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Lin Z, Shen S, Wang K, Ji T. Biotic and abiotic stresses on honeybee health. Integr Zool 2024; 19:442-457. [PMID: 37427560 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Honeybees are the most critical pollinators providing key ecosystem services that underpin crop production and sustainable agriculture. Amidst a backdrop of rapid global change, this eusocial insect encounters a succession of stressors during nesting, foraging, and pollination. Ectoparasitic mites, together with vectored viruses, have been recognized as central biotic threats to honeybee health, while the spread of invasive giant hornets and small hive beetles also increasingly threatens colonies worldwide. Cocktails of agrochemicals, including acaricides used for mite treatment, and other pollutants of the environment have been widely documented to affect bee health in various ways. Additionally, expanding urbanization, climate change, and agricultural intensification often result in the destruction or fragmentation of flower-rich bee habitats. The anthropogenic pressures exerted by beekeeping management practices affect the natural selection and evolution of honeybees, and colony translocations facilitate alien species invasion and disease transmission. In this review, the multiple biotic and abiotic threats and their interactions that potentially undermine bee colony health are discussed, while taking into consideration the sensitivity, large foraging area, dense network among related nestmates, and social behaviors of honeybees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheguang Lin
- Apicultural Research Institute, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Siyi Shen
- Apicultural Research Institute, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kang Wang
- Apicultural Research Institute, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ting Ji
- Apicultural Research Institute, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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2
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Balkanska R, Shumkova R, Atsenova N, Salkova D, Dundarova H, Radoslavov G, Hristov P. Molecular Detection and Phylogenetic Analysis of Deformed Wing Virus and Sacbrood Virus Isolated from Pollen. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10020140. [PMID: 36851444 PMCID: PMC9965827 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10020140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Among many pathogens and pests, honey bee viruses are known as one of the most common cause of diseases in honey bee colonies. In this study, we demonstrate that pollen grains and bee bread are potential sources of viral DNA. We extracted DNA from 3 types of pollen samples: directly provided by beekeepers (n = 12), purchased from trade markets (n = 5), and obtained from honeycombs (bee bread, n = 10). The extracted DNA was used for molecular detection (RT-PCR analysis) of six of the most widely distributed honey bee viruses: deformed wing virus, sacbrood virus, acute bee paralysis virus, black queen cell virus, Kashmir bee virus, Israeli acute paralysis virus, and chronic bee paralysis virus. We successfully managed to establish only the deformed wing virus (DWV) and the sacbrood virus (SBV), with different distribution frequencies depending on the territory of the country. The phylogenetic analyses of Bulgarian isolates were performed with the most similar sequences available in molecular databases from other countries. Phylogenies of Bulgarian viral strains demonstrated genetically heterogeneous populations of DWV and relatively homogenous populations of SBV. In conclusion, the results obtained from the current study have shown that pollen is a valuable source for molecular detection of honey bee pathogens. This allows epidemiological monitoring of honey bee diseases at a regional and a national level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralitsa Balkanska
- Department “Special Branches”, Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Academy, 2230 Kostinbrod, Bulgaria
| | - Rositsa Shumkova
- Research Centre of Stockbreeding and Agriculture, Agricultural Academy, 4700 Smolyan, Bulgaria
| | - Nedyalka Atsenova
- Department of Animal Diversity and Resources, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Delka Salkova
- Department of Experimental Parasitology, Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Heliana Dundarova
- Department of Animal Diversity and Resources, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Department of Ecosystem Research, Environmental Risk Assessment and Conservation Biology, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Georgi Radoslavov
- Department of Animal Diversity and Resources, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Peter Hristov
