1177/02654075221138022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Background: Intimate partner relationships foster individuals' well-being throughout the lifespan. However, dissatisfying or conflict-laden relationships can have a detrimental impact on well-being and relationship quality. The majority of older adults live together with a spouse/partner, and intimate relationships are one of the most important social contexts in their daily lives. Purpose: Expanding on previous research, we examined the role of previous conflict on experiences of loneliness and affect in the daily lives of older partners from a dyadic perspective. Relationship duration and quality, personality traits (neuroticism and extraversion), conflict frequency during the measurement period, physical health as well as age were considered as moderators. Study Sample and Data Analysis: We used data from an experience sampling study with 151 older heterosexual couples (302 participants; 65+ years old) reporting on their positive and negative affect, loneliness, and previous experience of relationship conflict 6 times a day for 14 days. Data were analyzed using dyadic multilevel models. Results: For both men and women within couples, previous conflict was associated with an increased experience of negative affect and loneliness and a decreased experience of positive affect. Higher neuroticism predicted less positive and more negative affect following conflict for women and more loneliness for men. Higher relationship satisfaction predicted less increase in negative affect after conflict for female partners. Age, relationship duration, physical health, extraversion, and the number of conflict episodes showed no moderating effects. Conclusions: Our results support the notion that relationship conflict deteriorates emotional well-being in old age and renders older adults lonelier even in the context of intimate partner relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Weber
- Department of Psychology and University Research Priority Program “Dynamics of Healthy Aging”, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gizem Hülür
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Germany
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8
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Bretaña I, Alonso-Arbiol I, Kittel K, Ubillos-Landa S. "I can't escape!": Avoidantly attached individuals' conflict resolution and relationship satisfaction before and during the COVID-19 lockdown. Psych J 2023. [PMID: 37224873 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Increased time spent together and the lockdown resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic may have created new scenarios for marital conflict. We analyzed how home confinement affects avoidantly attached individuals': (a) resolution strategies to cope with couple conflict, (b) perception of partner's resolution strategies, and (c) overall relationship satisfaction. The sample comprised 549 individuals, divided into two subsamples: (a) the confined group, individuals confined with their partners (n = 275); and (b) the comparison group, coupled individuals from a dataset collected before the pandemic (n = 274). Results indicate that the proposed model works in different contexts (non-confinement and confinement situations), but there are some significant differences in the magnitude of some of the relationships between the variables, being stronger in the confinement group than in the comparison group. In the confined group, in individuals with avoidant attachment, withdrawal was associated with lower relationship satisfaction and a higher demand partner perceived to a higher extent than in the comparison group. This might explain the lower satisfaction with the relationship of the confined group. The different conflict resolution strategies of the couple mediated between avoidant attachment and relationship satisfaction in both groups (confined and comparison). It is concluded that individuals' attachment orientation is a key factor in how individuals experienced their close relationships during the confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ione Bretaña
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology & Research Methods, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia, Spain
| | - Itziar Alonso-Arbiol
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology & Research Methods, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia, Spain
| | - Kristel Kittel
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology & Research Methods, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia, Spain
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9
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Dugal C, Brassard A, Lussier Y, Péloquin K. Is it really that important to you? How the topics of conflict and emotional reactions to conflicts explain the associations between attachment insecurities and relationship satisfaction. JOURNAL OF MARITAL AND FAMILY THERAPY 2023; 49:260-279. [PMID: 36459877 DOI: 10.1111/jmft.12621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study sought to examine the intermediary roles of different topics of conflict and negative emotions following conflicts in the associations between attachment insecurities and relationship satisfaction in a sample of 253 mixed-gender couples from the community. Results from path analyses based on the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model showed that attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance were associated with the perception, in both partners, of experiencing more conflicts in the relationship. In turn, the more participants perceived conflicts related to major issues and daily annoyances, the more they reported negative emotions following conflicts and lower relationship satisfaction. Participants' report of conflicts related to major issues was also related to their partner's lower relationship satisfaction. Findings highlight the significance of accounting for the topics on which couples argue and of using an attachment-based framework to help couples deal with the negative emotions that they experience following conflicts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Dugal
