1
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Parameswaran K, Azman AF, Chia SL, Yusoff K, Ismail S. Knockdown of the Autophagy Protein Beclin-1 Does Not Affect Innate Cytokine Production in Human Lung Epithelial Cells during Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:434. [PMID: 37755895 PMCID: PMC10535488 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8090434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of respiratory tract infections in young children, globally. Autophagy is a cellular degradation process that mediates cell survival. Studies using mouse models have demonstrated that inhibiting autophagy affects the production of cytokines triggered by RSV. However, the effect of autophagy on RSV-induced cytokine production in human cells remains inadequately studied. Our previous research showed that inhibiting autophagy using pharmacological inhibitors did not affect the innate cytokine production in human lung epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) following RSV infection. In this study, we sought to validate these findings using a more specific approach, employing short-interfering RNA (siRNA) to target the important autophagy protein Beclin-1 (Bec-1). Prior to measuring cytokine production, we confirmed that silencing Bec-1 with siRNA effectively suppressed autophagy without affecting cell viability. Our results revealed that inhibiting autophagy through Bec-1 knockdown did not affect the production of innate cytokines CXCL8 and CCL5 in BEAS-2B cells during RSV infection, consistent with our previous findings using pharmacological inhibitors. Overall, our data suggest that targeting autophagy may not be an effective strategy for alleviating RSV-induced airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavesha Parameswaran
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (K.P.); (A.F.A.); (S.L.C.); (K.Y.)
| | - Amiera Fatin Azman
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (K.P.); (A.F.A.); (S.L.C.); (K.Y.)
| | - Suet Lin Chia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (K.P.); (A.F.A.); (S.L.C.); (K.Y.)
- UPM-MAKNA Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Khatijah Yusoff
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (K.P.); (A.F.A.); (S.L.C.); (K.Y.)
- Malaysia Genome and Vaccine Institute, National Institutes of Biotechnology Malaysia, Kajang 43000, Malaysia
| | - Saila Ismail
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (K.P.); (A.F.A.); (S.L.C.); (K.Y.)
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2
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Attaianese F, Guiducci S, Trapani S, Barbati F, Lodi L, Indolfi G, Azzari C, Ricci S. Reshaping Our Knowledge: Advancements in Understanding the Immune Response to Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Pathogens 2023; 12:1118. [PMID: 37764926 PMCID: PMC10536346 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is a significant cause of respiratory tract infections, particularly in young children and older adults. In this review, we aimed to comprehensively summarize what is known about the immune response to hRSV infection. We described the innate and adaptive immune components involved, including the recognition of RSV, the inflammatory response, the role of natural killer (NK) cells, antigen presentation, T cell response, and antibody production. Understanding the complex immune response to hRSV infection is crucial for developing effective interventions against this significant respiratory pathogen. Further investigations into the immune memory generated by hRSV infection and the development of strategies to enhance immune responses may hold promise for the prevention and management of hRSV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Attaianese
- Postgraduate School of Pediatrics, University of Florence, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, 50139 Florence, Italy;
| | - Sara Guiducci
- Postgraduate School of Immunology, University of Florence, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, 50139 Florence, Italy;
| | - Sandra Trapani
- Pediatric Unit, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy; (S.T.); (G.I.)
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (L.L.); (C.A.)
| | - Federica Barbati
- Postgraduate School of Pediatrics, University of Florence, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, 50139 Florence, Italy;
| | - Lorenzo Lodi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (L.L.); (C.A.)
- Division of Immunology, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Indolfi
- Pediatric Unit, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy; (S.T.); (G.I.)
- NEUROFARBA Department, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Azzari
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (L.L.); (C.A.)
- Division of Immunology, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Ricci
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (L.L.); (C.A.)
- Division of Immunology, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy
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3
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Papagerakis S, Said R, Ketabat F, Mahmood R, Pundir M, Lobanova L, Guenther G, Pannone G, Lavender K, McAlpin BR, Moreau A, Chen X, Papagerakis P. When the clock ticks wrong with COVID-19. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e949. [PMID: 36394205 PMCID: PMC9670202 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a member of the coronavirus family that causes the novel coronavirus disease first diagnosed in 2019 (COVID-19). Although many studies have been carried out in recent months to determine why the disease clinical presentations and outcomes can vary significantly from asymptomatic to severe or lethal, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. It is likely that unique individual characteristics can strongly influence the broad disease variability; thus, tailored diagnostic and therapeutic approaches are needed to improve clinical outcomes. The circadian clock is a critical regulatory mechanism orchestrating major physiological and pathological processes. It is generally accepted that more than half of the cell-specific genes in any given organ are under circadian control. Although it is known that a specific role of the circadian clock is to coordinate the immune system's steady-state function and response to infectious threats, the links between the circadian clock and SARS-CoV-2 infection are only now emerging. How inter-individual variability of the circadian profile and its dysregulation may play a role in the differences noted in the COVID-19-related disease presentations, and outcome remains largely underinvestigated. This review summarizes the current evidence on the potential links between circadian clock dysregulation and SARS-CoV-2 infection susceptibility, disease presentation and progression, and clinical outcomes. Further research in this area may contribute towards novel circadian-centred prognostic, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for COVID-19 in the era of precision health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Papagerakis
- Laboratory of Oral, Head and Neck Cancer – Personalized Diagnostics and Therapeutics, College of MedicineUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada,Department of Surgery, College of MedicineUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada,Division of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, College of MedicineUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada,Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Medical SchoolThe University of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Raed Said
- Laboratory of Oral, Head and Neck Cancer – Personalized Diagnostics and Therapeutics, College of MedicineUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada,Department of Surgery, College of MedicineUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada,Laboratory of Precision Oral Health and Chronobiology, College of DentistryUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of MedicineUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Farinaz Ketabat
- Laboratory of Oral, Head and Neck Cancer – Personalized Diagnostics and Therapeutics, College of MedicineUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada,Division of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Razi Mahmood
- Laboratory of Oral, Head and Neck Cancer – Personalized Diagnostics and Therapeutics, College of MedicineUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada,Department of Surgery, College of MedicineUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada,Laboratory of Precision Oral Health and Chronobiology, College of DentistryUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Meenakshi Pundir
- Laboratory of Oral, Head and Neck Cancer – Personalized Diagnostics and Therapeutics, College of MedicineUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada,Division of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada,Laboratory of Precision Oral Health and Chronobiology, College of DentistryUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Liubov Lobanova
- Laboratory of Precision Oral Health and Chronobiology, College of DentistryUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Greg Guenther
- Laboratory of Oral, Head and Neck Cancer – Personalized Diagnostics and Therapeutics, College of MedicineUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Giuseppe Pannone
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Department of Clinic and Experimental MedicineUniversity of FoggiaFoggiaItaly
| | - Kerry Lavender
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, College of MedicineUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Blake R. McAlpin
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, Division of Internal MedicineThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Alain Moreau
- Viscogliosi Laboratory in Molecular Genetics of Musculoskeletal DiseasesCentre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte‐Justine Research CenterMontrealQuebecCanada,Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversité de MontréalMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Xiongbiao Chen
- Division of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada,Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of EngineeringUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Petros Papagerakis
- Division of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada,Laboratory of Precision Oral Health and Chronobiology, College of DentistryUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
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Mutua V, Cavallo F, Gershwin LJ. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in a randomized controlled trial of a combination of antiviral and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory treatment in a bovine model of respiratory syncytial virus infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 241:110323. [PMID: 34543829 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The function of neutrophils in viral infections has long been established and studies have been done to examine the role of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Further study and analysis of NETs in viral infections may reveal a new therapeutic target. Administration of ibuprofen and GS-561937, a fusion protein inhibitor (FPI), have been experimentally shown to decrease the severity of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) infection. Our aims were to determine the effect of ibuprofen and FPI on NETs after BRSV infection as a monotherapy or combined therapy. METHODS We conducted a randomized placebo-controlled trial of ibuprofen, FPI, or as a dual therapy initiated at 3 or 5 days after experimental infection with BRSV in 36 five to six-week-old Holstein calves (Bos Taurus). Lung tissue samples were collected and stained with antibodies conjugated with fluorescence dyes to visualize and quantify the NETs in situ. We estimated the average NETs in the sample lung tissue slides and compared the areas occupied by NETS within and between the treatment groups. RESULTS There were significantly fewer NETs in the lung tissue from calves that were given ibuprofen and both ibuprofen and fusion protein inhibitor from day 3 post infection compared to the placebo group. Calves administered with ibuprofen, fusion protein inhibitor or both from day five had visually fewer NETs than the placebo but the difference was not significant. CONCLUSION BRSV can induce NET formation in vitro and in vivo. A combination of both drugs (Ibuprofen and FPI) resulted in less NETs observed in lung tissue of BRSV infected calves compared to the placebo or monotherapy groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Mutua
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA, United States.