- Department of Animal Diversity and Resources, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Correspondence:
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3
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Šimonová A, Romanská V, Benoni B, Škubník K, Šmerdová L, Prochazkova M, Spustová K, Moravčík O, Gahurova L, Pačes J, Plevka P, Cahova H. Honeybee iflaviruses pack specific tRNA fragments from host cells in their virions. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200281. [PMID: 35771148 PMCID: PMC9544947 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The Picornavirales include viruses that infect vertebrates, insects, and plants. It was believed that they pack only their genomic mRNA in the particles; thus, we envisaged these viruses as excellent model systems for studies of mRNA modifications. We used LC–MS to analyze digested RNA isolated from particles of the sacbrood and deformed wing iflaviruses as well as of the echovirus 18 and rhinovirus 2 picornaviruses. Whereas in the picornavirus RNAs we detected only N6‐methyladenosine and 2’‐O‐methylated nucleosides, the iflavirus RNAs contained a wide range of methylated nucleosides, such as 1‐methyladenosine (m1A) and 5‐methylcytidine (m5C). Mapping of m1A and m5C through RNA sequencing of the SBV and DWV RNAs revealed the presence of tRNA molecules. Both modifications were detected only in tRNA. Further analysis revealed that tRNAs are present in form of 3’ and 5’ fragments and they are packed selectively. Moreover, these tRNAs are typically packed by other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Šimonová
- Charles University: Univerzita Karlova, First Faculty of Medicine, CZECH REPUBLIC
| | - Veronika Romanská
- Charles University: Univerzita Karlova, First Faculty of Medicine, CZECH REPUBLIC
| | - Barbora Benoni
- Charles University: Univerzita Karlova, First Faculty of Medicine, CZECH REPUBLIC
| | - Karel Škubník
- Masaryk University: Masarykova Univerzita, CEITEC, CZECH REPUBLIC
| | - Lenka Šmerdová
- Masaryk University: Masarykova Univerzita, CEITEC, CZECH REPUBLIC
| | | | - Kristina Spustová
- IOCB CAS: Ustav organicke chemie a biochemie Akademie ved Ceske republiky, Chemical Biology of Nucleic Acids, CZECH REPUBLIC
| | - Ondřej Moravčík
- Institute of Molecular Genetics Czech Academy of Sciences: Ustav molekularni genetiky Akademie Ved Ceske Republiky, Bioinformatic, CZECH REPUBLIC
| | - Lenka Gahurova
- University of South Bohemia Faculty of Science: Jihoceska Univerzita v Ceskych Budejovicich Prirodovedecka Fakulta, Departement of Molecular Biology, CZECH REPUBLIC
| | - Jan Pačes
- Institute of Molecular Genetics Czech Academy of Sciences: Ustav molekularni genetiky Akademie Ved Ceske Republiky, Bioinformatic, CZECH REPUBLIC
| | - Pavel Plevka
- Masaryk University: Masarykova Univerzita, CEITEC, CZECH REPUBLIC
| | - Hana Cahova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic, CZECH REPUBLIC
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4
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Piot N, Smagghe G. Critical View on the Importance of Host Defense Strategies on Virus Distribution of Bee Viruses: What Can We Learn from SARS-CoV-2 Variants? Viruses 2022; 14:503. [PMID: 35336909 PMCID: PMC8951442 DOI: 10.3390/v14030503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bees, both wild and domesticated ones, are hosts to a plethora of viruses, with most of them infecting a wide range of bee species and genera. Although viral discovery and research on bee viruses date back over 50 years, the last decade is marked by a surge of new studies, new virus discoveries, and reports on viral transmission in and between bee species. This steep increase in research on bee viruses was mainly initiated by the global reports on honeybee colony losses and the worldwide wild bee decline, where viruses are regarded as one of the main drivers. While the knowledge gained on bee viruses has significantly progressed in a short amount of time, we believe that integration of host defense strategies and their effect on viral dynamics in the multi-host viral landscape are important aspects that are currently still missing. With the large epidemiological dataset generated over the last two years on the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the role of these defense mechanisms in shaping viral dynamics has become eminent. Integration of these dynamics in a multi-host system would not only greatly aid the understanding of viral dynamics as a driver of wild bee decline, but we believe bee pollinators and their viruses provide an ideal system to study the multi-host viruses and their epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Piot
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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5