- Department of Psychology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Audrey Brassard
- Department of Psychology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Yvan Lussier
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
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10
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Fitzgerald M, Shuler J. Coping Together or Separate: Attachment and Dyadic Coping as Mediators Linking Childhood Maltreatment to Intimate Relationship Quality. JOURNAL OF COUPLE & RELATIONSHIP THERAPY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15332691.2022.2149650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fitzgerald
- Human Development and Family Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Jordan Shuler
- Human Development and Family Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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11
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Bar‐Shachar Y, Lopata S, Bar‐Kalifa E. Relationship satisfaction during COVID-19: The role of partners' perceived support and attachment. FAMILY RELATIONS 2022; 72:FARE12767. [PMID: 36246206 PMCID: PMC9539370 DOI: 10.1111/fare.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Objective The main goal of this study was to examine the interplay between individuals' attachment insecurity and their perceptions of their partners' COVID-related behaviors (supportive and negative behaviors) in predicting their relationship satisfaction. Background Stress is a well-documented risk factor for relationship satisfaction. COVID-19 related stressors thus pose a challenge to maintaining relationship satisfaction. Although partners' supportive behaviors can play a central role in mitigating these stressors, enduring individual vulnerabilities, such as attachment insecurity, are likely to moderate the effectiveness of supportive (or negative) behaviors. Method In this two-wave study, conducted at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in Israel, 239 participants in cohabiting Israeli couples reported their current relationship satisfaction and perceived partners' supportive and negative behaviors in response to COVID-related stress. Participants' pre-COVID reports of relationship satisfaction and attachment orientations were used to assess the extent to which partners' supportive/negative behaviors interacted with attachment orientations to predict relationship satisfaction maintenance during the first lockdown in Israel. Results Higher levels of support and lower levels of negative behaviors were associated with greater relationship satisfaction maintenance. Anxiously attached individuals showed greater sensitivity to their partners' support, whereas avoidantly attached individuals manifested lower reactivity to their partners' negative behaviors. Conclusions Perceived partners' supportive and negative behaviors can predict relationship satisfaction during stressful times. However, high attachment anxiety and low attachment avoidance may render individuals more sensitive to such behaviors. Implications The results suggest that during times of stress, it is essential to target partners with attachment insecurity to strengthen their supportive skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Bar‐Shachar
- The Department of PsychologyBen‐Gurion University of the NegevBeer‐ShevaIsrael
| | - Sagi Lopata
- The Department of PsychologyBen‐Gurion University of the NegevBeer‐ShevaIsrael
| | - Eran Bar‐Kalifa
- The Department of PsychologyBen‐Gurion University of the NegevBeer‐ShevaIsrael
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12
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Weidmann R, Chopik WJ. Romantic Attachment, Stress, and Cognitive Functioning in a Large Sample of Middle-Aged and Older Couples. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2022.104233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Bretaña I, Alonso-Arbiol I, Recio P, Molero F. Avoidant Attachment, Withdrawal-Aggression Conflict Pattern, and Relationship Satisfaction: A Mediational Dyadic Model. Front Psychol 2022; 12:794942. [PMID: 35173651 PMCID: PMC8841843 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.794942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted with the purpose of analyzing the combined and mediating effect of actor's withdrawal-partner's demand conflict resolution strategies between avoidance attachment dimension and relationship satisfaction. We conducted a dyadic study with 175 heterosexual couples (aged between 18 and 72 years) who filled in the questionnaires. Six hypotheses were tested using the actor-partner interdependence model with mediation analysis (APIMeM). Results showed that the avoidance dimension of attachment was more strongly associated with actor's withdrawal strategy than with demand/aggression strategy. Furthermore, avoidance attachment was negatively associated with both actor's and partner's relationship satisfaction, the actor effect being higher. Withdrawal strategy was a mediator between actor's avoidance and actor's relationship satisfaction, but it was not a mediator for partner's relationship satisfaction. The interactive pattern of actor's withdrawal-partner's demand/aggression was associated with low levels of both actor's and partner's relationship satisfaction. These results point out to the need of discerning the interactive pattern of conflict-solving strategies as well as their intertwined effect on relationship satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ione Bretaña