| | - Francisco Cavallo
- Division of Veterinary Pathology. Department of Biomedical Sciences & Pathobiology Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, United States
| | - Laurel J Gershwin
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA, United States
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5
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Ghia C, Rambhad G. Disease Burden Due to Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Indian Pediatric Population: A Literature Review. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-PEDIATRICS 2021; 15:11795565211029250. [PMID: 34285625 PMCID: PMC8264742 DOI: 10.1177/11795565211029250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the leading causes of lower respiratory tract infections in young children. Globally, there is huge disease burden, high treatment cost, and health impact beyond acute episodes due to RSV which necessitate development and implementation of preventive strategies for the control of RSV infection. The disease burden due to RSV in pediatric population across India is still not clearly understood so this literature review was therefore conducted to gather data on disease burden due to RSV in Indian pediatric population. Systematic literature search was performed using PubMed and Google search with different medical subject headings from 2007 to 2020. Studies performed in Indian pediatric population were selected for review. Literature review revealed that in India, epidemiology of RSV infection is well documented in young children (0-5 years) as compared to children from other age groups. The rates of RSV detection in various studies conducted in younger children (0-5 years) vary from 2.1% to 62.4% in India which is higher as compared to children from other age groups. In India, RSV mainly peaks around rainy to early winter season, that is, during months of June through October while smaller peak was noted during December, January, and February. In 2020, higher RSV-associated disease burden was reported among children (<5 years) in low-income and lower-middle-income countries. Considering significant disease burden due to RSV in young Indian children, availability of RSV vaccine would be crucial to prevent RSV infections in children and its spread in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canna Ghia
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Pfizer Limited, Mumbai, India
| | - Gautam Rambhad
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Pfizer Limited, Mumbai, India
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6
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Azman AF, Chia SL, Sekawi Z, Yusoff K, Ismail S. Inhibition of Autophagy Does Not Affect Innate Cytokine Production in Human Lung Epithelial Cells During Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Viral Immunol 2021; 34:421-426. [PMID: 33835870 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the major causes of childhood acute lower respiratory tract infection worldwide. Autophagy is an intracellular pathway involved in nutrient recycling. Recently, autophagy has been reported to play a role in regulating host cytokine response to several viruses, including vesicular stomatitis virus and human immunodeficiency virus. Previous in vivo studies using mouse model has shown that inhibition of autophagy reduces RSV-induced cytokine production. However, the role of autophagy in modulating RSV-induced cytokine response in human cells has not been reported. We investigated the role of autophagy in regulating the production of the cytokines C-X-C motif ligand 8 (CXCL8) and C-C motif ligand 5 (CCL5), in RSV-infected human bronchial epithelium BEAS-2B cells. Fluorescent microscopic analysis showed that RSV infection induced autophagosome formation in BEAS-2B cells. This autophagy inducing ability of RSV was further confirmed by flow cytometry. The effects of pharmacological inhibition of autophagy by SAR405 or chloroquine on cell death and cytokine release were quantified using lactate dehydrogenase assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. We found that SAR405 or chloroquine did not cause cell death. Importantly, ELISA analysis showed that pharmacological inhibition of autophagy by SAR405 or chloroquine did not affect the productions of both CXCL5 and CXCL8. In contrast to the previous studies using mouse model, our data suggest that pharmacological inhibition of autophagy may not be a suitable strategy in controlling RSV-induced airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amiera Fatin Azman
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Suet Lin Chia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.,Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Zamberi Sekawi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Khatijah Yusoff
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.,Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Saila Ismail
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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7
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Kitcharoensakkul M, Bacharier LB, Schweiger TL, Wilson B, Goss CW, Lew D, Schechtman KB, Castro M. Lung function trajectories and bronchial hyperresponsiveness during childhood following severe RSV bronchiolitis in infancy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2021; 32:457-464. [PMID: 33098584 PMCID: PMC8200049 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis in infancy have increased risks of asthma and reduced lung function in later life. There are limited studies on the longitudinal changes of lung function and bronchial hyperreactivity from early to late childhood in infants hospitalized for RSV bronchiolitis. METHODS In a prospective cohort of 206 children with their first episode of RSV-confirmed bronchiolitis in the first year of life, 122 had spirometry performed at least twice between 5-16 years of age. Methacholine bronchoprovocation was available in 127 and 79 children at 7 and 12 years of age, respectively. Longitudinal changes in FEV1 , FVC, and FEV1 /FVC z-scores and methacholine PC20 were analyzed. RESULTS 55% of the study cohort (N = 122) were male, and 55% were Caucasian. During follow-up, longitudinal changes in z-scores for pre- and post-bronchodilator FEV1 (P < .0001) FVC (P < .0001) and FEV1 /FVC (P < .0001 for pre- and 0.007 for post-bronchodilator) from age 5 to 10-16 years were observed. Declined lung function in late childhood was significantly associated with gender, physician diagnosis of asthma, and allergic sensitization. PC20 geometric mean increased from 0.28 mg/mL at 7 years to 0.53 mg/mL at 12 years of age, and the frequency of abnormal bronchial hyperreactivity decreased from 96% to 78% (P = .0003). CONCLUSIONS Following severe RSV bronchiolitis, there appear to be significant longitudinal changes in pre- and post-bronchodilator lung function during childhood. The study has several limitations including significant dropouts and the lack of a control group and post-bronchodilator measurements. Bronchial hyperreactivity is common in children following severe RSV bronchiolitis; however, it appears to decrease as they enter late childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maleewan Kitcharoensakkul
- The Division of Allergy, Immunology and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Leonard B Bacharier
- The Division of Allergy, Immunology and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Toni L Schweiger
- The Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brad Wilson
- The Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Charles W Goss
- The Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daphne Lew
- The Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kenneth B Schechtman
- The Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mario Castro
- The Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA
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8
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Ko EJ, Lee Y, Lee YT, Hwang HS, Park Y, Kim KH, Kang SM. Natural Killer and CD8 T Cells Contribute to Protection by Formalin Inactivated Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccination under a CD4-Deficient Condition. Immune Netw 2020; 20:e51. [PMID: 33425436 PMCID: PMC7779866 DOI: 10.4110/in.2020.20.e51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe pulmonary disease in infants, young children, and the elderly. Formalin inactivated RSV (FI-RSV) vaccine trials failed due to vaccine enhanced respiratory disease, but the underlying immune mechanisms remain not fully understood. In this study, we have used wild type C57BL/6 and CD4 knockout (CD4KO) mouse models to better understand the roles of the CD4 T cells and cellular mechanisms responsible for enhanced respiratory disease after FI-RSV vaccination and RSV infection. Less eosinophil infiltration and lower pro-inflammatory cytokine production were observed in FI-RSV vaccinated CD4KO mice after RSV infection compared to FI-RSV vaccinated C57BL/6 mice. NK cells and cytokine-producing CD8 T cells were recruited at high levels in the airways of CD4KO mice, correlating with reduced respiratory disease. Depletion studies provided evidence that virus control was primarily mediated by NK cells whereas CD8 T cells contributed to IFN-γ production and less eosinophilic lung inflammation. This study demonstrated the differential roles of effector CD4 and CD8 T cells as well as NK cells, in networking with other inflammatory infiltrates in RSV disease in immune competent and CD4-deficient condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ju Ko
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Youri Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Young-Tae Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Hye Suk Hwang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.,Alan G. MacDiarmid Energy Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Yoonsuh Park
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Ki-Hye Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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9
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Saleh F, Harb A, Soudani N, Zaraket H. A three-dimensional A549 cell culture model to study respiratory syncytial virus infections. J Infect Public Health 2020; 13:1142-1147. [PMID: 32360024 PMCID: PMC7190299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a primary cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, affecting infants, young children, and immune-compromised patients; however, currently no vaccine is available for prevention of RSV infections. The overwhelming majority of our knowledge of how RSV causes infection is based upon studies that have been carried out using traditional 2D methods, with cells cultured on flat plastic dishes. Although these simplified culture systems are essential to gain an insight into the fundamentals of host-pathogen interactions, cells in 2D are not exposed to the same conditions as cells in 3D tissues in the body and are therefore a poor representation of thein vivo microenvironment. In this study, we aim to develop the first 3D culture model for RSV infection using A549 cells to test its utility for RSV pathogenesis. METHODS To generate spheroids, A549 cells were cultured using ultra-low attachment plates to generate 25 × 103 cell spheroids. The viability of the spheroids was assessed by trypan blue exclusion assay and flow cytometry showing prominent live cells throughout the spheroids confirming high viability over seven days of incubation. RESULTS Immunostaining of A549 spheroids inoculated with RSV, showed time-dependent dissemination of the viral antigen RSV-F within the spheroid, resulting in syncytia formation and a 3-fold increase in mucin secretion compared to the uninfected cells. Additionally, RSV successfully replicated in the spheroids producing infectious virus as early as day one post-inoculation and was sustained for up to 7 days post-inoculation. CONCLUSIONS Results show that A549 spheroids are susceptible and permissive for RSV since they exhibit the characteristics of RSV infection including syncytia formation and mucin overexpression, suggesting that A549 spheroids can be used a promising model for studying RSV in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Saleh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Lebanon
| | - Aya Harb
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology & Microbiology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nadia Soudani
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology & Microbiology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Faculty of Medicine, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Research Platform for Environmental Science (PRASE), Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Lebanon
| | - Hassan Zaraket
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology & Microbiology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Faculty of Medicine, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
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10
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Pal S, Ausar SF, Tifrea DF, Cheng C, Gallichan S, Sanchez V, de la Maza LM, Visan L. Protection of outbred mice against a vaginal challenge by a Chlamydia trachomatis serovar E recombinant major outer membrane protein vaccine is dependent on phosphate substitution in the adjuvant. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:2537-2547. [PMID: 32118511 PMCID: PMC7644203 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1717183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common bacterial sexually-transmitted pathogen for which there is no vaccine. We previously demonstrated that the degree of phosphate substitution in an aluminum hydroxide adjuvant in a TLR-4-based C. trachomatis serovar E (Ser E) recombinant major outer membrane protein (rMOMP) formulation had an impact on the induced antibody titers and IFN-γ levels. Here, we have extended these observations using outbreed CD-1 mice immunized with C. trachomatis Ser E rMOMP formulations to evaluate the impact on bacterial challenge. The results confirmed that the rMOMP vaccine containing the adjuvant with the highest phosphate substitution induced the highest neutralizing antibody titers while the formulation with the lowest phosphate substitution induced the highest IFN-γ production. The most robust protection was observed in mice vaccinated with the formulation containing the adjuvant with the lowest phosphate substitution, as shown by the number of mice with positive vaginal cultures, number of positive cultures and number of C. trachomatis inclusion forming units recovered. This is the first report showing that vaccination of an outbred strain of mice with rMOMP induces protection against a vaginal challenge with C. trachomatis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukumar Pal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California , Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Delia F Tifrea
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California , Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Chunmei Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California , Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Scott Gallichan