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Khan KA, Liu T. Morphological Structure and Distribution of Hairiness on Different Body Parts of Apis mellifera with an Implication on Pollination Biology and a Novel Method to Measure the Hair Length. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13020189. [PMID: 35206762 PMCID: PMC8874558 DOI: 10.3390/insects13020189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bees play a very important role in pollination, especially western honey bees, which contribute upwards of billions of dollars concerning crop pollination. Hairiness plays an important role in pollination success by transporting pollen, and pollen intake, but there is a lack of detailed studies on the morphological mechanisms. The hairiness trait is barely discussed in pollinator trait analysis because of the lack of systematic techniques used to measure hairiness. This paper reports a novel method that is used to measure the hair length of different body parts of a western honey bee through a stereomicroscope equipped with live measurement module software. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to update the knowledge regarding the hair structure of a western honey bee. We explained different types of hairs, hair branches, and their distributions on different body parts, which are discussed in detail. A positive correlation was found between hair length and the number of branches on all body parts. Five types of branches were observed, and these branches vary with different body parts. Our study provides sufficient details about the hair morphology of the western honey bee and a new methodology for measuring hair length. This methodology will improve the knowledge about understanding the pollination efficiency of the western honey bee.
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6
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de Miranda JR, Brettell LE, Chejanovsky N, Childers AK, Dalmon A, Deboutte W, de Graaf DC, Doublet V, Gebremedhn H, Genersch E, Gisder S, Granberg F, Haddad NJ, Kaden R, Manley R, Matthijnssens J, Meeus I, Migdadi H, Milbrath MO, Mondet F, Remnant EJ, Roberts JMK, Ryabov EV, Sela N, Smagghe G, Somanathan H, Wilfert L, Wright ON, Martin SJ, Ball BV. Cold case: The disappearance of Egypt bee virus, a fourth distinct master strain of deformed wing virus linked to honeybee mortality in 1970's Egypt. Virol J 2022; 19:12. [PMID: 35033134 PMCID: PMC8760790 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01740-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1977, a sample of diseased adult honeybees (Apis mellifera) from Egypt was found to contain large amounts of a previously unknown virus, Egypt bee virus, which was subsequently shown to be serologically related to deformed wing virus (DWV). By sequencing the original isolate, we demonstrate that Egypt bee virus is in fact a fourth unique, major variant of DWV (DWV-D): more closely related to DWV-C than to either DWV-A or DWV-B. DWV-A and DWV-B are the most common DWV variants worldwide due to their close relationship and transmission by Varroa destructor. However, we could not find any trace of DWV-D in several hundred RNA sequencing libraries from a worldwide selection of honeybee, varroa and bumblebee samples. This means that DWV-D has either become extinct, been replaced by other DWV variants better adapted to varroa-mediated transmission, or persists only in a narrow geographic or host range, isolated from common bee and beekeeping trade routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim R de Miranda
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750-07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Laura E Brettell
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Renrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.,School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Manchester, M5 4WT, UK.,Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Nor Chejanovsky
- Institute of Plant Protection, The Volcani Center, PO Box 15159, 7528809, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Anna K Childers
- Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, USDA, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Anne Dalmon
- Abeilles et Environnement, INRAE, 84914, Avignon, France
| | - Ward Deboutte
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dirk C de Graaf
- Laboratory of Molecular Entomology and Bee Pathology, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vincent Doublet
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, TR10 9FE, UK.,Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Haftom Gebremedhn
- Laboratory of Molecular Entomology and Bee Pathology, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.,Tigray Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 492, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Elke Genersch