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology and Research Methods, Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Itziar Alonso-Arbiol
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology and Research Methods, Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Patricia Recio
- Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia UNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Molero
- Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia UNED, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Sheng R, Hu J, Liu X, Xu W. Longitudinal relationships between insecure attachment and romantic relationship quality and stability in emerging adults: the mediating role of perceived conflict in daily life. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02668-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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15
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Sakman E, Sümer N. Testing the Compatibility of Attachment Anxiety and Avoidance with Cultural Self-Construals. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 156:95-116. [PMID: 35015616 DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2021.2010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Insecure attachment has been associated with relatively more negative outcomes in mainstream attachment literature, yet several empirical studies show almost half of the populations globally are insecurely attached. Moreover, although attachment security is the universal norm, attachment anxiety and avoidance exhibit significant cultural variation. To explore how this variation can offer certain advantages to people with insecure attachment tendencies, we tested the novel idea that different insecure attachment behaviors can be differentially compatible with varying cultural senses of self (i.e. independent vs. interdependent self-construal) in an experimental setting. We manipulated cultural self-construal by exposing the participants (N = 164) to either an independence or an interdependence prime and asked them to evaluate vignettes depicting typical anxious and avoidant behaviors. The results showed that insecure attachment behaviors were evaluated as more favorable when they were compatible with one's own attachment tendency. Importantly, this trend was moderated by the cultural self-construal: Participants evaluated even those insecure attachment behaviors that were inconsistent with their own tendencies more favorably when these behaviors were compatible with the cultural self-construal that was experimentally induced. The findings are discussed in light of cultural implications.
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Pérez JC, Huerta P, Rubio B, Fernández O. Parental Psychological Control: Maternal, Adolescent, and Contextual Predictors. Front Psychol 2021; 12:712087. [PMID: 34621215 PMCID: PMC8490725 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.712087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Parental psychological control (PC) hinders the development of autonomy, identity formation, and the attainment of self-determination and individuation of adolescents. The aim of this study was to deepen the understanding of which conditions increase the risk of the use of maternal PC by simultaneously considering the contribution of adolescent temperament, maternal separation anxiety, and adolescents’ perception of interparental conflict. A correlational study involving a sample of 106 Chilean adolescent-mother dyads was done. Adolescents were, on average, 15.42 years old (SD = 1.09) and 77% male. Mothers were, on average, 45.46 years old (SD = 6.39). We administered self-report questionnaires to the adolescent measuring effortful control and frustration as temperamental dimensions, along with the perception of interparental conflict. Mothers reported on their separation anxiety. Both the adolescents and their mothers reported on the use of maternal PC. Adolescents reported higher levels of maternal PC than their mothers did. All predictors were associated with PC reports. Higher levels of maternal anxiety about adolescent distancing, inter-parental conflict, and adolescent frustration were associated with higher reported levels of PC. In contrast, higher levels of adolescent effortful control were associated with lower levels of maternal PC. Finally, when maternal separation anxiety and inter-parental conflict were high there was a higher use of maternal PC. The present findings inform on how adolescent’s self-regulatory skills could reduce the risk of being exposed to maternal PC. And highlight the importance of using a systemic and interactional conceptualization when trying to understand their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Carola Pérez