- Analytical Research and Development Department, Sanofi Pasteur , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Violette Sanchez
- Research & Non Clinical Safety Department, Sanofi Pasteur , Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Luis M de la Maza
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California , Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Lucian Visan
- Research & Non Clinical Safety Department, Sanofi Pasteur , Marcy l'Etoile, France
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11
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Aljabr W, Armstrong S, Rickett NY, Pollakis G, Touzelet O, Cloutman-Green E, Matthews DA, Hiscox JA. High Resolution Analysis of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection In Vivo. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100926. [PMID: 31658630 PMCID: PMC6832471 DOI: 10.3390/v11100926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is a major cause of pediatric infection and also causes disease in the elderly and those with underlying respiratory problems. There is no vaccine for HRSV and anti-viral therapeutics are not broadly applicable. To investigate the effect of HRSV biology in children, nasopharyngeal aspirates were taken from children with different viral loads and a combined high throughput RNAseq and label free quantitative proteomics approach was used to characterize the nucleic acid and proteins in these samples. HRSV proteins were identified in the nasopharyngeal aspirates from infected children, and their abundance correlated with viral load (Ct value), confirming HRSV infection. Analysis of the HRSV genome indicated that the children were infected with sub-group A virus and that minor variants in nucleotide frequency occurred in discrete clusters along the HRSV genome, and within a patient clustered distinctly within the glycoprotein gene. Data from the samples were binned into four groups; no-HRSV infection (control), high viral load (Ct < 20), medium viral load (Ct = 20-25), and low viral load (Ct > 25). Cellular proteins associated with the anti-viral response (e.g., ISG15) were identified in the nasopharyngeal aspirates and their abundance was correlated with viral load. These combined approaches have not been used before to study HRSV biology in vivo and can be readily applied to the study the variation of virus host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed Aljabr
- King Fahad Medical City, Research Center, 59046 Riyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Stuart Armstrong
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK.
- National Institute of Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK.
| | - Natasha Y Rickett
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK.
- National Institute of Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK.
| | - Georgios Pollakis
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK.
| | - Olivier Touzelet
- School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
| | | | - David A Matthews
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
| | - Julian A Hiscox
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK.
- National Institute of Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK.
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12
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Carvajal JJ, Avellaneda AM, Salazar-Ardiles C, Maya JE, Kalergis AM, Lay MK. Host Components Contributing to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2152. [PMID: 31572372 PMCID: PMC6753334 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most prevalent viral etiological agent of acute respiratory tract infection. Although RSV affects people of all ages, the disease is more severe in infants and causes significant morbidity and hospitalization in young children and in the elderly. Host factors, including an immature immune system in infants, low lymphocyte levels in patients under 5 years old, and low levels of RSV-specific neutralizing antibodies in the blood of adults over 65 years of age, can explain the high susceptibility to RSV infection in these populations. Other host factors that correlate with severe RSV disease include high concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukins (IL)-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and thymic stromal lymphopoitein (TSLP), which are produced in the respiratory tract of RSV-infected individuals, accompanied by a strong neutrophil response. In addition, data from studies of RSV infections in humans and in animal models revealed that this virus suppresses adaptive immune responses that could eliminate it from the respiratory tract. Here, we examine host factors that contribute to RSV pathogenesis based on an exhaustive review of in vitro infection in humans and in animal models to provide insights into the design of vaccines and therapeutic tools that could prevent diseases caused by RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan J. Carvajal
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Andrea M. Avellaneda
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Camila Salazar-Ardiles
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Jorge E. Maya
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Margarita K. Lay
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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13
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Safety and immunogenicity of a respiratory syncytial virus fusion glycoprotein F subunit vaccine in healthy adults: Results of a phase 1, randomized, observer-blind, controlled, dosage-escalation study. Vaccine 2019; 37:2694-2703. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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14
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López D, Barriga A, Lorente E, Mir C. Immunoproteomic Lessons for Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine Design. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E486. [PMID: 30974886 PMCID: PMC6518116 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8040486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate antiviral humoral and cellular immune responses require prior recognition of antigenic peptides presented by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I and II molecules on the surface of antigen-presenting cells. Both the helper and the cytotoxic immune responses are critical for the control and the clearance of human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) infection, which is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in infected pediatric, immunocompromised and elderly populations. In this article we review the immunoproteomics studies which have defined the general antigen processing and presentation rules that determine both the immunoprevalence and the immunodominance of the cellular immune response to HRSV. Mass spectrometry and functional analyses have shown that the HLA class I and II cellular immune responses against HRSV are mainly focused on three viral proteins: fusion, matrix, and nucleoprotein. Thus, these studies have important implications for vaccine development against this virus, since a vaccine construct including these three relevant HRSV proteins could efficiently stimulate the major components of the adaptive immune system: humoral, helper, and cytotoxic effector immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel López
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda (Madrid), Spain.
| | - Alejandro Barriga
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda (Madrid), Spain.
| | - Elena Lorente
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda (Madrid), Spain.
| | - Carmen Mir
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda (Madrid), Spain.
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15
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Alansari K, Toaimah FH, Almatar DH, El Tatawy LA, Davidson BL, Qusad MIM. Monoclonal Antibody Treatment of RSV Bronchiolitis in Young Infants: A Randomized Trial. Pediatrics 2019; 143:peds.2018-2308. [PMID: 30760509 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2018-2308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monoclonal antibody to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV; palivizumab) is recommend for prophylaxis of high-risk infants during bronchiolitis seasons but not for RSV bronchiolitis treatment. Our aim was to determine if palivizumab would be helpful in young infants with acute RSV bronchiolitis. METHODS Eligible infants ≤3 months old presenting to the pediatric emergency service with RSV-positive bronchiolitis requiring inpatient admission underwent double-blind random assignment to single-dose intravenous palivizumab (15 mg/kg) or placebo. The primary efficacy outcome was the need for inpatient readmission in the 3 weeks after discharge. Secondary outcomes were time to readiness for hospital discharge, need for PICU on the initial admission, and need for revisit not requiring readmission for the same illness during 3-week follow-up. RESULTS A total of 420 infants (median age 49 days) diagnosed with RSV bronchiolitis were randomly assigned; 417 received treatment, and 413 completed follow-up. Readmission during follow-up was needed for 23 (11%) patients on palivizumab and 19 (9.3%) patients in the placebo group (difference 1.8%; 95% confidence interval -4.4% to 7.7%; P = .51). Geometric mean time to readiness for discharge was 29.5 hours for the palivizumab group and 30.2 hours for the placebo group (ratio 0.98; 95% confidence interval 0.81 to 1.20). No safety issues were reported. CONCLUSIONS Intravenous palivizumab did not appear to help or harm young infants with acute RSV-positive bronchiolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Alansari
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; .,Emergency Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.,Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Cornell University, Doha, Qatar; and
| | - Fatihi Hassan Toaimah
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Daher Helmi Almatar
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Lamiaa Awny El Tatawy
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Bruce L Davidson
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Providence Health System, Renton, Washington
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16
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Priante E, Cavicchiolo ME, Baraldi E. RSV infection and respiratory sequelae. Minerva Pediatr 2018; 70:623-633. [PMID: 30379052 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4946.18.05327-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The association between respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections and long-term respiratory sequelae has long been recognized. It is estimated that individuals with a history of RSV bronchiolitis have 2- to 12-fold higher risk of developing asthma. Although this risk tends to decrease with age, persistent airway obstruction and hyperresponsiveness are observed even 30 years after RSV infection. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Our data search strategy was designed to address the following questions: What is the epidemiological evidence available on the association between RSV infection and long-term respiratory morbidity? What are the potential pathogenic pathways linking RSV infection to long-term respiratory morbidity? Are there any host genetic backgrounds that can predispose to both severe RSV lower respiratory tract infection and asthma? Are antiviral therapies and RSV prevention measures effective in reducing respiratory morbidities? EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS This article reviews the recent scientific literature on the epidemiological association and pathogenic links between early RSV infection and long-term respiratory morbidities. CONCLUSIONS Nowadays, asthma is increasingly considered a heterogeneous disease, caused by interactions between several host and environmental factors. Understanding the specific causative role of respiratory viruses, and the pathogenic mechanisms through which bronchiolitis predisposes to asthma, is a challenging, but essential starting point for the development of prevention and treatment strategies potentially capable of preserving lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Priante
- Unit of Neonatal Intensive Care, Department of Woman's and Child's Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Maria E Cavicchiolo
- Unit of Neonatal Intensive Care, Department of Woman's and Child's Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy -
| | - Eugenio Baraldi
- Unit of Neonatal Intensive Care, Department of Woman's and Child's Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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17
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Matz KM, Guzman RM, Goodman AG. The Role of Nucleic Acid Sensing in Controlling Microbial and Autoimmune Disorders. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 345:35-136. [PMID: 30904196 PMCID: PMC6445394 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity, the first line of defense against invading pathogens, is an ancient form of host defense found in all animals, from sponges to humans. During infection, innate immune receptors recognize conserved molecular patterns, such as microbial surface molecules, metabolites produces during infection, or nucleic acids of the microbe's genome. When initiated, the innate immune response activates a host defense program that leads to the synthesis proteins capable of pathogen killing. In mammals, the induction of cytokines during the innate immune response leads to the recruitment of professional immune cells to the site of infection, leading to an adaptive immune response. While a fully functional innate immune response is crucial for a proper host response and curbing microbial infection, if the innate immune response is dysfunctional and is activated in the absence of infection, autoinflammation and autoimmune disorders can develop. Therefore, it follows that the innate immune response must be tightly controlled to avoid an autoimmune response from host-derived molecules, yet still unencumbered to respond to infection. In this review, we will focus on the innate immune response activated from cytosolic nucleic acids, derived from the microbe or host itself. We will depict how viruses and bacteria activate these nucleic acid sensing pathways and their mechanisms to inhibit the pathways. We will also describe the autoinflammatory and autoimmune disorders that develop when these pathways are hyperactive. Finally, we will discuss gaps in knowledge with regard to innate immune response failure and identify where further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keesha M Matz
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - R Marena Guzman
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Alan G Goodman
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States; Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.