- Institut Für Mikrobiologie Und Tierseuchen, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bee Diseases, Institute for Bee Research, Hohen Neuendorf, Germany
| | - Sebastian Gisder
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bee Diseases, Institute for Bee Research, Hohen Neuendorf, Germany
| | - Fredrik Granberg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750-07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nizar J Haddad
- Bee Research Department, National Agricultural Research Center, Baq'a, Jordan
| | - Rene Kaden
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750-07, Uppsala, Sweden.,Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 753 09, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robyn Manley
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Jelle Matthijnssens
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ivan Meeus
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hussein Migdadi
- Bee Research Department, National Agricultural Research Center, Baq'a, Jordan
| | - Meghan O Milbrath
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750-07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fanny Mondet
- Abeilles et Environnement, INRAE, 84914, Avignon, France
| | - Emily J Remnant
- Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution (BEE) Lab, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2006, Australia
| | - John M K Roberts
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, 2601, Australia
| | - Eugene V Ryabov
- Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, USDA, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Noa Sela
- Institute of Plant Protection, The Volcani Center, PO Box 15159, 7528809, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hema Somanathan
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India
| | - Lena Wilfert
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, TR10 9FE, UK.,Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Owen N Wright
- Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QG, UK
| | - Stephen J Martin
- School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Manchester, M5 4WT, UK.,Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Brenda V Ball
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
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7
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Genetic characterisation of an Iflavirus associated with a vomiting disease in the Indian Tropical tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta. Virus Res 2022; 311:198703. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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Virion structure and in vitro genome release mechanism of dicistrovirus Kashmir bee virus. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.01950-20. [PMID: 33658338 PMCID: PMC8139710 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01950-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections of Kashmir bee virus (KBV) are lethal for honeybees and have been associated with colony collapse disorder. KBV and closely related viruses contribute to the ongoing decline in the number of honeybee colonies in North America, Europe, Australia, and other parts of the world. Despite the economic and ecological impact of KBV, its structure and infection process remain unknown. Here we present the structure of the virion of KBV determined to a resolution of 2.8 Å. We show that the exposure of KBV to acidic pH induces a reduction in inter-pentamer contacts within capsids and the reorganization of its RNA genome from a uniform distribution to regions of high and low density. Capsids of KBV crack into pieces at acidic pH, resulting in the formation of open particles lacking pentamers of capsid proteins. The large openings of capsids enable the rapid release of genomes and thus limit the probability of their degradation by RNases. The opening of capsids may be a shared mechanism for the genome release of viruses from the family Dicistroviridae ImportanceThe western honeybee (Apis mellifera) is indispensable for maintaining agricultural productivity as well as the abundance and diversity of wild flowering plants. However, bees suffer from environmental pollution, parasites, and pathogens, including viruses. Outbreaks of virus infections cause the deaths of individual honeybees as well as collapses of whole colonies. Kashmir bee virus has been associated with colony collapse disorder in the US, and no cure of the disease is currently available. Here we report the structure of an infectious particle of Kashmir bee virus and show how its protein capsid opens to release the genome. Our structural characterization of the infection process determined that therapeutic compounds stabilizing contacts between pentamers of capsid proteins could prevent the genome release of the virus.