- Centro de Apego y Regulación Emocional, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paula Huerta
- Master's Program in Adolescent Psychology, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bernardita Rubio
- Master's Program in Adolescent Psychology, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Olga Fernández
- Psychiatry and Mental Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Cheche Hoover R, Jackson JB. Insecure Attachment, Emotion Dysregulation, and Psychological Aggression in Couples. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP10908-NP10936. [PMID: 31560245 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519877939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
According to adult attachment theory, levels of insecure attachment-both anxious and avoidant-are associated with abilities to regulate emotions in a relational context. This study is the first to test emotion dysregulation as a mediator of the association between levels of insecure attachment and psychological aggression using dyadic data. Cross-sectional self-report data were collected from 124 couples presenting for couple or family therapy at an outpatient clinic. Path analysis was used to analyze an actor-partner interdependence mediational model. Results did not support emotion dysregulation mediating the association between level of anxious attachment and psychological aggression, or the association between level of avoidant attachment and psychological aggression. Results indicated a direct actor effect between level of anxious attachment and psychological aggression for women (β = .19, p = .045) and men (β = .19, p = .027). Direct partner effects between people's own levels of anxious attachment and their partners' psychological aggression for women (β = .28, p = .001) and men (β = .33, p = .001) were also identified. Results also indicated direct actor effects between anxious attachment and emotion dysregulation in both women (β = .51, p < .001) and men (β = .58, p < .001), whereas direct actor effects between avoidant attachment and emotion dysregulation were only identified among women (β = .32, p < .001). Results suggest that increasing partners' abilities to effectively manage their own maladaptive attachment-related behaviors may decrease levels of psychological aggression between partners. Limitations and clinical implications for couple therapists are discussed.
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Smedley DK, Leavitt CE, Allsop DB, Nance M, James SL, Holmes EK. Mindfulness and Sexual Mindfulness as Moderators Between Conflict Resolution and Sexual and Relationship Satisfaction. JOURNAL OF SEX & MARITAL THERAPY 2021; 47:814-828. [PMID: 34472422 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2021.1958962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mindfulness has shown positive links with conflict resolution. Additionally, couples skilled in conflict resolution report greater sexual and relationship satisfaction. However, no research has examined the moderating effect of mindfulness, specifically sexual mindfulness, between conflict resolution and sexual and relationship satisfaction. We used 1,627 couples from wave III of the Couple Relationships and Transition Experiences (CREATE) study. Sexual mindfulness moderated the association between conflict resolution and sexual satisfaction, even after controlling for attachment. Wives higher in sexual mindful awareness may rely less on conflict resolution for their sexual satisfaction. Karremans and colleagues' (2017) model of mindfulness and romantic relationships provides a framework for testing whether, when, and how mindfulness increases positive romantic relationship processes and outcomes. Under this framework, mindfulness may provide a mechanism to help couples achieve sexual and relationship satisfaction. Mindfulness and sexual mindfulness may provide a useful mechanism for therapists, educators, social workers, and couples to enhance satisfaction within the romantic and sexual relationship even without partner buy-in.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David B Allsop
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - McKenna Nance
- School of Family Life, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Spencer L James
- School of Family Life, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
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Karantzas GC, Feeney JA, Agnew CR, Christensen A, Cutrona CE, Doss BD, Eckhardt CI, Russell DW, Simpson JA. Dealing with loss in the face of disasters and crises: Integrating interpersonal theories of couple adaptation and functioning. Curr Opin Psychol 2021; 43:129-138. [PMID: 34365147 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the significant and varied losses that couples can experience during times of global and regional disasters and crises. What factors determine how couples navigate their close relationships during times of loss? In this paper, we elaborate and extend on one of the most influential frameworks in relationship science-the Vulnerability Stress Adaptation Model (VSAM, Karney and Bradbury, 1995)-to enhance the model's power to explain relationships during loss-themed disasters/crises. We do so by elaborating on attachment theory and integrating interdependence theory (emphasizing partner similarities and differences). Our elaboration and extension to the VSAM provides a comprehensive framework to guide future research and inform practice and policy in supporting relationships during and beyond loss-themed disasters/crises.