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18
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Interactive effects of age and respiratory virus on severe lower respiratory infection. Epidemiol Infect 2018; 146:1861-1869. [PMID: 30047350 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268818002017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated risk factors for severe acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) among hospitalised children 8 months were at greater risk from influenza-associated ICU admissions and long hospital stay. Children with ADV had increased LOS across all ages. In the first 2 years of life, the effects of different viruses on ALRI severity varies with age. Our findings help to identify specific ages that would most benefit from virus-specific interventions such as vaccines and antivirals.
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19
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Human respiratory syncytial virus: pathogenesis, immune responses, and current vaccine approaches. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 37:1817-1827. [PMID: 29876771 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-018-3289-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus continues to pose a serious threat to the pediatric populations worldwide. With a genomic makeup of 15,200 nucleotides, the virus encodes for 11 proteins serving as envelope spikes, inner envelope proteins, and non-structural and ribonucleocapsid complexes. The fusion (F) and attachment (G) surface glycoproteins are the key targets for neutralizing antibodies. The highly variable G with altered glycosylations and the conformational alternations of F create challenges for vaccine development. The metastable F protein is responsible for RSV-host cell fusion and thus infectivity. Novel antigenic sites were identified on this form following its stabilization and solving its crystal structure. Importantly, site ø displays neutralizing activity exceeding those of post-F-specific and shared antigenic sites, such as site II which is the target for Palivizumab therapeutic antibody. Induction of high neutralizing antibody responses by pre-F immunization in animal models promoted it as a major vaccine candidate. Since RSV infection is more serious at age extremities and in individuals with undermining health conditions, vaccines are being developed to target these populations. Infants below three months of age have a suppressive immune system, making vaccines' immunogenicity weak. Therefore, a suggested strategy to protect newborns from RSV infection would be through passive immunity of maternal antibodies. Hence, pregnant women at their third trimester have been selected as an ideal target for vaccination with RSV pre-F vaccine. This review summarizes the different modes of RSV pathogenesis and host's immune response to the infection, and illustrates on the latest updates of vaccine development and vaccination approaches.
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20
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Bohmwald K, Espinoza JA, Pulgar RA, Jara EL, Kalergis AM. Functional Impairment of Mononuclear Phagocyte System by the Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1643. [PMID: 29230219 PMCID: PMC5712212 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) comprises of monocytes, macrophages (MΦ), and dendritic cells (DCs). MPS is part of the first line of immune defense against a wide range of pathogens, including viruses, such as the human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV). The hRSV is an enveloped virus that belongs to the Pneumoviridae family, Orthopneumovirus genus. This virus is the main etiological agent causing severe acute lower respiratory tract infection, especially in infants, children and the elderly. Human RSV can cause bronchiolitis and pneumonia and it has also been implicated in the development of recurrent wheezing and asthma. Monocytes, MΦ, and DCs significantly contribute to acute inflammation during hRSV-induced bronchiolitis and asthma exacerbation. Furthermore, these cells seem to be an important component for the association between hRSV and reactive airway disease. After hRSV infection, the first cells encountered by the virus are respiratory epithelial cells, alveolar macrophages (AMs), DCs, and monocytes in the airways. Because AMs constitute the predominant cell population at the alveolar space in healthy subjects, these cells work as major innate sentinels for the recognition of pathogens. Although adaptive immunity is crucial for viral clearance, AMs are required for the early immune response against hRSV, promoting viral clearance and controlling immunopathology. Furthermore, exposure to hRSV may affect the phagocytic and microbicidal capacity of monocytes and MΦs against other infectious agents. Finally, different studies have addressed the roles of different DC subsets during infection by hRSV. In this review article, we discuss the role of the lung MPS during hRSV infection and their involvement in the development of bronchiolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bohmwald
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Janyra A Espinoza
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Raúl A Pulgar
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Evelyn L Jara
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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21
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Rajan D, Chinnadurai R, O'Keefe EL, Boyoglu-Barnum S, Todd SO, Hartert TV, Galipeau J, Anderson LJ. Protective role of Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase in Respiratory Syncytial Virus associated immune response in airway epithelial cells. Virology 2017; 512:144-150. [PMID: 28963880 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RSV is a major cause of severe lower respiratory infection in infants and young children. With no vaccine yet available, it is important to clarify mechanisms of disease pathogenesis. Since indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an immunomodulatory enzyme and is upregulated with RSV infection, we studied it in vivo during infection of BALB/c mice and in vitro in A549 cells. RSV infection upregulated IDO transcripts in vivo and in vitro. IDO siRNA decreased IDO transcripts ~2 fold compared to control siRNA after RSV infection but this decrease did not affect RSV replication. In the presence of IFN-γ, siRNA-induced a decrease in IDO expression that was associated with an increase in virus replication and increased levels of IL-6, IL-8, CXCL10 and CCL4. Thus, our results show IDO is upregulated with RSV infection and this upregulation likely participates with IFN-γ in inhibition of virus replication and suppression of some host cell responses to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devi Rajan
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory Children's Center, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Raghavan Chinnadurai
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Evan L O'Keefe
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory Children's Center, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Sean O Todd
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory Children's Center, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Tina V Hartert
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Institute for Medicine & Public Health, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jacques Galipeau
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Larry J Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory Children's Center, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia.
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22
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Vandini S, Calamelli E, Faldella G, Lanari M. Immune and inflammatory response in bronchiolitis due to respiratory Syncytial Virus and Rhinovirus infections in infants. Paediatr Respir Rev 2017; 24:60-64. [PMID: 28159510 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Bronchiolitis is a common disease in infancy, mostly due to Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Rhinovirus. In addition to acute infection, viral bronchiolitis is responsible for sequelae including recurrent wheezing and asthma. The analysis of the viral characteristics and of the pathogenesis of the infection shows differences between the two viruses that may be helpful for the development of therapies and preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Vandini
- Pediatrics and Neonatology Unit, Imola Hospital, Via Montericco, 4 Imola, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Calamelli
- Pediatrics and Neonatology Unit, Imola Hospital, Via Montericco, 4 Imola, Italy; PhD Programme, General Medical and Services Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Giacomo Faldella
- Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Via Massarenti 11, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Marcello Lanari
- Pediatric Emergency Unit, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Via Massarenti 11, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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23
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New Insights Contributing to the Development of Effective Vaccines and Therapies to Reduce the Pathology Caused by hRSV. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081753. [PMID: 28800119 PMCID: PMC5578143 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (hRSV) is one of the major causes of acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTI) worldwide, leading to significant levels of immunocompromisation as well as morbidity and mortality in infants. Its main target of infection is the ciliated epithelium of the lungs and the host immune responses elicited is ineffective at achieving viral clearance. It is thought that the lack of effective immunity against hRSV is due in part to the activity of several viral proteins that modulate the host immune response, enhancing a Th2-like pro-inflammatory state, with the secretion of cytokines that promote the infiltration of immune cells to the lungs, with consequent damage. Furthermore, the adaptive immunity triggered by hRSV infection is characterized by weak cytotoxic T cell responses and secretion of low affinity antibodies by B cells. These features of hRSV infection have meant that, to date, no effective and safe vaccines have been licensed. In this article, we will review in detail the information regarding hRSV characteristics, pathology, and host immune response, along with several prophylactic treatments and vaccine prototypes. We will also expose significant data regarding the newly developed BCG-based vaccine that promotes protective cellular and humoral response against hRSV infection, which is currently undergoing clinical evaluation.