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9
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ICAM-1 induced rearrangements of capsid and genome prime rhinovirus 14 for activation and uncoating. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2024251118. [PMID: 33947819 PMCID: PMC8126848 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2024251118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Medical visits and missed days of school and work caused by rhinoviruses cost tens of billions of US dollars annually. Currently, there are no antivirals against rhinoviruses, and the available treatments only treat the symptoms. Here, we present the molecular structure of human rhinovirus 14 in complex with its cellular receptor intercellular adhesion molecule 1. The binding of the virus to its receptor initiates the infection. Knowledge of the structure of the human rhinovirus 14–intercellular adhesion molecule 1 interface and mechanism of interaction provides the basis for the design of compounds that may block the binding of rhinoviruses to receptors and thus prevent infection. Most rhinoviruses, which are the leading cause of the common cold, utilize intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) as a receptor to infect cells. To release their genomes, rhinoviruses convert to activated particles that contain pores in the capsid, lack minor capsid protein VP4, and have an altered genome organization. The binding of rhinoviruses to ICAM-1 promotes virus activation; however, the molecular details of the process remain unknown. Here, we present the structures of virion of rhinovirus 14 and its complex with ICAM-1 determined to resolutions of 2.6 and 2.4 Å, respectively. The cryo-electron microscopy reconstruction of rhinovirus 14 virions contains the resolved density of octanucleotide segments from the RNA genome that interact with VP2 subunits. We show that the binding of ICAM-1 to rhinovirus 14 is required to prime the virus for activation and genome release at acidic pH. Formation of the rhinovirus 14–ICAM-1 complex induces conformational changes to the rhinovirus 14 capsid, including translocation of the C termini of VP4 subunits, which become poised for release through pores that open in the capsids of activated particles. VP4 subunits with altered conformation block the RNA–VP2 interactions and expose patches of positively charged residues. The conformational changes to the capsid induce the redistribution of the virus genome by altering the capsid–RNA interactions. The restructuring of the rhinovirus 14 capsid and genome prepares the virions for conversion to activated particles. The high-resolution structure of rhinovirus 14 in complex with ICAM-1 explains how the binding of uncoating receptors enables enterovirus genome release.
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10
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Virus Prospecting in Crickets-Discovery and Strain Divergence of a Novel Iflavirus in Wild and Cultivated Acheta domesticus. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030364. [PMID: 33669085 PMCID: PMC7996529 DOI: 10.3390/v13030364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthopteran insects have high reproductive rates leading to boom-bust population dynamics with high local densities that are ideal for short, episodic disease epidemics. Viruses are particularly well suited for such host population dynamics, due to their supreme ability to adapt to changing transmission criteria. However, very little is known about the viruses of Orthopteran insects. Since Orthopterans are increasingly reared commercially, for animal feed and human consumption, there is a risk that viruses naturally associated with these insects can adapt to commercial rearing conditions, and cause disease. We therefore explored the virome of the house cricket Acheta domesticus, which is both part of the natural Swedish landscape and reared commercially for the pet feed market. Only 1% of the faecal RNA and DNA from wild-caught A. domesticus consisted of viruses. These included both known and novel viruses associated with crickets/insects, their bacterial-fungal microbiome, or their plant food. Relatively abundant among these viral Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) was a novel Iflavirus, tentatively named Acheta domesticus Iflavirus (AdIV). Quantitative analyses showed that AdIV was also abundant in frass and insect samples from commercially reared crickets. Interestingly, the wild and commercial AdIV strains had short, extremely divergent variation hotspots throughout the genome, which may indicate specific adaptation to their hosts’ distinct rearing environments.
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11
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Škubník K, Sukeník L, Buchta D, Füzik T, Procházková M, Moravcová J, Šmerdová L, Přidal A, Vácha R, Plevka P. Capsid opening enables genome release of iflaviruses. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/1/eabd7130. [PMID: 33523856 PMCID: PMC7775750 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd7130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The family Iflaviridae includes economically important viruses of the western honeybee such as deformed wing virus, slow bee paralysis virus, and sacbrood virus. Iflaviruses have nonenveloped virions and capsids organized with icosahedral symmetry. The genome release of iflaviruses can be induced in vitro by exposure to acidic pH, implying that they enter cells by endocytosis. Genome release intermediates of iflaviruses have not been structurally characterized. Here, we show that conformational changes and expansion of iflavirus RNA genomes, which are induced by acidic pH, trigger the opening of iflavirus particles. Capsids of slow bee paralysis virus and sacbrood virus crack into pieces. In contrast, capsids of deformed wing virus are more flexible and open like flowers to release their genomes. The large openings in iflavirus particles enable the fast exit of genomes from capsids, which decreases the probability of genome degradation by the RNases present in endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Škubník
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Sukeník
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Buchta
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tibor Füzik
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Procházková
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Moravcová
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Šmerdová
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Antonín Přidal
- Department of Zoology, Fishery, Hydrobiology, and Apidology, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1/1665, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Vácha
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Plevka
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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