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White R, Haddock G, Campodonico C, Haarmans M, Varese F. The influence of romantic relationships on mental wellbeing for people who experience psychosis: A systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev 2021; 86:102022. [PMID: 33819779 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Whilst it is generally accepted that supportive relationships facilitate recovery from psychosis, much less is known about the role of romantic relationships in people with psychosis. This review aimed to synthesise quantitative literature regarding the impact of romantic relationships on the mental health and general wellbeing of people who experience psychosis. METHOD A systematic review of electronic databases (PsychINFO, PubMed, Web of Science) was carried out using search terms relating to psychosis and romantic relationships. Papers were selected for inclusion by independent reviewers. Quality assessment was completed and a narrative synthesis produced. RESULTS Fifty-eight studies reporting the association between romantic relationships and psychotic symptoms, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, suicidality, quality of life, satisfaction with life and self-esteem were included. Results were mixed but indicated having a romantic partner may be associated with reduced positive and negative symptoms of psychosis, but increased depressive symptoms. Tentative explanations for these findings, such as functioning prior to onset of psychosis, social support and relationship quality are explored. CONCLUSION Findings highlight the importance of this often-overlooked area in clinical practice. Studies with robust design, which specifically aim to understand the relationship between romantic relationships and wellbeing for people who experience psychosis are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca White
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Gillian Haddock
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK; Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Carolina Campodonico
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Maria Haarmans
- Cathie Marsh Institute, Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity (CoDE), Department of Sociology, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Filippo Varese
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK; Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, Manchester, UK
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21
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Todorov EH, Paradis A, Godbout N. Teen Dating Relationships: How Daily Disagreements are Associated with Relationship Satisfaction. J Youth Adolesc 2021; 50:1510-1520. [PMID: 33449283 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-020-01371-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Being in a satisfying romantic relationship in adolescence is associated to many short- and long-term benefits. However, more research is needed to better understand what promotes relationship satisfaction in adolescence. To address this gap, this study used a diary approach to examine the relation between disagreements and daily variations in adolescent romantic relationship satisfaction. A sample of 186 adolescents was recruited (Mage = 17.08 years, SD = 1.48; 56% female). Multilevel modeling was used to evaluate how disagreement occurrences, resolution, and resolution strategies were related to daily perceived relationship satisfaction at both the between- and within-subjects levels. At the within-subjects level, satisfaction was lower on days when a disagreement occurred, especially for girls. Adolescents also reported lower relationship satisfaction on days when they used more destructive strategies than usual, and higher relationship satisfaction on days when they successfully resolved disagreements. This study demonstrates that adolescents' evaluations of their daily relationship satisfaction vary as function of disagreement processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily-Helen Todorov
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, succ. Centre-ville Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Alison Paradis
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, succ. Centre-ville Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Natacha Godbout
- Department of Sexology, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, succ. Centre-ville Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada
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22
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Your cheating heart is just afraid of ending up alone: Fear of being single mediates the relationship between attachment anxiety and infidelity. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Quickert RE, MacDonald TK. Being in the Moment So You Can Keep Moving Forward: Mindfulness and Rumination Mediate the Relationship between Attachment Orientations and Negative Conflict Styles. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E6472. [PMID: 32899508 PMCID: PMC7559327 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Attachment insecurity has been associated with negative behaviors during conflict and decreased relationship satisfaction. We theorize that individuals high in attachment anxiety and/or avoidance are less mindful during conflict with their romantic partners, and thus more likely to ruminate. Decreased mindfulness and higher levels of rumination may be important mechanisms in the relationship between attachment insecurity and conflict behavior, as it may be more difficult to engage in constructive problem-solving skills when one is distracted from the present moment. We conducted an online survey assessing 360 participants' attachment orientations, levels of mindfulness and rumination, behavior during conflict, and experience with mindfulness activities. Using a serial mediation model, we found that mindfulness and rumination mediated the relationship between attachment insecurity and negative conflict behaviors. We further discovered that individuals high in attachment insecurity were more likely to report negative experiences with mindfulness activities (i.e., meditation and yoga), and that this relationship was mediated by higher levels of experiential avoidance, or a fear of engaging with one's own thoughts and feelings. We discuss the importance of increasing mindfulness and decreasing both rumination and experiential avoidance to assist individuals high in attachment insecurity in navigating relationship conflict using more constructive and relationship-promoting strategies.