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24
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Taye B, Chen H, Myaing MZ, Tan BH, Maurer-Stroh S, Sugrue RJ. Systems-based approach to examine the cytokine responses in primary mouse lung macrophages infected with low pathogenic avian Influenza virus circulating in South East Asia. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:420. [PMID: 28558796 PMCID: PMC5450074 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3803-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza A virus (IAV) is a major public health concern, being responsible for the death of approximately half a million people each year. Zoonotic transmissions of the virus from swine and avian origin have occurred in the past, and can potentially lead to the emgergence of new IAV stains in future pandemics. Pulmonary macrophages have been implicated in disease severity in the lower airway, and understanding the host response of macrophages infected with avian influenza viruses should provide new therapeutic strategies. Results We used a systems-based approach to investigate the transcriptome response of primary murine lung macrophages (PMФ) infected with the mouse-adapted H1N1/WSN virus and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses H5N2 and H5N3. The results showed that the LPAI viruses H5N2 and H5N3 can infect PMФ with similar efficiency to the H1N1/WSN virus. While all viruses induced antiviral responses, the H5N3 virus infection resulted in higher expression levels of cytokines and chemokines associated with inflammatory responses. Conclusions The LPAI H5N2 and H5N3 viruses are able to infect murine lung macrophages. However, the H5N3 virus was associated with increased expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. Although the H5N3 virus it is capable of inducing high levels of cytokines that are associated with inflammation, this property is distinct from its inability to efficiently replicate in a mammalian host. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3803-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biruhalem Taye
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, 30 Biopolis Street #07-01, Matrix, Singapore, 138671, Republic of Singapore.,School of Biological Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Republic of Singapore.,Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, P.O.BOX 1176, Ethiopia
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Biological Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Republic of Singapore.,Current address Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01, Genome, Singapore, 138672, Republic of Singapore
| | - Myint Zu Myaing
- School of Biological Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Boon Huan Tan
- Detection and Diagnostics Laboratory, Defence Science Organisation National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117510, Republic of Singapore.,LKC School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore, 639798, Republic of Singapore
| | - Sebastian Maurer-Stroh
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, 30 Biopolis Street #07-01, Matrix, Singapore, 138671, Republic of Singapore.,National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Republic of Singapore
| | - Richard J Sugrue
- School of Biological Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Republic of Singapore.
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Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common cause of upper respiratory tract infection in children and adults. However, infection with this virus sometimes leads to severe lower respiratory disease and is the major cause of infant hospitalisations in the developed world. Several risk factors such as baby prematurity and congenital heart disease are known to predispose towards severe disease but previously healthy, full-term infants can also develop bronchiolitis and viral pneumonia during RSV infection. The causes of severe disease are not fully understood but may include dysregulation of the immune response to the virus, resulting in excessive recruitment and activation of innate and adaptive immune cells that can cause damage. This review highlights recent discoveries on the balancing act of immune-mediated virus clearance versus immunopathology during RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Johansson
- Respiratory Infections Section, St Mary's campus, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
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Cheung MB, Sampayo-Escobar V, Green R, Moore ML, Mohapatra S, Mohapatra SS. Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Infected Mesenchymal Stem Cells Regulate Immunity via Interferon Beta and Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163709. [PMID: 27695127 PMCID: PMC5047639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has been reported to infect human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) but the consequences are poorly understood. MSCs are present in nearly every organ including the nasal mucosa and the lung and play a role in regulating immune responses and mediating tissue repair. We sought to determine whether RSV infection of MSCs enhances their immune regulatory functions and contributes to RSV-associated lung disease. RSV was shown to replicate in human MSCs by fluorescence microscopy, plaque assay, and expression of RSV transcripts. RSV-infected MSCs showed differentially altered expression of cytokines and chemokines such as IL-1β, IL6, IL-8 and SDF-1 compared to epithelial cells. Notably, RSV-infected MSCs exhibited significantly increased expression of IFN-β (~100-fold) and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) (~70-fold) than in mock-infected MSCs. IDO was identified in cytosolic protein of infected cells by Western blots and enzymatic activity was detected by tryptophan catabolism assay. Treatment of PBMCs with culture supernatants from RSV-infected MSCs reduced their proliferation in a dose dependent manner. This effect on PBMC activation was reversed by treatment of MSCs with the IDO inhibitors 1-methyltryptophan and vitamin K3 during RSV infection, a result we confirmed by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of IDO in MSCs. Neutralizing IFN-β prevented IDO expression and activity. Treatment of MSCs with an endosomal TLR inhibitor, as well as a specific inhibitor of the TLR3/dsRNA complex, prevented IFN-β and IDO expression. Together, these results suggest that RSV infection of MSCs alters their immune regulatory function by upregulating IFN-β and IDO, affecting immune cell proliferation, which may account for the lack of protective RSV immunity and for chronicity of RSV-associated lung diseases such as asthma and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B. Cheung
- James A Haley Veterans Affairs Hospital, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Viviana Sampayo-Escobar
- James A Haley Veterans Affairs Hospital, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ryan Green
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Martin L. Moore
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Subhra Mohapatra
- James A Haley Veterans Affairs Hospital, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Shyam S. Mohapatra
- James A Haley Veterans Affairs Hospital, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- University of South Florida College of Pharmacy, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
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Bohmwald K, Espinoza JA, Rey-Jurado E, Gómez RS, González PA, Bueno SM, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM. Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Infection and Pathology. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 37:522-37. [PMID: 27486734 PMCID: PMC7171722 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1584799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is by far the major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTIs) worldwide in infants and children younger than 2 years. The overwhelming number of hospitalizations due to hRSV-induced ALRTI each year is due, at least in part, to the lack of licensed vaccines against this virus. Thus, hRSV infection is considered a major public health problem and economic burden in most countries. The lung pathology developed in hRSV-infected individuals is characterized by an exacerbated proinflammatory and unbalanced Th2-type immune response. In addition to the adverse effects in airway tissues, hRSV infection can also cause neurologic manifestations in the host, such as seizures and encephalopathy. Although the origins of these extrapulmonary symptoms remain unclear, studies with patients suffering from neurological alterations suggest an involvement of the inflammatory response against hRSV. Furthermore, hRSV has evolved numerous mechanisms to modulate and evade the immune response in the host. Several studies have focused on elucidating the interactions between hRSV virulence factors and the host immune system, to rationally design new vaccines and therapies against this virus. Here, we discuss about the infection, pathology, and immune response triggered by hRSV in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bohmwald
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Janyra A Espinoza
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Emma Rey-Jurado
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto S Gómez
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A González
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Investigating the Influence of Ribavirin on Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus RNA Synthesis by Using a High-Resolution Transcriptome Sequencing Approach. J Virol 2016; 90:4876-4888. [PMID: 26656699 PMCID: PMC4859727 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02349-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is a major cause of serious respiratory tract infection. Treatment options include administration of ribavirin, a purine analog, although the mechanism of its anti-HRSV activity is unknown. We used transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) to investigate the genome mutation frequency and viral mRNA accumulation in HRSV-infected cells that were left untreated or treated with ribavirin. In the absence of ribavirin, HRSV-specific transcripts accounted for up to one-third of total RNA reads from the infected-cell RNA population. Ribavirin treatment resulted in a >90% reduction in abundance of viral mRNA reads, while at the same time no such reduction was detected for the abundance of cellular transcripts. The presented data reveal that ribavirin significantly increases the frequency of HRSV-specific RNA mutations, suggesting a direct influence on the fidelity of the HRSV polymerase. The presented data show that transitions and transversions occur during HRSV replication and that these changes occur in hot spots along the HRSV genome. Examination of nucleotide substitution rates in the viral genome indicated an increase in the frequency of transition but not transversion mutations in the presence of ribavirin. In addition, our data indicate that in the continuous cell types used and at the time points analyzed, the abundances of some HRSV mRNAs do not reflect the order in which the mRNAs are transcribed. IMPORTANCE Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is a major pediatric pathogen. Ribavirin can be used in children who are extremely ill to reduce the amount of virus and to lower the burden of disease. Ribavirin is used as an experimental therapy with other viruses. The mechanism of action of ribavirin against HRSV is not well understood, although it is thought to increase the mutation rate of the viral polymerase during replication. To investigate this hypothesis, we used a high-resolution approach that allowed us to determine the genetic sequence of the virus to a great depth of coverage. We found that ribavirin did not cause a detectable change in the relative amounts of viral mRNA transcripts. However, we found that ribavirin treatment did indeed cause an increase in the number of mutations, which was associated with a decrease in virus production.