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Romano D, Karantzas GC, Marshall EM, Simpson JA, Feeney JA, McCabe MP, Lee J, Mullins ER. Carer burden and dyadic attachment orientations in adult children-older parent dyads. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2020; 90:104170. [PMID: 32659602 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2020.104170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES This study takes an interpersonal approach to the study of carer burden in families where adult children care for older parents. The aim of the study was to determine whether different pairings of attachment insecurity in older parent-adult child dyads are predictive of carer burden. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Seventy dyads whereby adult children provided weekly care to their older parents completed self-report measures of attachment. Adult children also completed a measure of carer burden. RESULTS Anxious-avoidant attachment insecurity pairings in parent-child dyads were associated with increases in carer burden. However, anxious-anxious and avoidant-avoidant attachment insecurity pairings were not associated with burden. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS The attachment insecurity of the care-recipient was found to moderate the association between a carer's attachment insecurity and burden, but only when the care-recipient's attachment insecurity differed to that of the carer's. These findings have implications for research, policy, and practice in aged care. The findings highlight the importance of focusing on attachment insecurity in aging families as well as taking a dyadic perspective when studying caregiving outcomes such as carer burden. The findings suggest that carers who may require the greatest support are those whose parents demonstrate contrasting orientations of attachment insecurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Romano
- Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia.
| | - Gery C Karantzas
- Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia.
| | - Emma M Marshall
- Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia
| | | | - Judith A Feeney
- University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Marita P McCabe
- Swinburne University of Technology, John St, Hawthorn, Victoria, 3122, Australia
| | - Juwon Lee
- Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States
| | - Ellie R Mullins
- Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia
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Sonkin D, Ferreira RJ, Hamel J, Buttell F, Frias MT. Associations Between Attachment Insecurities and Psychological Violence in a Sample of Court-Mandated Batterers. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2019; 34:910-929. [PMID: 31836643 DOI: 10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-17-00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a survey-based study looking at the associations among attachment insecurities (anxiety and avoidance), relationship functioning, and psychological domestic violence. We looked at three relationship functioning variables (i.e., anger management, communication, and conflict resolution) and three domestic psychological violence variables (i.e., derogation and control, jealous-hypervigilance, and threats-control of space). Data were collected from 76 male and 21 female court-mandated batterers. Participants completed the self-report measures of attachment insecurities, relationship functioning, and psychological domestic violence-related variables. Overall, attachment insecurities were negatively associated with relationship functioning and positively associated with psychological domestic violence outcomes. Among the whole sample, attachment anxiety correlated positively with derogation and control and with jealous-hypervigilance. There were also differential attachment associations by gender. Attachment anxiety correlated positively with threats of controlling space only among men, and with derogation and control and jealous-hypervigilance only among women. Finally, avoidance correlated negatively with communication only among women. Overall, this pattern of results is consistent with predictions derived from attachment theory: attachment insecurities are associated with poor relationship functioning and high rates of domestic violence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Regardt J Ferreira
- School of Social Work, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Department of Social Work, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - John Hamel
- Private Practice, San Francisco, California
| | - Fred Buttell
- School of Social Work, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Department of Social Work, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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Karimi R, Bakhtiyari M, Masjedi Arani A. Protective factors of marital stability in long-term marriage globally: a systematic review. Epidemiol Health 2019; 41:e2019023. [PMID: 31208194 PMCID: PMC6702121 DOI: 10.4178/epih.e2019023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In recent decades, due to the high prevalence of divorce in numerous countries and the detrimental aftermath thereof, it has become increasingly important to study the components of marital stability. The current study explored fundamental protective factors in long-term marriage through a systematic review. METHODS Searches for relevant publications were conducted in Embase, Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Magiran, and Scientific Information Database from their inception through January 30, 2019. Through the keyword search, 1,706 articles were found, of which 25 articles remained after screening based on the eligibility criteria. RESULTS The extracted protective factors associated with marital stability in long-term marriage were classified as interpersonal and intrapersonal. Notable extracted factors included spirituality and religion, commitment, sexual relationship, communication, children, love and attachment, intimacy, and conflict resolution approach. These findings show that some aspects of relationships, such as commitment, act to preserve the pillars of marriage in critical situations, while other aspects, such as intimacy, help to construct marital identity and satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS The identified components of marital stability are structures that enhance a couple’s identity and sense of togetherness. Identifying the specific aspects of marital relationships that contribute to marital stability may help specialists and researchers to target specific types of marital interaction that may enhance the happiness and longevity of relationships, thereby preventing avoidable divorces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Karimi
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Bakhtiyari
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Masjedi Arani
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Feeney J, Fitzgerald J. Attachment, conflict and relationship quality: laboratory-based and clinical insights. Curr Opin Psychol 2018; 25:127-131. [PMID: 29753972 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Severe or persistent conflict is disturbing for romantic partners and can jeopardize the couple relationship, hence activating the attachment system. In this paper we integrate recent laboratory-based and clinical research into attachment processes and couple conflict. Three main tenets are addressed. First, attachment security and insecurity have pervasive effects in conflict situations, shaping perceptual, physiological and behavioral responses to conflict. Second, attachment insecurity and associated conflict behaviors tend to erode relationship quality. Third, attachment-related interventions are effective not only in reducing the maladaptive responses that lead to conflict escalation, but also in promoting security and emotional connection within the couple bond. These findings attest to the key role of attachment processes in conflict interactions, while offering a clear, theory-based framework for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Feeney
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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28
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Arriaga XB, Kumashiro M. Walking a security tightrope: relationship-induced changes in attachment security. Curr Opin Psychol 2018; 25:121-126. [PMID: 29753184 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about how romantic relationships enhance long-term attachment security. Change is likely to involve revising deep-seated beliefs and expectations regarding one's self as being unworthy and others as untrustworthy (insecure internal working models). When individuals become anxious, partners can provide immediate reassurance, but the path to long-term security may hinge on addressing the individual's insecure self-perceptions; when individuals become avoidant, partners can 'soften' interactions that involve relational give-and-take, but long-term security may hinge on instilling positive associations with interdependence and trust. As described in the Attachment Security Enhancement Model (ASEM), relationships can afford optimal interactions that involve two processes working in tandem: mitigating momentary insecurity, and fostering secure working models over the long-term.
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Abstract
Romantic attachment is a popular theory for explaining affect, cognition, and behavior in romantic contexts. This popularity has led to a surge of self-report measures assessing dimensions of attachment. In this study, we considered the ability of 2 common attachment measures, the Adult Attachment Questionnaire (AAQ) and the Experience in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R), to replicate the avoidant and anxious attachment factors. We also determined the degree of measurement invariance across, and mean differences between, genders and single and nonsingle individuals. Both the AAQ (N = 650) and the ECR-R (N = 1,271) successfully distinguished avoidant and attachment factors. The AAQ showed evidence for partial strong measurement invariance, whereas the ECR-R showed strict factorial invariance for both gender and relationship status. Gender differences were detected on both measures in a direction consistent with previous research, with males exhibiting higher levels of avoidant attachment (relative to females) and females exhibiting higher levels of anxious attachment (relative to males). Furthermore, when compared to individuals who were currently single, those in romantic relationships exhibited lower levels of avoidant tendencies. This research aligns with the notion that the AAQ and ECR-R reliably assess similar constructs, across genders and single and nonsingle individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S Gray
- a Department of Psychology , University of California , Riverside
| | - William L Dunlop
- a Department of Psychology , University of California , Riverside
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