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Vargas JE, de Souza APD, Porto BN, Fazolo T, Mayer FQ, Pitrez PM, Stein RT. Immunomodulator plasmid projected by systems biology as a candidate for the development of adjunctive therapy for respiratory syncytial virus infection. Med Hypotheses 2015; 88:86-90. [PMID: 26601594 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
An imbalance in Th1/Th2 cytokine immune response has been described to influence the pathogenesis of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) acute bronchiolitis and the severity of infection. Th2-driven response has been well described under first RSV vaccine (formalin-inactivated RSV vaccine antigens) and replicated in some conditions for RSV-infected mice, in which a Th2-dependent lung eosinophilia increases illness severity, accompanied of tissue damage. Currently, several prototypes of RSV vaccine are being tested, but there is no vaccine available so far. The advance of bioinformatics can help to solve this issue. Systems biology approaches based on network topological analysis may help to identify new genes in order to direct Th1 immune response during RSV challenge. For this purpose, network centrality analyses from high-throughput experiments were performed in order to select major genes enrolled in each T-helper immune response. Thus, genes termed Hub (B) and bottlenecks (H), which control the flow of biological information (Th1 or Th2 immune response, in this case) within the network, would be identified. As these genes possess high potential to promote Th1 immune response, they could be cloned under regulation of specific promoters in a plasmid, which will be available as a gene-transfer adjunctive to vaccines. Th1 immune response potentiated by our strategy may contribute to accelerate Th1/Th2 shift from neonatal immune system, which might favor protective immunity against RSV infection and reduce lung damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Eduardo Vargas
- Centro Infant - Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6690 2° andar, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula Duarte de Souza
- Centro Infant - Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6690 2° andar, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Nery Porto
- Centro Infant - Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6690 2° andar, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tiago Fazolo
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, FABIO, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas, PUCRS, Av. Ipiranga, 6690 2° andar, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Quoos Mayer
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Estrada do Conde, 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS 92990-000, Brazil
| | - Paulo Márcio Pitrez
- Centro Infant - Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6690 2° andar, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Renato Tetelbom Stein
- Centro Infant - Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6690 2° andar, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural proteins 1 and 2 are crucial pathogenic factors that modulate interferon signaling and Treg cell distribution in mice. Virology 2015; 485:223-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Baronti C, Piorkowski G, Leparc-Goffart I, de Lamballerie X, Dubot-Pérès A. Rapid next-generation sequencing of dengue, EV-A71 and RSV-A viruses. J Virol Methods 2015; 226:7-14. [PMID: 26376168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Accurate characterisation of viral strains constitutes a crucial objective for the management of modern virus collections. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) provides technical solution for fast and cost-effective full genome sequencing. Here, we report protocols for rapid full-genome characterisation of RNA viruses of medical importance: dengue virus, enterovirus A71 and respiratory syncytial virus A, based on a specific amplification step followed by NGS-sequencing. A subset of full-length genome sequences representing the genetic diversity of each virus type was selected in GenBank and used to design primer sets allowing the amplification of the complete genome in 3-8 overlapping PCR fragments. The technique was used for characterising 53 strains (33 DENV, 8 EV-A71, 12 RSV-A) from various genotypes and origins. In a single assay, and in just 4 days, it provided for all strains an excellent genomic coverage (∼ 99% including complete ORF for all strains) and accurate sequences with high number of reads per position (250-3500 on average). The elaboration of specific PCR-based full-genome sequencing protocols for diverse virus groups is likely to revolutionise the characterisation of viral isolates in modern collection, but also to contribute in the next future to the study of RNA viruses directly from biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Baronti
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, EPV UMR_D 190 "Emergence des Pathologies Virales", 13005 Marseille, France; IHU Méditerranée Infection, APHM Public Hospitals of Marseille, 13005 Marseille, France.
| | - Géraldine Piorkowski
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, EPV UMR_D 190 "Emergence des Pathologies Virales", 13005 Marseille, France; IHU Méditerranée Infection, APHM Public Hospitals of Marseille, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Leparc-Goffart
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, EPV UMR_D 190 "Emergence des Pathologies Virales", 13005 Marseille, France; French National Reference Centre for Arboviruses, IRBA, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, EPV UMR_D 190 "Emergence des Pathologies Virales", 13005 Marseille, France; IHU Méditerranée Infection, APHM Public Hospitals of Marseille, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Audrey Dubot-Pérès
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, EPV UMR_D 190 "Emergence des Pathologies Virales", 13005 Marseille, France; Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, PDR Vientiane, Lao Democratic People's Republic; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
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Brown PM, Schneeberger DL, Piedimonte G. Biomarkers of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection: specific neutrophil and cytokine levels provide increased accuracy in predicting disease severity. Paediatr Respir Rev 2015; 16:232-40. [PMID: 26074450 PMCID: PMC4656140 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite fundamental advances in the research on respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) since its initial identification almost 60 years ago, recurring failures in developing vaccines and pharmacologic strategies effective in controlling the infection have allowed RSV to become a leading cause of global infant morbidity and mortality. Indeed, the burden of this infection on families and health care organizations worldwide continues to escalate and its financial costs are growing. Furthermore, strong epidemiologic evidence indicates that early-life lower respiratory tract infections caused by RSV lead to the development of recurrent wheezing and childhood asthma. While some progress has been made in the identification of reliable biomarkers for RSV bronchiolitis, a "one size fits all" biomarker capable of accurately and consistently predicting disease severity and post-acute outcomes has yet to be discovered. Therefore, it is of great importance on a global scale to identify useful biomarkers for this infection that will allow pediatricians to cost-effectively predict the clinical course of the disease, as well as monitor the efficacy of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Giovanni Piedimonte
- Center for Pediatric Research, Pediatric Institute and Children's Hospitals, The Cleveland Clinic.
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Reed M, Morris SH, Owczarczyk AB, Lukacs NW. Deficiency of autophagy protein Map1-LC3b mediates IL-17-dependent lung pathology during respiratory viral infection via ER stress-associated IL-1. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:1118-30. [PMID: 25669150 PMCID: PMC4532659 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
While recent studies suggest that interleukin (IL)-1β production is modulated by macroautophagy or sensors of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress upon pro-inflammatory insult, autophagy and IL-1β production during viral infection has not been fully investigated. This was addressed using respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which is associated with lung immunopathology, IL-1, and IL-17a secretion in severely infected patients. Mice deficient in the autophagy-associated protein Map1-LC3b (LC3b(-/-)) developed increased IL-17a-dependent lung pathology upon infection. RSV-infected LC3b(-/-) dendritic cells (DCs) fail to upregulate autophagosome formation, secrete IL-1β and IL-6, and elicit IL-17a production from CD4+ T cells. Bone marrow chimeras revealed that both structural and hematopoietic LC3b deficiency contribute to the development of IL-17a-dependent lung pathology in vivo. Further investigation revealed airway epithelium as the primary source of IL-1β during infection, whereas inhibition of the ER-stress sensor inositol-requiring protein-1 in primary airway epithelial cells reduced IL-1β production identifying a primary ER stress pathway. Finally, blockade of IL-1 receptor signaling in RSV-infected LC3b(-/-) mice abolished IL-17a-dependent lung pathology. These findings provide novel mechanistic insight into the contribution of autophagy- and ER stress-dependent cytokine production that initiate and maintain aberrant Th17 responses, while identifying IL-1 as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of severe respiratory viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Reed
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Susan H. Morris
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Anna B. Owczarczyk
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Nicholas W. Lukacs
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109,Corresponding author: Nicholas W Lukacs, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, 4059 BSRB, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200. , tel (734)764-5135
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Espinoza JA, Bohmwald K, Céspedes PF, Riedel CA, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. Modulation of host adaptive immunity by hRSV proteins. Virulence 2015; 5:740-51. [PMID: 25513775 PMCID: PMC4189880 DOI: 10.4161/viru.32225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, the human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the major cause of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in infants and children younger than 2 years old. Furthermore, the number of hospitalizations due to LRTIs has shown a sustained increase every year due to the lack of effective vaccines against hRSV. Thus, this virus remains as a major public health and economic burden worldwide. The lung pathology developed in hRSV-infected humans is characterized by an exacerbated inflammatory and Th2 immune response. In order to rationally design new vaccines and therapies against this virus, several studies have focused in elucidating the interactions between hRSV virulence factors and the host immune system. Here, we discuss the main features of hRSV biology, the processes involved in virus recognition by the immune system and the most relevant mechanisms used by this pathogen to avoid the antiviral host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janyra A Espinoza
- a Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy; Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología; Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago, Chile
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Immunological, Viral, Environmental, and Individual Factors Modulating Lung Immune Response to Respiratory Syncytial Virus. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:875723. [PMID: 26064963 PMCID: PMC4438160 DOI: 10.1155/2015/875723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus is a worldwide pathogen agent responsible for frequent respiratory tract infections that may become severe and potentially lethal in high risk infants and adults. Several studies have been performed to investigate the immune response that determines the clinical course of the infection. In the present paper, we review the literature on viral, environmental, and host factors influencing virus response; the mechanisms of the immune response; and the action of nonimmunological factors. These mechanisms have often been studied in animal models and in the present review we also summarize the main findings obtained from animal models as well as the limits of each of these models. Understanding the lung response involved in the pathogenesis of these respiratory infections could be useful in improving the preventive strategies against respiratory syncytial virus.
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Beigelman A, Isaacson-Schmid M, Sajol G, Baty J, Rodriguez OM, Leege E, Lyons K, Schweiger TL, Zheng J, Schechtman KB, Castro M, Bacharier LB. Randomized trial to evaluate azithromycin's effects on serum and upper airway IL-8 levels and recurrent wheezing in infants with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 135:1171-8.e1. [PMID: 25458910 PMCID: PMC4426225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis in infancy is a major risk factor for recurrent wheezing and asthma. Because azithromycin attenuated neutrophilic airway inflammation in a murine viral bronchiolitis model, demonstration of similar effects in human subjects might provide a strategy for the prevention of postbronchiolitis recurrent wheezing. OBJECTIVES We sought to investigate whether azithromycin treatment during RSV bronchiolitis reduces serum and nasal lavage IL-8 levels and the occurrence of postbronchiolitis recurrent wheezing. METHOD We performed a randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled proof-of-concept trial in 40 otherwise healthy infants hospitalized with RSV bronchiolitis who were treated with azithromycin or placebo for 14 days. IL-8 levels were measured in nasal lavage fluid and serum on randomization, day 8, and day 15 (nasal lavage only). The occurrence of wheezing episodes was assessed monthly over the ensuing 50 weeks. RESULTS Compared with placebo, azithromycin treatment did not reduce serum IL-8 levels at day 8 (P = .6) but resulted in a greater decrease in nasal lavage fluid IL-8 levels by day 15 (P = .03). Twenty-two percent of azithromycin-treated participants experienced at least 3 wheezing episodes compared with 50% of participants in the placebo group (P = .07). Azithromycin treatment resulted in prolonged time to the third wheezing episode (P = .048) and in fewer days with respiratory symptoms over the subsequent year in comparison with placebo (36.7 vs 70.1 days, P = .01). CONCLUSION In this proof-of-concept study azithromycin treatment during RSV bronchiolitis reduced upper airway IL-8 levels, prolonged the time to the third wheezing episode, and reduced overall respiratory morbidity over the subsequent year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avraham Beigelman
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine and St Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, Mo.
| | - Megan Isaacson-Schmid
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine and St Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, Mo
| | - Geneline Sajol
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine and St Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, Mo
| | - Jack Baty
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine and St Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, Mo
| | - Oscar M Rodriguez
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine and St Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, Mo
| | - Erin Leege
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine and St Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, Mo
| | - Kevin Lyons
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine and St Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, Mo
| | - Toni L Schweiger
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine and St Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, Mo
| | - Jie Zheng
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine and St Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, Mo
| | - Kenneth B Schechtman
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine and St Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, Mo
| | - Mario Castro
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine and St Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, Mo
| | - Leonard B Bacharier
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine and St Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, Mo
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Lambrecht BN, Neyt K, van Helden MJ. The Mucosal Immune Response to Respiratory Viruses. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00094-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Bohmwald K, Espinoza JA, González PA, Bueno SM, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM. Central nervous system alterations caused by infection with the human respiratory syncytial virus. Rev Med Virol 2014; 24:407-19. [PMID: 25316031 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, the human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the leading cause of infant hospitalization because of acute respiratory tract infections, including severe bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Despite intense research, to date there is neither vaccine nor treatment available to control hRSV disease burden globally. After infection, an incubation period of 3-5 days is usually followed by symptoms, such as cough and low-grade fever. However, hRSV infection can also produce a larger variety of symptoms, some of which relate to the individual's age at infection. Indeed, infants can display severe symptoms, such as dyspnea and chest wall retractions. Upon examination, crackles and wheezes are also common features that suggest infection by hRSV. Additionally, infection in infants younger than 1 year is associated with several non-specific symptoms, such as failure to thrive, periodic breathing or apnea, and feeding difficulties that usually require hospitalization. Recently, neurological symptoms have also been associated with hRSV respiratory infection and include seizures, central apnea, lethargy, feeding or swallowing difficulties, abnormalities in muscle tone, strabismus, abnormalities in the CSF, and encephalopathy. Here, we discuss recent findings linking the neurological, extrapulmonary effects of hRSV with infection and functional impairment of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bohmwald
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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41
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Gomez RS, Guisle-Marsollier I, Bohmwald K, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. Respiratory Syncytial Virus: pathology, therapeutic drugs and prophylaxis. Immunol Lett 2014; 162:237-47. [PMID: 25268876 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (hRSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract diseases, affecting particularly newborns and young children. This virus is able to modulate the immune response, generating a pro-inflammatory environment in the airways that causes obstruction and pulmonary alterations in the infected host. To date, no vaccines are available for human use and the first vaccine that reached clinical trials produced an enhanced hRSV-associated pathology 50 years ago, resulting in the death of two children. Currently, only two therapeutic approaches have been used to treat hRSV infection in high risk children: 1. Palivizumab, a humanized antibody against the F glycoprotein that reduces to half the number of hospitalized cases and 2. Ribavirin, which fails to have a significant therapeutic effect. A major caveat for these approaches is their high economical cost, which highlights the need of new and affordable therapeutic or prophylactic tools to treat or prevents hRSV infection. Accordingly, several efforts are in progress to understand the hRSV-associated pathology and to characterize the immune response elicited by this virus. Currently, preclinical and clinical trials are being conducted to evaluate safety and efficacy of several drugs and vaccines, which have shown promising results. In this article, we discuss the most important advances in the development of drugs and vaccines, which could eventually lead to better strategies to treat or prevent the detrimental inflammation triggered by hRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto S Gomez
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Chile; INSERM U1064, Nantes, France
| | | | - Karen Bohmwald
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Chile; INSERM U1064, Nantes, France
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Chile; Departamento de Reumatología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile; INSERM U1064, Nantes, France.
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Espinoza JA, Bueno SM, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM. Induction of protective effector immunity to prevent pathogenesis caused by the respiratory syncytial virus. Implications on therapy and vaccine design. Immunology 2014; 143:1-12. [PMID: 24801878 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the leading cause of respiratory illness in infants and young children around the globe. This pathogen, which was discovered in 1956, continues to cause a huge number of hospitalizations due to respiratory disease and it is considered a health and economic burden worldwide, especially in developing countries. The immune response elicited by hRSV infection leads to lung and systemic inflammation, which results in lung damage but is not efficient at preventing viral replication. Indeed, natural hRSV infection induces a poor immune memory that allows recurrent infections. Here, we review the most recent knowledge about the lifecycle of hRSV, the immune response elicited by this virus and the subsequent pathology induced in response to infection in the airways. Novel findings about the alterations that this virus causes in the central nervous system and potential therapies and vaccines designed to treat or prevent hRSV infection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janyra A Espinoza
- Millennium Institute on Immunology, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Ueha R, Mukherjee S, Ueha S, de Almeida Nagata DE, Sakamoto T, Kondo K, Yamasoba T, Lukacs NW, Kunkel SL. Viral disruption of olfactory progenitors is exacerbated in allergic mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 22:242-7. [PMID: 24998164 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Upper airway viral infection in patients with airway allergy often exacerbates olfactory dysfunction, but the mechanism for this exacerbation remains unclear. Here, we examined the effects of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, in the presence or absence of airway allergy, on olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) and their progenitors in mice. Immunohistological analyses revealed that cockroach allergen (CRA)-induced airway allergy alone did not affect the number of OMP(+) mature ORNs and SOX2(+) ORN progenitors. Intranasal RSV line 19 infection in allergy-free mice resulted in a transient decrease in SOX2(+) ORN progenitors without affecting OMP(+) ORNs. In contrast, the RSV-induced decrease in SOX2(+) ORN progenitors was exacerbated and prolonged in allergic mice, which resulted in eventual loss of OMP(+) ORNs. In the allergic mice, reduction of RSV in the olfactory epithelium was delayed as compared with allergy-free mice. These results suggest that ORN progenitors were impaired by RSV infection and that airway allergy exacerbated damage to ORN progenitors by reducing viral clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ueha
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, United States; Department of Otolaryngology, University of Tokyo, Japan.
| | - S Mukherjee
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, United States
| | - S Ueha
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, United States; Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Japan
| | | | - T Sakamoto
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Kondo
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Yamasoba
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - N W Lukacs
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, United States
| | - S L Kunkel
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, United States
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Highly sulfated K5 Escherichia coli polysaccharide derivatives inhibit respiratory syncytial virus infectivity in cell lines and human tracheal-bronchial histocultures. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:4782-94. [PMID: 24914125 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02594-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) exploits cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) as attachment receptors. The interaction between RSV and HSPGs thus presents an attractive target for the development of novel inhibitors of RSV infection. In this study, selective chemical modification of the Escherichia coli K5 capsular polysaccharide was used to generate a collection of sulfated K5 derivatives with a backbone structure that mimics the heparin/heparan sulfate biosynthetic precursor. The screening of a series of N-sulfated (K5-NS), O-sulfated (K5-OS), and N,O-sulfated (K5-N,OS) derivatives with different degrees of sulfation revealed the highly sulfated K5 derivatives K5-N,OS(H) and K5-OS(H) to be inhibitors of RSV. Their 50% inhibitory concentrations were between 1.07 nM and 3.81 nM in two different cell lines, and no evidence of cytotoxicity was observed. Inhibition of RSV infection was maintained in binding and attachment assays but not in preattachment assays. Moreover, antiviral activity was also evident when the K5 derivatives were added postinfection, both in cell-to-cell spread and viral yield reduction assays. Finally, both K5-N,OS(H) and K5-OS(H) prevented RSV infection in human-derived tracheal/bronchial epithelial cells cultured to form a pseudostratified, highly differentiated model of the epithelial tissue of the human respiratory tract. Together, these features put K5-N,OS(H) and K5-OS(H) forward as attractive candidates for further development as RSV inhibitors.
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Kitazawa H, Villena J. Modulation of Respiratory TLR3-Anti-Viral Response by Probiotic Microorganisms: Lessons Learned from Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL1505. Front Immunol 2014; 5:201. [PMID: 24860569 PMCID: PMC4026741 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract illness in infants and young children. Host immune response is implicated in both protective and immunopathological mechanisms during RSV infection. Activation of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-3 in innate immune cells by RSV can induce airway inflammation, protective immune response, and pulmonary immunopathology. A clear understanding of RSV–host interaction is important for the development of novel and effective therapeutic strategies. Several studies have centered on whether probiotic microorganisms with the capacity to stimulate the immune system (immunobiotics) might sufficiently stimulate the common mucosal immune system to improve defenses in the respiratory tract. In this regard, it was demonstrated that some orally administered immunobiotics do have the ability to stimulate respiratory immunity and increase resistance to viral infections. Moreover, during the last decade scientists have significantly advanced in the knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the protective effect of immunobiotics in the respiratory tract. This review examines the most recent advances dealing with the use of immunobiotic bacteria to improve resistance against viral respiratory infections. More specifically, the article discuss the mechanisms involved in the capacity of the immunobiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL1505 to modulate the TLR3-mediated immune response in the respiratory tract and to increase the resistance to RSV infection. In addition, we review the role of interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-10 in the immunoregulatory effect of the CRL1505 strain that has been successfully used for reducing incidence and morbidity of viral airways infections in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Kitazawa
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Department of Science of Food Function and Health, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan
| | - Julio Villena
- Immunobiotics Research Group , Tucuman , Argentina ; Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET) , Tucuman , Argentina
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Neyt K, Lambrecht BN. The role of lung dendritic cell subsets in immunity to respiratory viruses. Immunol Rev 2014; 255:57-67. [PMID: 23947347 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections are a common cause of acute respiratory disease. The clinical course of infection and symptoms depend on the viral strain, the health status of the host, and the immunological status of the host. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a crucial role in recognizing and presenting viral antigens and in inducing adaptive immune responses that clear the virus. Because the lung is continuously exposed to the air, the lung is equipped with an elaborate network of DCs to sense incoming foreign pathogens. Increasing knowledge on DC biology has informed us that DCs are not a single cell type. In the steady state lung, three DC subsets can be defined: CD11b(+) or CD103(+) conventional DCs and plasmacytoid DCs. Upon inflammation, inflammatory monocyte-derived DCs are recruited to the lung. It is only recently that tools became available to allow DC subsets to be clearly studied. This review focuses on the activation of DCs and the function of lung DCs in the context of respiratory virus infection and highlights some cautionary points for interpreting older experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrijn Neyt
- VIB Inflammation Research Center, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Ghent, Belgium
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Gaona J, Santiago-Olivares C, Ortega E, Gómez B. Respiratory syncytial virus persistence in macrophages upregulates Fcgamma receptors expression. Viruses 2014; 6:624-39. [PMID: 24509813 PMCID: PMC3939475 DOI: 10.3390/v6020624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses can persist in differentiated cells (i.e., macrophages) over long periods of time, altering host cells functions but not inducing their death. We had previously reported that, in early passages (14–40) of a murine macrophage-like cell line persistently infected with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (MɸP), FcγR-mediated phagocytosis and expression of FcγRIIB/RIII on the cell membrane were increased with respect to mock-infected macrophages (MɸN). In this work, we explored the mechanism underlying such effects. Increases in FcγR expression and FcγR-mediated phagocytosis are preserved after more than 87 passages of the persistently infected culture. We analyzed the expression of FcγR isoforms at both mRNA and protein levels, and found out that RSV persistence distinctly affects the expression of FcγR isoforms. We also observed that the increase in FcγRs expression results neither from soluble factors (cytokines) or viral products released by the infected cells, nor from an increase in the rate of FcγR internalization. Our results suggest that RSV persistence in macrophages induce intracellular effects that have an impact on FcγRs gene expression at both mRNA and protein levels, and that the characteristics of RSV persistence were preserved for over 87 passages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Gaona
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, D.F. Mexico C.P. 04510, Mexico.
| | - Carlos Santiago-Olivares
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, D.F. Mexico C.P. 04510, Mexico.
| | - Enrique Ortega
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, D.F. México C.P. 04510, Mexico.
| | - Beatriz Gómez
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, D.F. Mexico C.P. 04510, Mexico.
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Choi EJ, Bag NR, Jung JA, Kim DC, Ahn HS, Yun HJ. Factors associated with serum vitamin D levels in children with recurrent wheezing less than 3 years old. ALLERGY ASTHMA & RESPIRATORY DISEASE 2014. [DOI: 10.4168/aard.2014.2.4.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jeong Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Ilsin Christian Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Nu-Ry Bag
- Department of Pediatrics, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Jin-A Jung
- Department of Pediatrics, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Dae-Cheol Kim
- Department of Pathology, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Hye-Sung Ahn
- Department of Pediatrics, On Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Yun
- Department of Pediatrics, Ilsin Christian Hospital, Busan, Korea
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Cheng HM, Kim S, Park GH, Chang SE, Bang S, Won CH, Lee MW, Choi JH, Moon KC. Low vitamin D levels are associated with atopic dermatitis, but not allergic rhinitis, asthma, or IgE sensitization, in the adult Korean population. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 133:1048-55. [PMID: 24388009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of vitamin D on allergic conditions is unclear. In particular, large-scale, population-based studies examining this relationship in adult Asian populations are lacking. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between serum vitamin D levels and allergic conditions in the general adult Korean population. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed by using data collected from 15,212 individuals 19 years or older who participated in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2008 to 2010. The confounder-adjusted mean serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels of participants with and without allergic conditions (including atopic dermatitis, asthma, allergic rhinitis, and increased total and allergen-specific serum IgE) were compared by using multiple linear regression analyses. Multiple logistic regression analyses with confounder adjustment estimated the odds ratios (ORs) for developing each condition according to adequate, inadequate, or deficient serum 25(OH)D levels. RESULTS After adjusting for potential confounders, mean serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly lower in participants diagnosed with atopic dermatitis than in those without this diagnosis (mean ± SE, 18.58 ± 0.29 ng/mL vs 19.20 ± 0.15 ng/mL; P = .02). Compared with participants with adequate vitamin D levels (≥20 ng/mL), confounder-adjusted ORs of atopic dermatitis were significantly higher in those with inadequate (12-19.99 ng/mL) or deficient (<12 ng/mL) levels (OR [95% CI], 1.50 [1.10-2.06] and 1.48 [1.04-2.12], respectively; P = .02). This relationship was not observed in participants with the other allergic conditions. CONCLUSION Vitamin D-insufficient adult individuals within the general Korean population have an increased likelihood of atopic dermatitis, but not asthma, allergic rhinitis, or IgE sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Mei Cheng
- Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sunmi Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Gyeong-Hun Park
- Department of Dermatology, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, Korea.
| | - Sung Eun Chang
- Department of Dermatology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Chong Hyun Won
- Department of Dermatology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Woo Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jee Ho Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kee Chan Moon
- Department of Dermatology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is amongst the most important pathogenic infections of childhood and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Although there have been extensive studies of epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic techniques, animal models and the immunobiology of infection, there is not yet a convincing and safe vaccine available. The major histopathologic characteristics of RSV infection are acute bronchiolitis, mucosal and submucosal edema, and luminal occlusion by cellular debris of sloughed epithelial cells mixed with macrophages, strands of fibrin, and some mucin. There is a single RSV serotype with two major antigenic subgroups, A and B. Strains of both subtypes often co-circulate, but usually one subtype predominates. In temperate climates, RSV infections reflect a distinct seasonality with onset in late fall or early winter. It is believed that most children will experience at least one RSV infection by the age of 2 years. There are several key animal models of RSV. These include a model in mice and, more importantly, a bovine model; the latter reflects distinct similarity to the human disease. Importantly, the prevalence of asthma is significantly higher amongst children who are hospitalized with RSV in infancy or early childhood. However, there have been only limited investigations of candidate genes that have the potential to explain this increase in susceptibility. An atopic predisposition appears to predispose to subsequent development of asthma and it is likely that subsequent development of asthma is secondary to the pathogenic inflammatory response involving cytokines, chemokines and their cognate receptors. Numerous approaches to the development of RSV vaccines are being evaluated, as are the use of newer antiviral agents to mitigate disease. There is also significant attention being placed on the potential impact of co-infection and defining the natural history of RSV. Clearly, more research is required to define the relationships between RSV bronchiolitis, other viral induced inflammatory responses, and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea T. Borchers
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Suite 6501, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Christopher Chang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Suite 6501, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - M. Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Suite 6501, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Laurel J. Gershwin
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA USA
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